Sounding the Black Churches of Dallas
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Sounding the Black Churches of Dallas Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Campbell, Keyania Citation Campbell, Keyania. (2021). Sounding the Black Churches of Dallas (Master's thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA). Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 08:55:47 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/660136 SOUNDING THE BLACK CHURCHES OF DALLAS by Keyania Campbell ____________________________ Copyright © Keyania Campbell 2021 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the GRADUATE INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM IN APPLIED INTERCULTURAL ARTS RESEARCH In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2021 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Master’s Committee, we certify that we have read the thesis prepared by Keyania Campbell titled Sounding the Black Churches of Dallas and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement for the Master’s Degree. Date: Jennifer C. Post Jennie M. Gubner Date: Date: Tyina L. Steptoe Final approval and acceptance of this thesis is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the thesis to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this thesis prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the Master’s requirement. Jennifer C. Post Master’s Thesis Committee Chair Fred Fox School of Music 2 Acknowledgments I would like to thank all the people who helped me accomplish my goal of finishing this project. Dr. Jennifer Post, you are an elite educator, and I thank you for constantly going above and beyond to help me see my potential as a scholar. Dr. Jennie Gubner, thank you for believing in me enough to give me the tools to complete this project. Dr. Tyina Steptoe, thank you for lending me your expertise. Your presence was and will continue to be valuable to me. Of course, to all the people who collaborated on this project by donating your time to me, I cannot tell you how much I appreciate your kindness. This is not just my academic achievement. This is a celebration of who we are, and I’m forever grateful that each of you gave me your time and energy (during trying times, at that) to tell this story. We’ll do it again sometime. I can’t forget about the Mystery School. Thank you all for the good times and encouragement. We belong together. To my family, I owe you all million thanks for your love and support while I worked on this. Well, I did it. I got a graduate degree! And it’s because of you all. Thank you, from the bottom of my heart, for your long held unshakable faith in me. It absolutely made me who I am today. Deuce, we miss you man. You still got us laughing. Be easy. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 5 PART 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 6 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 7 Interdisciplinary Methods ............................................................................................................. 10 Public & Arts Based Ethnography .................................................................................... 11 PART 2: BLACK SONIFICATION ............................................................................. 14 SOUL: BLACK PEOPLE SEASONING .................................................................................. 14 YOU CAN SHOUT ABOUT IT ............................................................................................. 19 Interactive Shouts .......................................................................................................................... 19 Call & Response ............................................................................................................................ 22 The Holy Ghost .............................................................................................................. 23 VOCAL ART: LIKE A REALLY GOOD RAPPER .................................................................... 25 PART 3: CHURCH MUSIC ......................................................................................... 32 SOMETIMES I WANNA HEAR SOME MARVIN SAPP ............................................................. 32 Subdivisions of Gospel .................................................................................................................. 32 Placemaking .................................................................................................................. 39 COMMUNAL MUSIC & WELL- BEING ............................................................................... 40 PART 4: SOUND & EMOTIONS ................................................................................. 43 IT JUST REMINDS ME ....................................................................................................... 43 I MAKE SURE I CAN HEAR THAT WORLD .......................................................................... 48 PART 5: WEBSITE ........................................................................................................ 51 PART 6: CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 55 ENDNOTES..................................................................................................................... 57 BIBLIOGRAPHY & DISCOGRAPHY ........................................................................ 59 4 Abstract Black Christians have historically looked to the church to provide a refuge from the effects of systemic racism and a place for socialization and community. During the 2020 COVID-19 closures, in Dallas, Texas, many churches either expanded their virtual programs or created them for the first time to continue engaging with the community. This prolonged involuntary separation changed the way spirituality, music, and sound in churches is experienced for many churchgoers. In this thesis, I explore how the pandemic’s closures affected church members’ relationships to sounds and soundscapes by analyzing emotions, memories, and reactions to church sound before and after the pandemic. This ethnographic research, conducted via Zoom from January to April 2021, utilizes participatory and art-based research methods. I worked with eleven Black Dallas residents from six church homes to gather information on their responses to sounds, soundscapes, and music, and to build an accompanying webpage featuring their favorite photographs and anecdotes about their religious lives. I also explore how the formation of the site utilizes principles of arts-based ethnography to share information in visual, audio, and narrative formats. Through the stories and research, I show how spirituality and heritage intertwines with Black sound and its effects on Black Christian communities by connecting spirituality to Black communication. I also explore how sound and memory can function as bridges to sensations of well-being in and out of church. Overall, my study explains the ways that church is important to Dallas’ Black Christians as a cultural experience that sonically enriches the community. 5 PART 1 Introduction Since the first Black Christian church in Dallas opened its doors in July 1873, (King 2017), Black churches have remained an influential institution for leadership, culture, and political thought in Dallas’ Black community. Given that the Black population is nearly 25% (the average American city is around 13% Black) (United States Census Bureau 2019) the institution of the church is important to the community’s vitality and well-being (DeSouza et al. 2020). However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many Black churches have pivoted to online services to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus for the foreseeable future. As Friendship West Baptist Church’s website reads, “the Church is not closed, we have been redeployed” (Friendship West). The pandemic was not the only hardship of 2020. Fear of racist terror during the 2020 election campaigns plagued the community as hate symbols and messages appeared throughout the city. The Dallas Police Department attacked protestors rallying against police brutality, injuring multiple people with chemical weapons and rubber bullets. In February 2021, the electrical infrastructure in Texas failed during a historic four-day snowstorm where temperatures plunged to record lows. Millions of homes and buildings went unheated and lost access to communications and medical equipment due to lack of electricity. Water became contaminated as residents left faucets dripping to keep pipes warm, depressurizing the supply. Pipes burst, causing water damage in schools and homes. Local supply lines were delayed, causing food and medicine shortages throughout the entire state for days after the snow melted. 6 Throughout times of strife, like the conditions of the past year, Black folks have historically turned to the church (McRae et al., 1998). Because we are a sonically