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Landslide-Inventory of the Cinque Terre National Park (Italy) and Quantitative Interaction with the Trail Network

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Landslide-Inventory of the Cinque Terre National Park (Italy) and Quantitative Interaction with the Trail Network Journal of Maps ISSN: (Print) 1744-5647 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjom20 Landslide-inventory of the Cinque Terre National Park (Italy) and quantitative interaction with the trail network Emanuele Raso, Andrea Cevasco, Diego Di Martire, Giacomo Pepe, Patrizio Scarpellini, Domenico Calcaterra & Marco Firpo To cite this article: Emanuele Raso, Andrea Cevasco, Diego Di Martire, Giacomo Pepe, Patrizio Scarpellini, Domenico Calcaterra & Marco Firpo (2019) Landslide-inventory of the Cinque Terre National Park (Italy) and quantitative interaction with the trail network, Journal of Maps, 15:2, 818-830 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1657511 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Journal of Maps View supplementary material Published online: 23 Oct 2019. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjom20 JOURNAL OF MAPS 2019, VOL. 15, NO. 2, 818–830 https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1657511 Science Landslide-inventory of the Cinque Terre National Park (Italy) and quantitative interaction with the trail network Emanuele Raso a, Andrea Cevasco b, Diego Di Martire a, Giacomo Pepe b, Patrizio Scarpellinic, Domenico Calcaterra a and Marco Firpob aFaculty of Mathematics Physics and Natural Sciences, DISTAR, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy; bFaculty of Mathematical Physical and Natural Sciences, DISTAV, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy; cEnte Parco Nazionale delle Cinque Terre, Riomaggiore, Italy ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The Cinque Terre National Park (38 km2) has recently recorded a remarkable increase in tourists Received 17 May 2019 involved in outdoor activities such as hiking. However, due to the actual slope degradation Accepted 20 July 2019 issues that affect this outstanding terraced landscape, hiking trails are increasingly KEYWORDS threatened by the impact of landslides. This produces severe landslide-related risk scenarios Cinque Terre National Park; for hikers. In this study, a landslide inventory map (at 1:45000 scale) has been prepared Footpath landslide Index; through the revision/update of previous database and the analysis of air-photos and satellite hiking trails; landslides; images coupled with field surveys. Furthermore, a quantitative evaluation of the interaction landslide inventory map between landslides and hiking trails has been performed by the definition of a Footpath Landslide Index. More than 400 landslides were identified highlighting that these phenomena represent the main source of hazard. The findings of this study reveal that side- hill trails are the most hazardous since hikers can be potentially affected by flow-like or fast- moving landslides. 1 . Introduction from rivers and roads (Bordoni et al., 2018; Donnini et al., 2017). The latter are represented by factors that Landslides are considered worldwide as one of the most actually trigger the landslide such as intense or pro- important and frequent natural hazards as their occur- longed rainfall, earthquakes, rapid snow melting and rence can directly impact humans, infrastructures, human activities (Anderson & Holcombe, 2013; Coro- economic activities and the environment (Kjekstad & minas et al., 2014; Crosta, Agliardi, Frattini, & Sosoi, Highland, 2009; Petley, 2012). In Italy, for example, 2012). As known, landslides can involve toppling or despite less severe human and economic losses with falling, translational/rotational sliding, flowing, lateral respect to earthquakes, slope instabilities represent spreading, but in most cases, they exhibit a combi- the most frequent geomorphological hazard and their nation of different types of movement (Crozier, 1986; temporal probability has been increased in the third Hungr, Leroueil, & Picarelli, 2014; Hutchinson, 1988; millennium (Gariano & Guzzetti, 2016; Guzzetti, Car- Varnes, 1978). rara, Cardinali, & Reichenbach, 1999; Salvati, Bianchi, Landslide Inventory Maps (LIM) are basic elements Rossi, & Guzzetti, 2010). Notoriously, the landslide of both landslide zoning and land-use planning (Fell occurrence can be controlled by several factors, et al., 2008) and they represent powerful and easily which can be subdivided into predisposing and trigger- understandable tools for researchers and stakeholders ing factors. The former include intrinsic factors that involved in landslide risk management (Galli, Ardiz- make an area prone to slope instability such as slope zone, Cardinali, Guzzetti, & Reichenbach, 2008; Guz- (Dai, Lee, & Ngai, 2002; Guzzetti, Reichenbach, Ardiz- zetti et al., 2012; Lazzari & Gioia, 2015; Raspini et al., zone, Cardinali, & Galli, 2006), lithology (Duman et al., 2016). Moreover, landslide inventories are essential to 2005; Chacón, Irigaray, Fernandez, & El Hamdouni, understand the evolution of landscapes (Blahut, Van 2006), aspect (Calvello, Cascini, & Mastroianni, 2013; Westen, & Sterlacchini, 2010) and for climate impacts Guzzetti, 2005), land use (Cevasco, Pepe, & Brandolini, research (Wood, Harrison, & Reinhardt, 2015). 2014; Glade, 2003; Matthews, Brunsden, Frenzel, Gla- The first step of every landslide hazard and risk ser, & Weiß, 1997; Van Beek & Van Asch, 2004), veg- analysis requires the production of a reliable LIM (Cor- etation cover (Cammeraat, van Beek, & Kooijman, ominas et al., 2014; Godt et al., 2008; Samia et al., 2005; Gonzalez-Ollauri & Mickovski, 2017), distance 2017). This is crucial for areas where people, CONTACT Emanuele Raso [email protected] Faculty of Mathematics Physics and Natural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, DISTAR, Via Cinthia, Napoli 80126, Italy © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Journal of Maps This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. JOURNAL OF MAPS 819 properties, cultural and environmental heritages are relevant feature of this coastal sector is the terraced exposed to landslide phenomena that pose a serious landscape, which is characterized by agricultural ter- threat in terms of potential consequences. races retained by thousands of kilometers of dry- Among the 54 UNESCO World Heritage Sites of stone walls, mainly built for vineyards and olive groves Italy, the Cinque Terre National Park (Liguria region, (Brandolini, 2017; Terranova, 1984). As reported by northwestern Italy) is one of the most popular and Terranova et al. (2002), it can be assumed that in the visited tourist destinations. Every year, on average, nineteenth century terraced slopes covered up to 60% more than three million tourists visit this outstanding of the whole Cinque Terre territory. terraced coastal landscape in order to practice hiking. Terraces have been recently recognized from The hiking trails running along the steep terraced UNESCO as world cultural heritage due to their slopes allow tourists to appreciate the outstanding environmental and historical value (Aplin, 2007; Phil- equilibrium between the human activity and the lips, 1998). Moreover, it is widely documented (Canuti, natural landscape. In this area, human has modified Casagli, Ermini, Fanti, & Farina, 2004; Lasanta, Vice- large portions of natural slopes to develop agricul- nte-Serrano, & Cuadrat-Prats, 2005; Lesschen, Cam- tural practices. Extensive dry-stone terraces were meraat, & Nieman, 2008; Moreno-de-las-Heras et al., built by reworking soil slope covers along with 2019 and references therein) that farming terraces, if some ancient landslide bodies (Brandolini, 2017; Ter- properly maintained, improve slope stability and pre- ranova et al., 2002). However, land use changes (e.g. vent runoff and erosion processes. farmland abandonment) that took place in the last In the Cinque Terre area, the remarkable farming century have led to terraced slope degradation with abandonment occurred since 1950s produced severe negative consequences on slopes stability, especially terraced slope degradation issues (Agnoletti, Errico, when intense rainfall occurs (Brandolini et al., Santoro, Dani, & Preti, 2019; Brandolini et al., 2018b; 2018a; 2018b; Cevasco, Brandolini, Scopesi, & Rellini, Conti & Fagarazzi, 2004). This pose serious threats to 2013a; Del Monte et al., 2015; Persichillo et al., 2016). human settlements, inhabitants and trail users as dra- Simultaneously, the exponential growth of tourism matically observed after the intense rainstorm that hit recorded during the last decades has produced a this sector of eastern Liguria on 25 October 2011 remarkable increase in landslide-related risk (Cevasco et al., 2013a; 2015; Galanti, Barsanti, Cevasco, scenarios. D’Amato Avanzi, & Giannecchini, 2018). The main aim of this work is the recognition and mapping of landslide type and size in the Cinque 2.1 . Geological, geomorphological and climatic Terre National Park and the assessment of the inter- setting action of landslides with the pedestrian trail network, being one of the most popular tourist attractions. To Geologically, the territory of the Cinque Terre this purpose, using an open source Geographic Infor- National Park belongs to an NW–SE oriented seg- mation System (GIS), a LIM was prepared through ment of
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