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Relationship-Building and Crosscultural Adaptation

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Relationship-Building and Crosscultural Adaptation MISSION TRAVELERS: RELATIONSHIP-BUILDING AND CROSSCULTURAL ADAPTATION A Dissertation by YOON JUNG LEE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2011 Major Subject: Recreation, Park, and Tourism Sciences Mission Travelers: Relationship-building and Crosscultural Adaptation Copyright 2011 Yoon Jung Lee MISSION TRAVELERS: RELATIONSHIP-BUILDING AND CROSSCULTURAL ADAPTATION A Dissertation by YOON JUNG LEE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Ulrike Gretzel Committee Members, Antonio La Pastina Robert Mackin Tazim Jamal Head of Department, Gary Ellis August 2011 Major Subject: Recreation, Park, and Tourism Sciences iii ABSTRACT Mission Travelers: Relationship-building and Crosscultural Adaptation. (August 2011) Yoon Jung Lee, B.A., Korea University; M.A., State of New York at Stony Brook Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Ulrike Gretzel Since 1992, the number of short-term mission (STM) travelers has exponentially increased for more than a decade. The purpose of STMs is to spread religious messages to local residents. In order to spread the word of God, STM travelers attempt to interact with local residents. They want to communicate with local residents in the host community and build a relationship with them. Therefore, for STM travelers their relationship with local residnets really matters. Many tourism scholars have argued that hosts-tourists interaction heavily influences both tourists and hosts. In spite of the increased popularity and the importance of host-tourist interaction in the context of STMs, STMs have received relatively little attention from the tourism research field. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to understand short-term mission travelers‘ interaction with local residents within four existing theories: the theory of leisure and tourist motivation, the theory of cultural hegemony, the gift-exchange theory, and the integrative theory of cross-cultural adaptation. To reach this research aim, this study used a qualitative research design rooted in the constructivist paradigm. A total of iv 43 STM travelers participated in the interview of this study. Considering the concept of the cultural distance between participant‘s home culture and the host culture, American and Korean STM travelers who visited Cambodia or Thailand were recruited. Also, to understand the process of participant‘s relationship-building and cross-cultural adaptation, both pre- and post-interviews with 26 participants were conducted. The results showed that STM travelers sought personal and interpersonal rewards from the trip, which supports the theory of leisure motivation. Also, this type of travel had similarities with alternative, mass, and volunteer tourism in terms of tourist motivation. Regarding the theory of cultural hegemony, hegemonic power was exercised through STM travelers‘ work. STM travelers took advantage of an opportunity to provide what locals wanted as an opportunity to spread their religious message. Furthermore, identified conflicts between Christianity and the local culture support the existence of cultural hegemony. Concerning the relationship-building process of STM travelers, the results suggested that STM travelers built their relationship with local people and God by providing a gift to them and positively evaluating receivers‘ responses. In terms of the theory of cross-cultural adaptation, this study found support for this theory as successful intercultural adaptation led to a personal transformation in travelers. Finally, cultural distance was considered as a dimension of the intercultural adaptation theory. Regarding the perceived cultural distance, American mission travelers reported cultural distance with the host culture whereas Korean mission travelers expressed a cultural similarity to the host cultures rather than cultural difference. v In conclusion, this study suggests that four existing theories used in this study can be applicable to the context and understanding of STMs. From a practical perspective, it is hoped that a better understanding of mission trips will lead organizations to provide support and services for mission trips in terms of management of the relationships between travelers and locals. vi DEDICATION To my father and mother To my father-in-law and mother-in-law To my son, Jihyuk And to my husband, Seok Been Im vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When I think of my four year academic journey, I am reminded of Paul‘s saying in the Bible, ―But by the grace of God, I am what I am,…the grace of God that was with me (1 Corinthians 15:10 New International Version).‖ I ascribe all honor for the completion of this doctoral work to God. He let me start this journey by blessing me with the ability, in addition to obstacles to overcome. I‘d like to confess that there have been a lot of moments when I wanted to give up this journey. At every challenging moment, however, there was a great deal of support God sent me. Therefore, it is appropriate to give generous thanks to all the people who have given me their help and encouragement along the way. First of all, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Ulrike Gretzel, who from the outset, let me initiate this journey and encouraged me in my life as well as my studies. When I started the doctoral course, the topic of short-term mission trips was the research topic she first mentioned. She has continuously inspired me with her keen insight, intelligence, and critical thinking, and guided me through the doctoral work. I am also grateful for my dissertation committee who helped me to braid three disciplines of tourism, sociology, and communication into a strong theoretical rope with which to analyze the topic of short-term mission trips. In the Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism, Dr. Tazim Jamal inspired me to think systematically and critically of this topic within the perspective of tourism. From the department of Sociology, Dr. viii Robert Mackin‘s wonderful advice on sociology of religion and missionaries‘ work helped to illuminate crucial conceptual toeholds in this research. Dr. Antonio La Pastina, from the Communication Department, directed the qualitative research methodology and intercultural communication with many details and suggestions for research. Qualitative research necessarily involves much transcription and data entry. This particular research also included much translation work of transcripts from Korean into English. On this point, a number of people and institutions contributed to this study in a variety of ways. I wish to record my thanks to 43 short-term mission travelers from five Christian churches − Aggies for Christ in College Station, Namseoul Church, Yoido Full Gospel Church, Choongshin Church, and Saebat Church in Seoul, South Korea − who participated in the interviews for this research. Their help made this dissertation possible. And my sincere thanks go to Ms. Hyeyoung Song for her accurate and reliable work of translation from Korean into English and her kind encouragement. Also, special thanks go to Ms. Yunsook Kim, Ms. Mihyang Oh and Ms. Jeanhee Suh for their willing assistance and hard work making transcriptions of the interview data. I would like to thank my family members, especially my parents, my in-laws, my brother-in-law, my sister, my brother, and my sister-in-law for their prayers, encouragement and full support. Most of all, I want to express my highest appreciation to my dearest and beloved husband, Seok Been Im. He has assisted me in innumerable ways, and whatever I might say here cannot do full justice to the extent and the value of his contributions. His commitment and love allowed me to get through to the end. I really admire you, honey. I am sure that you are really the world‘s best husband for me. ix The period during which this dissertation was in progress was associated with the birth of our son, Caleb Jihyuk Im. I have dedicated my dissertation to him. Finally, thank you, RPTS colleagues and student peers for reading and attending my defense. To anyone whom I may have omitted, my sincerest apologies: I truly appreciate your support. x TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 Research Questions ..................................................................................... 3 Significance of the Study ............................................................................ 6 II SHORT-TERM MISSION TRIPS .................................................................. 7 Existing Definitions of STMs ..................................................................... 7 History and Current Trends of STMs
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