UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology

Title A Late Archaic Burial from the Thursday Site, Utah

Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/86w6n2rt

Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 18(1)

ISSN 0191-3557

Authors Shearin, Nancy Loveland, Carol Parr, Ryan et al.

Publication Date 1996-07-01

Peer reviewed

eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California REPORT

A Late Archaic Burial from the with the temporal span of die cultural periods Thursday Site, Utah represented by the surface artifacts (Archaic- Formative), provides an opportunity to study NANCY SHEARIN cultural use of this environment during the Late Bureau of Land Management, Fillmore, UT 84631. Holocene. CAROL LOVELAND' Toward this end, a site evaluation involving Dept. of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, survey, mapping, and limited testing of cultural Utah State Univ., Logan, UT 84323. features, geomorphology, and stratigraphy was RYAN PARR begun in 1992 (Shearin 1994a). Preliminary re­ Dept, of Anthropology, Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. sults of macro- and microbotanical analyses of soil samples, correlated with radiocarbon analy­ DOROTHY SACK Dept. of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, OH sis from cultural features and marsh strati­ 45701. graphy, indicate vegetation changes from marsh to salt desert shrub over the past 2,(K)0 years, as well as cultural exploitation of a variety of lacus­ In 1992, the salvage excavation of a burial located in central Utah was per­ trine plant and animal resources (Shearin 1995; formed by archaeologists from the Bureau Shearin et al. 1996). of Land Management. Radiocarbon AMS The burial from the Thursday Site reported analysis of bone from the burial returned an age of between 70 B.C. and A.D. 220 (two herein is in an area mapped as Holocene dunes sigma calibrated), placing the burial within on Oviatt's (1989) surficial geologic map of part the Late Archaic cultural period in the of the Sevier Desert. Oviatt's map shows fine­ eastern Great Basin (Wilde arui Tasa 1991). grained lacustrine deposits to the east of the The paucity of reported human material from this period makes this individual an dune area where the burial is located, Sevier important contribution to the osteometric River alluvium to the north, and a large region data set. The purpose of this paper is to re­ of Holocene Sevier River delta sediments ex­ port information obtained from this burial. tending from the northwest to the southeast mar­ gin of the site. Exposed portions of this delta range in elevation from about 1,379 to 1,381 m. THE Thursday Site (42Mdl053) is a large, (4,524 to 4,532 ft.) above sea level. This appa­ multicomponent prehistoric site that encompasses rent composite delta was probably deposited in part of the north shore of Sevier Dry Lake near association with two Late Holocene highstands the mouth of Uie Sevier River (Fig. 1). Artifact of Sevier Lake, which are represented by concentrations and cultural features are scattered beaches having crestal elevations of about 1,380 over a three-mile arc with clusters occurring and 1,382 m. (4,527 and 4,535 ft.) (Oviatt near river paleochaimels and in association with 1988, 1989). Oviatt (1989) concluded that the deltaic deposits. The majority of the cultural higher beach was probably formed between features are circular, organic stains similar in about 3,000 and 2,000 years B.P. and that die size and appearance to those reported at Still­ lower beach was built sometime in the last 500 water Marsh by Raven and Elston (1988) and in years. The elevation (1,381 m. [4,532 ft.]) and the Great Salt Lake Wetlands (Fawcett and age (1,870 years RCYBP, see below), of the Simms 1993). The large size of this site, along burial site support Oviatt's (1989) interpretation. 156 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

the origin of the burial pit. However, as a pre­ cautionary measure, excavation proceeded in 10- cm. increments until compact soil at the top of the pit was located. Excavated fill was screened using 1/8-in. mesh. Also, since the intention was to collect suitable skeletal elements for mi­ tochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis, precautions were used by the excavators to prevent modern DNA contamination. This was accomplished by keeping the pit covered, wearing gloves during the excavation, and wearing sterile gloves in particular when collecting bone for ratDNA study. Bone samples for mtDNA and radiocarbon analysis were placed in aluminum wrap and packed separately for transport. Soil samples for microbotanical, moUusk, and grain size Fig. 1. General location map of the Thursday Site analysis were collected from the modern sur­ (42Mdl053). face, several places within the burial pit, and from two locations below the pit: Strata C and During the winter of 1992, new gullies were D, 100 cm. and 150 cm., respecfively, from formed in dunes located at the north end of Sev­ modern ground surface (Fig. 2). All excavated ier Dry Lake. One of these chaimels cut into a material was reinterred at the same location. prehistoric burial pit and exposed the pelvic area Samples for pollen analysis were processed and upper femora. The skeletal elements were using methods adapted for alkaline soils (New­ visible on the southeast side of the erosional man 1994). Mollusk classification was per­ channel and were within 40 cm. of the modern formed using the format ouflined in Simms and ground surface. After consultation with Native Isgreen (1984) and the environmental habitat for American tribal representatives and appropriate each genus was noted (Simms and Isgreen 1984; state and federal agencies, the decision was Shearin et al. 1996). Additionally, the associa­ made to remove the burial in order to prevent ted soil was classified according to a geomor- complete exposure and subsequent contextual phological standard based on grain size and per­ damage from either natural causes or vandalism. cent of sand, silt, and clay (Sack 1995). The Agreement was reached during the consultation bone sample collected for radiocarbon analysis process for limited study of the remains and for was sent to Beta Analytic, Inc., for accelerator subsequent reburial (Shearin 1992). mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon analysis. In choosing methods for the osteomefric METHODS analysis, consideration was given to the fact that A one-meter square was used as the excava­ all skeletal material would be reinterred and tion unit, and horizontal provenience was estab­ would not be available for future study. Thus, lished from the permanent site datum (Shearin standard measurement data sets suitable for 1994b). Since skeletal elements were exposed in comparison with Amerindians and prehistoric the gully profile on the west end of the burial, it Great Basin populations were selected as the was possible to estimate depdi from surface for most appropriate methodology. Pelvic and skull REPORT 157

1 meter

N O

- modem ground surface

0.5 m. —

1.0 m —

Site No. 42Mdl053 1,5 m, — Thursday Site Feature 3 North-South Profile I 7 m.

Fig. 2. Profile map of burial pit (B) and associated strata. Stratum A is the surface stratum; Strata C and D are laminated deltaic sediments. attributes (Bass 1987), femoral midshaft circum­ In order to obtain the maximum amount of ference (Black 1978), and femoral and humeral information from this prehistoric individual, head measurements (Krogman 1962) were used mtDNA was extracted and characterized from to obtain sex determination. Age assessment two rib samples. Although mtDNA analysis is was based on analysis of the developmental stage not currenfly a routine procedure for ancient of the pubic portion of the innominates (Katz skeletal material, it adds a uniquely informative and Suchey 1986), dental attrition (Ubelaker method to archaeological inquiry (Wallace and 1989) and the degree of suture ossification Torroni 1992). When well-preserved human (Krogman 1962). Trotter and Gleser's (1958) skeletal remains are uncovered at a site, it is stature estimates for Mongoloid males were possible to extract genetic material, or DNA, used. The methodology provided in Bass (1987) from ancient bone with the phenol-chloroform was followed for cranial, postcranial, and non- method. Specific, informative DNA sequences metric traits in order to provide comparative are then amplified for further study by the poly­ information for physical attributes. Dentition merase chain reaction (PCR). This technique is was examined for evidence of wear, enamel hy­ used to replicate, to quantitative amounts, seg­ poplasia and/or caries, as well as for periodontal ments of DNA containing specific sequences re­ disease. ferred to as "genetic markers." In particular 158 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY combinations, these markers are group specific. were observed. No cultural material was recov­ For example, Amerindians (both contemporary ered from the fill excavated from the burial pit. and ancient) can be classified into four specific The deepest point of the burial pit occurred be­ genetic groups or lineages (A, B, C and D [for neath the lower thoracic/lumbar region, where complete characterization and technical details dark, organic soil was encountered, suggesting concerning the markers defining these lineages, deposiUon from decay (Figs. 4 and 5). The po­ see Stone and Stoneking 1993]) based on partic­ sition of the body would have allowed a decay ular markers found in the sequence of mtDNA pool to develop, and because vertebra T-5 (Schurr et al. 1990; Torroni et al. 1993a, through L-5 were either highly fragmentary or 1993b). Mitochondrial DNA is especially useful absent, it was assumed that the decay process in this sense because it is inherited only through (and/or bioturbation) destroyed these elements. maternal cytoplasm. For this reason, mtDNA The bones of both feet were affected by erosion­ lineages, defined by specific genetic markers, al processes and were either lost or located out allow limited determinations of ancestral/descen- of context. dent relationships between human groups. Sex, Age, and Stature Ancient DNA, like all artifacts, suffers dam­ age over time; however, given good skeletal pre­ The good condition of the remainder of the servation, enough intact DNA can usually be ex­ skeletal material allowed an accurate sex assess­ tracted and PCR replicated such that a suite of ment of male (Loveland 1994). An age determi­ definitive markers can be obtained from a given nation of 40 to 50 years was calculated using the individual. Due to the dry soil conditions at the methods of Krogman (1962), Katz and Suchey Thursday Site burial, most of the skeletal materi­ (1986), and Ubelaker (1989), and a stattire of al was in excellent condition and could potential­ 164.59 + 3.80 cm. (approximately 64 in.) was ly yield adequate amounts of analyzable DNA. obtained using the methods of Trotter and Gleser Therefore, small portions of two samples were (1958). This stature is typical of prehistoric processed by amplifying mtDNA extracted from Great Basin males (Andrews 1970; Larsen bone. This unknown, amplified mtDNA was 1985). then analyzed for genetic differences or similari­ Cranial Indices ties to known mtDNA based on the size of the molecule. The size of the unknown mtDNA is Using the methodology provided in Bass directly related to the presence or absence of (1987), selected cranial indices reflecting cranial definitive genetic markers, thus providing a configuration were derived. The results include: means to determine the Amerindian genetic cranial index of 81.82, indicating brachycrany group of this particular ancient individual (broad or round headed); mean height index of (O'Rourkeetal. 1996). 84.38, indicating that the height of the skull is large in relation to length and breadth; upper fa­ RESULTS cial index of 55.32, indicating lepteny (slender Excavafion of the burial site revealed an or narrow face); total facial index of 89.36, indi­ oval-shaped pit (85 x 64 cm.) filled with com­ cating mesoprosopy (average or medium); nasal pacted silt and sand, with the individual interred index of 43.64, indicating leptorrhiny (narrow face up in a flexed position with the head toward nasal aperture); orbital index of 80.49, indicat­ the east (Fig. 3). A small ball of white kaolin ing chamaeconchy (wide orbits); and a palatal clay lay close to the left side of the mandible. index of 109.68, indicating brachystaphyline Except for this kaolin ball, no oUier burial goods (broad palate). An additional 23 cranial and 24 REPORT 159

Site No. 42Mdl053 Thursday Site fe,- Feature 2

< N

10 cm.

Fig. 3. Planimetric view of the burial pit. A-A' represents the location of the east-west pit profile and B-B' is the north-south profile location. postcranial measurements were derived and are were observed. Addifionally, there was no evi­ listed in Tables 1 and 2. dence of cranial deformation as is frequenfly noted in the later Fremont skeletons (Andrews Pathologies 1977). The most serious condition noted was The skeletal elements were examined for extremely worn teeth accompanied by severe evidence of pathological change; no anomalies periodontal disease (Fig. 6). No evidence of 160 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

W 20 cm from modem ground surface Q

Site No. 42Mdl053 Tliursday Site Feature 2 Burial Pit East-West Profile

Fig. 4. Burial pit profile. Stratum A is distinguished from Stratum B only by color (light/dark brown).

j»^ 16,5 cm. from modem ground surface o

\/ Site No. 42MdlOS3 bioturbation holes Thursday Site 10 cm. Feature 2 Burial Pit North-South Profile

Fig. 5. Burial pit profile showing bioturbation in Stratum B. REPORT 161

Table 1 CRANIAL METRICS FROM THE THURSDAY SITE (42MD10S3) INDIVIDUAL

Cranial Metric Measurement (mm.) Maximum cranial length 176 Maximum cranial breadth 144 Basion-bregma height 135 Endobasion-nasion 105 Endobasion-alveolon point 102 Endobasion-gnathion 120 Minimum frontal breadth 90 Bizygomatic breadth 141 Nasion-alveolon point 78 Nasion-gnathion 126 External palatal length 53 External palatal breadth 67 Nasal height 55 Nasal breadth 24 Minimum nasal breadth 9 Orbital height 33 Orbital breadth 41 Biorbital breadth 102 Symphyseal height 39 Bigonial breadth 101 Bicondylar breadth 1^*2 Height of ascending ramus 63 Mandibular length 95 osteophytes or eburnation was observed in the Stated that severe wear on the maxillary first Thursday Site individual, as was reported in the molars after age 40 frequently results in angled prehistoric skeletal material from the Stillwater wear sloping toward the lingual borders. The Marsh area in Nevada (Brooks et al. 1990). bilateral antemortem loss of the mandibular first Other dental observations included the amount of molars suggests that they were also under severe wear and the evidence of enamel hypoplasia wear pressure. Thus, the diet of this individual and/or caries. Both mandibular first molars probably included considerable coarse grit. were lost antemortem, but all of the other teeth There was no evidence of enamel hypoplasia, were present. Steep-angled wear from the buc­ although such evidence may have been lost due cal to the lingual surface on the maxillary first to attrition. Small caries were observed on the molars distinguished these teeth from the re­ occlusal surface of the right mandibular and maining teeth, which exhibited flat occlusal wear right maxillary diird molars and on the mesial (Fig. 6). Brothwell (1972) and Butler (1972) surface of the left maxillary canine. An abscess 162 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

Table 2 POSTCRANIAL METRICS FROM THE THURSDAY SITE (42MD10S3) INDIVIDUAL

Postcranial Metric' Measurement (mm.) Humerus Measurements Maximum length 308 Maximum midshaft diameter 21 Minimum midshaft diameter 17 Maximum head diameter 47 Circumference 63 Clavicle Measurement Maximum length 151 Femur Measurements Maximum length 428 Anterior-posterior midshaft diameter 27 Transverse midshaft diameter 25 Midshaft circumference 87 Maximum head diameter 45 Tibia Measurements Maximum length 357 Anterior-posterior diameter at nutrient foramen 36 Transverse diameter at nutrient foramen 24 Midshaft circumference 88 Radius Measurement Maximum length 251 Ulna Measurement Maximum length 274 Scapula Measurements Maximum height 181 (R) Maximum breadth 105 (R) Innominate Measurements Maximum height 204 (R) Maximum breadth 151 (R) Sacrum Measurements Maximum length 112 Maximum breadth 115 Fibula Measurement Maximum length 358

' Measurements of left bone except where indicated with (R). REPORT 163

Fig. 6. Wear pattems on teeth; left (L) and right (R) views. is evident at the base of the left maxillary and Negative results were obtained when mtDNA left mandibular first molars and may have been amplification reactions were controlled for inci­ implicated in the loss of the left mandibular first dental modern DNA contamination. molar. Alveolar bone resorption was noted on Pollen Analysis both the maxilla and the mandible, and calculus occurred on several teeth. The microbotanical (pollen) analysis of soil samples provided information about the vegeta­ DNA Analysis tion on the site surface, in the burial pit, and in The examination of mtDNA genetic markers the soil at 100 cm. and 150 cm. below the burial from the Thursday Site individual unequivocally pit. While some of the plant spectra demonstrat­ idendfied him as belonging to Group B. The ed marked dift'erences between the samples, oth­ major lineage marker for Group B is a nine base ers had only minor dift'erences. The surface pair (bp) deletion located in a short, noncoding sample of pollen contained about 40% cheno- region between the two active genes that code am, 20% pine, 7% juniper, 6% greasewood, for mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II and ly­ and 12% sagebrush. The burial pit soil con­ sine tRNA genes (Parr et al. 1996). This dele­ tained less than 18% cheno-am, about 24% cat­ tion causes the amplified Group B mtDNA to tail monad, 26% pine, 5% juniper, 3% grease- separate as a smaller molecular fragment than wood, and 8% sagebrush. Grass species com­ molecules without the deletion when resolved in prised about 3% of the pollen in the surface soil an agarose gel matrix. Three other markers, in sample, but was about 10% in die burial pit association with the nine bp deletion, define sample. When compared to surface soil, the two Group B. These markers were also amplified soil samples collected from below the burial pit and found to be present in the mtDNA from the had a 50% decrease in cheno-am, pine, juniper, Thursday Site individual (Parr et al. 1996). greasewood, and sage. Almost half of all the 164 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY pollen identified from the samples below the available resources during the Late Archaic peri­ burial pit was cattail monad (Newman 1994, od (Shearin 1995; Shearin et al. 1996). 1995). The deepest soil samples were collected 100 cm. and 150 cm. below the burial pit and, ex­ Faunal Analysis cept for the scarcity of mollusk shells and the The mollusks identified from the soil sam­ more continuous lamination in Stratum D, the ples represented two gastropod genera, Valvata two samples were similar. Given the environ­ and Lymnaea. Both are air-breathing, fresh­ mental preferences of die mollusk genera in water types that generally live in the lake-margin diese samples, the similar soil classifications, zone of rooted vegetation, but Valvata are not as and the close proximity of Sevier Lake deltaic tolerant of stagnant or intermittent water condi­ deposits at about the same elevation as the burial tions (Simms and Isgreen 1984; Shearin et al. site (1,381 m. [4,532 ft.]), a deltaic origin for 1996). both samples below the burial pit is suggested (Sack 1995). The microbotanical identification Sediment Analysis of a high percentage of cattail monads in the All of the soil samples analyzed for grain strata below die burial pit fits this description of size characteristics consisted primarily of sand- a lake-marginal environment. sized aggregates. Compared to the lower strata The pollen spectra represented on the mod­ (C and D), the surface sample was less compact ern surface and in the burial pit show some dif­ and lacked discontinuous laminations. Average ferences from the lower soil samples. The infer­ grain size was slightly larger at the surface, ence is that these differences indicate that at the where it was a fine sand, than in the two lower time of the burial, the climate was wetter and strata (C and D), where it was a very fine sand cooler than at present. Additional support for (Sack 1995). The two lower strata also had a this climatic change is provided by the increased higher percentage of silt and clay (12%) than the percentage of grass and cattail monads in the surface unit (7%). lower samples and the increased percentage of cheno-ams in the upper samples (Newman Dating 1994). Comparisons between the burial pit pol­ The radiocarbon analysis on the bone sam­ len spectra and other soil samples taken at the ple produced good quality collagen. As a result, same depth from other noncultural locations at the AMS procedure returned an age of 1,870 + the Thursday Site yielded similar results, sug­ 70 RCYBP (Beta-57396, CAMS-4145), with cal­ gesting that the pollen identified within the buri­ ibrated results at 2 sigma indicating 70 B.C. to al pit was not culturally influenced (Newman A.D. 220 (Shearin 1994b). 1994, 1995; Shearin 1995; Shearin et al. 1996). To date, the Thursday Site burial represents DISCUSSION the only reported human skeletal remains attrib­ Analyses of the Thursday Site burial have uted to the Late Archaic period from a wetland provided information about the health and gene­ setting in the central or eastern Great Basin. A tic makeup of this Late Archaic individual, as radiocarbon assay of 1,523 ± 175 RCYBP well as information concerning the surrounding (CAMS-10219; corrected to A.D. 252 to 602) environment. When these data are combined from one individual (No. 64 from 42Bo579) ex­ with sample analysis results from test excava­ cavated during the Great Salt Lake Weflands tions located elsewhere at the Thursday Site, Project has been documented (S. Simms, person­ some inferences can be made about climate and al communication 1995). Human remains from REPORT 165 this time period have been reported from the ing the lifetime of this individual. Evidence for western Great Basin (Brooks et al. 1990), and maize horticulture is present in the archaeologi­ skeletal measurements and stature predictions cal record at two sites that bracket the age of the from the Thursday Site individual are within the Thursday Site individual (Wilde and Newman expected range reported for males in that area. 1989; Wilde and Tasa 1991; Talbot and Richens Analyses of the Thursday Site individual in­ 1994). However, there was no direct evidence dicate that he was middle-aged at death and, ex­ of maize usage in this burial. cept for dental pathologies, apparently was in Mitochondrial DNA analysis performed on good health throughout life. Bone anatomy and bone extract has placed the Thursday Site indivi­ structure were very good. The tooth wear pat­ dual firmly within the Group B genetic haplo- tern was similar to that reported for the Mosida type, which fits well within the context of an­ Site individual, a Mid-Archaic Period male, cient Amerindians. The four haplotypes are pre­ located on the shore of Utah Lake (Janetski et sent in contemporary Native American popula­ al. 1992). This dental wear pattern indicates a tions at frequencies of 29% (A), 27% (B), 20% coarse, gritty diet which could have been related (C), and 19% (D), widi5% unclassified (Bailliet to groundstone processing methods used for na­ et al. 1994). The Group B haplotype is also tive plants and seeds, such as cattail, bulrush, present in three ancient Amerindian groups ana­ pickleweed, and saltbush, as well as maize lyzed to date, with frequencies of 20% (Anasa­ (Loveland 1994). These processing methods zi); 10% (Oneota), and 60% (Fremont) (Stone may have been similar to those used by the and Stoneking 1993; O'Rourke et al. 1996; Parr "cattail eaters" in the Stillwater Marsh area of et al. 1996). Although additional research using Nevada (Fowler 1992). custom-designed genetic probes specific for dif­ Since some lacustrine resources, especially ferences and similarities between cultural periods cattail pollen and root flour, contain starch and and groups in the Great Basin are needed, the carbohydrates as well as protein (Fowler 1992), haplotype data from this single individual pro­ a diet largely dependent on these food products vides a beginning from which the Archaic period could have produced the dental caries and ab­ can be investigated (Shearin et al. 1989). scesses observed in the Thursday Site individual. Simms (1987) suggested a high calorie return CONCLUSIONS rate per hour of work expended for cattail pol­ The discovery of a Late Archaic burial at the len, even higher than for several small game Thursday Site in west-central Utah has con­ species (Fowler 1992). Since about 25% of the tributed new information about the health, genet­ pollen spectra from within the burial pit at the ic haplotype, and environmental conditions for Thursday Site was cattail monad, this resource this temporal period. The microbotanical, geo- was available in adequate amounts for utiliza­ morphological, and osteological data from the tion. However, faunal analysis from several cul­ burial strongly suggest that an environment rich tural features tested at the Thursday Site indicate in lacustrine/freshwater resources near the mouth heavy exploitation of other lacustrine resources, of the Sevier River provided a broad spectrum such as muskrat and fish, during the Late Archa­ of subsistence options. The mtDNA analysis ic period (Shearin 1995; Shearin et al. 1996). performed on well-preserved bone has estab­ Thus, a broad spectrum diet could have supple­ lished the presence of the Group B Amerindian mented the more stable resources. genetic haplotype. This genetic information is It is also possible that maize horticulture particularly significant since it represents the may have been present at the Thursday Site dur­ first mtDNA analysis from the Archaic period in 166 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY west-central Utah, predating other temporal peri­ Brooks, Sheilagh, MicheleB. Haldeman, and Richard H. Brooks ods and cultures in the Great Basin for which 1990 Unusual Eburnation Frequencies in a Skel­ similar studies have been performed. etal Series from the Stillwater Marsh Area, Nevada. In: Wetland Adaptations in NOTE the Great Basin, Joel C. Janetski and Da­ 1. Carol Loveland died on December 26, 1995. vid B. Madsen, eds., pp. 97-106. Brigham Young University Museum of Peoples and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cultures Occasional Papers No. 1. We thank Shelley Smith (Bureau of Land Man­ Brothwell, D. R. agement) for assistance with the excavation, and 1972 Digging Up Bones. London: British Mu­ Joseph Jalbert, Hugh Robinson, and Frances Smith seum of Natural History. (Anthropology Department, Washington and Lee BuUer, R. J. University) for helping with the reinterment. We 1972 Age-Related Variability in Occlusal Wear also thank Marlene Lambert-Tempest for the line Planes. American Joumal of Physical An­ drawings, Joel Janetski for comments on a previous thropology 36(4):381-390. draft, Steve Simms (Utah State University) for Fawcett, William B., and Steven R. Simms permission to use an impublished radiocarbon date 1993 Archaeological Test Excavations in the from the Great Salt Lake Wetlands Project that was Great Salt Lake Wetlands and Associated supported, in part, by NSF grant DBS 9223227, and Analyses. Utah State University Contri­ Deimis O'Rourke for use of the Laboratory of Bio­ butions to Anthropology, No. 14. logical Anthropology at the University of Utah for the mtDNA analysis. Fimding for sample analysis Fowler, Catherine S. was obtained from the United States Department of 1992 In the Shadow of Fox Peak: An Ethno­ the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Utah graphy of the Cattail-Eater Northern Pai­ Richfield District. ute People of Stillwater Marsh. U. S. De­ partment of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife REFERENCES Service, Region 1, Stillwater National WildUfe Refuge, Cultural Resource Series Andrews, Janet No. 5. 1970 Analysis of Two Skeletons from Median Village. In: Median Village and Fremont Janetski, Joel C, Karen D. Lupo, John M. McCul- Culture Regional Variation, by John B. lough, and Shartnon A. Novak Marwitt, pp. 167-171. University of Utah 1992 The Mosida Site: A Middle Archaic Buri­ Anthropological Papers No. 95. al from the Eastem Great Basin. Joumal of Califomia and Great Basin Anthropolo­ 1977 Appendix I—Sevier Skeletal Material. In: gy 14(2): 180-200. Backhoe Village, by David B. Madsen and La Mar W. Lindsey, pp. 93-102. 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