6 X 10 Long.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51567-2 - Darfur and the Crime of Genocide John Hagan and Wenona Rymond-Richmond Index More information

Index

AAAS. See American Academy for the July 2003 speech, 126, 159 Advancement of Science Al Qaeda, 16 ABA-CEELI. See American Bar Albright, Madeline, 137 Association Central and East Allport, Gordon, 38 European Law Initiative al-Mahadi, Sadiq, 112 Abbala. See Hilal, Musa American Academy for the Advancement Abd-Al-Rahman. Ali Muhammad. See Ali of Science, 74, 76 Kushayb American Bar Association, xxi ADS. See Atrocities Documentation American Bar Association Central and Survey East European Law Initiative, 73–74, ADS analysis, 177 76 bombing, 176 American Civil Liberties Union, 202 collective racial intent, 180–81 Amnesty International, 59, 142 ethnic protection of Arabs, 184–86 Annan, Koﬁ, 31–32 geo-referencing, 169 arabization, 112–13 racial epithets, 177–79 Arbour, Louise, 28, 31–32, 161 sexual violence, 182–86 Arendt, Hannah, 59 total victimization scale, 180–81 Article II of the Genocide Convention. See ADS sample, 172–73 Geneva Convention on Genocide genocidal victimization, 175–76 Atrocities Documentation Survey, 1–3, 58, limitations, 190 77, 79–80, 140, 220 racial epithets, 174, 177 atrocities documentation team, 81–82 rebel activity, 173 cluster sampling of refugees, 169 reported attacks, 173 counting the dead, 93 settlement density, 174 Darfur death toll, 96 theft and property destruction, measures of violence, 170–72 176 President Bush statement, 80 African Union, xxiii, 220 refugee camps, 169 Akayesu case, 183 settlement clusters, 170 al Bashir, Omar, 89, 112, 140, 187 Al Geneina, 15, 142, 153 Baggara tribe, See Hilal, Musa

263

264 INDEX

Ball, Patrick collective action framework. See Gamson, refugee flow data, 74–75 William Bandura, Albert collective efficacy. See Sampson, Robert self-efficacy, 117 collective punishment, 210–12 Beida, 19, 142, 144, 210 children, 212 Bendesi, . See Kushayb, Ali 215 destruction of families, 210 destruction of, 153–58, 211 collective racial intent, 159, 166, 192, Harun, Ahmad, 153, 155, 159 221–22 joint criminal enterprise, 156–58 Comaroff, Jean, 110 Kushayb, Ali, 153, 155–56, 158–59 Comaroff, John, 110 sexual assault, 158 complex humanitarian emergencies, 62, UNHCR study, 216 63–68, 70, 86 Wadi Salih, 153 crime victimization approach, 82, 92, 221 Beni Halba tribe, 142, 150 public health perspective, 62–64, 69, 83, Benn, Hilary, 95 93–94, 100, 221 Bettelheim, Bruno, 37 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, 114 Bin Laden, Osama, 16, 88, 144 counter-insurgency policy, 210 Blumstein, Alfred, 196, 203 CPA. See Comprehensive Peace Bolton, John, 32 Agreement Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 191 crimes against humanity, 108 Braithwaite, John, 196 Darfur, 162 Braithwaite, Valerie, 196 First Nations, 36 British Advertising Standards Association, Harun, Ahmed, 12 xxiii Milosevic, Slobodan, 31 Brussels Report, 90, 92, 95 Nuremberg trial, 39, 40, 42, 47 Darfur: Counting the Deaths, 90 crude mortality rate, 65–66 Bush, President George W., xxiii, 105, 220 excess mortality, 69 missing, 68–69 CDC. See Centers for Disease Control Center for Research on the Epidemiology Dallaire, Romeo, 137 of Disasters. See Brussels report Dar Masalit, 15 Centers for Disease Control, 65, 73, 94 Darfur death estimate, 98–100 Chad, 12 direct estimation method, 98 CIJ. See Coalition for International Justice GAO Report, 103 CMR. See crude mortality rate indirect estimation method, 98 Coalition for International Justice, xxii, 59, Darfur Investigation Team, 190 81 Darfur Liberation Front, 114 press release, 85 Dawai, Hamid, 17, 126, 142–43 Coebergh, Jan Guedera camp, 142 Parliamentary Brief estimate, 85 racial epithets, 144–45 Cohen, Albert, 35 Terbeba, 143 Coleman, James, 163–66 de Waal, Alex, 71, 89 theory of social action, 168 rebel activity, 114 transformation problem, 165 tribal entities, 109, 124

INDEX 265

Dealey, Sam, xxiii militias, Arab Janjaweed, 6, 140 defiance theory, 204 racial epithets, 8–9, 138, 158, 178, 207 Del Ponte, Carla, 31, 162 racial tension, 5–6 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 66 sexual violence, 9–11 desertification, 111, 122, 154, 163 specific racial intent, 158–59, 163 differential association theory. See theft and property destruction, 143, 152 Sutherland, Edwin genocidal priming. See Hinton, Alexander DLF. See Darfur Liberation Front genocidal violence, 108 Documenting Atrocities in Darfur, 79 collective action, 108 collective efficacy, 108, 222 Egeland, Jan, 84 sexual violence, 186 El Fasher, 208 genocide, 13–14, 116, 119, 162, 192, 220 El-Battahani, Atta, 111, 162 Darfur, 187, 191 European Union, 31 Genocide Convention, 175, 183, 220 destroying group life, 27 First Nations, The, 36 genocide definition, 13, 116 Flint, Julie Powell’s statement, xxii rebel activity, 114 President Bush statement, 80 tribal entities, 109, 124 U.S. ratification, 52 forced displacement, 70 Genovese, Kitty, 219 Foro Burunga, 146, 174, 211 Glasgow street youth study, 199 Frease, Stefanie, xxi, 81 global human rights movement, 60–63 ICTY Krstic trial, 81 crimes against humanity, 60 Fur tribe, 108 criminological perspective, 67 ADS sample, 173 Neier, Aryeh, 60–61 government response to SLA presence, non-governmental organizations, 61 216 public health perspective, 68 Harun, Ahmad, 126 United Nations, 60 racial epithets, 178, 189, 229 global north, 73, 194 victimization, 180, 232 homeless youth and street crime, 197–99 Kosovo, 72 Gadal, General, 134 global north-south divide, 72, 217, 222 Gallup, George, 37 global south, 195, 200 Gamson, William Glueck, Sheldon, 36–43 collective action framework, 168 “Control System,” 37 GAO. See U.S. Government Accounting “Nuremberg principle,” 40 Office conspiracy theory, 41–43 Garsila, 211 defining war crimes, 40–41, 49 genocidal pattern, 5 delinquency research, 49 bombing, 6–7, 189 Gestapo, 42–43 confiscation of property, 11 Nuremberg Trial, 37–40 displacement, 11–13 Goffman, Erving, 50 genocidal victimization, 121, 175 Goldberg, Mark, 87 ground attacks, 7–8 GoS. See Government of Sudan

266 INDEX

Gosh, Major General Salah Abdallah, human rights, 59 88–90, 114 Human Rights Watch, 20, 61–62, 202 C/L International, 89 Darfur, 28, 134–35, 209 National Security and Intelligence Hussein, Abduraheem, 114 Service, 123 Hutu, 110 Washington visit, 88 Government of Sudan, 125 ICC. See International Criminal Court genocidal state, 165, 177 ICTR. See International Criminal Grass, Gunter,¨ 61 Tribunal for Rwanda ground attacks, 132 ICTY. See International Criminal Guedera. See Dawai, Hamid Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia International Criminal Court, 29, 39, 105, Habilah (Habila), 153, 211 135, 190, 203 Halberstam, David, 57 Darfur case, 106 Harun, Ahmad, 11 U.S. resistance, 32 ICC, 105, 107, 114, 135 UN Commission of Inquiry on Darfur Mukjar speech, 147, 159 referral, 87 organization of genocide, 124–27, 159 International Criminal Tribunal for Heinsohn, Gunnar Rwanda (ICTR), 39, 45, 62 population bulge, 213 International Criminal Tribunal for the Helsinki Watch, 61 former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 28, 39, 42, hierarchical linear models, 223–35 45, 62 between-settlement equation, 226 International Crisis Group, 87 Black African victims, 227 Intersos, 216 racial motivation and intent, 227, 230 Ismail, Mustafa Osman, 90 settlement density, 229 within-settlement model, 223 Jackson, Supreme Court Justice Robert, Hilal, Musa, 108, 118, 121, 126 37, 47 Abbala tribe, 122 Janjaweed, 108, 110–11, 159 Baggara tribe, 122 Jebal tribe Janjaweed, 123–24 ADS sample, 173 joint criminal enterprise, 135, 227 racial epithets, 178, 189, 229 Kebkabiya, 181 victimization, 180, 232 Misteriha, 129, 131, 133, 227 JEM. See Justice and Equality Movement racist attacks, 129–32 Jingaweit. See Janjaweed speciﬁc racial intent, 132, 134, 137 joint criminal enterprise, 107, 119, 136, 138 training camps, 127–29 al Bashir, 142 Hinton, Alexander collective racial intent, 221–22 genocidal priming, 168 Kebkabiya, 131 HLM. See hierarchical linear models racial epithets, 179, 189, 227 Hoile, David, xxiii–xxiv Shineibat, 151 Holocaust, The, 46–49 state-led bombing, 181, 189, 191 cold war, 48 Justice and Equality Movement, 33, 112, Howard, Jonathan, 81 114, 208

INDEX 267

Kapila, Mukesh, 140, 162 Masalit tribe, 15, 108, 126 testimony on Darfur, 71–72 ADS sample, 173 Karnoi, 131, 134, 138, 173, 210, 227 racial epithets, 178, 189, 229 Katz, Jack victimization, 180, 232 righteous slaughter, 166–67 Masteri, 14–27 Kebkabiya, 127, 138 joint criminal enterprise, 16–20 Khartoum, xxii, 10, 112 looting and livestock, 23–27 al Bashir government, 29 rapes, 20–23 Harun, Ahmad, 146 rebel activity, 16 Hilal, Musa, 123 Masteria, 127 rebel activity, 114 Matsueda, Ross Shineibat, Abdullah Mustafa Abu, collective action theory, 119 152 social efﬁcacy, 118, 120, 136 U.S. State department, 80, 90 militia leaders. See Dawai, Hamid; Hilal, Zoellick’s visit, 86–88 Musa; Kushayb, Ali; Shineibat, Kinsey, Alfred Abdullah population sampling and survey Milosevic, Slobodan, 31, 41 research, 57 crimes against humanity, 161 Kissinger, Henry, 61 joint criminal enterprise, 107, 189 Kojo, 18 Mission on the Situation of Human Rights Kosovo, 72–76 in Darfur, 161 Milosevic trial testimony, 74–75 Misteriha. See Hilal, Musa NATO bombing, 75 Monroe Doctrine, 44 real-time investigation, 76 Moreno-Ocampo, Luis, 29, 105–7, 122 violations documentation database, Morgenthau, Henry, 38 76 MSF. See Medicins´ Sans Frontieres` Kristof, Nicholas, 63, 89, 109 mujahideen, 133, 142, 146 Kushayb, Ali, 146 Mukhabarat, 89 Arawala, 148–49 Mukjar, 146, 215 Bendesi, 147 My Lai massacre, 59 Harun, Ahmad, 146–47 ICC, 106–7, 122, 135 Nabarro, David, 84, 86, 94–95 Mukjar, 148, 215 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty sexual assault, 147, 149 Organization Natsios, Andrew, 81, 105 Lemkin, Raphael, 46 Neier, Aryeh. See global human rights genocide, 46, 116, 192 movement speciﬁc ethnic intent, 48 NGOs. See non-governmental Lost Boys of Sudan, 193, 204 organizations Lost Generations, 201 NMRD, 209 non-governmental organizations, 61, 71, Medecins´ Sans Frontieres,` 77, 83, 188 101 MSF study, 97 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 73 Marrus, Michael, 39, 41, 43 Novick, Peter, 46

268 INDEX

Nuba, 132, 143 Save Darfur, xxiii Nuremberg Trial. See Glueck, Sheldon settlement clusters, 14. See Atrocities Documentation Survey Organization for Security and Cooperation sexual assault. See ADS analysis; Bendesi; in Europe, 73 genocidal violence; genocidal pattern; OSCE. See Organization for Security and Kushayb, Ali; Masteri Cooperation in Europe Abu Ghraib prison, 66 Osiel, Mark, 107, 189 Shineibat, Abdullah Mustafa Abu, 149 Foro Burunga area, 150–51 Palloni, Alberto, 98 Gobe, 152 Parliamentary Brief. See Coebergh, Jan Habilah, 152 Pfundheller, Brent, 10 Shineibat, Al Hadi Ahmed, 151 Pfundheller, Jan, 9–10 SLA/SMA. See Sudan Liberation Phelan, Mark, 90, 95 Movement/Army PHR. See Physicians for Human Rights slavery, 113 Physicians for Human Rights, 61, 73 social efficacy. See Matsueda, Ross Powell, Colin, xxi–xxiii, 3 social exclusion, 195–96 ADS survey, 80 Speer, Albert, 54 genocide charge, 32, 59, 78, 220 Springer, David, 81 Power, Samantha, 35, 113 Srebrenica, 14, 27, 66 Prendergast, John, 87 Steinberg, Donald, 90 Prunier, Gerard, 34, 113 Stimson, Henry, 38 Darfur’s civil war, 169 Stockholm Prize in Criminology, 196 Sudan Liberation Army, 208 Qaddafi, Muammar, 112 Sudan Liberation Movement/Army, 33, 114 R2P. See responsibility to protect Sudan: Death Toll in Darfur, 86, 91 racial differentiation, 201, 204 Sudanese Ministry of Health, 77 Darfur, 202–3 Suleiman, Ibrahim, 123, 125, 135 United States, 201–3 Sutherland, Edwin, 35, 117 rebel groups, 114, 208–9, 214–15, 221 differential association theory, 52–53 Reeves, Eric, 85 differential social organization, 118 responsibility to protect, 220, 222 property rights, 120 Rice, Condoleezza, 78, 85, 90, 220 war crimes, 51 RICO statute, 41 white collar crime, 51, 192 Riefenstahl, Leni, 54 Sutherland-Glueck debate, 49–55 Rome Statute, 107 delinquency research, 45, 49 Rome Treaty, 39 Roosevelt, President Franklin D., 37–38 Taha, Vice-President Ali Osman, 123 Rwanda genocide, 110, 220 Terbeba. See Dawai, Hamid The Black Book: The Imbalance of Power Sampson, Robert and Wealth in Sudan, 112 collective efficacy, 117–18, 219 Tora Bora, 144, 205–8, 214 transformation problem, 163 Janjaweed militias, 206

INDEX 269

Toronto street youth study, 198 USAID. See U.S. Agency for social welfare model, 199 International Development transformation problem. See Coleman, James Vancouver street youth study, 198–99 Turk, Austin crime control model, 199 spheres of inﬂuence, 44–45 victimization severity score, 176–77, 181, Tutsi, 110 226

U.S. Agency for International Wadi Salih, 146, 210. See Bendesi, Development, 58 What Is the What, 193 U.S. Government Accounting Ofﬁce, 103 white collar crime. See Sutherland, Edwin U.S. State Department, 1, 89, 100, 221, 222 WHO. See World Health Organization ADS survey, 58, 79 Williams, Jody, 161 crude mortality rate, 65 World Food Program, 94 UN Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, World Health Organization, 77, 82 31–32, 87, 182, 187 WHO/SMH survey, 83–85, 86, 93, 94–96 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide, 46 Zaghawa tribe, 108, 126, 229 UN High Commissioner for Refugees, 74 ADS sample, 173 UN High Commissioner of Human Rights, victimization, 180, 232 161 zaka, 217 UN Security Council, 32 zakat, 147 UNHCHR. See UN High Commissioner Zoellick, Robert, 85–87, 220 of Human Rights State Department estimate, 86 United Nations, 12, 60 Washington Post, 91