Index

A Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatment, cost-effectiveness of, AAAs. See Abdominal aortic coronary artery spasm, 957 2773, 2775 aneurysms MI, 938 Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 21. AADs. See Adjuvant antiarrhythmic non-STEMI, 957 See also Non-ST elevation drugs stable angina, 922 acute myocardial infarction; Abciximab, 946, 950, 954 unstable angina, 954, 957 ST elevation acute myocardial AMI, 1024 ACHEIVETM stent, 1037 infarction adjunctive treatment with, 1023 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome aging and, 2446 CAD, unstable, 1010 (AIDS) anterior wall

KD, 986 antiviral therapies for, metabolic V4R value and, 65 non-STEMI, 957, 958 complications of, 2378 occlusions and, 62–64 STEMI, 968 treatment for, 2380 bundle branch block in, 1993–1994, transfusion/blood conservation, 2509 cardiac involvement, prevalence of at 1995 unstable angina, 957 autopsy, 2371–2372 treatment of, 1994 Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), cardiomyopathy in, 2376–2377 clinical recognition 1644–1648 alternative explanations for, auscultation, 681–683 background and history, 1771 2378–2379 ECG diagnosis, 683 clinical recognition, 1645, 1646–1647 cytokines as possible cause of, inspection and palpation, 679–681 endovascular procedures for 2378 myocardial scintigraphy, 686–687 treatment of drug-induced, 2379 myocardial stunning and patient selection, 1773–1774 myocardial cell injury and, 2378 hibernation, 683 stent grafts, design characteristics cardiovascular involvement in, serum enzyme and cardiac of, 1771–1773 2371–2381 intracellular substance natural history, 1644 PHT and, 2380–2381 changes in, 683–686 surgical repair, 1645–1648 DCM and, 1241–1242 complications of, echocardiography Abdominal disorders, PTE and, 2188 echocardiography and prevalence of and, 815–819 Ablation. See also specific ablations cardiovascular abnormalities coronary heart disease and, 677–691 AF, 1973–1974 in, 2372–2374 differential diagnosis, 687 SND, 1937 health care workers and, 2381 echocardiographic assessment of, ABT-578, DES, 1034 heart neoplasms and, 2272 813–814 ACAD. See Acyl-coenzyme A Acromegaly extent, echocardiography and, 815 dehydrogenase clinical manifestations, 2296–2297 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor ACC/AHA. See American College of diagnosis, 2297 adjunctive treatment with, Cardiology/American Heart hypertension and, 1845–1846 1022–1034 Association pathophysiology, 2296 infarct extension and, 691 ACC/AHA/ESC. See American College treatment, 2297–2298 infarct size, estimation of, 687–688 of Cardiology/American Heart ACS. See Acute coronary syndrome location, echocardiography and, Association/European Society Actin, cardiac contraction and, 1192 814–815 of Cardiology Actinomyces infection, myocarditis non-anterior wall, 64 Accelerated idioventricular rhythm and, 1329 pathology, 597–600 (AIVR), 69 Actinomycin D, DCM and, 1240 PCI, 1021–1027 Acebutolol, SCD, 2061 Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), angioplasty, facilitated and, 1026 ACE inhibitors. See Angiotensin- 1089–1090 embolic protection and, 1024 converting enzyme inhibitors angiographic findings in, 783–787 no reflow and, 1025 Acetaminophen pathologic angiographic correlates rescue/salvage, 1024, 1026 pregnancy/lactation, 2475 and, 784 without surgical standby, 1026 STEMI, 973 culprit lesions responsible for, treatment, timing of, 1021–1023 Acetylcholine, coronary vasospasm, pathologic features of, 623 physical examination/bedside 789 DES, 1037–1038 findings, 678–679 Acetylcysteine, percutaneous coronary ECG, 60–69 progenitor cell therapy for, 1735 revascularization, 1089 exercise testing after, to risk stratify prognosis, 688–691 N-Acetylcysteine, radiographic contrast in emergency department, 738 echocardiography and, 821–823 material, 761 statins and, 1012–1013 remodeling of LV and, 691

2839 2840 index

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) diabetes mellitus, 2307 AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency (cont.) HCM, 1275 syndrome reperfusion therapy for, 1021 heart disease, carcinoid, 1305 AIVR. See Accelerated idioventricular SCD underlying disease and, 2046 heart failure, delaying progression of rhythm stent implantation, 1023, 1024 and, 1402–1404 Ajmaline, BS, 2054, 2588 thrombectomy, 1026–1027 hyperthyroidism, 2313 Albuterol, COPD, 2257 ventricular function, evaluation and, LQTS, 2033 Alcohol 688 SCD, 2045 abuse, heart and, 2361–2363 Acute rheumatic fever (ARF), 431 syncope, 2022, 2031 arrhythmias, cardiac related to, 2362 Acyclovir β-Adrenergic receptor-blocking agents atherosclerosis and effects of, amyloidosis, 1295 antiarrhythmic drugs and, 2086 2362–2363 nephrotoxicity, 1428 hypertrophy, cardiac, 1185 cardiac dysfunction and, 2361–2362 Acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase β-Adrenergic receptors cardiomyopathy, 2361 (ACAD), 2399 antagonists, cardiac hypertrophy, DCM and, 1237–1238 Adenosine, 143–144, 149, 2093–2095 1185 treatment, 2362 adverse effects, 2093–2095 hypertension, 1856 circulation and effects of, 2361 antiarrhythmic drugs and, 2086 inhibitors, DCM and, 1241 direct toxic effects, 2361–2362 dobutamine stress myocardial α-Adrenoceptor blockers, autonomic history, 2362 perfusion imaging and, disorders and, 1900 hypertension and, 1835, 1854 842–843 β-Adrenoceptor blockers myocardium and effects of, 2361 pharmacokinetics, 2093 hypotension, postural and, 1903 nutritional/vitamin deficiencies, pharmacology, 2093 sinus rhythm, 1967 2362 SND, 1934 SND, 1934 palpitations and, 24 STEMI, 973 extrinsic and, 1927 toxic additives, 2362 stress echocardiography, 825 Adrenomedullin, cardiovascular Alcohol septal ablation, SVT, 2090 regulation and, 1529 echocardiographic guidance of

use, 2093 β2-Adrenoreceptor agonists, HCM with, 1370 Adenosine diphosphate radiographic contrast material, Aldosterone stable angina, 919 761 agonists, delaying progression of STEMI, 968 Adriamycin. See Doxorubicin heart failure and, 1406–1407 Adenosine thallium, silent myocardial ADT. See Adenosine triphosphate antagonists, SCD, 2063 ischemia, 708 Adult bone-marrow-derived stem cells, blockade Adenosine triphosphate (ADT) 2748 diastolic heart failure, 1212 cardiac contractile proteins and, Adult growth hormone deficiency, STEMI, 974 1192 2296 heart failure syncope testing with, 2031 AECG. See Ambulatory ECG cost-effectiveness of, 2781 Adhesion molecules, vulnerable plaque monitoring progression of, delaying and, 1407 detection and, 647–648 AF. See Atrial fibrillation Aldosteronism, primary, 1844–1845, Adipose tissue Aggrenox. See Aspirin-dipyridamole 1848 cardiovascular impact and increased Aging Allograft rejection, transplantation mass of, 2694–2696 arrhythmias, 2447–2448 and, 1421 circulation, 2694–2695 arterial compliance abnormalities Allopurinol Adjuvant antiarrhythmic drugs and, 1819–1820 gout, 1430 (AADs), direct current cardiac effects of, 2175–2477 hypersensitivity angiitis, 2344 cardioversion and, 1965 cardiovascular, 2439–2448 Alprostadil, 2792 Adrenal insufficiency, 2298 β-adrenergic modulation of, Amantadine Adrenal medulla, diseases of, 2442–2443 COPD, 2258 2301–2302 cardiac structure/function at rest SCD, 2045 α-Adrenergic agonists, coarctation of and, 2441 Ambulatory ECG (AECG) monitoring aorta, 1627 changes with, 2439–2443 limitations, 703–704 β-Adrenergic agonists, COPD, clinical medicine and, 2444–2445 silent ischemia, 703–704 2256–2257 exercise and, 2441–2442 exercise stress testing and, 704 β-Adrenergic antagonists key points for, 2439 myocardial perfusion imaging and, aortic dissection, 1641, 1642 vascular structure/function, 704–705 stable angina, 913–915 2439–2441 prognosis, 706–707 β-Adrenergic blockers CHF and, 2448 Amebiasis, PTE and, 2186 arrhythmias, primary cardiac, 2032 hypertension and, 2446–2447 American College of Cardiology/ cardiovascular performance, aging ischemic heart disease, 2445–2446 American Heart Association and, 2442–2443 AMI and, 2446 (ACC/AHA) cocaine-induced cardiovascular SCD risk factors and, 2042 arrhythmias, genetic basis for complication, 2360 AHA. See American Heart Association cardiac guidelines, 2592 index 2841

classifications, 742 SCD, 2058, 2063–2064, 2065, Anemia, 2409–2412 heart failure, advanced guidelines by, 2070–2071 heart failure and, 1386, 1411 1461 sinus rhythm, 1967–1968 hemolytic, 2411–2412 non-STEMI management guidelines, SVT, 2090 sickle cell, 2410 1013–1015 therapy, managing, 2090 thalassemia, 2410 pacing guidelines, 2134–2135 use, 2095 treatment TIA management guidelines, 1918 Amiodarone v. Implantable heart function and, 2828–2829 unstable angina management Cardioverter Defibrillator kidney function and, 2828–2829 guidelines, 1013–1015 (AMIOVIRT), 2069–2070 Anesthesia American College of Cardiology/ AMIOVERT. See Amiodarone v. agents, 2503–2505 American Heart Association/ Implantable Cardioverter airway devices, 2503 European Society of Defibrillator aortic insufficiency surgery, 2508 Cardiology (ACC/AHA/ESC), Amitriptyline, extrinsic SND and, beating heart surgery, 2509 2592 1927 CAD patient American Heart Association (AHA), Amlodipine noncardiac surgery and, 2495 1918. See also American antiarrhythmic effects of, 2100 surgery and, 2508 College of Cardiology/ DCM, 1251 cardiopulmonary bypass, 2510 American Heart Association heart failure, delaying progression of cardiovascular operation, 2501–2511 American trypanosomiasis, and, 1405–1406 changes during, and positive myocarditis and, 1330–1331 myocarditis, viral, 1320 pressure ventilation, AMI. See Acute myocardial silent myocardial ischemia, 707 2516–2517 infarction Amoxicillin, COPD, 2258 critical care unit transfer and, Amiloride, hypertension, 1856 Amphetamines 2511 Amino acids as cardiac metabolism abuse, 2363 history of, 2501–2502 energy-providing substrate, aortic valve disease and, 389 key points for, 2501 1166–1167 hypertension, iatrogenic and, 1846 monitoring, 2505–2506 ε-Aminocaoproic acid, blood palpitations and, 24 operating room environment and, conservation, 2509 Amphotericin 2503 Aminoglycoside B, hypersensitive myocardial injury postoperative care, 2511 endocarditis during pregnancy, and, 1304 preanesthetic preparation for, 2465 fungal IE, 452 2502–2503 enterococci, IE, 449–450 Ampicillin characteristics, 2503, 2504 Aminophylline enterococci, IE, 449–450 conduct, 2506–2511 palpitations and, 24 staphylococci, IE, 451 induction and, 2506–2507

percutaneous coronary AMPK-γ2 subunit mutations, GSD due intraoperative complications and, revascularization, 1089 to, 2395–2396 2509–2510 Aminorex fumarate, aortic valve AmplatzTM deflector wires, 336 patient positioning for, 2507 disease and, 389 AmplatzerTM occlusion device emergency resuscitation drugs and, Amiodarone, 2095–2096. See also ASD, 324 2503 Cardiac Arrest Study in PDA, 331 induction agent, 2504 Seattle Conventional v. Amrinone, delaying progression of inhaled Amiodarone Drug Evaluation heart failure and, 1406 minimum alveolar concentration Trial Amyloid heart disease and, 2504 adverse effects, 2095–2096 clinical recognition, 1293 uptake/distribution of, from lungs, AF, 1957, 1963, 2091 differential diagnosis, 1295 2503–2504 postoperative, 1971–1972 pathophysiology, 1291–1293 intravenous, 2503 arrhythmia, 2447–2448 physical examination, 1293–1295 machine, 2503 ARVD, 1310 RCM and, 1291–1296 maintenance, 2507 atrial flutter, 1963 treatment, 1295–1296 mitral insufficiency surgery, 2508 bundle branch block, 1997 Amyloidosis MS surgery, 2508 cardiac arrest, 2091–2092 autonomic disorders and, 1896–1897 muscle relaxant, 2504–2505 cardiomyopathy, pregnancy and, echocardiographic evaluation, opioids, 2504 2469 1371–1372 radiographic contrast material, cost-effectiveness of, 2779 treatment, 1295–1296 761–762 dose, 2088 Anabolic steroid abuse, 2363 AS surgery, 2508 drug elimination, 2089–2090 Anagrelide, thrombocytosis, 2414–2415 transplantation, cardiac, 2508–2509 hypothyroidism, 2310 Analgesics, narcotic, 2475 AneuRx, 1772 ICD SCD, 2131 Ancillary medical therapy, STEMI, Aneurysms. See also specific pharmacokinetics, 2095 970–971 aneurysms pharmacology, 2095 Ancure device, 1772 axillary artery, 1671–1672 pregnancy and, 2469 Anderson disease, 2395 celiac artery, 1669 2842 index

Aneurysms (cont.) Angiogenesis, 1717–1735 epicardial coronary artery tone, coronary CAD, cell therapy for, 1732–1734 management and, 756 DES and formation of, 1042–1043 CAD treatment with therapeutic, facility requirements, 745–749 KD and long-term consequences clinical trials of, 1726–1732 neurologic complications of, 760 of, 989–990 FGF DNA, 1731–1732 patient preparation for, 749–750 coronary artery, 1671 FGF protein, 1731 peripheral vascular complications dissecting, 1663–1664 VEGF DNA of, 758–760 etiology, 1664–1665 naked, 1728–1729 personnel for, 749 extracranial carotid artery, 1674 viral encoded, 1730 physical layout and physiologic false, 1663 VEGF protein, 1726–1728 recording equipment for, femoral artery, 1673 gene transfer clinical trials for, 748–749 hepatic artery, 1669–1670 2724–2725 problems in quantitative, 780 iliac artery, 1673–1674 key points, 1717–1718 quantitative, 779–780 infected, 1667–1668 PAH mechanisms and, 2215 radiation protection, 748 infections of existing, 1668 peripheral arterial disease treatment radiographic contrast material and, intraparenchymal renal, 1670–1671 with, HGF DNA, 1726 753–755 lower extremity, 1673–1674 peripheral arterial disease treatment radiographic imaging, 745–748 LV, 69 with therapeutic, clinical trials rotational, 765 anesthesia for surgery of, 2508 of, 1722–1726 special situations, 756–757 microbial arteritis and, 1668 FGF protein, 1725 technical aspects of, 745–758 mycotic, 1667–1668 FGF protein DNA, naked, 1726 technical history of, 749 myocardial disease and, 1228–1229 VEGF, 1722 techniques of, 749–758 natural history, 1665 VEGF DNA, 1725 vascular access, 750–751 peripheral arteries, 1663–1674 naked, 1722–1723 views, 764–765 definitions of, 1663–1664 therapeutic applications of, electron beam, 187–189 prevalence of, 1664 1719–1722 KD, 985 popliteal artery, 1673–1674 safety concerns regarding, key points, 745 pregnancy and, 1668 1734 –1735 MDCT, 189–190 presentation, 1665 vascular development and, MI, 783–787 pulmonary artery, 1671 1718–1719 pathologic angiographic correlates renal artery, 1670 Angiography. See also CT angiography, and, 784 SMA, 1669 contrast enhanced myxoma, left atrial, 2277 specific diseases associated with, ACS, 783–787 outpatient, 757–758 1665–1668 pathologic angiographic correlates PAH, 2224 atherosclerosis as, 1665 and, 784 rotational, coronary, 765 Behçet’s syndrome as, 1666–1667 bypass graft, 752–753 valvular regurgitation and severity, EDS as, 1665–1666 CAD, nonatherosclerotic, 788–794 475–476 FMD as, 1665 contrast, lower extremity peripheral Angiopeptin, DES, 1034 KD as, 1667 artery disease, 1694 Angioplasty. See also Percutaneous neurofibromatosis as, 1667 coronary, 745–794 transluminal angioplasty; PAN as, 1665 anomalies, congenital on, 770–776 Percutaneous transluminal specific vessel, 1668–1671 anticoagulation, 756 coronary angioplasty splanchnic artery, 1668 arterial cannulation and, 758–760 carotid, 1776–1777 other, 1671 artery dimensions and, 767–770 excimer laser assisted, acute limb splenic artery, 1669 Brown-Dodge method, 779 ischemia management with, subclavian artery, 1671 caliper method, 779 1764 –1765 subclavian-axillary artery, 1671–1672 cannulation of coronary ostia and, great vessel obstruction, 317 true, 1663 752–753 PCI for AMI and facilitated, 1026 ulnar artery, 1672–1673 complications, 758–762 percutaneous upper extremity, 1671–1673 coronary anatomy and, 762–776 peripheral arterial disease, lower Angel Wings DevicesTM, 324 coronary artery aneurysms on, extremity, 1699 Angina, 383. See also specific anginas 793–794 renal artery disease, 1688 variant, 670–672 coronary artery complications of, TIA, 1917–1918 treatment of, 956 760 Angiosarcomas, 2284–2285 Angina pectoris, 21–22 coronary artery dissection, Angiotensin blockade microvascular, chest discomfort of, 22 spontaneous and, 790 arterial compliance abnormalities pathology, 598 coronary atherosclerosis, 776–788 and, 1823 unstable, AMI and, 21 coronary catheter for, 751–752 MVP, 407 Angiocardiography coronary collaterals and, 787–788 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) amyloid heart disease, 1294 drug reactions/toxicity and, inhibitors, 395 hemochromatosis, 1297 760–762 AF, 1956–1957 RCM, 1289–1290 embolism, 794 AIDS, 1241 index 2843

AMI, 2446 Angiotensin II BS, 2054 aortic dissection, 1642 antagonists, hypertension and, 1854, bundle branch block, 1997 arterial compliance abnormalities 1858 cardiac arrest, evidence-based and, 1824 cardiovascular regulation and, guidelines for choosing, atherosclerosis, 1544, 1604 1528–1529 2091–2092 atherothrombotic risk modulation Cushing’s syndrome, 2299 choosing specific drug with, 2810, 2812 receptor antagonists classification of drugs and target atrial flutter, 1956–1957 diabetes mellitus, 2307 arrhythmias in, 2086–2088 autonomic disorders and, 1900 SCD, 2062–2063 drug-channel interactions in, 2088 BP, elevated, 2685 Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) evidence-based guidelines for, cardiac rehabilitation case AF, 1957 2090–2093 management and, 1129 atherosclerosis, 1604 mechanism-base approaches to, cardiomyopathy, alcoholic, 2362 atherothrombotic risk modulation 2085–2086 CAV, 1425 with, 2810, 2812 dose, choosing for, 2088 CHD, 2617 atrial flutter, 1957 drug-channel interactions, 2088 CHF, 2448 BP, elevated, 2685 heart failure, 1398 CKD progression and, 2825–2828 CKD progression and, 2825–2828 life, prolonging and, 1407 cocaine-induced cardiovascular coronary risk factors and prevention ICD SCD, 2131, 2132 complication, 2360 with, 2624 individual drugs for, summary of coronary artery spasm, 953–954 heart failure, delaying progression of important properties of, coronary risk factors and prevention and, 1402, 1406–1407 2093–2100 with, 2624 hypertension, CHF and, 1860 LQTS, acquired, 2052 cost-effectiveness, 2775 LV dysfunction, asymptomatic, membrane-active, SND, 1934 Cushing’s syndrome, 2299 1409 extrinsic and, 1927 DCM, 1250, 1252 post-MI, 1408 myocarditis, 1325 diabetes mellitus, 2307 PAH, 2233 pharmacokinetic principles, diastolic heart failure, 1212 pregnancy/lactation, 2474 2088–2090 DMD/BMD, 2388 vascular remodeling, 1551 drug elimination as, 2089–2090 HCM, 1275 Ankle brachial index drug therapy, management as, heart failure, 1398 exercise, lower extremity peripheral 2090 cost-effectiveness of, 2780–2781 artery disease and, 1691–1694 pregnancy/lactation, 2475 progression of, delaying and, peripheral artery disease, lower principles, 2085–2090 1400–1402, 1406–1407 extremity, 1690–1691 benefit should exceed risk as, hypertension, 1427, 1854, Ankyrin, LQTS and, 2582 2085 1857–1858 Annular calcification, mitral, 509–510 choosing specific drug as, CHF and, 1860 Annuloaortic ectasia, 1635–1636 2085–2088 cost-effectiveness of, 2784 clinical recognition, 1636 pharmacokinetic, 2088–2090 elderly patients and, 1862 etiology, 1635 proarrhythmia, evidence-based pregnancy and, 1862 treatment, 1636 guidelines for choosing, renovascular, 1863 Anomalous pulmonary veins. See also 2092–2093 hypertrophy, cardiac, 1185 Total anomalous pulmonary SCD, 2045, 2063–2065, 2065, ICD SCD, 2131–2132 venous connection 2070–2072 IMT and, 1788 connection, partial, 241–243 sinus rhythm, 1966, 1967 lactation, 2474 surgical treatment, 352–354, 354 SVT, 1951–1952 LV dysfunction, asymptomatic, Anorexegens, PAH and impact of, 2228 evidence-based guidelines for 1409 ANP. See Atrial natriuretic peptide choosing, 2090 post-MI, 1408 Ca2+ Antagonist drugs, HCM, 1275 ventricular arrhythmias, evidence- mineralocorticoids, disorders of, Anthracycline, DCM and, 1239–1241 based guidelines for choosing, 2300 Antiarrhythmic therapy, 2032, 2091–2092 MR, 419 2085–2100 Antiarrhythmic v. Implantable myocarditis, 1325 AF, 1963, 1974 Defibrillator Trial (AVID), non-STEMI, 953–954, 957 evidence-based guidelines for 2070–2071 pregnancy, 2474 choosing, 2090–2091 Antibiotic therapy RCM, 1291 general approach to, 1969–1970 COPD, 2258 restenosis and, 1032 in-hospital v. outpatient initiation macrolide, SCD, 2045, 2046 SCD, 2062–2063 of, 1970 myocardial injury, hypersensitive scleroderma, 2341 specific agent, 1970–1971 and, 1304 stable angina, 917–919, 997 atrial flutter, 1963, 1974 pregnancy/lactation, 2475 STEMI, 963, 971 general approach to, 1969–1970 proarrhythmia, 2092 Takayasu’s arteritis, 1651 in-hospital v. outpatient initiation PVE, 458 unstable angina, 953–954, 957 of, 1970 RF, 438 vascular remodeling, 1551 specific agent, 1970–1971 SCD, 2045 2844 index

Anticholinergic agents, COPD, 2256 Antiphospholipid antibodies pathogenesis of inflammatory, Anticoagulants antiphospholipid antibody 1649 AF, 1961–1962, 1974 syndromes, 2338 pathology of inflammatory, 1648 pregnancy and, 2473 syndromes, 2428–2429 thoracoabdominal, 1631–1634 arrhythmia, 2447 SLE and, 2337–2338 transverse arch, 1630–1631 atrial flutter, 1974 Antiplatelet therapy treatment of inflammatory, 1649 cardiopulmonary bypass, 2510 aortic thromboembolic disease, 1654 arch cardiovascular operation, arterial ischemia, lower extremity, abnormal, 228–230 premedication, 2502 1761 left, 228 carotid artery dissection, 1743 cardiovascular operation, right, 228–230 cost-effectiveness of, 2779 premedication, 2502 arteritis involving, 1649–1653 DCM, 1252 carotid artery disease, 1684 atherosclerotic material, heart failure, delaying progression of carotid artery dissection, 1743 embolization and, 1655 and, 1407 DES, 1034 coarctation, 1625–1628 iliofemoral venous disease, 1758 heart failure, advanced, 1467 clinical recognition of, 1626–1627 noncardiac surgery and, 2488–2489 IMT and, 1788 laboratory examination of, PAH, 2230–2232 peripheral artery disease, lower 1626–1627 pericardial disease induced by, 1485 extremity, 1698 natural history of, 1626 PHT, pregnancy and, 2476 stable angina, 997 physical examination of, 1626 pregnancy and, 2464, 2476 STEMI, 968 surgical repair, 1627–1628 prosthetic valves and pregnancy, 2464 TIA, 1915–1916 treatment, 1627

prothrombotic state, 2685 α1-Antiprotease deficiency, COPD, coronary artery ectopic or PTE, 2192 2249, 2259 anomalous origin from, 227 radiographic contrast material, 761 Antipsychotic drugs CT, 194 thrombus formation, 1961 proarrhythmia, 2092 diastolic flow reversal, pulsed TIA, 1916–1917 SCD, 2045 Doppler, 506 Anticonvulsants, hypersensitive Anti-Ro antibody, pregnancy and, dilation, 757 myocardial injury and, 1304 2476–2477 diseases of, 1623–1655 Antihistamines Antithrombin III deficiency, 2426 AAAs as, 1644–1648 DCM and, 1241 Antithrombotic therapy aneurysms as, 1628–1635 proarrhythmia, 2092 carotid artery disease, 1684 annuloaortic ectasia as, 1635–1636 radiographic contrast material, 761 cost-effectiveness, 2774–2775 key points for, 1623–1624 SCD, 2045 DES, 1034 pathophysiology and, 1625–1655 Antihypertensive drugs STEMI, 966–968, 973 physiologic considerations for, arterial compliance abnormalities Antithyroid drugs, hyperthyroidism, 1625 and, 1823 2313 thromboembolic, 1654 CHD, 2617 Antituberculosis drugs, hypersensitive dissection, 1636–1644 CVD prevention with, 1850–1851 myocardial injury and, 1304 aortopathy in pregnancy and, 2470 pregnancy/lactation, 2473–2474 Antiviral therapies clinical recognition of, 1638–1641 sympatholytic, extrinsic SND and, AIDS, metabolism complications diagnostic imaging of, 1639–1641 1927 and, 2378 differential diagnosis of, syncope, 2022 treatment for, 2380 1638–1639 TIA, 1915 myocarditis, viral, 1320 etiology of, 1637–1638 Antiinflammatory drugs Antopol disease, 2395 laboratory examination of, 1639 DCM and, 1241 Aorta. See also Abdominal aortic medical treatment of, 1642 DES, 1034 aneurysms; Coarctation of MFS and, 1644, 2559 seronegative spondyloarthritis, 2348 aorta; Thoracic aortic natural history of, 1638 vulnerable plaque, 631 aneurysm physical examination of, 1638 Antimalarials, antiphospholipid abdominal, 330 postoperative care for, 1644 antibody syndromes, 2338 abnormal branches of, 227–230 prognosis of, 1642 Antimicrobial therapy anatomy, 7, 1624–1625 surgical treatment and prognosis emboli, 456 aneurysms of, 1642–1643 heart failure, 454 ascending, 1629–1630 treatment of, 1641–1644 IE, 448 clinical recognition of types of, 1636–1637 penicillin-susceptible streptococci, inflammatory, 1649 function, normal, 1624–1625 448 diagnosis of inflammatory, 1649 infections, 1653–1654 PVE, 458 history of inflammatory, bacterial, 1653–1654 S. aureus, IE, 450 1647–1648 knife/missile wounds to, 1653 staphylococci, IE, 451–452 incidence of inflammatory, 1648 pseudocoarctation, 1628 Antineoplastic agents, hypersensitive inflammatory, 1647–1649 radiologic signs of CVD and, 87 myocardial injury and, 1304 MFS and, 2562 thoracic, CMR imaging of, 164–165 index 2845

thrombotic occlusion of, 1654–1655 catheterization, 467–469 diagnostic testing, 385–387 trauma, blunt to, 1652–1653 aortic valve area and, 468–469 echocardiography, 490–500 clinical findings of, 1652–1653 aortic valve resistance, 469 key points, 381 clinical recognition of, 1653 caveats, 469, 470 medical therapy, 385 etiology of, 1652 gradient determination, 467–468 MRI, 543–545 natural history of, 1653 overview of, 467 noncardiac surgery and patients treatment of, 1653 congenital, 381 with, 2496 tumors, 1655 PAV for patients with, 575 obesity drugs and, 389–390 Aortic insufficiency congenitally bicuspid aortic valve, severity assessment of, two- MRI, 545–547 echocardiography, 491–492, dimensional imaging, 494–495 qualitative evaluation and, 546 493 surgery for, timing of, 385–386 quantitative evaluation and, 546 coronary revascularization, 386 valve area in, by planimetry, pregnancy and, 2463 diagnosis, 248–249 494–495 surgery, anesthesia for, 2508 dilation, 314–315 pathology, CT, 194 Aortic regurgitation (AR), 216–217, 253, Doppler evaluation for, 495–500 porcine, 377–378 387–389 clinical management and, useful replacement acute, 389 values for, 499–500 PAV as bridge to, 573–574 acute severe continuous-wave, 495–497 reduced ejection fraction, 386 Doppler signs for, 508 DVI and, 498 resistance, AS, 469 echocardiography, 507–508 pulsed, 497 root size, AR and, 502 two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography, 487, 490–494 surgical treatment, 585 signs for, 507–508 dobutamine stress, 489–490 valve area in, by planimetry, 494–495 aortic root size and, 502 elderly patient with, 386 Aortoiliac disease, endovascular chronic etiology, 381–382 procedures for treatment of, acute superimposed, 508 levels of outflow obstruction and, 1762–1763 echocardiography, 500–507 caveats, 469 Aortopathy, pregnancy and, 2470–2471 LV size and systolic function low-output, low-gradient, 469, 470 aortic dissection in, 2470 assessment in, 502–505 morphologic features of, 493 Apo A-I Milano, vulnerable plaque, M-mode measurements and, 502 MRI, 543–545 630–631 two-dimensional, M-mode exam natural history, 384 Apolipoprotein, 2677 and differential diagnosis of, pathophysiology, relation to Apoptosis, endothelial dysfunction and 500–504 symptoms and, 382–384 role of, 1547–1549 echocardiographic assessment of, angina, 383 Appetite-suppressant drugs, valvular 487–488 CHF, 383–384 insufficiency caused by, 387 etiology, 387 pressure overload, 382–383 Aprotinin, coagulopathy of MRI, quantitative evaluation and, syncope, 383 cardiopulmonary bypass, 2416 546 percutaneous approach to, 386–387 Arachnodactyly syndrome, 230–231 pathophysiology and relation to physical examination, 384–385 ARBs. See Angiotensin receptor symptoms of, 387–388 rheumatic, echocardiography, blockers physical examination, 388 492–493 ARF. See Acute rheumatic fever proximal isovelocity surface area for subaortic stenosis and, 250 Argatroban, heparin-induced effective regurgitant orifice supravalvar, 214, 250, 2563 thrombocytopenia, 2415 area, regurgitant volume and, surgical treatment, 345 Arrhythmias, 1981–1982. See also 506–507 treatment, 249–250 Supraventricular arrhythmia; severity assessment, Doppler anesthesia and surgical, 2508 Ventricular arrhythmia evaluation for, 504–507 surgical, 341–343, 345 aging and, 2447–2448 surgical treatment, 346–349 two-dimensional, M-mode exam, alcohol-related, 2362 therapy differential diagnosis for, 491, atrial, cardioversion of, 1964–1965 medical, 388 492, 493 anticoagulation of, 1965 surgical, 388–389 Aortic valve direct current, 1964–1965 Aortic root surgery, valve-sparing, area efficacy of initial direct current, 585 AS, 468–469 1964–1965 Aortic stenosis (AS), 212–213, 233–234, continuity equation, 497–498 cocaine and cardiac, 2360 247–250, 381–385 AS severity and, 500 exercise testing, 739 aortic valve area and, 500 bicuspid, congenitally genetic basis for cardiac, 2577–2593 aortic valve stenosis and, 247–250 diagnostic clues for, 492 atrial standstill and, 2592 diagnosis of, 248–249 echocardiography, 491–492, 493 BS and, 2586–2589 treatment of, 249–250 disease cardiac action potential and ion asymptomatic patients with severe, AS as, 381–385 channels in, 2577–2580 surgery for, 385–386 AR as, 387–389 CPVT and, 2590–2591 calcific, echocardiography, 490–491 cusp mobility and, 494 general considerations, 2592–2593 2846 index

Arrhythmias (cont.) MI and abnormalities of, 1821 cocaine-induced cardiovascular genetic testing and, 2592 plaque rupture and abnormalities of, complication, 2360 genotype/phenotype relationship 1821 coronary artery spasm, 937, 938–940 and, 2592–2593 pressure pulse contour and, 1815 cost-effectiveness, 2774, 2779 isolated cardiac conduction defect smooth muscle relaxation and, DCM, 1252 and, 2589–2590 1813–1814 heart failure, advanced, 1467 key points, 2577 vascular pressure/volume hypercoagulable states, 2417 LQTS and, 2580–2585, 2585 relationship and, 1813 IMT and, 1788 SIDS and, prolonged QT interval wave reflection and, 1815 KD, 985, 986, 2345 in, 2585 Arterial elasticity, CVD and, non-STEMI, 937, 938–940, 945, 956, SQTS, 2585 1617–1618 957 supraventricular arrhythmias and, Arterial ischemia, lower extremity percutaneous coronary 2591 background/history, 1761 revascularization, 1089 maternal, during pregnancy, interventional approach, 1761 pregnancy/lactation, 2475 2471–2473 medical management/pharmacologic RF, 438 obesity and, 2706 approaches, 1761–1762 stable angina, 919–920, 922, 923, PAC and, 2525 PTA, 1761–1762 924–925, 931 posttransplant, 1430–1431 stent implantation for, 1762 STEMI, 963, 968, 973 practical approach to patient with, Arterial remodeling, IVUS, stent thrombosis, subacute, 1042 1987–1988 1802–1803 Takayasu’s arteritis, 1651 predisposing genes, 2735 Arterial system thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced, primary cardiac, treatment, compliance and, 1812 2415 2032–2033 physiology, 1811–1812 thrombocytosis, 2414 radiographic contrast material, 762 Arterial wall properties, arterial thrombus formation, 1961 sinus, 1929–1930 compliance abnormalities and, TIA, 1912, 1915–1916, 1916 surgical treatment, 2163–2171 1823 unstable angina, 937, 938–940, 945, susceptibility to common, 2593 Arteries, abnormal branches of, 956, 957 as syncope primary cause, 227–230 Aspirin-dipyridamole (Aggrenox), 1916 2023–2028 Arteriovenous fistulas, abnormal Assisted ventilation, COPD, 2260 transplantation and, 1421 connections, 225–226 Astemizole, SCD, 2045 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular Arthritis. See Rheumatoid arthritis Asthma, bronchial dysplasia (ARVD) ARVD. See Arrhythmogenic right hypertension treatment and, 1861 echocardiographic evaluation of, 1373 ventricular dysplasia PTE and, 2186 heart muscle injury and, 1308–1310 AS. See Aortic stenosis Atelectasis, PTE and, 2186 SCD underlying disease and, ASA. See Acetylsalicylic acid Atenolol 2048–2049 Aschoff nodules, myocardial disease aortic dissection, 1641 Arterial compliance, 1811–1825 and, 1221–1222, 1223 hypertension, pregnancy-induced, abnormalities, 1819–1824 ASCVD. See Atherosclerotic CVD 2467 aging and abnormalities of, ASDs. See Atrial septal defects pregnancy/lactation, 2474 1819–1820 L-Asparaginase silent myocardial ischemia, 707 antihypertensive drugs and hypercoagulable state, 2433 Atherectomy, acute limb ischemia abnormalities of, 1823 leukemia, 2429 management with, 1767–1768 arterial circulation and, 1811–1812 Aspergillus infection, myocarditis and, Atherosclerosis. See also Coronary arterial system and, 1812 1329 atherosclerosis arterial wall properties and Aspirin alcohol and effects on, 2362–2363 abnormalities of, 1823 ACS, 1089 aneurysms and, 1665 atherosclerosis and abnormalities of, acute limb ischemia, 1764 approach to patient with, 1609 1820–1824 AF, 1961, 2000 arterial compliance abnormalities blood vessel structure and, 1812–1813 AMI, 2446 and, 1820–1821 definitions, 1825 antiphospholipid antibody background, 1593–1594 diabetes mellitus and abnormalities syndromes, 2338 B-mode US for, 1783–1791 of, 1823–1824 atherothrombotic risk modulation IMT, normal/abnormal and, disease states and abnormalities of, with, 2810, 2812 1786 –1787 1819–1824 CABG, 1082 key points, 1783–1784 heart failure and abnormalities of, CAD, unstable, 1010, 1011 principles, 1784–1785 1824 cardiac rehabilitation case reproducibility, 1785–1786 hypertension and abnormalities of, management and, 1129 validity, 1786 1821–1823 carotid artery disease, 1684, 1744 cardiovascular regulation and, 1535 measuring, techniques for carotid artery stroke prevention and, carotid artery, 1742 direct, 1815–1816 1745, 1751 changing pattern of, around world, indirect, 1816–1819 CAV, 1425 654–655, 656 index 2847

CKD association with, 2820–2821 Stary classification, 1596–1598 enlargement of, 49, 50 clinical stages of, 1596–1598 type III lesion in, 1596 morphologically, 209–212 cocaine and promotion of, 2359 type II lesion in, 1596 myxomas of, 2276–2277 country differences in, 655, 657 type I lesion in, 1596 right diagnostic tests, 1596–1598 type IV lesion in, 1596–1597 embryologic development of heart early events in, 1584–1585 type VIII lesion in, 1598 and, 4 emerging risk factors type VII lesion in, 1597 enlargement of, 49, 50 CRP as, 1606–1607 type VI lesion in, 1597 morphologically, 205–209 fibrinogen as, 1607–1608 type V lesion in, 1597 myxomas of, 2277–2278 homocysteine as, 1607 vascular remodeling in, 1544 Atrial defect, balloon dilation of, lipoprotein (a) as, 1608 Atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) 333–334 stress as, 1608–1609 drug therapies affecting lipoprotein Atrial fibrillation (AF), 1955–1974, tissue factor as, 1608 metabolism and, 2675–2678 1982 endothelial function and, 1586 LDL, serum and relation to, ablation, 1973–1974 insulin resistance in, 2809–2810 2670–2672 antiarrhythmic therapy evidence-based medicine, 1598–1609 clinical trial evidence and, evidence-based guidelines for diabetes and, 1602–1604 2671–2672 choosing, 2090–2091 dyslipidemia and, 1600–1602 epidemiologic evidence and, general approach to, 1969–1970 hypertension and, 1599–1600 2670–2671 in-hospital v. outpatient initiation metabolic syndrome and, evidence from basic science, 2670 of, 1970 1602–1604 nondrug therapies affecting specific agent, 1970–1971 modifiable risk factors in, lipoprotein metabolism and, anticoagulation for, selection of 1598–1606 2674–2675 patients for long-term, obesity and, 1605–1606 statins secondary prevention trials 1961–1962 physical inactivity and, 1606 for, 2678–2679 catheter ablation, 1973–1974, tobacco use and, 1602 Atherosclerotic material, embolization, 2149–2151 genetic predisposition and, 1655 substrate modification and, 2151 2735–2736 Atherothrombotic risk, medical CHF and, 1958 global differences in, 653–658 intervention modulation of, echocardiography, 1965–1966 history, 1593–1594 2810–2811 transesophageal, 1999–2004, inflammation and, 2804–2805 ACE inhibitor, 2810, 2812 2003–2004 insulin resistance in, 2809 ARB, 2810, 2812 epidemiology, 1955–1956 as inflammatory disease, 1585 aspirin and thienopyridine, 2810, evidence-based medicine, 1963–1964 insulin resistance and 2812 rate control, 1963–1964 inflammation in, 2804–2805 beta-blocker, 2810, 2812 rhythm v. rate control, 1963 thrombosis in, 2807–2809 CCB, 2810–2811, 2812 familial, 2591–2592 Kawasaki arteritis as risk factors for, metformin, 2811, 2812 first episode of 991 PPAR, 2811, 2812 approach to patients with, key points, 653, 1593 statin, 2811, 2812 1962–1963 leukocyte-endothelial cell Atorvastatin (Lipitor). See also initial evaluation of patient with, interactions and, 1587–1588 Pravastatin of Atorvastatin 1962 morphology, 1593–1609 Evaluation and Infection- HCM and, 1958 pathogenesis, 1581–1589, 1593–1609 Thrombolysis in Myocardial hypertension and, 1958 insulin resistance and, 2804–2810 Infarction 22 indeterminate symptoms, approach pathologic anatomy, 1581–1589 ACS, 1012–1013 to patient with, 1970 pathophysiology, 1594–1595 clopidogrel interactions with, 946 ischemia and, 1958 endothelial dysfunction and, 1594 cost-effectiveness, 2777 local, 1959 inflammation and, 1594 dyslipidemia, 1601 long-term management, 1963 smooth muscle cell proliferation metabolism complications of Aids MI and, 1958 and, 1594–1595 antiviral therapy, 2380 nonpharmacologic approaches to thrombosis and, 1595 STEMI, 973 therapy of, 1962 peripheral artery system and, 1682 A to Z Trial, 2679 other cardiac diseases and, plaque growth, 1588–1589 AT receptor blockers, cardiac 1957–1959 progenitor cells in, role of, hypertrophy, 1185 pacing therapies for, 1972–1973 1546–1547 Atria pathophysiology, 1956–1957 risk factors, 655–656, 657, anatomic features, 10–13 persistent/permanent, 1930–1931 1593–1609 diastolic hear failure diagnosis with postoperative, 1971–1972 size of problem and, 653–654 left diameter of, 1211 anticoagulation and, 1971–1972 smoke, tobacco and, 2650 left management, 1971 smoking and, pathophysiology of, embryologic development of heart mechanisms, 1971 2655 and, 4 occurence, 1971 2848 index

Atrial fibrillation (AF) (cont.) coronary sinus, 241 Automaticity, 43 pharmacologic therapy, 1971–1972 echocardiography, 282–287 Autonomic disorders prognosis, 1972 occlusion, 322–323 carotid sinus hypersensitivity and, prophylaxis, 1972 ostium primum, 238–241 1898 preexcitation syndromes and, laboratory studies, 239 description of key, 1892–1900 1958–1959 prognosis, 240, 241 drugs and, 1899–1900 pregnancy and, 2473 treatment, 240–241 failure syndromes, primary as, recognizing problem of, 1959 ostium secundum type, 235–237 1892–1893 recurrent laboratory findings, 236 autonomic failure syndromes as, following successful direct current late complications, 237 1893 cardioversion, 1966 percutaneous repair of, 237 dysautonomias, acute/subacute as, prediction of, 1966 prognosis, 236–237 1892–1893 stroke risk, 1960 treatment, 237 localized, 1892 anticoagulation and, 1961 secundum, TEE, 283 miscellaneous causes of, 1898–1899 surgical treatment, 2163–2168 sinus venosus, 241 poisons and, 1899–1900 Cox-Maze procedure for, 2163, echocardiography, 284 secondary, 1893–1897 2165–2168 TEE, 284–286 amyloidosis as, 1896–1897 EPS and, 2164 TTE, 285 cerebral disorders as, 1894 historical aspects of, 2163 Atrial septostomy, 333 diabetes mellitus as, 1896 indications/contraindications for, Atrial standstill, 2592 Riley-Day syndrome as, 2164–2165 Atrial tachyarrhythmias, 1927 1895–1896 new approaches to, 2163–2164 Atrial vestibule, left, 210–211 spinal cord lesions as, 1894–1895 results, 2167–2168 Atrioventricular block, pacemaker for syncope and technique, 2167 acquired, 2104–2105 neurally mediated, 1897–1898 thromboembolic complications, Atrioventricular conduction vasovagal, 1897–1898 prevention of, 1960 disturbances, SCD and, toxins and, 1899–1900 thyrotoxicosis and, 1959 2056–2057 Autonomic dysfunction treatment, cost-effectiveness of, Atrioventricular joint, catheter cardiovascular features, 1883–1887 2779–2780 ablation, 2152 cardiac dysrhythmias as, 1886 WPW syndrome and, 1958–1959 Atrioventricular junctional rhythm, hypertension as, 1886 Atrial flutter, 1955–1974 accelerated, 1947 postural hypotension as, antiarrhythmic therapy Atrioventricular nodal reciprocating/ 1883–1886 general approach to, 1969–1970 reentrant tachycardia vascular effects as, 1886–1887 in-hospital v. outpatient initiation (AVNRT), 1946–1947 cardiovascular system and, of, 1970 catheter ablation, 2144 1887–1892 specific agent, 1970–1971 Atrioventricular node, 15 classification, 1883 catheter ablation, 1974, 2145 artery, 9, 764 clinical manifestations, 1883–1887 classification, 1960 conduction disturbances, hypotension and, 1883–1906 echocardiography, 1965–1966 1991–1997 investigation of, 1887–1892 epidemiology, 1955–1956 atrioventricular block and, noncardiovascular features, 1887 evidence-based medicine, 1963–1964 noninvasive methods Autonomic failure syndromes, 1893 rate control, 1963–1964 determining cause of, 1992, AV I D. See Antiarrhythmic v. rhythm v. rate control, 1963 1994 Implantable Defibrillator first episode of, approach to patients causes of, 1991–1992, 1993–1994 Trial with, 1962–1963 ECG in, 1992, 1993–1994 AV N RT. See Atrioventricular nodal initial management, 1962–1963 key points, 1991 reciprocating/reentrant long-term management, 1963 Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), tachycardia pathophysiology, 1956–1957 233–234 AVSD. See Atrioventricular septal pregnancy and, 2473 echocardiography, 289–291 defect SVTs and, 1945–1946 surgical treatment, 353–354 Axillary artery, aneurysm, 1671–1672 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Atropine AZA. See Azathioprine hypertension and, 1838–1839 cardiac arrest, 2091 Azathioprine (AZA) percutaneous coronary cardiovascular operation, Behçet’s syndrome, 2345 revascularization, 1089 premedication, 2502 DM/PM, 2343 Atrial septal defect occluding systemTM dobutamine stress myocardial giant cell arteritis, 1652 (ASDOS), 324 perfusion imaging and, 842 gout, 1430 Atrial septal defects (ASDs), 233–234, Auricles, anatomy, 7 hypertension, 1427 235, 1146 Auscultation myocarditis, 1326 closure, general procedure for, heart disease patient physical viral, 1320 325–326 examination and, 36–37 nephrotoxicity and, 142 congenital heart defects due to, 2604 myxoma, right atrial, 2277 PAN, 2343 index 2849

transplantation immunosuppression, aortopathy and pregnancy, 2470 syncope, vasovagal, 1898 1446, 1448 arrhythmia, 2447 tachycardia, 1899 Wegener’s granulomatosis, 2344 arterial compliance abnormalities unstable angina, 937, 957 Azimilide and, 1823 Biatrial anastomosis, 1462–1463 cardiac arrest, 2091 ARVD, 1310 Biatrial enlargement, 51 sinus rhythm, 1968–1969 atherosclerosis, 1604 Bicaval anastomosis, 1464 atherothrombotic risk modulation Bifascicular block, pacemaker for B with, 2810, 2812 acquired, 2104–2105 Bacteremia, PTE and, 2188 atrial flutter, 1962 Bifurcation lesions, DES, 1038, Balloon angioplasty CAD, pregnancy and, 2475 1040–1041 COA, 320–321 cardiac rehabilitation case Bile acid sequestrants technique for, 320–321 management and, 1129 ASCVD risk, 2676 cutting, acute limb ischemia cardiomyopathy lipoprotein metabolism, 2676 management with, 1764 alcoholic, 2362 Bioprosthetic valves, 378 vulnerable plaque, 632–633 hypertrophic patient noncardiac complications, 377 Balloon aortic valvotomy, in surgery and, 2497 mechanical v., 588 catheterization laboratory, pregnancy and, 2469 Biopsies 480–481 cardiovascular operation, amyloid heart disease, 1294 outcome of, 481 premedication, 2502 endomyocardial, 1323–1324, overview of, 480 CHD, 2617 1354–1355, 1356 patient selection for, 480–481 CHF, 2448 DCM diagnostic evaluation and, technique for, 481 coronary artery spasm, 937, 957 1249 Balloon dilation cost-effectiveness, 2775 hemochromatosis, 1297 atrial defect, 333–334 CPVT, 2591 RCM, 1290 cardiac valves, 557–576 DCM, 1250, 1252 lung, PAH, 2227 future research for, 576 diabetes mellitus, 2307 myocardial, 1219–1220 key points, 557 diastolic heart failure, 1212 renal, 2825 Balloon mitral valvotomy in DMD/BMD, 2388 Biperidine derivatives, DCM and, catheterization laboratory, dobutamine stress myocardial 1241 478–480 perfusion imaging and, 843 Bisoprolol outcome of, 480 heart failure, cost-effectiveness of, heart failure, delaying progression of patient selection and indications, 2781 and, 1403 478–479 hypertension, 1854, 1856–1857, 1860 SCD, 2061 technique, 479–480 CAD and, 1861 Bisphosphonates, transplantation, Barth syndrome, 2402 CHF and, 1860 1429 Batimastat, DES, 1034 elderly patients and, 1862 Bivalirudin Becker muscular dystrophy. See pregnancy and, 1862, 2467 acute limb ischemia, 1764 Duchenne/Becker muscular hyperthyroidism, 2313 arterial ischemia, lower extremity, dystrophy ICD SCD, 2131–2132 1761 Behçet’s syndrome IMT and, 1788 Biventricular pacing, heart failure, aneurysms and, 1666–1667 induction with, 2507 1400 vasculitis, primary and, 2345–2346 KD, 986 life, prolonging and, 1407 Benazepril, hypertension, 1857 lactation and, 2474 Bleomycin, DCM and, 1240

Benznidazole LQTS, 2033, 2584–2585 α1-Blockers, hypertension, 1854, American trypanosomiasis, 1330 pregnancy and, 2473 1858–1859 Chigas’ disease, 1242 LV dysfunction, asymptomatic, 1409 pregnancy and, 1862 Benzodiazepines post-MI, 1408 Blood loss, acute, 2188–2189 cocaine-induced cardiovascular mitral valve disease, 401 Blood pressure (BP) complication, 2360 MR, 419 anesthesia for cardiovascular hypertension, 1857 MS, 2508 operation monitoring and, Benzoylmethylecgonine. See Cocaine during pregnancy, 2463 2505 Bepridil, SCD, 2045 noncardiac surgery and, 2488 casual office, 1851–1852 Beraprost, PAH, 2234 CAD patient, 2494 CVD and sitting, 1616–1617 Beta-blockade non-STEMI, 937, 957 elevated, management of, 2685 AF, 1962, 1970 preexcitation, 1987 exercise testing interpretation and, postoperative, 1971 pregnancy and, 1862, 2463, 2467, 731 AIDS, 1241 2473, 2474 heart disease patient physical AMI, 2446 SCD, 2061 examination measurements as antiarrhythmic agents, 2099 stable angina, 997 of, 30–31 aorta, coarctation of, 1627 STEMI, 963, 970, 971 hypertension and measurement of, aortic dissection, 1641 SVT, 1952, 2090 1847–1848 2850 index

Blood pressure (BP) (cont.) SQTS and, 2026–2027 pump measurement treatment, 2033 plasma membrane, 1195 direct of, 2519–2522 BS. See Brugada syndrome sarcoplasmic reticulum, arterial waveforms, 2521–2522 Bulbus cordis, 3–4 1197–1198 complications, 2521 Bundle branch block. See also Right retention, sarcoplasmic reticulum, components, 2520–2521 bundle branch block 1198 heart disease patient physical AMI, 1993–1994, 1995 Calcium antagonists examination, 30–31 treatment of, 1994 CAV, 1425 hypertension and, 1847–1848 chronic, 1995–1997 diastolic heart failure, 1212 self-, 1852 conduction disturbances and, heart failure, 1398, 1400 monitoring 1992–1994 hypertension, 1854, 1857 hemodynamic monitoring, QRS complex configuration and, CAD and, 1861 intraoperative with, 2011 elderly patients and, 1861 2519–2522 Bupivacaine, radiographic contrast stable angina, 915–917, 918 noninvasive ambulatory, 1852 material, 762 Calcium channel antagonists noninvasive techniques, 2521–2522 Bupropion, smoking cessation, 2660 percutaneous coronary normal, 31 Busulfan, thrombocytosis, 2414 revascularization, 1089 pregnancy and, 2455 Busulphan, DCM and, 1240 pheochromocytoma, 2302 systolic, atrioventricular dissociation Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and changes in, 2008 C AF, 1957 Blood tests CABG. See Coronary artery bypass postoperative, 1971 COPD, 2254 graft antiarrhythmic effects of, heart failure, 1389–1390 CABG Patch Trial. See Coronary 2099–2100 BMI. See Body mass index Artery Bypass Graft Patch arrhythmias, primary cardiac, BNP. See Brain natriuretic peptide Trial 2032 Body mass index (BMI), 714 CAC. See Coronary artery calcium atherothrombotic risk modulation Bosentan, PAH, 2233–2235 Cachexia, HIV ventricular function with, 2810–2811, 2812 Brachytherapy and, 2378–2379 atrial flutter, 1957 acute limb ischemia management CAD. See Coronary artery disease cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic with, 1766–1767 Caffeine abuse, 2364 patient noncardiac surgery ISR and failures of, 1039 Cainamide, pericardial disease induced and, 2497 Bradyarrhythmias by, 1485 cardiovascular operation, pregnancy and, 2473 Calcimimetics, disorders of calcium premedication, 2502 sinus, 1930 metabolism and, 2309 CHD, 2617 Bradycardia, 31 Calcineurin inhibitor therapy CPVT, 2591 Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, heart failure, advanced and, 1462 DCM, 1241, 1251 1930–1931 nephrotoxicity, 1427 hypertension, 1427 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) transplantation immunosuppression, cost-effectiveness of, 2784 daistolic heart failure diagnosis and 1448 pregnancy and, 2467 serum levels of, 1211 transplantation rejection, 1453 hypertrophy, cardiac, 1185 DCM diagnostic evaluation and, Calcitonin, subcutaneous, 2309 IMT and, 1788 1247–1248 Calcitriol, transplantation, 1429 L-type, PAH, 2210 hypertension and, 1838–1839 Calcium mitral valve disease, 401 Brainstem compression, hypertension channel defects, LQTS and, 2582 nephrotoxicity and, 142 and, 1846 channels PAH, 2210, 2232 Bromocriptine, acromegaly, 2297 plasma membrane, 1194–1195 PHT, pregnancy and, 2476 Bronchitis, chronic, 2251–2252 sarcoplasmic reticulum and pregnancy/lactation, 2472–2473, Brugada syndrome (BS), 2586–2589 release, 1196–1197 2474, 2476 background, 2586–2587 ECG T wave changes and changes in scleroderma, 2341 diagnostic tests, 2588 concentration of serum, 75 SND, 1934 sodium channel blocker, excitation-contraction coupling/ extrinsic, 1927 pharmacologic challenge with, relaxation and fluxes in, 1198 SVT, 2090 2588 hypertension and intake of, 1835 pregnancy and, 2472–2473 evidence-based medicine, 2588–2589 ions, cardiac contractile protein Canadian Implantable Defibrillator pathophysiology, 2587 response to, 1192–1193 Study (CIDS), 2071–2072 recognition of problem, 2587–2588 metabolism, disorders of, 2307–2309 Candesartan differential diagnosis and, 2588 clinical manifestations, heart failure, delaying progression of ECG, 2587–2588 2308–2309 and, 1402 precipitating/modulating factors, diagnosis, 2309 SCD, 2063 2588 pathophysiology, 2307–2308 Candida infection, myocarditis and, SCD and, 2053–2055 treatment, 2309 1329 index 2851

Cannulation tropomyosin as, 1192 fuel metabolism in perspective arterial, complications of, 758–760 troponin complex as, 1192 and, 1157–1158 central venous, anesthesia for energy-starved heart and, 1199 gene expression signals in, 1167 cardiovascular operation excitation-contraction coupling, heart muscle and, 1158–1159 monitoring and, 2505 1193–1198 key points, 1157 coronary ostia, coronary angiography plasma membrane and, 1194–1195 MS and, 1167 and, 752–753 relaxation and, calcium fluxes pathways, 1159–1160 pulmonary artery, anesthesia for during, 1198 tracing, 1161–1162 cardiovascular operation sarcoplasmic reticulum and, substrate competition and monitoring and, 2505 1196–1198 flexibility of, 1160–1161 Captopril key points, 1189–1190 myocardial disease and, 1226–1228 aortic dissection, 1642 Cardiac depressants, heart failure and, Cardiac output (CO) cost-effectiveness, 2775 1398 calculation, valvular heart disease, heart failure, delaying progression of, Cardiac development 464 1401 cardiac malformations and, genes Doppler, pulsed and, 120–121 hypertension, 1857 implicated in, 1145–1146 pregnancy, 2454–2455 renovascular, 1848 cardiac myocyte proliferation and, pulse contour, 2533–2534 hypertensive crisis, 1863 1143–1145 Cardiac rehabilitation, 1113–1129 post-MI, 1408 cardiogenic transcription factors and, case management, 1128–1129 SCD, 2062–2063 1137–1142 exercise, physiologic responses and, Carbamazepine, hypersensitive heart formation in, extrinsic signals 1114–1115 myocardial injury and, 1304 for early, 1142–1143 goals/components of, 1118, 1119 Carbohydrates as cardiac metabolism left-right position and looping heart failure, chronic, 1127–1128 energy-providing substrate, morphogenesis in, 1143 after heart transplantation, 1128 1162 metabolic signals of gene expression historical perspective, 1113–1114 Carbon-11-labeled acetate, 149 and, 1167 home-based, 1129 Carbon-11-labeled palmitate, 149 postmitotic cardiac phenotype and, in-hospital, after myocardial event, Carcinoid heart disease, 2272–2273 1147–1148 1118–1124 Carcinoid syndrome, 2314–2315 postnatal heart, implications of, key points, 1113 Carcinoid valvular heart disease 1146–1147 maintenance program, 1127 (CVHD), 2272 toward molecular basis for CHD, after myocardial event, 1118–1124 Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) 1135–1148 exercise testing, hospital discharge allograft rejection and, 1424–1425 key points, 1135 and, 1123–1124 brain injury and, 1424 overview, 1135–1136 inpatient activity and, 1122–1123 cardiovascular risk factors for, Cardiac disease patient education during acute modification of, 1425–1426 abnormal cardiac anatomy and phase and, 1121–1122 immunosuppressive therapy in syndromes with, 230–231 patient evaluation and, 1118, 1120 prevention of, 1425 AF and, 1957–1958 psychosocial considerations for, nonimmune risk factors and, 1425 stem cell therapy for, 2745–2765 1121 transplantation and, 1421–1426, 1454 key point of, 2745–2746 returning to work/recreational diagnosis of, 1423–1424 Cardiac enlargement, 25–26 activities and, 1124 incidence of, 1422 heart failure and RV, 1391 outpatient, 1124–1127 pathogenesis of, 1424–1425 Cardiac innervation, 15, 16 exercise prescription for, 1126 pathology of, 1424 Cardiac malformations, genes patient education in, 1127 presentation of, 1422 implicated in human, patient selection and, 1124 prognosis of, 1422 1145–1146 safety and, 1124–1125 treatment of, 1425 Cardiac memory, ECG T wave changes structure of, 1125 Cardiac arrest, antiarrhythmic therapy, and, 72–73 risk factor modification, 1128 2091–2092 Cardiac metabolism Cardiac resynchronization therapy Cardiac Arrest Study in Seattle multiple roles for, 1157–1169 (CRT) Conventional v. Amiodarone cardiac function, improving and, cardiomyopathy, dilated, 1364, Drug Evaluation Trial 1169 1366 (CASCADE), 2070 cardiac growth signals in, 1167 DCM, 1251–1252 Cardiac contraction/relaxation, energy-providing substrates for, ICD and, for SCD, 2134 1189–1199 major, 1162–1167 Cardiac rupture contractile proteins, 1190–1193 amino acids as, 1166–1167 AMI echocardiography and, actin as, 1192 carbohydrates as, 1162 815–816 ADT and interactions with, 1192 fatty acids as, 1164–1166 free-wall calcium ions and response of, glucose metabolism, regulatory AMI echocardiography and, 1192–1193 sites as, 1162–1164 815–816 myosin as, 1190–1191 ketone bodies as, 1166 contained, 816 2852 index

Cardiac septation abnormality cytokines as possible cause of, noncardiac surgery for patients with, ASD, echocardiography, 282–287 2378 2496–2497 AVSD, echocardiography, 289–291 drug-induced, 2379 nonischemic, CMR imaging of, echocardiography, 282–291 myocardial cell injury and, 2378 172–173 VSD, echocardiography, 287–289 alcoholic, 2361 nutritional causes of, 1245–1246 Cardiac stem cells (CSC), 2745 DCM and, 1237–1238 obesity, 2705 resident, 2751 treatment, 2362 peripartum, 1333 Cardiac tamponade cocaine, DCM and, 1238–1239 DCM and, 1243 acute, PTE and, 2187 constrictive, echocardiographic pregnancy and, 2469 clinical recognition, 1489–1490 evaluation, 1370–1371 pregnancy and, 2469–2470 catheterization and, 1492–1494 diabetic, 1244 restrictive chest radiogram and, 1492 dilated catheterization laboratory ECG and, 1492 catheterization laboratory evaluation of, 1351–1352 echo-Doppler cardiography and, evaluation of, 1350–1351 echocardiographic evaluation, 1490–1492 CRT and, 1364, 1366 1370–1372 laboratory examination and, diagnosis, 1361–1362 pericarditis, constrictive and, 1490–1494 differential diagnosis, 1362 1499–1500 physical examination and, echocardiography in evaluation of, Cardiomyopathy Trial (CAT), 2069 1489–1490 1361–1364 Cardiomyoplasty, advanced heart etiology, 1489 ischemic v., 1236 failure, 1470 pericardial cavity-induced, 7–8 LV thrombus and, 1363 Cardiopulmonary bypass pericardiocentesis, 1494–1495 MR and, 1362–1363 anesthesia, 2510 treatment, 1494–1495 noncardiac surgery for patients CAD, 1060–1061 Cardiac valves, 10–15 with, 2496 coagulopathy, 2416 balloon dilation, 557–576 prognosis, 1363–1364 weaning from, 2510–2511 future research for, 576 SCD and, 2057–2058 Cardiopulmonary disease, structural, key points, 557 SCD underlying disease and, 2050 2033 catheter implant of, 334 echocardiography in evaluation of, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), Cardiofacial syndromes, 1145 1359–1374 2471–2472 Cardiogenesis, genetic approaches to, general considerations, 1359 CardioSEALTM, 323–324 1136–1137 endocrine/metabolic causes of, Cardiovascular diagnosis, cost- Cardiogenic shock 1243–1245 effectiveness, 2772–2773 AMI echocardiography and, 815 acromegaly as, 1245 Cardiovascular disease (CVD). See also PAV, 574 growth hormone deficiency as, Atherosclerotic CVD PCI for AMI and, 1025 1245 antihypertensive therapy and Cardiogenic transcription factors, hyperthyroidism as, 1244 prevention of, 1850–1851 1137–1142 hypothyroidism as, 1245 early cardiac morphogenesis, 1137 obesity as, 1243–1244 arterial elasticity for, 1617–1618 GATA, 1139 familial, 230 background, 1615–1616 HAND, 1139–1140 DCM and, 1237 BP for, 1617 HOP, 1141 heart failure and, 1381 carotid IMT measurement for, IRX4, 1139 predisposing genes for, 2735 1618–1619 MEF2, 1138 heart muscle injury, causes and, composite score, 1620 myocardin family, 1141 1305–1310 CT, electron-beam, 1620 NK-2 homeodomain proteins, hematologic causes of, 1246 detection of, 1615–1621 1138–1139 HIV organism evidence-caused, 2377 diagnostic tests for, 1616–1620 pathway, evolutionary conservation hypertrophic ECG for, 1620 of, 1141–1142 noncardiac surgery for patients evidence-based medicine, 1621 SRF, 1140–1141 with, 2496–2497 future considerations, 1621 TBX family, 1141 pregnancy and, 2469 microalbuminuria and, 1619–1620 Cardiomyocyte, diastolic dysfunction infiltrative, echocardiographic natriuretic peptide, b-type for, 1620 and, 1203 evaluation, 1371–1372 pulse wave velocity for, 1618 Cardiomyopathy, 1301–1310. See also ischemic, dilated v., 1236 recognition of problem for, 1616 Defibrillators in Nonischemic key points, 1301–1302 systolic pressure index, ankle- Cardiomyopathy Treatment LV, anesthesia for surgery of, 2508 brachial for, 1620 Evaluation; Dilated metabolic abnormalities and, US for, 1620 cardiomyopathy; Restrictive 1302–1303 ED and, 2791–2799 cardiomyopathy myocardial disease and, 1302–1303 key points of, 2791 in AIDS patients, 2376–2377 myocardial injury, allergic/ genetic basis for, 2549–2605 alternative explanations for, hypersensitive and, 1303–1305 IMT and association with risk 2378–2379 myocarditis, giant cell and, 1305 factors of, 1787 index 2853

insulin resistance and, 2803–2812 pulmonary embolism, 165–166 Carnitine deficiency, 2397–2399 key points in, 2803–2804 pulmonary vein assessment, 165–166 cardiomyopathy caused by, kidney disease assessment in safety, 164 1245–1246, 1303 GFR and, 2823–2824 technical considerations, 162–163 Carnitine palmityl transferase (CPT), hematuria detection and, 2825 TEE compared with, 165 1165 proteinuria detection and, thoracic aorta, 164–165 Carotid artery 2824–2825 valvular heart disease, 173–174 clinical problem, recognition, mechanisms, pathophysiology of, ventricular volumes and mass 1743–1744 2742 quantitative assessment with, cerebrovascular symptoms and, metabolic syndrome as risk factor 166–168 1743–1744 for, 2697 Cardiovascular malformations, 5 preoperative assessment and, 1744 patient history and, 19 Cardiovascular mortality, KD impact diagnostic testing, 1744–1745 PDE-5 inhibitor use and, 2798–2799 on, 990 carotid stent surveillance, follow- radiographic signs of, Cardiovascular regulation up and, 1745 pathophysiologic principles basic considerations for, 1525–1536 invasive angiography, 1745 pertaining to key points, 1525 noninvasive imaging and, 1744 aorta, 87 pathologic stress and alterations in, disease, 1683–1686 heart, 86 1531–1535 antithrombotic therapy for, 1684 pericardial diseases, 90 atherosclerosis, 1535 carotid revascularization therapies pulmonary vasculature, 87–90 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, for, 1684–1686 valves, 87 1533 cholesterol therapy for, 1684 risk factor modifications, exercise and gene transfer, 1535 clinical manifestations of, diabetes, 2639–2640 heart failure, 1534–1535 1683–1684 hypertension, 2639 hypercholesterolemia, 1535 diagnosis of, 1683 lipids, 2639 hypertension, 1533–1534 hypertension therapy for, 1684 metabolic syndrome, 2640–2641 smoking, 1532 medical treatment of, 1684–1686 obesity, 2640 vasovagal syncope, 1531–1532 natural history of, 1683–1684 vascular biology, 2641 in physiologic conditions, 1525–1531 TIA surgical management and, risk factors aging process, 1530 1917 metabolic syndrome as, 2697 autonomic nerves, 1527 dissection, 1743 RA as, 2331–2332 cardiovascular reflexes, 1527–1528 extracranial, aneurysms of, 1674 smoking and, 2651 humoral factors, 1528–1530 intervention, 1741–1751 SHS and, 2649–2661 local factors, 1525–1527 background/history, 1741–1742 background, 2649–2650 mental stress, 1530 clinical practice, 1751 key points, 2649 muscular exercise, 1531 key points for, 1741 smoking and, 2649–2661 neurotransmitters, 1527 pathophysiology, 1742–1743 background, 2649–2650 neurotransmitters/endothelial cell atherosclerosis and, 1742 key points, 2649 interactions and, 1528 FMD and, 1742 pathophysiology of, 2652–2656 nitroxidergic nerves, 1528 stent guidelines for, 1750 tobacco, 2650–2652 orthostatic stress, 1530 stroke prevention structural, treatment, 2033 thermal stress, 1530–1531 comparative clinical trials for, subclinical, risk factors for, 2624 vascular receptors, 1527 1747–1750 as syncope cause, 2027 Cardiovascular system emboli protection devices and, Cardiovascular magnetic resonance aging and, 2439–2448 1749–1750 (CMR) imaging, 161–175 key points for, 2439 surgery v. carotid stent CAD, 168–169 maternal, adaptations of, 2453–2455 placement and, 1748–1749 integrity of native and, 169–171 Cardiovascular therapy, cost- surgery v. medical therapy and, cardiac patient, specific effectiveness, 2773–2775 1747–1748 considerations for, 163–164 Cardioversion evidence-based medicine and, cardiac tumors/masses and, 174 echocardiography, transesophageal 1745–1747 cardiomyopathy, nonischemic, with, 2001–2003 percutaneous therapy for, 172–173 heparin/warfarin anticoagulation 1746 –1747 CHD applications of, 175 and transesophageal pharmacologic therapy and, coronary arteries, bypass graft echocardiography with, 1745–1746 patency and, 171 2001–2002 surgical treatment, 1746 great vessels, 164–165 pauses following, 1931 Carotid artery disease, treatment of key points, 161–162 warfarin for AF before elective, extracranial myocardial viability on, 171–172 efficacy of, 2000 angioplasty for, 1776–1777 myocarditis, 1322–1323 CARE study. See Cholesterol and CEA, 1776 pericardium and, 174–175 Recurrent Events epidemiology, 1776 pulmonary artery, 165–166 Carney complex, 2403 stenting for, 1776–1778 2854 index

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA), 1776 cardiomyopathy evaluation in pressure/pressure contours and, Carotid sinus hypersensitivity laboratory for cardiac 474–475 autonomic disorders and, 1898 dilated, 1350–1351 Catheter procedures pacing, 2105 restrictive, 1351–1352 cardiac, approach to, 477, 478 Carotid sinus massage (CSM), 1948 DCM diagnostic evaluation and, 1249 collaborative surgical and, 336 Carvedilol AS Doppler evaluation compared direct apical LV puncture, valvular heart failure with, 496 heart disease, 467 cost-effectiveness of, 2781 HCM evaluation in laboratory for FB removal and, 335–336 delaying progression of, 1403 cardiac, 1352–1353 MR, 418–419 hypertension, 1856, 1857 KD, 985 right and left heart, valvular heart SCD, 2062 myocardial disease evaluation in disease, 465–466 CASCADE. See Cardiac Arrest Study laboratory for cardiac, therapeutic, 333–334 in Seattle Conventional v. 1349–1356 atrial septostomy as, 333 Amiodarone Drug Evaluation key points, 1349 cardiac valve, 334 Trial myocarditis and, 1323–1324 transseptal puncture, valvular heart CASS. See Coronary Artery Surgery PAH, 225 disease, 466–467 Study pericarditis, conservative, 1499 Caval venous system, abnormal CAT. See Cardiomyopathy Trial procedure, 1798 connections in, 225 Catecholaminergic polymorphic RCM, 1289 Caveats ventricular tachycardia SCD, 2060 AS, 469, 470 (CPVT), 2590–2591 systems, 1797–1798 MS catheterization, 474 background, 2590 US technology, 1797–1798 CCBs. See Calcium channel blockers diagnosis, 2590–2591 Catheterization laboratory CD40 ligand, 646 evidence-based medicine for, 2591 AS in CEA. See Carotid endarterectomy pathophysiology, 2590 aortic valve area and, 468–469 Ceftriaxone Catecholamines, aortic valve disease aortic valve resistance, 469 staphylococci, IE, 451 and, 389 caveats, 469, 470 streptococci, IE, 448 Catheter ablation gradient determination and, Celecoxib, stable angina, 931 AF, 1973–1974, 2149–2151 467–468 Celiac artery, aneurysm, 1669 substrate modification and, 2151 overview, 467 Celiprolol, hypertension, 1856 trigger elimination and, 2150–2151 balloon aortic valvotomy in Cell cycle inhibitor, transplantation arrhythmias, supraventricular/ outcome of, 481 immunosuppression, 1448 ventricular, 2139–2158 overview of, 480 Cellular immunity, viral myocarditis historical aspects of, 2139–2140 patient selection for, 480–481 and role of, 1317–1318 atrial flutter, 1974, 2145–2146 technique for, 481 Central nervous system (CNS) atrioventricular joint, 2152 balloon mitral valvotomy in abnormalities, as IE complication, AV N RT, 214 4 outcome of, 480 457 energy sources, new for, 2157 patient selection and indications, altered, silent ischemia and, 700 SVT, 2140–2152 478–479 silent ischemia and, 700 procedure for, 2141–2142 technique, 479–480 pain threshold evaluation in, 700, site, optimal for, 2142 MS in 701 slow pathway procedure for, caveats and, 474 Central venous pressure (CVP) 2144–2145 diastolic half-time, 473 monitoring SVT accessory pathway exercise testing and, 473–474 complications of, 2524 complications of, 2143–2144 overview, 469–470 hemodynamic monitoring, localization for, 2140–2141 transmitral gradient and, 470–472 intraoperative with, recurrence of conduction and, valve area and, 473 2522–2524 2143 prosthetic valves in, 477 normal, 2523–2528 success rate of, 2142–2143 valvular heart disease in Cephalosporin tachycardia assessment and therapy of, COPD, 2258 atrial, 2149 463–484 endocarditis during pregnancy, “incisional,” 2146–2148 key points, 463–464 2465 indications for, 2140–2157 principles and, 464–467 S. aureus, IE, 450 VF, 2157 technique for, 465–467 streptococci, IE, 448–449 VT, 2153–2154 calculations for, 464–465 Cerebral disorders, autonomic idiopathic, 2153–2154 general approach to, 464 disorders and, 1894 postinfarction, 2154–2157 percutaneous valve replacement/ Cerebrovascular diseases, 1911–1918 Catheterization. See also Pulmonary repair and, 481–484 background/history, 1911–1912 artery catheter valvular regurgitation in, 474–477 diagnostic tests, 1914–1915 amyloid heart disease, 1294 angiographic severity and, 475–476 hypertension treatment and, 1861 cardiac tamponade, 1492–1494 overview, 474 key points, 1911 index 2855

pathophysiology, 1912–1913 Chlorambucil assisted ventilation, 2260 as syncope cause, 2027 Behçet’s syndrome, 2345 bronchodilators, inhaled as, treatment, 2033 thrombocytosis, 2414 2256–2257 Cesarean delivery, perimortem, Chloramphenicol, hypersensitive corticosteroids as, 2258 2471–2472 myocardial injury and, 1304 oxygen therapy, 2259–2260 CETP. See Cholesterol-ester transfer Chloroform, SCD, 2045 smoking cessation as, 2255–2256 protein Chloroquine theophylline as, 2257–2258 CHB. See Congenital heart block myocarditis, 2336 vaccination as, 2256 CHD. See Congenital heart disease RA, 2332 pathophysiology/pathogenesis, Chemotherapy Chlorpromazine, drug-induced SLE, 2249–2250 agents, myocardial injury and, 2339 physical examination, 2251–2252 1304–1305, 1306 Chlorthalidone, CHD, 2617 prognosis, 2261–2262 amyloid heart disease, 1295–1296 Cholesterol and Recurrent Events risk factors, 2249 Chest pain, 21 (CARE), 2678 RVH in, 53, 56 noncardiac origin, 22 Cholesterol disorders, management of, surgical treatment, 2261 Chest radiography. See also Computed 2667–2686 testing, 2253–2254 radiography; Posteroanterior key points in, 2667–2686 Chronotropic incompetence, 1927, radiograph Cholesterol-ester transfer protein 1930 amyloid heart disease, 1293 (CETP), 928–929 Churg-Strauss angiitis, primary assessing examination with, Cholesterol-lowering therapy, 2680 vasculitis and, 2344 principles for, 84–86 angiographic trials of, 2678 Chylopericardium, pericardial diease cardiac tamponade, 1492 clinical trials of, 2678 and, 1485 COPD, 2253 Cholestyramine, LDL-lowering, CIDS. See Canadian Implantable CVD signs on, pathophysiologic 2676 Defibrillator Study principles pertaining to Chromosomal disorders, 2551–2552 Ciguera toxin, autonomic disorders aorta, 87 CHD associated with, 2599–2601 and, 1900 heart, 86 Chromosome remodeling, 2736 Cilostazol (Pletal), 1697 pericardial diseases, 90 Chronic heart failure (CHF), 1204 Cimetidine pulmonary vasculature, 87–90 DE-MRI, 883 ED, 2794 valves, 87 kidney and, 2822–2823 SND, 1934 DCM diagnostic evaluation and, pathophysiologic stage and extrinsic and, 1927 1248 symptoms in, 1206–1207 CIN. See Contrast-induced digital imaging, 81–82 progression, 1204–1206 nephropathy pericarditis, constrictive, 1497, 1500 rehabilitation in patients with, Cinacalcet, disorders of calcium pregnancy, 2457 1127–1128 metabolism and, 2309 principles of, 80–86 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Cine magnetic resonance, 537 radiologic technique and, principles atherosclerosis association with, Ciprofloxacin, SCD, 2045 of, 80–82 2820–2821 Circulation Chest X-ray, 79–91 burden of, 2820 alcohol effects on, 2361 anatomic landmarks, 82–84 complications of, detecting, 2825 aterial compliance and, 1811–1812 HCM, 1271 hypertension treatment and, 1861 Circulatory assisstance, mechanical, key points, 79 progression of, slowing, 2825–2828 1876–1877 normal, 82–84 renin-angiotensin system Cisapride, SCD, 2046 PAH, 2220 inhibition and, 2825–2828 Cisplatin, DCM and, 1240 principles regarding, 82 screening, 2829–2831 CKD. See Chronic kidney disease CHF. See Chronic heart failure; renal arterial disease and, Clamshell DeviceTM, 322–323 Congestive heart failure 2829–2831 Claudication, lower extremity Chigas’ disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary peripheral arterial disease DCM and, 1242 disease (COPD), 2247–2262 and, 1694–1695

myocarditis and, 1330–1331 α1-antiprotease deficiency and, 2249 Clicks, heart disease patient Children/adolescents. See also cardiac considerations in, 2252 physical examination and, 37, Persistent pulmonary clinical presentation, 2251–2254 38–39 hypertension of newborn definitions, 2247–2248 Clonidine hypertension, 1852 differential diagnosis, 2254–2255 cardiovascular operation, MS valvuloplasty, 315 epidemiology, 2248–2249 premedication, 2502 pacing, 2105–2106 hypertension treatment and, 1861 hypertension, 1859 PS, 319 key points, 2247 hypotension, postural, 1903 pulmonary valvuloplasty, 313–314 medical history, 2251 smoking cessation, 2661 valvuloplasty, 313–315 nonsurgical treatment, 2255–2261 syncope, orthostatic, 2032 AS valvuloplasty, 315 antibiotic, 2258 Clopaamide, postural hypotension,

VSDs, 287 α1-antiprotease deficiency, 2259 1903 2856 index

Clopidogrel (Plavix) endothelial dysfunction and, 2359 MRI compared with, 183 arterial ischemia, lower extremity, history, 2357 noncontrast imaging with 1761 hypertension, iatrogenic and, 1846 CAC, 183–184 atherothrombotic risk modulation MI and, 2358–2359 guidelines and applications for, with, 2810, 2812 myocardial dysfunction and, 186–187 atorvastatin interactions with, 946 2359–2360 CAC role in risk stratification on, CABG, 1082 myocardial ischemia and, 2358–2359 185–186 CAD, unstable, 1010, 1011 pharmacology, 2357–2358 CAD, obstructive and, 184–185 carotid artery disease, 1684, 1744 SCD, 2045 PAH, 2223–2224 carotid artery stroke prevention and, vasoconstriction induced by, 2358 pericardial disease, 194 1745 Colchicine pulmonary arteries, 195 coronary artery spasm, 937, 940, 957 Behçet’s syndrome, 2345 venography, 1709 cost-effectiveness, 2774 pericarditis vulnerable plaque, 628–630 DCM, 1252 acute, 1503 Conduction, 44. See also Isolated non-STEMI, 937, 940, 944–945, 957 recurrent, 1504 cardiac conduction defect percutaneous coronary Colesevelam, LDL-lowering, 2676 disease, syncope and cardiac, revascularization, 1089 Collagen vascular disease, 372–375 2023–2024 stable angina, 920–923, 931 pregnancy and, 2476–2477 system, cardiac, 15, 16 STEMI, 963 valvulitis as Conduction disturbances TIA, 1915–1916 lesions resembling, 374–375 atrioventricular nodal, 1991–1997 unstable angina, 937, 940, 944–945, lupus erythematosus, 373–374 atrioventricular block and, 954, 957 rheumatic, 372–373 noninvasive methods Clopidogrel bisulfate, stable angina, 920 rheumatoid, 373, 374 determining cause of, 1992, Clubbing, 29 Collagen vascular disorders, pericardial 1994 CMR imaging. See Cardiovascular disease and, 1484 causes of, 1991–1992, 1993–1994 magnetic resonance imaging Collateral system, coronary, 9–10 ECG in, 1992, 1993–1994 CMVIG. See Cytomegalovirus Color flow imaging, MR, 415–416 key points, 1991 hyperimmune globulin Color-scale (B-color) imaging, 106–108, bundle branch block and, 1992–1997 C-myc antisense eluting stent, 1034 128 intraatrial/atrioventricular, CNS. See Central nervous system Commissurotomy, PMV v. surgical 1926–1927 CO. See Cardiac output mitral, 568–569 subnodal, 1991–1997 COA. See Coarctation of aorta Common atrium, 241 key points, 1991 Coagulation, exercise and, 2638–2639 CO monitoring Conduits, 378 Coagulation abnormalities, heart esophageal Doppler, 2532–2533 Congenital defects disease and, 2416–2418 hemodynamic monitoring, single-gene disorders and, 2601–2604 coagulopathy or cardiopulmonary intraoperative, 2531–2534 ASDs, 2604 bypass as, 2416 lithium dilution, 2532 Holt-Oram syndrome, 2604 homocysteine as, 2418 TDCO, 2531–2532 Noonan syndrome, 2604 hypercoagulable states as, 2416–2418 Compliance, 1825 surgical treatment of adult, 341–361 Coarctation of aorta (COA), 215–216, Computed radiography (CR), 82 Congenital heart block (CHB), 2338 233–234, 254–256 Computed tomography (CT). See also Congenital heart defects balloon angioplasty, 320–321 CT angiography, contrast congenital anomalies, miscellaneous diagnosis, 254–255 enhanced; Multidetector as, 303–305 echocardiography, 302–303 computed tomography echocardiography, 300–303 hypertension and, 1844 amyloid heart disease, 1294 ventricular outflow obstruction as, interventional therapy, 320–321 aorta, 194 300–303 pregnancy and, 2459–2460 aortic valve pathology, 194 Congenital heart disease (CHD) prognosis, 255 cardiovascular imaging with, in adults, 203–361 treatment, 255–256 181–197 cardiac development toward surgical, 345–346 radiation dose and, 191–192 molecular basis for, 1135–1148 Cobalamin, hyperhomocysteinemia, CHD, 195–196 key points, 1135 2430 COPD, 2253 overview, 1135–1136 Cocaine (benzoylmethylecgonine) electron-beam, early CVD, 1620 chromosomal disorder-associated, abuse, heart and, 2357–2360 electrophysiologic applications of 2599–2601 arrhythmias, cardiac and, 2360 cardiac clinical recognition, 233–271 atherosclerosis promotion and, 2359 coronary veins, 196–197 CMR applications for, 175 cardiomyopathy, DCM and, pulmonary veins, 197 COA as, 254–256 1238–1239 hemochromatosis, 1297 interventional therapy for, 320–321 cardiovascular complications of, imaging modalities complex, 256–258 2358 EBCT as, 181–182 congenitally corrected treatment of, 2360 MDCT as, 182–183 transposition and, 265–268 index 2857

with cyanosis, 256–268 specific lesions in, 2458–2461 Connective tissue disease (CTD), without cyanosis, 256 systemic ventricular dysfunction 2331–2343 DORV and, 261 during, 2461 heart and, 2331–2349 D-transposition of great arteries pulmonary veins, interventional PAH and, 2227 and, 256, 257 therapy for, 322 RA as, 2331–2333 HLHS and, 261 risk factors, established, 2612–2621 scleroderma as, 2339–2342 pulmonary atresia with VSD and, dyslipidemia as, 2612–2614 seronegative spondyloarthritis as, 259–261 hypertension as, 2614–2617 2346–2348 TOF and, 256–259 obesity as, 2618–2620 SLE as, 2333–2339 tricuspid atresia and, 261–263 smoking as, 2617–2618 vasculitis, primary as, 2343–2346 truncus arteriosus and, 263–265 sinus of Valsalva, aneurysms of and, Conotruncal abnormalities congenital valve abnormalities and, 269–270 CHD-associated, 2601 247–256 systemic veins, interventional d-TGA as, echocardiography, conotruncal abnormalities and, 2601 therapy for, 321–322 297–299 echocardiography, 296–300 treatment, 233–271 echocardiography, 296–300 coronary artery anomalies and, 269 Turner syndrome associated with, l-TGA as, echocardiography, 299 CT, 195–196 2600 TOF as, echocardiography, 296–297 cyanotic, pregnancy and, 2460 vascular communications, abnormal truncus arteriosus, persistent, DiGeorge syndrome associated with, extracardiac, 332–333 299–300 2601 velocardiofacial syndrome associated Continuous equation Down syndrome associated with, with, 2601 aortic valve area by, 497–498 2600 venous inflow abnormalities, mitral valve area by, 511 echocardiography in adults with, echocardiography, 291–292 Continuous wave Doppler waveform 279–305 ventricular inflow abnormalities, examination, lower extremity indications for, 279–282 echocardiography, 292–294 peripheral artery disease, 1694 key points, 279 ventricular number/morphology Contrast angiography, renal artery embryologic cardiac development abnormalities, disease, 1687 and relationship to, 4–5 echocardiography, 294–296 Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), genetic aspects of, 2599–2605 VSD, occlusion and, 327–329 2831–2832 great vein malpositions and, 268 Congenital valve abnormalities, Convalescent care, STEMI treatment, heart-lung transplantation for, 247–256 973–974 360–361 AS as, 247–250 COPD. See Chronic obstructive interventional therapy, 311–337 aortic valve stenosis and, pulmonary disease collaborative therapeutic 247–250 Coronary anatomy catheterization and surgical subaortic stenosis and, 250 atrioventricular nodal artery in, 764 procedures for, 336 supravalvar, 250 coronary artery in history and general considerations Ebstein’s anomaly as, 253–254 left anterior descending, 763 for, 311–312 MS as, 252 left circumflex, 763 intravascular stents in, 317–319 PS as, 250–252 left main, 763 key points, 311 pulmonary valve stenosis and, right, 763–764 therapeutic catheter procedures 250–252 coronary caliber in, 768–769 for, 333–334 subpulmonary stenosis and, 252 coronary ostia in, 762–763 intracardiac communications, TS as, 252–253 coronary trunks, orientation in, 763 occlusion of, 327–329 valvar regurgitation as, 253 ECG T wave abnormality site in intracardiac defects, occlusion of, Congestive heart failure (CHF), relation to, 71–72 322–326 383–384 myocardial perfusion field and, intravascular communications, AF and, 1958 769–770 extracardiac, 329–332 aging and, 2448 nomenclature, standard for, 764 key points, 233–235 hypertension treatment and, radiographic evaluation and, left-to-right shunt lesions and, 1860–1861 762–776 235–247 obesity and, 2704–2705 ramus intermedius branch and, 763 multifactorial inheritance of, pleural effusion related to, 28 sinus node artery in, 764 2604–2605 PTE and, 2187 Coronary angioscopy, vulnerable pacing, 2105–2106 Connective tissue, inherited disorders plaque, 626–627 PAH and, 2227 of, 2557–2564 Coronary anomalies, congenital, pathophysiology, 233–271 AS, supravalvular as, 2563 770–776 PFO, occlusion and, 326–327 cutis laxa as, 2564 adverse outcome-associated, 774–775 pregnancy and, 270–721, 2457–2461 EDS as, 2562–2563 ambryology, 770 postoperative patient, 2461 key points, 2557 coronary artery fistula as, 776 preconception counseling for, MFS as, 2557–2562 incidence/classification, 770–771 2457–2458 PXE as, 2563–2564 often benign, 771–774 2858 index

Coronary arterial stenosis Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) catheter-based interventions, CABG physiologic assessment of, 780–783 advances, 1080–1081 compared with, 1055–1056 coronary flow reserve and, 781–782 arterial bypass conduits, 1080 chronic, echocardiography and, fractional flow reserve and, CAD, 1052–1059 821–823 782–783 indications, 1052 CMR imaging detection of, 168–169 optimal hemodynamic evaluation impact on survival, 1075–1076, 1078 coronary artery bypass surgery and of coronary lesion, limitations patient management, 1081–1082 impact on morbidity/ of, 783 patient selection, 1076–1080 mortality, 1073–1094 physiologic flow and pressure port-access, 1066–1067 coronary atherosclerosis as, 593–595 measurements, limitations in randomized trials coronary blood flow regulation and, use of, 783 CASS, 1077 659–664 visual assessment of, 778–779 ECSS, 1077–1078 coronary heart disease and, 667–690 Coronary arteries Veterans Affairs Cooperative coronary lesions, acute, 595–596, 597 abnormal branches of, 227–228 Study, 1077 coronary thrombosis as, 595–596, 597 abnormalities robot-assisted endoscopic, 1066, coronary vascular disease, echocardiography, 304–305 1067 nonatherosclerotic as, 596, SCD underlying disease and, saphenous vein graft and, 1075 597, 598 2047–2048 standard, 1052–1059 CRP, 611–618 aneurysms, 1671 surgery, 1075–1082 as clinical marker, 611–614 angiographic evaluation of, techniques, 1056–1059 detection, myocardial perfusion 793–794 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) imaging with SPECT and, anomalies, 269 Patch Trial, 2066 842–843 surgical treatment, 354–355 Coronary artery calcium (CAC) diagnosis, exercise testing and, anomalous origin of, from an in asymptomatic individuals, 735–736 inappropriate aortic sinus, 354 185–186 diffuse, without localized flow- bypass graft patency, CMR imaging calcium progression, 184 limiting stenosis, 861–862 of, 171 CT, noncontrast imaging of, 183–184 echocardiography evaluation of, CT angiography, applications of, 192 guidelines and applications for, 811–831 dimensions 186–187 myocardial function, regional and, angiography and, 767–770 reproducibility of, 184 811–813 normal human, 767, 768 risk stratification and role of, ED as marker of, 2791 dissection, spontaneous, 790 184–185 ED therapy and risk in, 2795–2796 dominance, 227–228 EBCT v. MDCT for, 187 exercise testing, 742–743 ectopic or anomalous origin from obstructive disease and, 184–185 FRISC study, 941–943 aorta of, 227 risk prediction of, in symptomatic hibernation, 603–605 epicardial, 660–661 individuals, 185 high-risk, imaging variables fistulas, 776 Coronary artery disease (CAD), associated with, 843 surgical treatment, 355 591–1129, 2702–2703 hypertension treatment and, 1861 left, 211 AMI as, 597–600 imaging technique assessment, anomalous origin of, from angina pectoris as, 598 2702–2703 pulmonary artery, 355 angiogenesis infarct development/size/remodeling, left anterior descending, 8, 763 cell therapy for, 1732–1734 determinants of in, 602–603 left circumflex, 8, 763 therapeutic clinical trials for inflammation, 611–618 left main, 8, 763 treatment of, 1726–1732 integrity of native, 169–171 length, 768 FGF DNA, 1731–1732 interventionally treated, pathology pulmonary trunk origin of, 228 FGF protein, 1731 of, 605–606 remodeling, in women, 722–724 VEGF DNA, naked, 1728–1729 KD, childhood and adult, 991 right, 211, 763–764 VEGF DNA, viral encoded, 1730 key points, 593 tumors, cardiac and involvement of, VEGF protein, 1726–1728 management/evaluation of, 2270 angiography, coronary and, 745–794 pregnancy and, 2475–2476 Coronary arteriography, vulnerable approach to patients with, overall, medical treatment, CABG compared plaque, 625–626 2495 with, 1055 Coronary artery bypass atherosclerosis, global differences in MR and, 519 CAD, morbidity/mortality impact of, and, 653–658 myocardial ischemic injury as, 1073–1094 CABG, 1052–1059 600–602 invasiveness of, reducing, 1064–1067 catheter-based interventions myocardial modulation, new MIDCAB and, 1064–1066 compared with, 1055–1056 approaches to, 606–607 key points, 1073–1074 medical treatment compared with, nonatherosclerotic percutaneous coronary 1055 angiographic evaluation of, revascularization compared cardiac PET and, 855–868 788–794 with, 1085–1087 cardiac rehabilitation, 1113–1129 coronary vasospasm and, 788–790 index 2859 noncardiac surgery for patient with, diagnostic tests, 1007–1008 coronary changes of, 776–778 2489–2495 early invasive strategy v. ischemia- PET imaging of early, 861–865 invasive tests for, 2493 guided strategy for, 1009–1010 stable, angiographic assessment of, MI, surveillance for perioperative evidence-based medicine, 776–783 and, 2495 1008–1012 Coronary blood flow, regulation, noninvasive tests for, 2491–2493 invasive intervention, early or late 659–664 perioperative complications of, for, 1010–1011, 1012 coronary arteries, epicardial and, strategies to reduce and, pathophysiology of PCI for, 660–661 2493–2495 1005–1006 coronary collateral circulation and, pharmacologic stress testing for, PCI for, 1005–1015 663–664 2492–2493 recognition of, 1007 coronary resistance vessels and, preoperative clinical assessment risk stratification, 1007–1008 661–662 for, 2489–2491 troponin release to guide use of coronary steal and, 664 risk stratification, long-term and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa endothelium-dependent vasodilation management of, 2495 inhibition, 1009, 1010 and, 662–663 obesity and revascularization in, vulnerable plaques, 611–618 key points, 659 2703 atherosclerotic, 621–633 LVH and, 664 obstructive in women myocardial blood flow, transmural CAC and, 184–185 BMI and, 714 distribution and, 663 exercise testing to diagnose, clinical features of, 716–718 myocardial oxygen consumption 742–743 diabetes and, 714 and, determinants of, OPCAB, 1061–1064 diagnosis of, 716–717 659–660 pathogenesis, 593–607, 2702 dietary factors and, 714 Coronary bypass surgery, CAV, 1425 pathologic anatomy, 593–607 dyslipidemia and, 715 Coronary caliber, 768–769 percutaneous coronary genetic risk factors for, 716 Coronary collateral circulation, revascularization and impact hypertension and, 715 663–664 on morbidity/mortality, inflammatory markers for, 716 angiographic evaluation of, 787–788 1073–1094 metabolic syndrome and, 714 Coronary disease PET, clinical integrated with current plaque morphology and classic risk microcirculatory, angiographic pathophysiologic concepts of, factors for, 715–716 evaluation of, 791 867 prognosis, 717–718 in women, 713–724 preconditioning, 603–605 risk factors, 714–717 epidemiology of, 713–714 pregnancy and, 2475–2476 smoking and, 715 HRT, postmenopausal and, prevention of, around world, symptoms of, 716–717 719–720 656–657 syndrome X and, 717 key points, 713 prognosis, echocardiography and, treatment, 717–718 pathology, 720–724 821–823 Coronary artery spasm physiology of, 718–719 radiation-induced, angiographic medical treatment of, 937–958 plaque rupture/erosion and, evaluation of, 791–792 aspirin and heparin, 938–940 720–722 reoerfusion, 603–605 clopidogrel and platelet IIb/IIIa sex hormones and, 718–719 risk factors, 2043–2044 receptor antagonist, 940 Coronary dominance, 764 pregnancy and, 2475 evidence-based overview of Coronary heart disease SCD and, 598, 2057 specific therapies for, 938–946 AMI and, 677–691 underlying disease of, 2046 future lifestyle modifications and, angina and silent ischemia and, 699–708 956–957 stable, 668–670 prognosis in, 705–706 general considerations for, 954–955 unstable, 672 SLE and, 2336 interventional therapy, 953–954 variant, 670–672 smoke, tobacco and, 2650–2651 key points, 937 clinical recognition, 667–690 stunning, 603–605 LMWH, 940–944 exercise training effect on, surgical treatment, 1051–1068 platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa 2637–2641 anesthesia and, 2508 antagonists, 946–952 early mechanisms and, CABG and, 1052–1059 treatment, initial of, 956 2637–2639 cardiopulmonary bypass, Coronary Artery Surgery Study long-term mechanisms for, 1060–1061 (CASS), 1077 2639–2641 key points, 1051–1052 Coronary atherosclerosis, 593–595 key points, 667 unstable angiography, 776–788 pathophysiology, 667–690 adjunctive treatment, 1008–1009 coronary arterial stenosis, vulnerable or unstable approach to patient, 1014, 1015 physiologic assessment of and, atherosclerotic plaque and, background of PCI for, 1005 780–783 672–677 coronary stents in, 1008, 1009 coronary arterial stenosis and, Coronary microvascular disease, in DES for, 1011–1012 778–779 women, 719 2860 index

Coronary ostia, 762–763 current/future trends and policy CVD. See Cardiovascular disease cannulation of, coronary implications of, 2785 CVHD. See Carcinoid valvular heart angiography and, 752–753 key points in, 2771 disease Coronary risk factors Cotrimoxazole therapy, IE S. aureus, CVP. See Central venous pressure cardiovascular outcomes, specific 451 CX occlusion, 65, 66 associated with, 2611–2612 Cough, hemoptysis and, 22–23 CX side branch, 65, 66 family history as, 2622 Coumadin Cyanosis, 28–29 LVH as, 2621–2622 mitral valve disease, 401 central, 28 magnitude of problem, 2610–2611 Takayasu’s arteritis, 1651 peripheral, 29 major established, impact of, COX inhibitors. See Cyclooxygenase-2 Cyanotic heart disease, surgical 2611–2621 inhibitors treatment, 355–357 multivariable risk estimation and, Cox-Maze procedure, AF, 2163, Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors 2621 2165–2168 atherothrombotic risk modulation newer risk markers for, 2622–2624 CPR. See Cardiopulmonary with, 2810 overview, 2609–2626 resuscitation RA, 2332 key points, 2609–2610 CPT. See Carnitine palmityl transferase Cyclophosphamide secular trends, 2610–2611 CPVT. See Catecholaminergic cancer, 2429 younger/older individuals and polymorphic ventricular DCM and, 1240, 1241 preventive implications of tachycardia giant cell arteritis, 1652 detecting, 2624–2626 CR. See Computed radiography KD, 986 Coronary sinus, 212 C-reactive protein (CRP). See also myocardial injury and, 1304 Coronary steal, 664 High-sensitivity CRP PAN, 2343 Coronary trunks, orientation, 763 atherosclerosis and, 1606–1607 pericarditis, constrictive, 2332 Coronary vasospasm, 788–790 biologic effects of, 615–616 Takayasu’s arteritis, 1651 catheter-induced, 790 CAD, 611–618 transplantation immunosuppression, Coronary veins, CT electrophysical as clinical marker, 611–614 1446 applications for, 196–197 production, 617 transplantation rejection, 1453, 1454 Corticosteroids receptors, 616–617 Wegener’s granulomatosis, 2344 anemia, hemolytic, 2412 Cromolyn, pericardial disease induced Cyclopropane, cardiovascular antiphospholipid antibody by, 1485 operation, 2501 syndromes, 2338 CRP. See C-reactive protein Cyclosporine Behçet’s syndrome, 2345 CRT. See Cardiac resynchronization CAV, 1426 COPD, 2258 therapy heart failure, advanced, 1461 DM/PM, 2342 CSC. See Cardiac stem cells hypertension, iatrogenic and, 1846 giant cell arteritis, 2344 CSM. See Carotid sinus massage hypertension and, 1886 hypersensitivity angiitis, 2344 CT. See Computed tomography KD, 986 KD, 2345 CT angiography myocarditis, 1325–1326 myocarditis, 1307, 1326 contrast enhanced, 187–194 viral, 1320 eosinophilic, 1333 coronary artery, applications of, nephrotoxicity, 1427–1428 PAN, 2343 192 neurotoxicity, 1428 pericarditis, pregnancy and, 2470 electron beam angiography and, transplantation immunosuppression, pregnancy and, 2470, 2477 187–189 1445, 1448 RA, 2332 limitations, 192 transplantation infection and, 1421 radiographic contrast material, 761 noncalcified plaque assessment CypherTM stent, 997, 1037 RF, 438 and, 191 TaxusTM stent v., 1043–1045 RP, 2346 revascularization and, 190–191 Cysts, pericardial, 1481 scleroderma, 2341 ventricular structure/function, Cytokines SLE, 2335 192–193 heart failure and, 1386 pregnancy and, 2477 renal artery disease, 1687 as hypertrophy, cardiac signal STEMI, 973 CTD. See Connective tissue disease transducers, 1182 Still’s disease, 2333 Culprit lesions myocarditis, viral and role of, Takayasu’s arteritis, 2345 ACS-responsible, pathologic features 1318–1319 transplantation immunosuppression, of, 623 proinflammatory, vulnerable plaque 1446, 1448–1449 histopathologic features, 623–624 detection and, 646–647 transplantation infection and, 1421 Cushing’s syndrome, 2298–2299 Cytomegalovirus hyperimmune transplantation rejection, 1453, clinical manifestations, 2299 globulin (CMVIG), 1421 1454 diagnosis, 2299 Wegener’s granulomatosis, 2344 hypertension and, 1845 D Cost-effectiveness issues, 2771–2785 pathophysiology, 2298–2299 Dacarbazine, DCM and, 1240 background considerations for, treatment, 2299 Daclizumab, transplantation 2771–2772 Cutis laxa, 2564 immunosuppression, 1447 index 2861

Dalteparin Desferrioxamine, hemochromatosis, pathophysiology, 1202–1209 FRISC study, 941–943 1297 diastole/diastolic dysfunction at venous disease, 1713 Desmopressin, postural hypotension, level of muscle-pump system Danaparoid sodium, heparin-induced 1903 and, 1202–1203 thrombocytopenia, 2415 Desoxycorticosterone (DOC), 2298 systolic and, 1204–1209 Danon disease, 2395 Dexamethasone, hypertension, 1833 treatment, 1211–1212 Dapsone, RP, 2346 Dexfenfluramine mechanism-targeted, 1212 Daunorubicin aortic valve disease and, 389–390 symptom-targeted, 1212 DCM and, 1239 obesity, 2709 Diazepam, 2504 myocardial injury and, 1304 Dexfenfluramine phentermine, aortic induction with, 2507 D(dextro)-bulboventricular looping, 3 valve disease and, 390 Dichloroacetate, PAH, 2210 DCM. See Dilated cardiomyopathy Dexrazoxane, DCM and, 1240–1241 Diclofenac, stable angina, 931 Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 1705 Diabetes Diet recurrent, therapy for, 1711 atherosclerosis and, 1602–1604 CAD in women and, 714 upper extremity, 1760 CAD in women and, 714 stable angina and, 925–929 Deferoxamine, cardiomyopathy, 1246 cardiovascular regulations and, CETP in, 928–929 Defibrillators. See also Implantable 1533 lipid-lowering therapy in, 926–928 cardioverter-defibrillator; cardiovascular risk factor metabolic syndrome in, 929 Multicenter Automatic modification, exercise and, Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid Defibrillator Implantation 2639–2640 (DTPA), 150 Trial; Multicenter Automatic CHD and, 2620–2621 Diethyl ether, cardiovascular Defibrillator Implantation metabolic syndrome as risk factors operation, 2501 Trial II for, 2697 DiGeorge syndrome, CHD-associated, cardiac, cost-effectiveness of renal disease, 2822 2601 implantable, 2778 statin trials in patients with, 2679 Digitalis cardioverter Diabetes mellitus, 2302–2307 cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic DEFINITE, 2068–2069 arterial compliance abnormalities patient noncardiac surgery SCD prevention trials of, and, 1823–1824 and, 2497 2065–2070 autonomic disorders and, 1896 cardiovascular operation, Defibrillators in Nonischemic clinical manifestations, 2304–2306 premedication, 2502 Cardiomyopathy Treatment control of, cost-effectiveness and, CHF, 2448 Evaluation (DEFINITE), 2784 cocaine-induced cardiovascular 2068–2069 diagnosis, 2306 complication, 2360 DEFINITE. See Defibrillators in hypertension treatment and, 1861 heart failure, delaying progression of, Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy pathophysiology, 2302–2304 1406 Treatment Evaluation percutaneous coronary noncardiac surgery and, 2488 Degenerative diseases, peripheral revascularization, 1088 PAH, 2230 artery system and, 1682 prevention, 2306–2307 preexcitation, 1987 Delayed contrast-enhanced MRI (DE- silent ischemia in, 702 proarrhythmia, 2093 MRI), 877–883 treatment, 2306–2307 Digitalis glycosides heart failure, chronic, 883 Diastole, muscle-pump system level, DCM and, 1241 interpretation, overview of, 1202–1203 HCM, 1275 883–884 Diastolic dysfunction HIV-related myocarditis, 1328 ischemic disease, 881–883 decreased compliance-caused, palpitations and, 24 DE-MRI. See Delayed contrast- 1203–1204 Digoxin, 2099 enhanced MRI HCM, 1367 AF, 1963 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), heart failure and, 1382–1383, 1409 antiarrhythmic drugs and, 2086 2732–2734 impaired ventricular relaxation- atrial flutter, 1963 evaluation, 2733 caused, 1203–1204 cardiomyopathy manipulation, 2733–2734 muscle-pump system level, alcoholic, 2362 mutations/polymorphisms, 1202–1203 pregnancy and, 2469 2732–2733 Diastolic function, 152–153 CHD during pregnancy, 2460 identification of, 2737 echocardiography evaluation of, DCM, 1250 properties, 2732 1359–1360 drug elimination, 2089 15-Deoxyspergualin, viral myocarditis, Diastolic half-time, mitral valve, 473 heart failure, 1399, 1400 1320 Diastolic heart failure, 1409 cost-effectiveness of, 2780 Depolarization, 43 clinical impact, 1201–1213 hyperthyroidism, 2313 Dermatomyositis (DM) clinical manifestations, 1209 important properties of, 2099 pregnancy and, 2477 definition, 1202 mitral valve disease, 401 scleroderma and, 2342–2343 diagnosis, 1210–1211 MR, 419 DES. See Drug-eluting stents key points, 1201 myocarditis, 1325 2862 index

Digoxin (cont.) Dimensionless velocity index (DVI), lactation, 2460, 2473, 2476 PHT, pregnancy and, 2476 533 loop, shock, 1875 pregnancy/lactation, 2460, 2469, Diphenylhydantoin, pericardial disease mineralocorticoids, disorders of, 2473, 2476 induced by, 1485 2300 SVT, 2090 Diphtheria, bacterial myocarditis and, MR, 419 therapy, managing, 2090 1328 myocardial injury, hypersensitive Dihydralazine, hypertension, 1859 Dipyridamole, 143, 149. See also and, 1304 Dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, Aspirin-dipyridamole myocarditis, 1325 hypertension, 2447 carotid artery stroke prevention and, noncardiac surgery and, 2488 Dihydropyridines 1745 PHT, pregnancy and, 2476 heart failure, 1400 dobutamine stress myocardial pregnancy, 2460, 2473, 2476 delaying progression of, 1405 perfusion imaging and, RCM, 1291 hypertension, 1857 842–843 syncope, 2022 stable angina, 915 heart failure, advanced, 1467 DM. See Dermatomyositis Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), STEMI, 973 DMD/BMD. See Duchenne/Becker 1233–1253 stress echocardiography, 825 muscular dystrophy clinical recognition, 1247–1249 Takayasu’s arteritis, 1651 DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid diagnostic evaluation and, 1247 thrombocytosis, 2414 Dobutamine laboratory testing, 1247–1249 TIA, 1916 arterial compliance abnormalities definition, 1233–1234 Dipyridamole-thallium imaging, and, 1824 epidemiology, 1234–1235 noncardiac surgery CAD cardiomyopathy, dilated patient idiopathic, 1237 patient, 2492–2493 noncardiac surgery and, 2496 pacing, 2106 Direct current cardioversion echocardiography, noncardiac ischemic v., 1236 AAD therapy to facilitate, 1965 surgery CAD patient, 2493 key points, 1233 AF reccurance after successful, 1965 heart failure, 1400 myocardial diseases and, 1223–1224, arrhythmias, atrial, 1964–1965 acute and, 1410 1237–1247 Disease states, arterial compliance infarction, right ventricular, 1879 autoimmune mechanisms, 1247 abnormalities and, 1819–1824 myocardial ischemia MRI, 885 infectious causes of, 1241–1242 Disopyramide, 2096 noncardiac surgery in CAD patient noninfectious causes of, AF, 1971, 2091 and, 2494 1242–1243 atrial flutter, 1971 STEMI, 973 physical agents, 1246–1247 cardiomyopathy, pregnancy and, 2469 stress, myocardial perfusion natural history, 1235–1236 HCM, 1275 imaging, 842–843 pathophysiology, 1236–1237 important properties of, 2096 transplantation, cardiac, 2509 treatment strategies for, 1249–1253 SVT, 2090 Dobutamine stress echocardiography antiarrhythmic therapy, 1251 syncope, 2031 (DSE), 489–490, 705, 825–826 anticoagulant, 1252 Dissecting hematoma of aorta, PTE myocardial ischemia CRT, 1251–1252 and, 2187 detection of, 827 gene therapy, 1253 Dissociation, atrioventricular prognosis of, 827–828 growth hormone, 1253 ECG diagnosis of wide QRS myocardial viability identification immunomodulation, 1252–1253 tachycardia and, 2009–2010 with, 828–829 immunosuppression, 1252–1253 QRS tachycardia and, 2007–2008 DOC. See Desoxycorticosterone standard medical therapy, BP, systolic changes in, 2008 Dofetilide, 2096 1250–1251 first heart sound, varying AF, 1970, 1971, 2091 Diltiazem insensitivity of in, 2008 arrhythmias, primary cardiac, 2032 AF, 1962, 1963 jugular venous pulse in, 2008 atrial flutter, 1970, 1971 postoperative, 1971 Distensibility, 1825 cardiac arrest, 2091 antiarrhythmic effects of, 2099 Diuretic treatment ICD SCD and, 2130 aortic dissection, 1642 cardiomyopathy, alcoholic, 2362 important properties of, 2096 atrial flutter, 1962, 1963 CHD, 2617 LQTS, acquired, 2053 drug elimination, 2089 during pregnancy, 2460 SCD, 2058, 2064 HCM, 1275 CHF, 2448 sinus rhythm, 1968 heart failure, delaying progression of, cocaine-induced cardiovascular SVT, 2090 1405 complication, 2360 therapeutic windows, 2089 hypertension, 1857 DCM, 1250 Domperidone, postural hypotension, hyperthyroidism, 2313 HCM, 1275 1903 nephrotoxicity, 1428 heart failure, 1398–1399 Dopamine pregnancy/lactation, 2474 hypertension, 1854–1856, 1860, 2447 heart failure, 1400 silent myocardial ischemia, 707–708 elderly patients and, 1861 acute and, 1410 stable angina, 915–917 pregnancy and, 1862 hypotension, postural, 1904 SVT, 1952, 2090 hypertrophy, cardiac, 1185 infarction, right ventricular, 1879 index 2863

percutaneous coronary technical notes on, 121 stent thrombosis as, 1041–1042 revascularization, 1089 TR severity assessment with, 528 stent underexpansion as, 1042 radiographic contrast material, 761 regional myocardial, velocities of, systemic reactions as, 1041 shock, 1875 812–813 coronary, 1031–1046 Dopaminergic agonists, acromegaly, spectral, 105, 106, 119–121 estradiol, 1034 2297 pulmonary artery pressure everolimus, 1033–1034 Doppler. See also Echo-Doppler calculation and, 120 percutaneous artery cardiography; Tissue Doppler TR severity assessment with, 528 revascularization, 1087 imaging strain derived from, 122–123 extracellular matrix modulators, AR, acute severe signs on, 508 strain imaging derived from, speckle 1034 AR severity assessment with, tracking, 123, 127 future of, 1045–1046 504–507 strain rate derived from, 122–123 healing promoting agent, 1034 color strain rate imaging derived from, IVUS, 1801 jet lesion anatomy, 489–490 122–123 “off-label” use of, 1037–1041 TR severity assessment with, speckle tracking, 123, 127 ACS, 1037–1038 527–528 tissue, 122 bifurcation lesion, 1038, valvular heart disease assessment diastolic hear failure diagnosis 1040–1041 with, 487 with, 1211 large artery, 1039 vena contracta, 489 TR severity assessment with, small artery, 1039 vena contracta width by, 520 527–528 SVG, 1040 color-flow, 103, 110, 118, 121–122 Dor procedure, advanced heart failure, unprotected left main, 1038 CO monitoring with esophageal, 1471 overview, 1031 2532–2533 DORV. See Double-outlet right PCI and stable angina, 997 continuous-wave, 119–120 ventricle percutaneous artery AR severity assessment with, Double-inlet ventricle, surgical repair, revascularization, 1087–1088 504–505 358–360 polymer coatings for, 1032–1033 basic concepts, 119 Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), QuaDDS-QP2, 1037 AS evaluation by, 495–497 261 rapamycin, vascular remodeling, mitral valve disease evaluation by, Down syndrome, 231 1553 510–511 CHD-associated, 2600 sirolimus, 1033 MR evaluation by, 520 Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) clinical trials with, 1035–1036 PAH, 2222–2223 DCM and, 1239–1240 complications related to, 1041 pressure-velocity relationship and, HIV myocarditis, 2376 percutaneous artery 120 myocardial injury and, 1304–1305 revascularization, 1087 curved anatomic M-mode display, pericardial disease induced by, 1485 PES v., 1043–1045 122, 126–127 Doxycycline, COPD, 2258 small vessel, 1039 AS evaluation by, 495–500 D-penicillamine, drug-induced SLE, vascular remodeling, 1552–1553 clinical management and, useful 2339 tacrolimus, 1034 values for, 499–500 Drondarone, sinus rhythm, 1968 vascular remodeling, 1552–1553 DVI and, 498 Drug-eluting stents (DES). See also vulnerable plaque, 632–633 examination, 114–123 Paclitaxel-eluting stent; Drugs, myocardial injury and, 1304. exercise, mitral valve, 511–512 Restenosis See also Substance abuse, mitral valve disease evaluation by, ABT-578, 1034 heart and 510–512 acute limb ischemia management DSE. See Dobutamine stress MR evaluation by, 519–524 with, 1768 echocardiography pregnancy, 2457 angiopeptin, 1034 D-sotalol, SCD, 2045 prosthetic valve evaluation by, antiinflammatory agent, 1034 D-TGA. See D-transposition of great 530–533 antiplatelet agent, 1034 arteries PS evaluation by, 528 antiproliferative drugs and, DTPA. See Diethylenetriamine pulsed, 103, 105, 106, 120–121 1032–1034 pentaacetic acid aortic diastolic flow reversal by, 506 antithrombotic agent, 1034 D-transposition of great arteries (d- AR severity assessment with, CAD, unstable, 1011–1012 TGA), echocardiography, 505–506 clinical practice and impact of, 1045 297–299 AS evaluation by, 497 clinical trials with, 1035–1037 D-tubocurarine, 2504 LVOT and, 121 failed, 1037 Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy mitral annulus and, 105–106, 121 complications related to, 1041–1043 (DMD/BMD), 2569–2572 MR evaluation by, 519–520 coronary aneurysm formation as, cardiac involvement, 2388–2390 PAH, 2222 1042–1043 clinical manifestations, 2388 RVOT and, 121 incomplete stent apposition as, molecular genetics, 2387–2388 stroke volume and CO on, 1042 phenotypic definition, 2387 120–121 local reactions as, 1041 Duke criteria, 445 2864 index

DVI. See Dimensionless velocity index VSD, 287–289 ischemic MR as, 819–820 DVT. See Deep vein thrombosis cardiomyopathy evaluation and, LV remodeling as, 821 Dysautonomias, acute/subacute, 1359–1374 ventricular aneurysm as, 1892–1893 constrictive, 1370–1371 820–821 Dyslipidemia dilated, 1360–1364 risk stratification after, 828 atherogenic general considerations, 1359 mitral valve disease, 508–525 lipoprotein abnormalities and, 2672 infiltrative, 1371–1372 rheumatic, 508–509 management of, 2684–2685 restrictive, 1370–1372 two-dimensional, M-mode trials targeting, 2680 cardiovascular abnormalities in examination, differential atherosclerosis evidence-based AIDS on, 2372–2374 diagnosis and, 508–510 medicine and, 1600–1602 CHD, 279–305 M-mode, PAH, 2221–2223 CAD in women and, 715 indications for, 279–282 MR assessment with, 488, 513–519 as CHD risk factor, 2612–2614 key points, 279 acute severe, 524–525 metabolic syndrome and, 2698–2699 clinical applications, 94 two-dimensional, M-mode Dysplastic disease, peripheral artery COA, 302–303 examination, differential system and, 1682 congenital anomalies, diagnosis and, 513–519 Dyspnea, 19–21 miscellaneous, 303–305 MS, 488 causes, 20 conotruncal abnormalities, rheumatic PMV follow-up with, orthopnea and, 20 296–300 568 paroxysmal nocturnal, 20–21 contrast, 125–128 severity and parameters for, 510 Dysrhythmias artifacts of, 128 myocarditis, 1322–1323 autonomic dysfunction and, 1886 attenuation of, 128 myxoma hypotension and, 1886 harmonics of, 128 left atrial, 2276 during SCD, 2058 technical notes on, 128 right atrial, 2277 coronary artery abnormalities, PAH, 2221 E 304–305 parametric imaging and, 122 EBCT. See Electron beam CT coronary ischemia assessment on, pericarditis, acute, 1503 Ebstein’s anomaly, 253–254 813–814 PR assessment with, 528–529, 530 pregnancy and, 2460 diastolic function evaluation on, pregnancy, 2457 surgical treatment, 351 1359–1360 prosthetic valve assessment with, treatment, 253–254 digital, laboratory for, 129–130 488, 529–530 ECG. See Electrocardiography dobutamine, noncardiac surgery PS assessment with, 528 Echocardiography. See also Stress CAD patient, 2493 pulmonary artery shunts, systemic echocardiography; specific d-TGA, 297–299 to, 303–304 echocardiographies endomyocardial disease, 1372 pulmonary valve disease assessment AS, 490–494 exercise, noncardiac surgery CAD with, 488, 528–529 rheumatic, 492–493 patient, 2492 PVE, 457–458 AF, 1965–1966 exercise Doppler, mitral valve, quantitative parameters, 829–831 AMI evaluation on, 813–814 511–512 perfusion imaging and, 830 acute complications and, HCM, 1271–1272, 1365–1370 strain-rate imaging as, 829–830 815–819 therapy and, 1370 RCM, 1289 extent of AMI and, 815 heart disease, carcinoid, 1372 SCD, 2058–2059 location of AMI and, 814–815 hemochromatosis, 1297 as screening tool, 96 prognosis and, 821–823 historical perspective, 93–96 segmental approach to, 280–282 amyloid heart disease, 1293–1294 IE diagnosis and role of, 445–447 systolic function evaluation on, aortic valve disease, 490–500 indications, 96–97 1359 severity assessment of, 494–495 intraoperative, anesthesia for technologic breakthroughs, 94–95 AR, 487–488 cardiovascular operation three dimensional, 94, 95, 126, acute severe, 507–508 monitoring and, 2506 128–129 chronic, 500–507 introduction to, 93–131 TOF, 296–297 ARVD, 1373 IVNC, 1373, 1374 transesophageal AS assessment with, 487 KD, 983–985 AF, 1999–2004, 2003–2004 atrial flutter, 1965–1966 key points, 93 CAD patient, noncardiac surgery CAD evaluation on, 811–831 l-TGA, 299 and, 2493 chronic, 821–823 LV assist device assessment, 129, cardioversion with, 2001–2003 myocardial function, regional and, 130–131 heparin/warfarin anticoagulation 811–813 LVOT obstruction, nonvalvular, 494 and cardioversion with, prognosis and, 821–823 MAC, 509–510 2001–2002 cardiac septation abnormality, MI TR assessment with, 526–528 282–291 chronic complications after a, tricuspid valve disease assessment ASD, 282–287 819–821 with, 488, 525–528 index 2865

truncus arteriosus, persistent, Study v. ECG Monitoring preexcitation, 1979–1980 299–300 TRIAL accessory pathway locating and, TS assessment with, 525 abnormal, 49–75 1983–1984 two dimensional imaging with, acute pericarditis, 70 pregnancy, 2457 97–128 ambulatory PTE findings with, 2182 improving, methods for, 125–128 monitoring, DCM diagnostic P wave, 47 PAH, 2222 evaluation and, 1248 biatrial enlargement and, 51 valvular heart disease assessment RCM, 1290 changes in configuration of, with, 487–533 SCD, 2059 49–51 key points, 487–488 AMI, 683 left atrial enlargement and, ventricular number/morphology amyloid heart disease, 1293 49, 50 abnormalities, 294–296 anesthesia for cardiovascular QRS axis, 2010–2011 ventricular outflow obstruction operation monitoring with, significance of, 48 left, 300–303 2505 QRS complex, 48 right, 300 atrioventricular conduction of heart acute ischemia in cases of Echocardiography cardiac scintigraphy, and, 1992, 1993–1994 widened, 67–68 myocarditis, 1322–1323 BS characteristics on, 2587–2588 biventricular hypertrophy and, Echo-Doppler cardiography cardiac tamponade, 1492 53–57 cardiac tamponade, 1490–1492 computerized hemodynamic changes in configuration of, pericarditis, constrictive, 1498, monitoring with, 2519 51–59 1500–1501 CVD, early, 1620 distortion of, 58–59, 60 Echo times (TEs), 542 DCM diagnostic evaluation and, LVH and, 51–52 ECM. See Extracellular matrix 1248–1249 RVH and, 52–53, 54 ECSS. See European Coronary Surgery deflections voltage decrease in, 59, 61 Study activation sequence and changes voltage increase and, 51–57 ED. See Erectile dysfunction in, 46 widening, 57–58 Edema amplitude of, factors influencing, width and, 2010 facial, 27 44–46 QRS tachycardia, wide diagnosis peripheral, 27 Doppler, DCM diagnostic evaluation with, 2009–2011 pulmonary, 27 and, 1248–1249 atrioventricular dissociation and, resistant, heart failure and, 1410 electrical activity, recording and, 2009–2010 EDS. See Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 44–46 QRS axis and, 2010–2011 EDTA. See Ethylenediaminetetraacetic electrical axis in, 48 QRS complex width and, 2010 acid exercise testing and, 731–738 QT interval, 49 EECP. See Enhanced external HCM, 1270 LQTS and, 73–74 counterpulsation heart failure, 1389 prolongation, 72 EFE. See Endomyocardial hemochromatosis, 1297 RCM, 1288 fibroelastosis hemodynamic monitoring, SCD, 2058 Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous intraoperative with, 2517 signal average Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave artifacts and filters for, 2519 DCM diagnostic evaluation and, Coronary Events (ESSENCE) lead configuration for, 2517–2519 1248 trial, 943 ICD SCD risk stratification with, SCD, 2059–2060 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), 2128–2129 sinus rhythm and value of, 2016 2562–2563 lead systems in SND, 1928–1931 aneurysms and, 1665–1666 precordial, 46–47 ST segment in, 48–49, 60–69 clinical features, 2562–2563 standard 12 electrocardiogram ACS and, 60–69 genetic causes, 2563 and, 46–47 high-risk patient identification Eisenmenger’s complex, 244–245 left main disease, 70, 71 and, 70 Ejection fraction, aortic valve MR, 414–415 ischemia vector and, 60 replacement and reduced, 386 myocarditis, 1322–1323 reperfusion followed by recovery Elastic modulus, 1825 myxoma of, 67–69 Elderly left atrial, 2275 STEMI and, 60–67 heart failure in, 1409 right atrial, 2277 three-vessel disease, 70 hypertension treatment and, non-STEMI, 70 T wave, 49, 70–75 1861–1862 normal, 47–49 abnormality, site of, 71–72 LDL-lowering therapies for, 2683 obesity, 2705–2706 changes in ST-, causes of, 72–75 Electrical abnormalities, heart failure PAH, 2220 giant, 72 and, 1381 pericarditis, acute, 1503 ischemic, 70–72 Electrocardiography (ECG), 43–76. See pericarditisconstrictive, 1497, 1500 two dimensional, DCM diagnostic also Ambulatory ECG PQ interval, 47–48 evaluation and, 1248–1249 monitoring; Electrophysiologic P-QRS-T-U complex and, 44 U wave, 49 2866 index

Electrode leads, 44 PAC, 2525–2526 Endothelium-dependent vasodilation, Electroencephalography, anesthesia for pregnancy and, 2464–2465 662–663 cardiovascular operation prevention, 458–459, 460 hyperpolarizing factor and, 663 monitoring and, 2505 RF and, 435 nitric oxide and, 662 Electrolyte abnormalities Endocardium, 8 prostacyclin and, 663 cardiomyopathy caused by, 1303 Endocrine disorders Endothelium-derived contracting ECG T wave changes and, 74–75 acromegaly as, 2296–2298 factors, cardiovascular Electron beam CT (EBCT), 181–182 adrenal insufficiency as, 2298 regulation by, 1527 MDCT v., for CAC, 187 adrenal medulla, diseases of as, Endothelium-derived relaxing factors, Electrophysiologic abnormalities, SCD, 2301–2302 cardiovascular regulation by, 2050–2053 adult growth hormone deficiency as, 1525–1527 Electrophysiologic Study v. ECG 2296 Energetics, smoking and effects on, Monitoring TRIAL (ESVEM), calcium metabolism, disorders of as, 2655 2070 2307–2309 Enhanced external counterpulsation Electrophysiologic (EPS) testing, 2164 carcinoid syndrome as, 2314–2315 (EECP), 929–930 invasive, ICD SCD and, 2130 Cushing’s syndrome as, Enoxaparin SCD, 2060 2298–2299 CAD, unstable, 1010 syncope, 2029–2030 diabetes mellitus as, 2302–2307 cost-effectiveness, 2774 Electrophysiology heart and, 2295–2316 ESSENCE trial, 943 cost-effectiveness, 2778–2780 hypothalamic-pituitary axis and, non-STEMI, 957 patient monitoring during, cost- 2295–2296 STEMI, 967 effectiveness, 2778 key points, 2295 unstable angina, 957 smoking and, 2655 hyperthyroidism as, 2312–2313 EnSnareTM, 335 Emboli, as IE complication, 455–456 hypothyroidism as, 2309–2312 Enterococci, IE, 449–450 Embolic disease, peripheral artery mineralocorticoids, disorders of as, Environmental changes, cardiac effects system and, 1682 2300 of, 2175–2477 Emboli protection devices, carotid prolactin as, 2296 Eosinophil, RCM and heart disease, artery stroke prevention with, somatostatin as, 2296 1285–1287 1749–1750 Endografts, acute limb ischemia EPC. See Endothelial progenitor cells Embolism management with, 1768–1770 Ephedrine amniotic fluid, PTE and, 2189 Endomyocardial diseases, hypotension, postural, 1902–1903 coronary, angiographic evaluation of, echocardiographic evaluation palpitations and, 24 794 of, 1372 syncope fat, PTE and, 2189 Endomyocardial fibroelastosis (EFE), orthostatic, 2032 pulmonary, 53, 55, 89–90 1372 vasovagal, 1898 CMR imaging of, 165–166 Endothelial activation, diastolic Epicardial coronary artery tone, obesity and, 2707 dysfunction and, 1203–1204 coronary angiography and tumor, PTE and, 2189–2190 Endothelial dysfunction management of, 756 venous air, PTE and, 2190 apoptosis, role in, 1547–1549 Epinephrine Embryonic stem cells (ESC), 2748 atherosclerosis and, 1594 aortic valve disease and, 389 EMD. See Emery-Dreifuss muscular insulin resistance in, 2809 cardiac arrest, 2091 dystrophy cocaine and, 2359 hypertension, 1837 Emergency resuscitation drugs, 2503 growth, 1549–1550 Eplerenone Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy hypertension and, 1840–1841 mineralocorticoids, disorders of, (EMD), 2567–2568 insulin resistance and, 2809–2810 2300 Emery-Dreifuss syndrome, cardiac oxidative stress, role in, 1547 SCD, 2063 involvement, 2390 PET imaging, 862–863 STEMI, 971 Emphysema, COPD and, 2251 smoking and, 2654–2655 Epoprostenol (Flolan) Enalapril vascular remodeling and, heart failure, advanced, 1466 aortic dissection, 1642 1547–1550 PAH, 2232–2233 heart failure Endothelial function EPS testing. See Electrophysiologic cost-effectiveness of, 2780 atherosclerosis and, 1586 testing delaying progression of, 1401, 1404 CVD and, 1617 Eptifibatide, 946 Encainide, SCD, 2045, 2063 exercise and, 2637 AMI adjunctive treatment with, Endocardial cushion defects, 246–247 obesity and, 2707 1023 clinical presentation, 247 Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), cost-effectiveness, 2774–2775, 2775 laboratory studies, 247 2749–2751 PERSUIT trial, 948 prognosis, 247 Endothelin receptor inhibitors, PAH, transfusion/blood conservation, 2509 treatment, 247 2234–2235 Erectile dysfunction (ED) Endocarditis Endothelium as CAD marker, 2791 MR and, 518 heart failure and, 1385–1386 CVD and, 2791–2799 MRI, 552–553 PAH mechanisms and, 2211–2213 key points of, 2791 index 2867

epidemiology, 2791 Everolimus (RAD), 1445 physiologic benefits of, 1115–1116 heart failure and, 1411 Excluder, 1773 endothelial function and, pharmacotherapy, 2792–2794 Exercise. See also Inactivity changes in, 1116 therapy BP, CVD and, 1617 inflammation markers and, CAD risk and, 2795–2796 cardiovascular disease risk factor changes in, 1116 cardiovascular risk associated modifications and, 2639–2641 morphologic and hemodynamic with, 2795–2798 diabetes, 2639–2640 changes in, 1115–1116 cardiovascular safety and, hypertension, 2639 Exercise stress testing 2794–2798 lipids, 2639 myocardial perfusion imaging, 842 post-marketing surveillance metabolic syndrome, 2640–2641 SCD, 2059 studies for, 2797–2798 obesity, 2640 silent ischemia, 703 Erectile function, physiology of, vascular biology, 2641 AECG and, 704 2791–2792 cardiovascular effects on immobility prognosis, 706–707 Ergonovine, coronary vasospasm, 789 and, 1116–1117 Exercise testing, 729–741 Ergotamine, hypertension, iatrogenic cardiovascular function during, after ACS to risk stratify in and, 1846 aging and, 2441–2442 emergency department, 738 Erythrocytosis, 2412–2413 cardiovascular health and role of, CAD diagnosis and, 735–736, Erythromycin 1115–1117 742–743 ED, 2794 cardiovascular risk factor obstructive, 742–743 SCD, 2045 modifications and, 2639–2641 cardiac arrhythmia, 739 Erythropoietin coagulation and, 2638–2639 cardiopulmonary, 740 hypotension, postural, 1903 coronary heart disease and effect of, elderly patient, 739 sickle cell anemia, 2410 2637–2641 heart failure, 1389 syncope, orthostatic, 2032 early mechanisms and, heart rhythm disorders, 744 ESC. See Embryonic stem cells 2637–2639 indications/contraindications, Esmolol long-term mechanisms for, 729–731 AF, 1962 2639–2641 bicycle ergometer protocols, 730 postoperative, 1971 cost-effectiveness and, 2784 postexercise period and, 730–731 aortic dissection, 1641 epidemiologic evidence supporting, treadmill protocols, 730 atrial flutter, 1962 1115 interpretation, 731–735 induction with, 2507 heart failure and, 1398 ECG changes and, 731–735 ESSENCE trial. See Efficacy and Safety prognosis of, 1390–1391 hear rate/BP response and, 731 of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin hypertension and, 1854 physical signs and, 731 in Non-Q-Wave Coronary intesity of, preventive cardiology symptoms and, 731 Events trial and, 2633–2634 after MI, 743 Estradiol, DES, 1034 occupational, preventive cardiology myocardial event cardiac Estrogens and effects of, 2632 rehabilitation and, before cardiovascular regulation and, 1529 outpatient rehabilitation and hospital discharge, hypercoagulable state, 2433 prescription for, 1126 1123–1124 ESVEM. See Electrophysiologic Study principles of, 1126 other uses of, 739–740 v. ECG Monitoring TRIAL parasympathetic influences on heart prognostic use of, 736–738 Ethnicity, heart failure and, 1409–1410 and, 2637–2638 ECG and, 736–738 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid physiologic responses to, cardiac reporting, 740 (EDTA), 1698 rehabilitation and, 1114–1115 revascularization, 739, 744 Etomidate, 2504 preventive cardiology and effects of, safety, 729 induction with, 2507 2631–2641 stress echocardiography, myocardial Etomoxir, cardiomyopathy, 1246 fitness and, 2633 ischemia detection and Etoposide, DCM and, 1240 key points for, 2631 accuracy of, 826–827 European Coronary Surgery Study occupational activity and, 2632 treadmill (ECSS), 1077–1078 radionuclide ventriculography, CAD patient, noncardiac surgery European Society of Cardiology. See 151–152 and, 2492 American College of recreational, preventive cardiology indications/contraindications, Cardiology/American Heart and effects of, 2632–2633 730 Association/European Society risks, 2634 valvular heart disease, 740, 744 of Cardiology SCD and, 2042–2044 ventilatory gas analysis with, Everolimus secondary prevention and role of, 743–744 CAV, 1425 1117 Extracellular matrix (ECM) DES, 1033–1034 as single photon emission diastolic dysfunction and, 1203 percutaneous artery tomography stress, 143 modulators, DES, 1034 revascularization, 1087 training PAH mechanisms and, 2214–2215 transplantation immunosuppression, lower extremity peripheral arterial Extracorporeal circulation, anesthesia, 1448 disease, 1695–1696 2510 2868 index

Extracranial-intracranial bypass, TIA, Fibrinolytic system, 1567–1571 Fludrocortisone 1918 components in adrenal insufficiency, 2298 Ezetimibe assembly of, 1569–1570 hypotension, postural, 1902, 1903 ASCVD risk, 2676 plasminogen activator inhibitor-I mineralocorticoid, 1902 lipoprotein metabolism, 2676 and, mechanism of action for, syncope, 2031 1570 vasovagal, 1898 F protein structure of main, Fluoroquinolones, COPD, 2258 F-18-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 1567–1569 Fluorouracil, cardiac tumor, 2270 149 tissue-type plasminogen activator 5-Fluorouracil Fabry’s disease, 371–372, 1302 and, mechanism of action for, DCM and, 1241 cardiac involvement, 2396 1569 myocardial injury and, 1304–1305 Facioscapulohumeral muscular urokinase-type plasminogen Fluoxetine dystrophy (FSHD), 2391 activator and, mechanism of ED, 2794 Factor V Leiden, 2427–2428 action for, 1569 SCD, 2046 Fatty acids, as cardiac metabolism pathophysiologic aspects of, Flurbiprofen energy-providing substrate, 1570–1571 hypotension, postural, 1903 1164–1166 Fibrinolytic therapy, STEMI treatment, KD, 986 CPT and, 1165 966 FMD. See Fibromuscular dysplasia heart failure and, 1165–1166 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) Folate, hemolytic anemia, 2412 transcription regulation of protein Folic acid, hyperhomocysteinemia, myocardial fatty acid CAD treatment with, 1731–1732 2430 metabolism and, 1165 DNA, CAD treatment with, Fondaparinux, venous disease, 1711 FDG. See F-18-labeled 1731–1732 Forbes disease, 2395 fluorodeoxyglucose naked, DNA, 1726 Foreign bodies (FBs), 335–336 Felodipine peripheral arterial disease treatment Formoterol, COPD, 2256–2257 DCM, 1251 with, 1725, 1726 Fosinopril heart failure, delaying progression of, Fibromas, 2279 heart failure, delaying progression of, 1405 Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) 1401 Femoral artery aneurysms and, 1665 hypertension, 1857 aneurysm, 1673 carotid artery, 1742 4S. See Scandinavian Simvastatin pseudoaneurysm, 1673 endovascular procedures for Survival Study

Femoropopliteal disease, endovascular treatment of, 1774 Fourth heart sound (S4), 41 procedure for treatment of, Fibrosis, myocardial disease and, 1220, Fragmin During Instability in 1763 1222 Coronary Artery Disease

Fenfluramine First heart sound (S1), 37 (FRISC) study, 941–943 aortic valve disease and, 389–390 Flecainide, 2096–2097 FRDA. See Friedreich ataxia obesity, 2709 adverse effects, 2097 Freedom trial, 1001 Fenofibrate, lipoprotein metabolism, AF, 1970, 2091 Friction rubs, heart disease patient 2677 antiarrhythmic therapy, 2088 physical examination and, Fenoldopam atrial flutter, 1970 40 CIN, 2831 BS, 2054, 2588 Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), 2394 percutaneous coronary cardiac arrest, 2091–2092 FRISC study. See Fragmin During revascularization, 1089 direct current cardioversion, 1966 Instability in Coronary Artery radiographic contrast material, 761 drug-channel interactions, 2088 Disease study Fentanyl pharmacokinetics, 2096–2097 FSHD. See Facioscapulohumeral cardiovascular operation, 2502 pharmacology, 2096 muscular dystrophy induction with, 2507 preexcitation, 1987 Fungicides, SCD, 2046 FGF. See Fibroblast growth factor proarrhythmia, 2093 Furosemide protein SCD, 2045, 2063 calcium metabolism, disorders of, Fiber slippage, heart failure and, sinus rhythm, 1967 2309 1383 SQTS, 2055–2056, 2586 edema, resistant, 1410 Fibrates SVT, 2090 heart failure, 1398 atherosclerosis, 1544 use, 2097 hyperthyroidism, 2313 proinflammatory state, 2685 Flecainide acetate, VT, pregnancy and, MR during pregnancy, 2462–2463 Fibric acids 2472 MS during pregnancy, 2462 ASCVD risk, 2676–2677 Flolan. See Epoprostenol radiographic contrast material, 761 lipoprotein metabolism, 2676–2677 Flolan, PAH, 2233 Fibrin, vasculoprotective disease, Floppy valve, 369–370 G 1545 Flosequinan, delaying progression of Gallop sounds, 27 Fibrinogen, atherosclerosis and, heart failure, 1405 heart disease patient physical 1607–1608 Fluconazole, fungal IE, 452 examination and, 40–41 index 2869

presystolic, 41 Genotype. See Phenotype-genotype pregnancy/lactation, 2473 protodiastolic, 40 correlation SND, 1934 Ganciclovir Gentamicin extrinsic, 1927 nephrotoxicity, 1428 enterococci, IE, 449–450 Goodpasture’s syndrome, PTE and, transplantation infection and, 1421 S. aureus, IE, 450 2188 GATA factors, 1139 staphylococci, IE, 451 GooseneckTM snare, 335 Gaucher disease, 1302 streptococci, IE, 448–449 Gout, transplantation and, 1430 cardiac involvement, 2396–2397 Gerbode defect, 288 GPCRs. See G-protein-coupled Gemfibrozil GFR. See Glomerular filtration rate receptors lipoprotein metabolism, 2677 Giant cell arteritis, 1652 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), metabolism complications of Aids vasculitis, primary and, 2344 1181–1182 antiviral therapy, 2380 Gianturco-Grifka Vascular Occlusion GrabberTM catheter, 335–336 Gender. See also Postmenopausal DeviceTM, 331–332 Granulomatous infection, PTE and, women; Pre-menopausal Glitazones, atherothrombotic risk 2186 women modulation with, 2811 Great vein malpositions, 268 CAD in women and, 714–718 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), Great vessel obstruction coronary disease in women and, 2823–2824 angioplasty, 317 713–724 Glucocorticoids interventional therapy, 317 heart failure and, 1409–1410 calcium metabolism, disorders of, stent replacement, 317 MR distribution and, 413 2309 Growth hormone, DCM, 1253 as SCD risk factor, 2042 synthetic, adrenal insufficiency, GSD. See Glycogen storage disorders Genes 2298 expression Takayasu’s arteritis and pregnancy, H hypertrophy, cardiac and plasticity 2471 Haloperidol, SCD, 2046 of, 1182 Glucose, extracorporeal circulation, HAND factors, 1139–1140 pattern changes, 2736–2737 2510 Hand-heart syndromes, 1145 function, transgenic animals to Glucose metabolism Haptoglobin 2/2, restenosis and, 1032 globally evaluate, 2738–2739 impaired, CHD and, 2620–2621 HCM. See Hypertrophic markers of susceptibility, regulatory sites of cardiomyopathy development of and, 2742–2743 as cardiac metabolism energy- Heart system biology approaches to providing substrate, 1162–1164 abnormal anatomy, 212–231 quantitate/evaluate proteins, glycogen, 1163 cardiac disease syndromes and, and their applications, glycolysis, 1163–1164 230–231 2736–2738 pyruvate at crossroads and, 1164 coarctation, aortic in, 215–216 targeting, 2741 transport and phosphorylation, communications between transgenic models to determine 1162–1163 chambers and arterial trunks function of, 2738–2741 α-Glucosidase inhibitors, diabetes in, 218–220 Gene therapy, 2721–2727 mellitus, 2307 connections in, 222–226 DCM, 1253 Glyceryltrinitrate obstruction in, 212–216 principles, 2721 sublingual, postural hypotension, stenosis in, 212–215 vector system and 1884 valvar regurgitation in, 216–218 nonviral, 2723 syncope, vasovagal, 1897 abnormal aortic and arterial viral, 2722–2723 Glycogen storage disorders (GSD) branches in, 227–230

Genetic disorders, classification of, due to AMPK-γ2 subunit mutations, abdominal aorta, 230 2551–2554 2395–2396 aortic arch as, 228–230 chromosomal, 2551 cardiac involvement, 2395–2396 coronary arteries and, 227–228 key points in, 2551 Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, 956 abnormal communications between multifactorial inheritance and, AMI adjunctive treatment with, chambers and arterial trunks 2553–2554 1023–1024 in, 218–220 single-gene, 2552–2553 cost-effectiveness, 2774 communications distal to Genetics, PAH mechanisms and, percutaneous coronary atrioventricular junctions, 2215–2216 revascularization, 1088–1089 220–222 Gene transfer restenosis and, 1032 interatrial junction, 218–220 basic/preclinical studies of, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor proximal to atrioventricular 2723–2724 antagonists, interventional junction, 218 cardiovascular regulation and, 1535 therapies used with, 950–952 abnormal connections in clinical trials, 2724–2727 Glycosaminoglycan, hepatin-induced anomalous pulmonary venous, 224 angiogenesis, 2724–2725 thrombocytopenia, 2415 anomalous systemic venous, 225 heart failure, 2727 Glycosides arteriovenous fistulas, 225–226 vasculoproliferative disorders, hyperthyroidism, 2313 congenitally corrected 2725–2727 PAH, 2230 transposition and, 223 2870 index

Heart (cont.) Heart disease. See also specific heart preoperative considerations for, coronary artery with cardiac diseases 1462 chambers or major thoracic carcinoid, 1305 immunosupression as, 1462 vessel and, 222 echocardiographic evaluation of, recipient/donor selection as, discordant ventriculoarterial, 1372 1462 222–223 differential diagnosis of signs/ surgical treatment of, 1461–1471 inferior caval venous system, 225 symptoms commonly seen in cardiac function recovery with regular transposition and, 223 angina pectoris as, 21–22 long-term support for, 1470 superior caval venous system, 225 cardiac enlargement as, 25–26 heterotopic technique for, anatomy, 3–17 chest pain as, 21 1464–1466 abnormal, 212–231 clubbing as, 29 investigative surgical technique external, 7 cough as, 22–23 for, 1470–1471 key points, 3 cyanosis as, 28–29 LVAD, continuous-flow, normal, 205–212 dissecting aneurysm of thoracic 1469–1470 pericardium in, 7–8 aorta as, 22 LVAD, pulsatile, 1467–1469 anomalies in, combinations of, 226 dyspnea as, 19–21 mechanical circulatory support solitary arterial trunks and, 226 edema as, 27 and, 1466–1470 TOF and, 226 gallops as, 27 orthotopic technique for, atria in, 10–13 hemoptysis as, 22–23 1462–1464 left, 209–212 murmurs as, 26–27 outcomes/clinical results for, basic structure, 8 palpitations as, 23–24 1466 chamber position, 205 pericarditis as, 22 TAH, 1470 conduction system, 15, 16 pleural effusion as, 28 transplantation for, 1461–1466 coronary vasculature, 7, 8–10 rales as, 27–28 angiography, coronary and, 757 dimensions, 8 syncope as, 24–25 arterial compliance abnormalities dysfunction, alcoholic, 2361–2362 hematologic disease and, and, 1824 electrical activation of 2409–2419 cardiovascular regulation and, automaticity in, 43 ischemic, heart failure and, 1534–1535 conduction in, 44 1380–1381 clinical course of, 1392 depolarization/repolarization in, physical examination of patient clinical recognition, 1379–1392, 43 with, 29–42 1386–1390 recording, 44–46 auscultation, 36–37 history and, 1386–1387 electrical disturbances of, BP measurements in, 30–31 laboratory tests and, 1388–1390 1923–2171 clicks and, 37, 38–39 physical examination and, SND as, 1925–1938 friction rubs and, 40 1387–1388 embryologic development, 3–6 gallop sounds and, 40–41 definitions, 1380 basic embryology, 3–4 heart sounds from prosthetic disease modifiers and different CHD relationship to, 4–5 valves and, 41–42 phenotypes of, 1207–1209 examination, heart failure and, inspection in, 29–30 etiology, 1380–1381 1388 jugular venous pulse and, 33–35 fatty acid metabolism, defective as four chambered, 3, 5 murmurs and, 39 cause of, 1165–1166 cardiac valves, 10–15 precordium, inspection/ gene transfer clinical trials for, 2727 function palpitation/percussion of, 35 HCM, 1275–1276 aging and, 2441 pulses, regularity and drug therapy for, 1275 anemia treatment and, 2828–2829 configuration in, 31–33 sudden death prevention and,

great vessels of, anatomy, 7 S1, 37 1276

innervation, 15, 16 S2, 37 as IE complication, 452–454 kidney and, 2819–2832 radiation-induced, 1298 life, prolonging and, 1407–1408 epidemiologic association between, RCM and eosinophil in, 1285–1287 antiarrhythmic therapy for, 1407 2819–2820 Heart failure. See also specific heart biventricular pacing for, 1407 key points in, 2819 failures surgery for, 1407–1408 oval fossa in, 207–208 acute, 1410 medical management, 1397–1411 position, 205, 206 advanced myocardial/ventricular dysfunction radiologic signs of CVD and, 86 ACC/AHA guidelines for surgical and, 1380 RV, 208 treatment of, 1461 pathophysiology, 1379–1380, single chambered, 3 background for surgical treatment 1382–1386 structure, aging and, 2441 of, 1461 pharmacotherapy, 1398–1400 superior caval vein in, 205–207 key points for surgical treatment diuretic, 1398–1399 valves, 10–15 of, 1461 inotropic drug, 1400 ventricles in, 10–13 postoperative management, early intravenous agent, 1399–1400 Heart block, pregnancy and, 2473 for, 1466 vasodilator, 1399 index 2871

prognosis, 1390–1392 outcomes and clinical results, 1469 ECG, 2515–2516 ejection fraction and, 1390 surgical techniques, 1467–1469 artifacts and filters for, 2519 exercise capacity and, 1390–1391 HeartMate II, advance heart failure, computerized, 2519 progression 1469–1470 lead configuration for, 2517–2519 ACE inhibitors to delay, Heart muscle key points, 2515–2516 1400–1402 cardiac metabolism and, 1158–1159 PAC for, 2524–2531 β-adrenergic blockers to delay, injury, causes of, 1305–1310 complications of, 2525–2526 1402–1404 ARVD as, 1308–1310 TEE, 2534–2539 aldosterone agonists to delay, heart disease, carcinoid and, Hemodynamics, 114–123 1406–1407 1305 deterioration, radiographic contrast ARBs to delay, 1402 hyperthermia and, 1305–1307 media, 762 digitalis to delay, 1406 hypothermia and, 1307, 1308 myocardial disease assessment with, hydralazine to delay, 1404–1405 LV noncompaction as, 1307–1308 1349–1350 inotropic drugs to delay, 1406 Heart Protection Study (HPS), 2679 obesity, 2695 ISDN to delay, 1404–1405 Heart rate pregnancy, 2454–2455 pharmacotherapy to delay, PAC and, 2528 smoking and effects on function of, 1400–1407 pregnancy, 2454–2455 2655–2656 subdivision of, 1205 viability, SCD, 2060 Hemoglobinopathies, PAH and, vasodilator regimens to delay, Heart rhythm disorders, exercise 2229–2230 1405–1406 testing, 744 Hemoptysis, cough and, 22–23 severity assessment of, 1390 Heart sounds. See also specific heart Heparin. See also Low molecular special clinical problems, sounds weight heparin; 1408–1411 first, atrioventricular dissociation Unfractionated heparin anemia as, 1411 and, 2008 ACS, 1089 constitutional symptoms as, 1411 prosthetic valve, 41–42 acute limb ischemia, 1764 diastolic dysfunction as, 1409 Helix device, 324–325 AMI, 1024 elderly and, 1409 Hemangiomas, 2284 angiography, coronary, 756 ethnic subgroups as, 1409–1410 of pericardium, 2285–2286 aortic thromboembolic disease, 1654 gender subgroups as, 1409–1410 Hematologic abnormalities, drug- arterial ischemia, lower extremity, hyponatremia as, 1410–1411 related, 2415 1761 impotence as, 1411 Hematologic disease CAD, unstable, 1010 LV dysfunction, asymptomatic as, coagulation abnormalities, cardiopulmonary bypass, 2511 1409 2416–2418 cardiovascular operation, malabsorption as, 1411 heart disease and, 2409–2419 premedication, 2502 post-MI ventricular dysfunction hemochromatosis as, 2418–2419 catheter US, 1798 as, 1408–1409 HHT as, 2419 cofactor II, hypercoagulable state, resistant edema as, 1410 key points, 2409 2428 symptoms platelet, 2413–2415 coronary artery spasm, 937, 938–940 cardiac depressants for, 1398 thrombocytosis as, 2413–2415 cost-effectiveness, 2774 exercise for, 1398 RBC, 2409–2413 DES and bonding of, 1032 general measures for, 1397–1398 anemia as, 2409–2412 hypercoagulable state, 2417, 2433 immunization and, 1398 erythrocytosis as, 2412–2413 KD, 987 lipids and, 1397–1398 Hematologic disorders, PTE and, mitral valve disease, 401 salt restriction and, 1397 2188–2189 noncardiac surgery and, 2489 smoking and, 1398 Hematologic malignancy, 2419 non-STEMI, 937, 938–940, 956, 957 treatment of, 1397–1400 Hematuria detection, renal disease pregnancy and, 2460, 2463–2464 weight loss and, 1397 assessment and, 2825 PRISM-PLUS study, 949 transplantation and right, 1420 Hemochromatosis, 2418–2419 PRISM study, 949 treatment, cost-effectiveness of, clinical recognition, 1296–1297 prosthetic valves and pregnancy, 2780–2782 echocardiographic evaluation, 1372 2463–2464 ACE inhibitors, 2780–2781 pathophysiology, 1296 PTE, 2190, 2192 aldosterone blockade, 2781 RCM and, 1296–1298 radiographic contrast material, 761 beta-blockade, 2781 treatment, 1297–1298 sodium, CHD during pregnancy, digoxin, 2780 Hemodynamic monitoring, 2460 disease-management options and, intraoperative, 2515–2540 thrombocytopenia induced by, 2415 2781–2782 BP monitoring for, 2519–2522 unstable angina, 937, 938–940, 954, transplantation, 2782 measurement, direct of, 2522 956, 957 HeartMate, advanced heart failure, noninvasive techniques, 2522 venous disease, 1710 1467–1469 CO monitoring, 2531–2534 warfarin and, 2001–2002 indications, 1467 CVP monitoring for, 2522–2524 Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), 1726 Novacor, 1469 complications of, 2524 Herceptin. See Trastuzumab 2872 index

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Hunter syndrome, 2397 primary, 2426–2428 (HHT), 2419 Hurler syndrome, 2397 antithrombin III deficiency as, PAH and, 2229 Hydralazine, 395 2426 HGF. See Hepatocyte growth factor aortopathy and pregnancy, 2470 factor V Leiden as, 2427–2428 HHT. See Hereditary hemorrhagic heart failure, 1400 protein C deficiency as, telangiectasia delaying progression of, 1404–1405 2426–2427 HIF-Iα. See Hypoxia inducible factor hypertension, 1859 protein S deficiency as, 2427 High-dose gamma globulin, KD, 985 pregnancy and, 1862 prothrombin gene mutation as, High LAD syndrome, ECG T wave MR, 419 2428 changes and, 71, 72 pericardial disease induced by, 1485 secondary, 2428–2431 High-risk patient, ECG ST vector and preeclampsia, pregnancy and, 2468 antiphospholipid syndrome as, identifying, 70 pregnancy/lactation, 2474 2428–2429 High-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP), Hydralazine hydrochloride hyperhomocysteinemia and, 2430 642–643 heart failure, cost-effectiveness of, immobility/prolonged air travel Hirsutism, transplantation and, 1429 2781 and, 2430 Hirudin MS during pregnancy, 2463 malignancy and, 2429 DES, 1034 Hydrochloride, VT, 2472 pregnancy and, 2429 thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced, Hydrochlorothiazide trauma/postoperative state and, 2415 heart failure, 1398 2429–2430

Histamine H2-receptor antagonists, hypertension, cost-effectiveness of, Hyperglycemia, management, 2685 premedication cardiovascular 2784 Hyperhomocysteinemia, 2430 operation, 2502 Hydrocortisone, adrenal insufficiency, Hyperinsulinemia, hypertension and, History, 19–42 2298 1840 family, as coronary risk factor, 2622 Hydroxychloroquine Hyperkalemia, ECG T wave changes importance of patient, 19 antiphospholipid antibody and, 74–75 HIV. See Human immunodeficiency syndromes, 2338 Hyperlipidemia virus RA, 2332 cost-effectiveness, 2782–2783 HLHS. See Hypoplastic left heart Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A hypertension treatment and, 1861 syndrome (HMG CoA) Hyperparathyroidism, hypertension HMG CoA. See CAV, 1425–1426 and, 1845 Hydroxymethylglutaryl hepatic Hyperplasia coenzyme A ischemic heart disease, 2446 congenital adrenal, hypertension HOCM. See Hypertrophic obstructive vascular remodeling, 1541, 1551 and, 1845 cardiomyopathy Hydroxyurea mesothelial, pericardial disease and, Holt-Oram syndrome, 231 RCM, 1291 1479 congenital heart defects due to, 2604 sickle cell anemia, 2410 Hypersensitivity angiitis, primary Homeodomain only protein (HOP), thrombocytosis, 2414–2415 vasculitis and, 2344 1141 Hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular Hypertension, 1833–1863. See also Homocysteine, 2418 regulation and, 1535 Pulmonary arterial atherosclerosis and, 1607 Hypercoagulability hypertension; Pulmonary HOP. See Homeodomain only protein concept of, 2423–2425 hypertension Horizontal steal, 137 definitions, 2423 abnormalities in signal transduction Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) heritability of venous function and, and, 1841–1842 hypercoagulable state, 2429 2425 acromegaly and, 2296–2298 postmenopausal, coronary disease normal coagulation, physiologic in adolescence, 1852 risk and, 719–720 anticoagulant mechanisms in, AF and, 1958 stable angina, 930–931 2423–2425 aging and, 2446–2447 HPS. See Heart Protection Study coagulation cascade and, 2424 alcohol and, 1835 HRT. See Hormone replacement prethrombotic state and, 2425 restriction of, 1854 therapy Hypercoagulable states, 2416–2418, ANP and, 1838–1839 hsCRP. See High-sensitivity CRP 2423–2434 antihypertensive therapy, prevention Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) classification, 2425 of CVD and, 1850–1851 cardiomyopathy caused by evidence clinical approach to patients with arterial compliance abnormalities of organism of, 2377 suspected, 2431–2433 and, 1821–1823 myocardial involvement in, clinical assessment of, 2431–2432 atherosclerosis evidence-based 2375–2379 laboratory testing for, 2432–2433 medicine and, 1599–1600 known etiology, 2375 treatment for, 2433 autonomic dysfunction and, 1886 myocarditis and, 1327–1328 gene-gene/environment interactions BNP and, 1838–1839 PAH and, 228 and, 2431 CAD in women and, 715 Humoral immunity, viral myocarditis HRT, 2429 cardiovascular regulations and, and role of, 1318 key points, 2423 1533–1534 index 2873 cardiovascular risk factor coarctation of aorta as, 1844 catheterization laboratory evaluation modification, exercise and, congenital adrenal hyperplasia as, of, 1352–1353 2639 1845 chest X-ray, 1271 as CHD risk factor, 2614–2617 Cushing’s syndrome as, 1845 clinical evaluation, 1269–1272 chronic hyperparathyroidism as, 1845 clinical history, 1269–1270 pregnancy and, 2465 OSA as, 1846 “compensatory” hypertrophy and, treatment of pregnancy and, pheochromocytoma, 1844, 1267–1268 2466–2467 1849–1850 definition, 1261–1262 clinical recognition, 1847–1850 primary aldosteronism as, diagnosis, 1365–1367 BP measurement and, 1847–1848 1844–1845 diastolic dysfunction, LV, 1367 history and, 1847 renal diseases as, 1843–1844 differential diagnosis, 1264 patient workup and, 1848 search for, 1848–1850 disease genes, 1262–1264 physical examination and, 1847 thyroid disease as, 1845 ECG, 1270 definition, 1851–1852 SNS, increased activity of and, echocardiography, 1271–1272, casual offi ce BP and, 1851–1852 1836–1837 1365–1370 endothelial dysfunction and, sodium intake and, 1835, 1853–1854 electrophysical studies, 1272 1840–1841 stable angina risk factor reduction gene mutations essential, 1834–1843 and, 925 cardiac troponin T, I and C, environmental influences on, therapy, carotid artery disease, 1684 1266–1267 1835–1836 transplantation and, 1426–1427 functional consequences of, familial predisposition for, treatment, 632, 1853–1863 1264–1267 1834–1835 ACE inhibitor, 1857–1858 β-MHC, 1265 exercise and, 1854 angiotensin II antagonists, 1858 muscle contration, mechanisms hyperinsulinemia and, 1840 beta-blocker, 1856–1857 and, 1264–1265 hypotension and, 1886 α1-blockers, 1854, 1858–1859 myosin light chain, 1267 iatrogenic, 1846–1847 calcium antagonist, 1857 tropomyosin, 1267 kallikrein-kinin system, decreased CKD and, 1861 genetic studies, 1272 activity of and, 1838 combination therapy, 1860 heart failure in, 1275–1276 malignant, 1853 diseases associated with, drug therapy for, 1275 membrane abnormalities and, 1860–1861 sudden death prevention and, 1276 1842–1843 diuretic, 1854–1856 key points, 1261 natural history, 1850 elderly patients and, 1861–1862 LVOTO and, 1367–1369 obesity and, 2704 monotherapy, sequential for, LV pathophysiology and, 1268 factors leading to increased 1859–1860 mitral valve systolic anterior motion peripheral vascular resistance nonpharmacologic, 1853–1854 and, 1369 in, 2704 pharmacologic, 1854–1859 molecular genetic basis of, 1180 oral contraceptives and, 1846 pregnancy and, 1862 MR and, 1369–1370 pathologic consequences of, 1850 special considerations for, myocardial disease and, 1224–1225 pathophysiology, 1833–1847 1861–1863 myocardial ischemia and, 1269 pediatric, 1852 as vascular disease, 1852 natural history, 1273–1274 portal, PAH and, 2228 vascular remodeling in, 1543–1544 as paradigm of genetic cardiac pregnancy and, 1846, 1853, 1862, vascular structural changes in, 1843 hypertrophy, 1180 2465–2468 vasoconstrictor systems, increased pathogenesis, 1262–1264 classification of, 2465–2466 activity of and, 1836–1838 disease genes and, 1262, 1263 treatment of, 2466–2468 vasodilating systems, decreased gene mutation and, 1264 pregnancy-induced, 2465 activity and, 1838–1839 genetic linkage analysis and, 1262, treatment, 2467–2468 weight reduction and, 1854 1263 prostaglandins and, 1839 Hypertensive crisis, 1862–1863 physical examination, 1270 pulmonary venous, 87–89 Hyperthermia, 2412 SCD and, 2057 RAAS, increased activity of and, heart muscle injury and, 1305–1307 underlying disease of, 2046–2047 1837–1838 Hyperthyroidism screening, 1365 renal sodium retention and, 1839 cardiomyopathy caused by, 1244 therapy, echocardiographic guidance renovascular, 1844, 1848–1849, 1863 clinical manifestations, 2312 of, 1370 resistant, 1862 diagnosis, 2312–2313 treatment, 1274–1276 risk, assessment of, 1853 pathophysiology, 2312 asymptomatic and mildly screening/therapy, cost-effectiveness treatment, 2313 symptomatic individuals, of, 2784–2785 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 1274–1275 secondary, 1843–1847 55–57, 1261–1276, 2568–2569 genotype-positive individuals, acromegaly as, 1845–1846 AF and, 1958 1274 aldosteronism, primary and, 1849 cardiac hypertrophy in, determinant phenotype-negative individuals, brainstem compression as, 1846 of, 1180 1274 2874 index

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiovascular features, 1883–1887 Imipenem, IE enterococci, 450 cardiomyopathy (HOCM), cardiac dysrhythmias as, 1886 Immune disorders, pericardial disease 2106 hypertension as, 1886 and, 1484 Hypertrophy, cardiac, 1177–1185. See postural hypotension as, Immunization, heart failure and, also Left venticular 1883–1886 1398 hypertrophy; Right venticular vascular effects as, 1886–1887 Immunoglobulin, transplantation hypertrophy postural rejection, 1453 biventricular, 53–57 autonomic dysfunction and, γ-Immunoglobulin, postural cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic and, 1883–1886 hypotension, 1905 5–57 management of, 1900–1905 Immunologic testing, transplantation, cellular components of, 1178 nonpharmacologic management of, 1454 compensatory, 1179–1185, 1901 Immunophilin binding agents, 1267–1268 pharmacologic management of, transplantation clinical manifestations of, 1183 1902–1904 immunosuppression, clinical significance of, specific disorder/situation therapy 1445–1446 1184–1185 for, 1904–1905 Immunosuppression programs diagnostic modalities for, transient orthostatic, 1899 hypertension and, 1886 1183–1184 vasculature and, 1886–1887 RA, 2332 etiology of, 1179 Hypothalamic-pituitary axis, seronegative spondyloarthritis, 2348 gene expression plasticity and, endocrine disorders and, transplantation immunosuppression, 1182 2295–2296 1448–1449 hypertrophic response and, Hypothermia Impedance, 1825 1267–1268 ECG T wave changes and, 73 characteristic, 1825 isoform switch and, 1182 heart muscle injury and, 1307, input, 1825 molecular biology, 1181–1183 1308 Impedance plethysmography (IPG), molecular genetics of, 1179–1181 Hypothyroidism, 2309–2312 1709 molecular physiology of, 1183 cardiomyopathy caused by, 1245 Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator natural history of, 1184 clinical manifestations, 2310–2311 (ICD), 2119–2135 primary defects, 1267 diagnosis, 2311 components/programming features, signal transducers in, 1181–1182 pathophysiology, 2309–2310 2119–2126 treatment of, 1185 treatment, 2311–2312 antitachycardia pacing as, 2123 definitions, 1177 Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-Iα), arrhythmia detection as, fetal gene reactivation during load- 2215–2216 2122–2123 induced, 1146–1147 batteries as, 2121 in genetic disorders, 1180–1181 I capacitors as, 2121 genetic, HCM as paradigm of, 1180 Ibuprofen defibrillation as, 2123 key points, 1177 myocarditis, 1324 failure of, 2126 myocardial disease and, 1220 pericarditis, acute, 1503 sensing as, 2122–2123 pathways pregnancy/lactation, 2475 SVT discrimination algorithms as, interactions between, 1182 stable angina, 931 2123–2126 redundancy of, 1183 STEMI, 973 transverse defibrillation leads as, patterns of, 1178–1179 Ibutilide, 2097 2121–2122 physiologic, 1179 AF, 2091 deactivation, temporary, 2128 plasticity of, 1177–1178 postoperative, 1972 device implantation RV, COPD and, 53, 56 direct current cardiovesion, 1966 central venous access and, 2126 Hypocalcemia, cardiomyopathy caused important properties of, 2097 complications associated with, by, 1303 LQTS, acquired, 2053 procedure related to, 2127 Hypoglycemic drugs, AIDS, 2379 ICD. See Implantable placement of lead and, 2126 Hypokalemia, ECG T wave changes cardioverter-defibrillator pocket creation and, 2126–2127 and, 75 ICE. See Intracardiac echocardiography postprocedural care, 2127 Hypomagnesemia, cardiomyopathy Idiopathic sick syndrome, 2591 testing device and, 2127 caused by, 1303 IE. See Infective endocarditis evidence-based medicine for, Hyponatremia, heart failure and, IFN-α 2131–2134 1410–1411 HIV-related myocarditis, 1328 follow-up, 2127 Hypophosphatemia, cardiomyopathy myocarditis, 1326 long-term, 2128 caused by, 1303 IGFs. See Insulin-like growth factors history and background, 2119 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome IgG, myocarditis, 1326 key points, 2119 (HLHS), 233–234, 261 Iliofemoral venous disease, 1758–1761 SCD Hypotension Iloprost clinical trails evaluating, autonomic dysfunction and, AIDS-related PHT and, 2387 2131–2134 1883–1906 PAH, 2233–2234 CRT with, 2134 index 2875

SCD risk stratification and, complications diabetes mellitus, 2306–2307 2128–2129 cardiac, 452–455 hypotension, postural, 1885 autonomic nervous system CNS abnormalities as, 457 Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), 1529 dysfunction in, 2129–2130 emboli as, 455–456 Insulin resistance cardiac function in, 2128 extracardiac, 455–457 atherosclerosis pathogenesis and, ECG in, 2128–2129 infarction as, 454–455 2804–2810 EP testing, invasive for, 2130 metastatic infection as, 457 endothelial dysfunction in, 2809 molecular markers for, 2130 mycotic aneurysm as, 456 inflammation in, 2804–2805, 2809 Impotence. See Erectile dysfunction myocardial abscess as, 454–455 thrombosis in, 2807–2809 IMT. See Intimal-medial thickness myocardial conduction defects as, CVD and, 2803–2812 Inactivity 454–455 key points in, 2803–2804 hypertension and, 1836 pericarditis as, 454–455 endothelial dysfunction and, metabolic syndrome, 2684–2685 perivalvular extension of infection 2809–2810 Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST), as, 454–455 inflammation and, 2805–2806 2170 splenic abscess as, 456 management of, 2685 Indinavir, AIDS, 2379 treatment of, 452–457 metabolic syndrome and, 2697–2698 Indomethacin cultural-negative, medical treatment, thrombosis and, 2808–2809 hypotension, postural, 1903 452 clots in, 2808–2809 myocarditis, 1324 diagnosis, echocardiography role in, platelets in, 2808 pericarditis 445–447 Integrins, as hypertrophy cardiac acute, 1503 enterococci and, medical treatment signal transducers, 1182 pregnancy and, 2470 of, 449–450 Interferon-α Indoramin, SCD, 2045 evidence-based scoring system, carcinoid syndrome, 2315 Infarct expansion, heart failure and, 447–448 drug-induced SLE, 2339 1383 fungal, medical treatment, 452 HIV myocarditis, 2376 Infarction. See also Myocardial incidence, 443–444 Interleukin-2, HIV myocarditis, 2376 infarction; Non-ST elevation key points, 443 Interleukin-3, hypercoagulable states, acute myocardial infarction; medical treatment, 448–452 2417 Pseudoinfarction; ST microbiologic etiology, 447 Interventricular septum, vascular elevation acute myocardial pathophysiology, 443–444 supply to, 764 infarction penicillin-susceptible streptococci Intimal-medial thickness (IMT) atrial, 67, 68 and, medical treatment of, atherosclerosis normal/abnormal, healed, ECG QRS complex distortion 448–449 1786 –1787 and, 58 PVE and, 457–460 carotid, CVD and measurement of, as IE complication, 454–455 relapse, treatment of, 454 1618–1619 PTE with, 2179 staphylococci, medical treatment, hereditary and genetic factors PTE without, 2178–2179 450–451 associated with, 1790–1791 right ventricular suspected, 447 progression, 1787–1788 isolated, 67, 68 valve involvement, 444 risk factor interventions and shock, 1879 Inflammation influences on progression of, SCD and recent, 2058 atherosclerosis and, 1594 in clinical trials, 1788 Infections insulin resistance in, 2804–2805, symptomatic vascular disease and, aortic, 1653–1654 2809 1788–1790 bacterial CAD, 611–618 Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation, aortic, 1653–1654 insulin resistance and, 2805–2806 shock, 1875–1876 pericardial disease and, 1484 PAH mechanisms and, 2215 Intracardiac communications transplantation and, 1421 silent ischemia and, 700 abnormal, occlusion of, 327–329 viral, pericardial disease and, 1484 Inflammatory disease, atherosclerosis miscellaneous, occlusion of, 329 vulnerable plaque treatment and role as, 1585 Intracardiac defects, occlusion of, of, 631–632 Infliximab, KD, 986 322–326 Infectious disorders, PTE and, 2188 Infrapopliteal disease, endovascular AmplatzerTM atrial septal occlusion Infective endocarditis (IE), 376, procedure for treatment of, device, 324 443–460 1763 Angel Wings DevicesTM for, 324 anatomic considerations, 443–444 Infundibulum, 209 ASD and, 322–323 clinical recognition, 444–447 InoueTM balloon and technique, closure of, general procedure for, Duke criteria for, 445 315–316, 560–561 325–326 laboratory examination and, double balloon v., 567–568 ASDOSTM for, 324 445–447 In-stent restenosis (ISR), 1039 CardioSEALTM for, 323–324 negative blood cultures and, 447 Insulin Helix device for, 324–325 physical examination and, AIDS, 2379 Sideris ButtonTM device, 324 444–445 cardiovascular regulation and, 1529 STARFlex deviceTM for, 323–324 2876 index

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE), 94 brachytherapy for, 1766–1767 Jet lesion indications, 95, 96 cutting balloon angioplasty for, anatomy, color Doppler, 489–490 Intravascular coagulation, 1764 expanding, color Doppler, 490 disseminated, 2189 DES for, 1768 size, color Doppler, 490 Intravascular communications, endografts for, 1768–1770 JLNS. See Jervell and Lange-Nielsen extracardiac, occlusion of, excimer laser assisted angioplasty syndrome 329–332 for, 1764–1765 Jugular venous pulse Intravascular thermography, vulnerable AF and, 1958 atrioventricular dissociation and, plaque, 627–628 coronary, echocardiographic 2008 Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), assessment of, 813–814 C wave, 34 1797–1808 ECG T wave after, 71 heart disease patient physical elastography, vulnerable plaque, 626 recovery of, 72 examination and, 33–35 image interpretation, basic for, ECG T wave during, 70–71 H wave, 35 1798–1799 SCD and recent, 2058 V wave, 34 integrated backscatter, vulnerable TEE and intraoperative, 2537–2538 A waves, 34 plaque, 626 Ischemia vector, 60 X descent, 34 qualitative assessment Ischemic disease Y descent, 34–35 dissection and, 1805 acute, MI MRI and, 881–882 morphology and, 1806 chronic, MI MRI and, 882–883 K plaque types and, 1803–1804 DE-MRI, 881–883 Kallikrein-kinin system, hypertension stented segments and, 1806 risk factors, 2043–2044 and, 1838 vulnerable plaques and, 1805–1806 Ischemic heart disease Kawasaki arteritis, as atherosclerotic quantitative assessment aging and, 2445–2446 risk factor, 991 arterial remodeling and, diagnosis, 2445 Kawasaki disease (KD), 979–992 1802–1803 management, 2445 acute, treatment of, 985–986 lumen, vessel, plaque stem cell therapy for, 2756–2760 aneurysms and, 1667 measurements and, 1799–1801 clinical experience of, 2757–2760 background and history, 979–980 plaque distribution and, 1803 experimental background of, CAD, adult due to childhood, 991 stent measurements and, 2756–2757 cardiovascular mortality and impact 1801–1802 ISDN. See Isosorbide dinitrate of, 990 technical development, current for, Isoform switch, cardiac hypertrophy, clinical presentations, 981–983 1806–1807 1182 cardiovascular spectrum and, vulnerable plaque, 626 Isolated cardiac conduction defect, 982 Intravenous gamma globulin, KD, 2345 2589–2590 MI and death in, 982–983 Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), Isolated LV noncompaction (IVNC), myocarditis and, 983 986 1373, 1374 pericarditis and, 983 Intraventricular septal rupture, after Isoniazid, pericardial disease induced systemic artery involvement and, STEMI, 69 by, 1485 983 Invasive contrast venography, venous Isoprenaline, vasovagal syncope, 1897 valvular heart disease and, 983 disease, 1710 Isoproterenol coronary aneurysms, long-term Iodixanol heart failure, advanced, 1466 consequences and, 989–990 angiography, coronary, 757 proarrhythmia, 2093 DCM and, 1243 percutaneous coronary transplantation, cardiac, 2509 diagnosis, 981–982 revascularization, 1089 Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) diagnostic techniques IPG. See Impedance plethysmography heart failure angiography, 985 Ipratropium bromide, COPD, 2256, cost-effectiveness of, 2781 catheterization, 985 2257 delaying progression of, 1404–1405 echocardiography, 983–985 Irbesartan silent myocardial ischemia, 707, 708 noninvasive, 985 AF, 1957 ISR. See In-stent restenosis epidemiology, 980 hypertension, 1858 IST. See Inappropriate sinus guidelines, 992 Iridium, acute limb ischemia, 1766 tachycardia key points, 979 Iron overload, cardiomyopathy caused Itraconazole, drug elimination, 2090 long-term issues of, 989–991 by, 1246 IVIG. See Intravenous management, long-term, 986–988 IRX4, 1139 immunoglobulin myocarditis and, 1331 Ischemia. See also specific ischemias IVNC. See Isolated LV noncompaction pathogenesis and etiology, 980–981 acute, widened QRS complex and, IVUS. See Intravascular ultrasound pathology, 980 67–68 prognosis, 989–991 acute limb, management of, J symptoms, 981–982 1763–1770 Jarvik 2000, advanced heart failure, treatment and management, alternative techniques for, 1469 evidence-based, 985–988 1764 –1770 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome vasculitis, primary and, 2345 atherectomy for, 1767–1768 (JLNS), 2581 KD. See Kawasaki disease index 2877

Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), endocardial cushion defects and, valvular 2399–2400 246–247 grading system for, 488–489 Ketoconazole, SCD, 2045 clinical presentation, 247 SLE and, 2336–2337 Ketone bodies, as cardiac metabolism laboratory studies, 247 vascular, pathologic anatomy of, energy-providing substrate, prognosis, 247 1581–1584 1166 treatment, 247 coronary Kidney partial anomalous pulmonary acute, 595–596, 597 CHF and, 2822–2823 venous connection, 241–243 in women, pre- v. postmenopausal, function, anemia treatment and, patent ductus arteriosus and, 722 2828–2829 245–246 Leukemias, cardiac, 2271 heart and, 2819–2832 large, 245–246 Leukocyte-endothelial cell epidemiologic association between, restrictive, 245 interactions, atherosclerosis 2819–2820 pregnancy and, 2458–2459 and, 1587–1588 key points in, 2819 VSDs and, 242–245 Levitra. See Vardenafi l Knockout mouse models, 2741 large, 242–244 Levosimendian, heart failure, 1400 KSS. See Kearns-Sayre syndrome small, 242 Levothyroxine, hyperthyroidism, Left ventricle (LV). See also Isolated LV 2313 L noncompaction LGMD. See Limb-girdle muscular Labetalol aneurysms, myocardial disease and, dystrophy aortic dissection, 1641 1229 Lidocaine, 2097 cocaine-induced cardiovascular diastolic dysfunction, HCM and, antiarrhythmic therapy, 2088 complication, 2360 1367 cardiac arrest, 2091 hypertension, 1856 failure, AMI echocardiography and, dose, 2088 hypertensive crisis, 1862 815 drug-channel interactions, 2088 preeclampsia, pregnancy and, 2468 filling pressures, echocardiography important properties of, 2097 pregnancy/lactation, 2474 and elevated, 823 radiographic contrast material, 761 Labor/delivery function SVT, 2090 cesarean delivery, perimortem and, angiography, coronary and, 757 Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2471–2473 CAD patient, noncardiac surgery (LGMD), 2391–2392 CPR and, 2471–2473 and measures of, 2492 cardiac involvement, 2392 heart and, 2456 gated SPECT assessment of, clinical manifestations, 2392 Lactation, medications during, prognostic value and regional/ molecular genetics, 2391–2392 2473–2475 global, 849–850 phenotypic definition, 2391 antiarrhythmic therapy, 2475 MR and, 409 Linezolid, IE enterococci, 450 antibiotic prophylaxis, 2475 MRI assessment, 547 Lipid-lowering medications antihypertensive, 2473–2474 HCM and pathophysiology of, 1268 adjusting intensity of, 2680–2682 diuretic, 2473 myxomas of, 2278 age and, 2683–2684 glycoside, 2473 noncompaction, heart muscle injury cardiac rehabilitation case pain control, 2475 and, 1307–1308 management and, 1129 Lactic acidosis, PTE and, 2189 OTO clinical trial evidence of benefit Lanreotide, carcinoid syndrome, 2315 HCM and, 1367–1369 from, 2678–2680 LBBB. See Left bundle branch block mitral valve systolic anterior considerations for, 2683 L-dihydroxyphenylisatin, postural motion and, 1369 goals for, 2682 hypotension, 1905 MR and, 1369 high-risk category for, 2681–2682 LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein remodeling hyperlipidemia, cost-effectiveness, Lead systems, 46–47 echocardiography and, 822 2782 Leflunomide, RA, 2331 MI echocardiography, 821 non-STEMI, 957, 958 Left atrial pressure, anesthesia for silent ischemia hemodynamics and risk categories for, 2682–2684 cardiovascular operation function of, 702 stable angina, 926–928 monitoring and, 2505 Left ventricular ejection fraction unstable angina, 957, 958 Left bundle branch block (LBBB) (LVEF), 152 vulnerable plque, 630 heart disease and, 57–58 Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), Lipids, heart failure and, 1397–1398 QRS complex widening and, 57–58 51–52 LIPID trial. See Long-Term Left main disease, ECG, 70, 71 coronary blood flow and, 664 Intervention with Pravastatin Left-right axis malformation, 1145 as coronary risk factor, 2621–2622 in Ischemic Disease Left-to-right shunt lesions, 235–247 Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), Lipitor. See Atorvastatin ASDs and, 235 121 Lipomas, 2281–2283 coronary sinus, 241 Leptospirosis, 1329 lipomatous hypertrophy of atrial ostium primum, 238–241 Lesions septum as, 2282 ostium secundum type, 235–237 cardiac (See also specific lesions) MAC as, 2282–2283 sinus venosus, 241 right-sided intracavitary, PTE and, Lipomatous hypertrophy of atrial common atrium, 241 2187–2188 septum, 2282 2878 index

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase epidemiologic evidence and, Lymphomas, cardiac, 2271

A2(Lp-PLA2), 644–645 2670–2671 Lysosomal storage diseases Lipoproteins evidence from basic science, 2670 cardiac involvement, 2396–2397 (a), atherosclerosis and, 1608 drugs lowering, 2675 sphingolipidoses as, 2396–2397 dyslipidemia, atherogenic and adjusting intensity of, 2680–2682 abnormalities of, 2672 considerations for, 2683 M metabolic syndrome and, 2672–2674 goals for, 2682 MAC. See Mitral annular calcification metabolism, 2668–2670 high-risk category for, 2681–2682 MADIT. See Multicenter Automatic drug therapies affecting ASCVD risk categories and, 2682–2684 Defibrillator Implantation risk and, 2675–2678 nondrug therapies for lowering, 2682 Trial nondrug therapies affecting STEMI, 973 MADIT-II. See Multicenter Automatic ASCVD risk and, 2674–2675 Low molecular weight heparin Defibrillator Implantation Lisinopril (LMWH) Trial II heart failure, delaying progression of, AF, 1962 Magnesium, 2099 1401 coronary artery spasm, 940–944 antiarrhythmic drugs and, 2086 hypertension, 1857 ESSENCE trial, 943–944 cardiac arrest, 2091 Lithium carbonate, SND, 1934 Frisc study, 941–943 important properties of, 2099 extrinsic, 1927 hypercoagulable state, 2433 Magnetic resonance angiography LMWH. See Low molecular weight iliofemoral venous disease, 1758–1759 (MRA), 898–901 heparin non-STEMI, 940–944, 1013–1015 abdominal, 899–900 Long QT syndrome (LQTS), 73–74, pregnancy, 2463 carotid, 898–899 2580–2585 prosthetic valves and pregnancy, clinical applications, 898–901 acquired, 2025, 2585 2463 coronary, 900 SCD and, 2052 PTE, 2190 imaging considerations, 898 background, 2580–2582 STEMI, 967 lower-extremity, 900 JLNS and, 2581 TIMI 11 study, 943 PAH, 2226–2227 QT interval prolongation in unstable angina, 940–944, 1013–1015 renal artery disease, 1687 multisystem disorders and, venous disease, 1710–1711, 1713 thoracic, 899

2581–2582 Lp-PLA2. See Lipoprotein-associated vulnerable plaque evaluation on,

Romano-Ward syndrome and, phospholipase A2 897–906 2580–2581 LQTS. See Long QT syndrome key points, 897–898 congenital, 2025–2026, 2050–2051 L-TGA. See L-transposition of great whole-body, 900–901 diagnostic tests for, 2584 arteries Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). evidence-based medicine, L-threodihydroxyphenylserine, See also Cardiovascular 2584–2585 postural hypotension, 1904 magnetic resonance imaging; risk stratification and, 2584 L-transposition of great arteries (L- Delayed contrast-enhanced therapy, 2584–2585 TGA), 299 MRI hereditary, pregnancy and, 2473 Lungs, heart failure and, 1387–1388 AS, 543–545 molecular biology of, 2026 LV. See Left ventricle amyloid heart disease, 1294 pregnancy and, 2473 LVADs. See LV assist device aortic insufficiency, 545–547 QT interval prolongation and LV assist device (LVADs) aortic valve disease, 543–545 multisystem disorder, 2581–2582 continuous-flow, advanced heart black-blood morphologic imaging pathophysiology of, 2582 failure, 1469–1470 techniques for, 538–539 recognition of, 2582–2584 heart failure, advanced, 1467, bright-blood morphologic imaging SCD and, 2050–2051, 2052 2469–2470 techniques for, 539–540 syncope and, 2025–2026 LV dysfunction steady-state free precession treatment, 2033 asymptomatic, heart failure and, methods and, 540 Long-Term Intervention with 1409 TI-weighted cine gradient-echo Pravastatin in Ischemic heart failure and, 1382, 1409 technique and, 539–540 Disease (LIPID), 2678–2679 LVEF. See Left ventricular ejection clinical applications, 543–553 Losartan fraction contrast-enhanced, 904 AF, 1957 LVH. See Left ventricular hypertrophy CT compared with, 183 atrial flutter, 1957 LV imaging, heart failure, 1388–1389 endocarditis assessment with, ICD SCD and, 2128 LVOT. See Left ventricular outflow 552–553 SCD, 2062 tract hemochromatosis, 1297 TIA, 1915 LV reduction restraint, heart failure, methods, 538–543 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 1408 MI, 875–884 ASCVD and relation to serum, LV reduction surgery, heart failure, application of, 881–884 2670–2672 1408 background and techniques for, clinical trial evidence and, LV thrombus, cardiomyopathy, 1363 875–877 2671–2672 Lyme disease, 1329 physiology and, 878–881 index 2879

mitral valve disease, 547–551 Malabsorption, heart failure and, 1411 cardiovascular risk factor molecular, 904–905 MAO inhibitors. See Monoamine modification, exercise and, MR, 548–549 oxidase inhibitors 2640–2641 MS, 548 MAPCAs. See Multiple CHD and, 2620–2621 myocardial ischemia, 884–890 aortopulmonary collateral as CVD risk factor, 2697 application, 888–890 arteries as diabetes risk factor, 2697 background and techniques, Marfan syndrome (MFS), 230–231, diagnosis, 2684 884–886, 887 2557–2562 lipoprotein abnormalities and, future steps of, 890 aortic dissection and, 1644, 2559 2672–2674 physiology, 886–888 aortic root dilation, 2557–2559 management of, 2684–2685, myocardial viability, 875–884 cardiovascular manifestations, 2557 2700–2701 application of, 881–884 clinical features, 2557–2559 manifestations, 2699 background and techniques for, diagnosis, 2559–2561 mechanisms underlying, 875–877 genetic cause, 2561–2562 2697–2698 physiology and, 878–881 pregnancy and, 2470–2471 dyslipidemia as, 2698–2699 myocardium, 871–892 skeletal manifestations, 2559 insulin resistance as, 2697–2698 application, 875 Marijuana abuse, 2363 obesity and, 2696–2697 background and techniques, McArdle disease, 2395 risk assessment, 2684 873–874 MCE. See Myocardial contrast risk factors, management of, clinical applications, 873–890 echocardiography 2684–2685 key points, 871 MCH. See Metastatic carcinoid tumor obesity, 2684 morphology and function, 873–875 involving heart physical inactivity, 2684–2685 physiology, 874–875 MCLS. See Mucocutaneous lymph stable angina diet and, 929 potential future applications of, node syndrome Metabolism, AIDS antiviral therapy 890–892 MDCT. See Multidetector computed and complications in, 2378 perfusion tomography treatment for, 2380 myocardial ischemia, 887–888 Medial papillary muscle, 208–209 Metastatic carcinoid tumor involving studies of clinical, 888–890 Medical treatment heart (MCH), 2272 phase-contrast velocity mapping, PCI v., cost-effectiveness of, 2777 Metastatic infection, as IE 540 surgery v., cost-effectiveness of, complication, 457 PR assessment with, 552 2776–2777 Metformin pregnancy, 2457 MEF2. See Myocyte enhancer factor-2 AIDS, 2379 prosthetic valve, 553 Meglitinides, diabetes mellitus, 2307 atherothrombotic risk modulation pulmonary valve disease assessment Melphalan with, 2811, 2812 with, 552 amyloidosis, 1295 BP, elevated, 2685 SCD, 2059 DCM and, 1240 diabetes mellitus, 2306, 2307 technical considerations, 540–543 thrombocytosis, 2414 diabetes/metabolic syndrome, cardiac gating, type as, 541–542 Membrane abnormalities, hypertension 1533 in-plane v. through-plane velocity and, 1842–1843 metabolic syndrome/inflammation, encoding as, 542–543 Meperidine, induction with, 2507 2640 partial volume effect as, 543 Mesalamine, pericardial disease Methasone, DES, 1034 ROI placement as, 543 induced by, 1485 Methimazole, hyperthyroidism, 2313 TE choice and, 542 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), Methotrexate velocity encoding as, 540–541, 2748–2749 DCM and, 1240 542 Mesotheliomas, 2283 DM/PM, 2343 techniques, 871–873 of pericardium, 2285 giant cell arteritis, 2344 TR, 551–552 Metabolic abnormalities, RA, 2331 tricuspid valve disease assessment cardiomyopathy and, transplantation immunosuppression, with, 551 1302–1303 1446 valvular disease, 537–553 Metabolic disorders Wegener’s granulomatosis, 2344 vessel wall, 901–905 pericardial disease and, 1484 Methoxamine, shock, 1875 atherosclerotic burden, progression/ PTE and, 2189 Methyldopa regression and, 902 Metabolic syndrome, 1167–1169 hypertension, pregnancy and, 1862, imaging considerations, 901–902 atherosclerosis and, 1602–1604 2467 plaque characterization and, CAD in women and, 714 lactation, 2474 902–905 cardiovascular complications of, pregnancy, 1862, 2467, 2474 plaque detection/quantification 2693–2710 α-Methyldopa, hypertension, 1859 and, 902 background for, 2693–2694 Methylprednisolone, transplantation vulnerable plaque, 628 key points for, 2693 immunosuppression, 1449 Magnetic resonance venography, cardiovascular regulations and, Methysergide, pericardial disease 1709–1710 1533 induced by, 1485 2880 index

Metolazone Mithramycin, DCM and, 1240 pregnancy and, 2462–2463 edema, resistant, 1410 Mitomycin C, DCM and, 1240, 1241 quantitation of, 416–417 heart failure, 1398 Mitral annular calcification (MAC), rheumatic, 415, 516 hypertension, 1856 516, 2282–2283 severe, 408 Metoprolol echocardiography, 509–510 clinical evaluation, 413–414 AF, 1962 Mitral insufficiency, surgery, 583–584 morbidity in, 412 aortic dissection, 1641 anesthesia for, 2508 sex distribution of, 413 atrial flutter, 1962 indications for, 583–584 surgery heart failure, delaying progression of, valve repair and, 584 early indications for, 422 1403 Mitral regurgitation (MR), 216, 401, indications for, 422 induction with, 2507 407–422 rescue indications for, 422 noncardiac surgery in CAD patient acute severe, echocardiography systolic murmur and, 414 and, 2494 assessment of, 524–525 TEE assessment of, 524 SCD, 2061–2062, 2071 assessing severity, 415 Mitral stenosis (MS), 252, 398 silent myocardial ischemia, 708 CAD and, 519 in catheterization laboratory, stable angina, 915 cardiomyopathy, dilated evaluation 469–474 Metoprolol tartrate, MS during on echocardiography and, caveats and, 474 pregnancy, 2462 1362–1363 diastolic half-time, 473 Mexiletine chronology, 409 exercise testing and, 473–474 important properties of, 2097–2098 clinical evaluation, 413–419 overview, 469–470 LQTS, 2033 cardiac catheterization, 418–419 transmitral gradient and, 470–472 MFS. See Marfan syndrome color flow imaging, 415–416 valve area and, 473 β-MHC gene mutations, HCM, 1265 consequence, 409 congenital, 349–350 MI. See Myocardial infarction degenerative, 407–408, 415 echocardiographic assessment of, Microalbuminuria, CVD and, degree, 409 488, 508–513 1619–1620 Doppler evaluation of, 519–524 two-dimensional, M-mode Microarrays, technology development ECG, 414–415 examination, differential of, 2736 echocardiography, 488, 513–519, diagnosis and, 508–510 Microbial arteritis, aneurysms and, 822–823 MRI, 548 1668 two-dimensional, M-mode pathophysiology, 398 Microvascular dysfunction, PET examination, differential pregnancy and, 2462 imaging, 862–863 diagnosis and, 513–519 rheumatic Midazolam, 2504 endocarditis and, 518 echocardiography, 508–509 induction with, 2507 etiology, 407–409 PMV, 558–569 MIDCAB. See Minimally invasive functional, 408–410, 518–519 severity, echocardiographic direct coronary artery bypass natural history, 412–413 parameters for, 510 Midodrine HCM and, 1369–1370 surgery, 583 hypotension, postural, 1903, 1905 hormonal activation in organic, anesthesia for, 2508 syncope, 2031 410–411 intravalvular implantation and, orthostatic, 2032 inflammatory conditions and, 518 585 vasovagal, 1898 ischemic, 408–410 valve repair and, 584 Milrinone incidence, 819 valve replacement and, 585 cardiomyopathy, dilated patient mechanism, 819–820 valvuloplasty, 315–316 noncardiac surgery and, 2496 MI echocardiography and, 819–820 Mitral valve heart failure, 1400 LV and left atrial size in, 513–514 HCM and systolic anterior motion delaying progression of, 1406 LVOTO and, 1369–1370 of, 1369 transplantation, cardiac, 2509 management heart disease, surgical treatment of, Mineralocorticoids medical, 419 583–585 adrenal insufficiency, 2298 surgical, 419–422 mitral insufficiency as, 583–584 disorders, 2300 mechanism, 407–409 MS as, 583 Minimally invasive direct coronary mitral valve prolapse, myxomatous leaflets, 210–211 artery bypass (MIDCAB), degeneration and, 514–516 LVOTO and systolic anterior motion 1064–1065 MRI, 548–549 of, 1369 hybrid, 1065–1066 quantitative assessment and, 549 normal, 397–402 Minimum alveolar concentration, 2504 natural history, 411–413 prolapse, MR and, 514–516 Minoxidil organic, 411–412 repair techniques, 583, 584 heart failure, delaying progression of, papillary muscle rupture producing valvar regurgitation, 216 1405 acute, AMI echocardiography Mitral valve disease, 397–422 hypertension, 1859 and, 819 clinical evaluation, 399–401 hypertrophy, cardiac, 1185 pathophysiology, 409–411 Doppler, exercise evaluation of, pericardial disease induced by, 1485 PISA, 521–524 511–512 index 2881

Doppler evaluation for, 510–512 Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome transplantation immunosuppression, continuous-wave, 510–511 (MCLS), 979 1446, 1448 echocardiography, 508–525 Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), 2397 Mycophenolate sodium, key points, 397 Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator transplantation management, 401–402 Implantation Trial (MADIT), immunosuppression, 1448 MR as, 401, 407–422 2065–2066 Mycotic aneurysm MRI, 547–551 Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator as IE complication, 456 MS as, 398 Implantation Trial II (MADIT- pregnancy and, 2471 MVP as, 402–407 II), 2067 Myectomy,echocardiographic guidance natural history, 398–399 Multicenter UnSustained Tachycardia of HCM, 1370 noncardiac surgery and patients Trial (MUSTT), 2066 Myeloperoxidase, vulnerable plaque with, 2496 Multidetector computed tomography detection and, 645 surgical treatment, 349–350, 351 (MDCT), 169, 182–183 Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), 402–407 angiography, 189–190 2397 clinical evaluation, 405–406 EBCT v., for CAC, 187 Myocardial abscess, as IE etiology, 403 Multilink Tetra-D stent, 1037 complication, 454–455 management, 406–407 Multiple aortopulmonary collateral Myocardial blood flow, transmural mechanisms, 403 arteries (MAPCAs), 357 distribution of, 663 natural history, 403–405 Multisystem disorders, LQTS QT Myocardial bridges, 771–772 pathophysiology, 403, 404 interval prolongation in, Myocardial conduction defects, as IE MMF. See Mycophenolate mofetil 2581–2582 complication, 454–455 Molecular biology Multivessel disease, treatment of Myocardial contrast echocardiography cardiovascular medicine application stable angina and, 999–1001 (MCE), 95 of, 2731–2732 Mural endocardium, 1220 Myocardial disease challenges, future of, 2743–2744 Mural thrombus, AMI anatomic abnormalities, 1219–1230 cardiovascular medicine problems echocardiography and, 817–819 Aschoff nodules as, 1221–1222, unraveled by, 2742–2743 Murmurs, 26 1223 biologic tools of therapy as, 2743 continuous, 39, 41 cardiac aneurysms as, 1228–1229 disease mechanism diastolic, 39, 41 cardiac transplantation/monitoring pathophysiology as, 2742 functional, 39 rejection as, 1229–1230 gene/protein markers of heart disease patient physical dilated cardiomyopathy as, susceptibility, development of examination and, 39 1223–1224 as, 2742–2743 holosystolic, 39 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as, novel therapeutic targets, innocent, 39 1224–1225 identification of as, 2743 systolic, 39, 40 hypertrophy, cardiac and fibrosis for clinician, 2731–2744 MR, 414 as, 1220 key points of, 2731 Muscle of Lancisi, 208 metabolic diseases as, 1226–1228 functional units, 2732–2736 Muscle of Luschka, 208 mural endocardium as, 1220 DNA as, 2732–2734 Muscle relaxants, 2504–2505 myocardial ischemia as, 1228 phenotype-genotype correlation as, cardiovascular operation, 2501, 2502 myocarditis as, 1220–1222 2735–2736 Muscular dystrophies restrictive cardiomyopathy as, proteins as, 2734–2735 affecting heart, 2567–2573 1226 RNA as, 2734 key points of, 2567 rheumatic myocarditis as, system biology approaches to cardiac involvement, 2387 1221–1222, 1223 quantitate/evaluate genes, DMD/BMD as, 2569–2572 storage diseases as, 1226–1228 proteins and their Duchenne/Becker, 2387–2390 biopsies, 1219–1220 applications, 2736–2738 EMD as, 2567–2568 endomyocardial, 1354–1355, Molecular markers, ICD SCD, 2130 Emery-Dreifuss syndrome, 2390 1356 Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, facioscapulohumeral, 2391 cardiac catheterization laboratory 2660 HCM as, 2568–2569 evaluation of, 1349–1356 Monotherapy, sequential, 1859–1860 limb-girdle, 2391–2392 key points, 1349 Moricizine, SCD, 2063 myotonic dystrophy as, 2572–2573 cardiomyopathy and, 1302–1303 Morphine, induction with, 2507 MUSTT. See Multicenter UnSustained presenting as DCM, 1237–1247 MPS. See Mucopolysaccharidoses Tachycardia Trial autoimmune mechanisms, 1247 MR. See Mitral regurgitation MVP. See Mitral valve prolapse infectious causes of, 1241–1242 MRA. See Magnetic resonance MyBP-C gene mutations. See Myosin noninfectious causes of, angiography binding protein C gene 1242–1243 MRI. See Magnetic resonance mutations physical agents, 1246–1247 imaging Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) hemodynamic assessment, general, MS. See Mitral stenosis CAV, 1425 1349–1350 MSC. See Mesenchymal stem cells heart failure, advanced and, 1462 spirochetal, 1329 2882 index

Myocardial dysfunction, 1380 Myocardial injury silent ischemia AECG and, cocaine and, 2359–2360 allergic, cardiomyopathy and, 704–705 Myocardial event, in-hospital cardiac 1303–1305 SPECT, 841–851 rehabilitation after, 1118–1124 hypersensitive, cardiomyopathy and, CAD detection and, 842–843 exercise testing, hospital discharge 1303–1305 future directions of, 850–851 and, 1123–1124 Myocardial ischemia image analysis of, 146–147 inpatient activity and, 1122–1123 cocaine and, 2358–2359 key points, 841–842 patient education during acute phase echocardiography and assessment of, prognostic applications of stress, and, 1121–1122 823–831 843–850 psychosocial considerations for, 1121 HCM and, 1269 stress returning to work/recreational MRI, 884–890 dobutamine, 842–843 activities and, 1124 application, 888–890 prognosis in patients with normal/ Myocardial function, measurement of background and techniques, abnormal, studies of, regional, 811–813 884–886, 887 843–845 MPI and, 813 future steps for, 890 value of, in special populations, regional myocardial Doppler physiology, 886–888 845–849 velocities and, 812–813 myocardial disease and, 1228 Myocardial steal, 137 RWMA and, 811–812 PAC in perioperative period and Myocardial viability Myocardial infarction (MI). See also detection of, 2529–2530 CMR imaging of, 171–172 Acute myocardial infarction; progenitor cell therapy for chronic, DES identification of, 828–829 Non-ST elevation acute 1733 echocardiographic assessment of, myocardial infarction; silent 828–829 Pravastatin of Atorvastatin mechanisms of altered pain MRI, 875–884 Evaluation and Infection- perception during, 699–701 application of, 881–884 Thrombolysis in Myocardial treatment of, 707–708 background and techniques for, Infarction 22; ST elevation stress echocardiography for detection 875–877 acute myocardial infarction of, 826–828 physiology and, 878–881 AF and, 1958 Myocardial ischemic injury, PET, 866–867 angiographic findings in, 783–787 pathogenesis, 600–602 prognosis, echocardiographic pathologic angiographic correlates Myocardial load, abnormal, 1381 assessment of, 829 and, 784 Myocardial metabolism, PET SPECT, resting assessment of, 850 angiography, coronary, 760 evaluation of, 149, 866 Myocardin family trascription factors, arterial compliance abnormalities Myocardial oxygen consumption 1141 and, 1821 contractility and, 660 Myocarditis, 1313–1334 CAD patient, noncardiac surgery coronary blood flow and arrhythmias, ventricular and, 1321 and surveillance for determinants of, 659–660 bacterial, 1315–1316, 1328–1329 perioperative, 2495 heart rate and, 660 diphtheria, 1328–1329 cardiac rehabilitation after, rate-pressure product and, 660 streptococcus, 1328 1120–1121 systolic wall tension and, 659–660 biopsy, 1323–1324 chronic complications after Myocardial performance index (MPI), cardiac catheterization, 1323–1324 echocardiography and, 819–821 813 causative infectious agents, 1316 ischemic MR as, 819–820 Myocardial perfusion imaging, clinical features, 1320–1324 ventricular aneurysm as, 820–821 137–139 clinical presentation, 1320–1321 cocaine and, 2358–2359 anatomy, precise, PET and, 855–860 CMR imaging, 1322–1323 complicated v. uncomplicated, coronary anatomy and field of, diagnosis, approach to, 1320–1324 cardiac rehabilitation and, 769–770 ECG, 1322–1323 1120–1121 coronary flow reserve and echocardiography, 1322–1323 coronary reocclusion and lesion absolute/relative, 138, 139 cardiac scintigraphy, 1322–1323 remodeling following, mechanisms underlying, 137–139 eosinophilic, 1332–1333 angiography and, 786–787 dobutamine stress, 842–843 epidemiology, 1314–1316 exercise testing after, 743 exercise stress, CAD detection and, etiology, 1314–1316 heart failure and post-, ventricular 842 fungal, 1329 dysfunction, 1408–1409 PET, 147–149, 855–860 giant cell, 1331–1332 MRI, 875–884 CAD and, 855 cardiomyopathy and, 1305 application of, 881–884 clinical application of, 855 HIV and, 1327–1328 background and techniques for, coronary flow reserve and, 855 hypersensitive, DCM and, 1242 875–877 evaluation and, 148–149 infectious, variants of, 1327–1331 physiology and, 878–881 pharmacologic stress, CAD detection nonviral, 1328–1331 pericardial disease and, 1484 and, 842–843 KD and, 983 PTE and, 2187 physiologic principls of, 137, 138 key points, 1313–1314 risk stratification after, revascularization strategies and use laboratory findings, 1321–1322 echocardiography and, 828 of, 850 metazoal, 1331 index 2883

myocardial disease and, 1220–1221, thickening, heart failure and, 1383 Naproxen, stable angina, 931 1222 vascular, subcellular filamentous NASPE guidelines. See North natural history of, 1324 structure of, 1514 American Society of Pacing noninfectious, 1316, 1331–1333 Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2), and Cardiac Electrophysiology peripartum, 1333 1138 guidelines physical examination, 1321 Myopathies Natriuretic peptides pregnancy and, 2469–2470 desminopathies or myofibrillar, b-type, early CVD and, 1620 protozoal, 1330–1331 2401 heart failure, 1386, 1400 RF and, 435 metabolic, 2397–2399 Neoplasia, pericardial disease and, rheumatic, myocardial disease and, ACAD as, 2399 1484 1221–1222, 1223 carnitine deficiency as, Neoplasm, PTE and, 2186 rickettsial, 1330 2397–2399 Neovascularization inhibition, 632 sarcoidosis, cardiac and, 1333 myoadenylate deaminase Nephrotoxicity, transplantation and, SLE and, 2335–2336 deficiency as, 2397 1427–1428 smallpox vaccination and, 1328 Refsum disease as, 2399 Nesiritide treatment mitochondrial, 2399–2400 ED, 2794 cardiac transplantation, 1327 KSS as, 2399–2400 heart failure, 1400 conventional therapy, 1325 myotubular, 2401–2402 Neurofibromatosis, aneurysms and, device therapy, 1327 nemaline, 2401 1667 general supportive measures and, sarcomeric, 2401–2402 Neurohormonal activation, heart 1324–1325 skeletal, cardiac involvement in, failure and, 1383–1384 immunomodulatory therapy, 2385–2403 Neurologic disorders, PTE and, 2188 1325–1327 Myosin, cardiac contraction and, Neuromuscular disorders, cardiac immunosuppressive therapy, 1190–1191 involvement in, 2385–2403 1325–1327 Myosin binding protein C (MyBP-C) key points of, 2385–2386 prevention, 1327 gene mutations, 1265–1266 Niacin, vulnerable plaque, 630 viral, pathophysiology of, 1316–1320 Myotonic dystrophy (Steinert’s Niaspan®, 2677–2678 animal models for, 1317, 1320 disease), 2572–2573 Nicardipine cellular immunity, role in, cardiac involvement, 2393–2394 aortic dissection, 1642 1317–1318 clinical manifestations, 2393 pregnancy/lactation, 2474 cytokines, role in, 1318–1319 molecular genetics, 2392–2393 Nicotine nasal spray, 2660 humoral immunity, role in, 1318 phenotypic definition, 2392 Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), Myocardium, 8 Myxomas, cardiac, 2273–2278 2658–2660 alcohol effects on, 2361 biatrial, 2278 Nicotine transdermal patch, development, 1133–1505 clinical characteristics, 2274–2275 2660–2661 echocardiography and assessment of left atrial, 2275–2277 Nicotinic acid basic principles and definitions of, angiography of, 2277 ASCVD risk, 2677–2678 823–824 clinical presentation of, 2275 lipoprotein metabolism, interpretation, 824 differential diagnosis of, 2277 2677–2678 methodology, 824–826 ECG of, 2275 Nifedipine, 395 function, 1133–1505 echocardiography of, 2276 AR, 388 growth, 1133–1505 imaging techniques for, 2275–2277 heart failure, delaying progression of, hibernating and stunned, PET, physical examination of, 2275 1405 866–867 roentgenography of, 2275 pregnancy/lactation, 2474 HIV and involvement of, 2375–2379 LV, 2278 scleroderma, 2341 known etiology, 2375 pathology and etiology, 2273–2274 silent myocardial ischemia, 707 MRI, 871–892 right atrial, 2277–2278 stable angina, 915–917 clinical applications, 873–890 auscultation of, 2277 Nifurtimox key points, 871 clinical presentation of, 2277 American trypanosomiasis, 1330 morphology and function, 873–895 differential diagnosis, 2277–2278 Chigas’ disease, 1242 potential future applications of, ECG of, 2277 Nitrates 890–892 echocardiography of, 2277 dobutamine stress myocardial RA and involvement of, 2333 imaging techniques for, 2277 perfusion imaging and, 843 scleroderma and involvement of, roentgenography of, 2277 post-MI, 1408 2340–2341 RV, 2278 stable angina, 913 tumors, cardiac and involvement of, Myxomatous degeneration, MR and STEMI, 971 2269–2270 mitral valve, 514–516 syncope, 2022 viable, echocardiography and Nitric oxide assessment of, 823–831 N DES, 1034 Myocyte NAC. See N-acetylcysteine transplantation, cardiac, 2509 lengthening, heart failure and, 1383 N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 2831 Nitrogen mustard, cardiac tumor, proliferation, 1143–1145 Nafcillin, IE S. aureus, 450 2270 2884 index

Nitroglycerin Norepinephrine genetic factors in development of, angiography, coronary, 756 aortic valve disease and, 389 2701 catheter US, 1798 infarction, right ventricular, 1879 health care services future and, cocaine-induced cardiovascular shock, 1875 2709–2710 complication, 2360 North American Society of Pacing and hemodynamics, 2695 coronary vasospasm, 789 Cardiac Electrophysiology hypertension and, 1835, 2704 heart failure, 1399 (NASPE) guidelines, factors leading to increased non-STEMI, 957 2134–2135 peripheral vascular resistance pregnancy/lactation, 2473–2474 Nortriptyline, smoking cessation, 2661 in, 2704 shock, 1875 Novacor, advanced heart failure, 1469 metabolic syndrome, 2684, STEMI, 968 Novastatin, heparin-induced 2696–2697 unstable angina, 957 thrombocytopenia, 2415 stroke and, 2703–2704 Nitroprusside NRT. See Nicotine replacement transplantation and, 1429 aortopathy and pregnancy, 2470 therapy vascular comorbidities associated arterial compliance abnormalities NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal with, 2707–2708 and, 1824 antiinflammatory agents endothelial function as, 2707 heart failure, 1399 Nuclear cardiology, 137–154 PHT as, 2707–2708 acute, 1410 myocardial perfusion imaging, pulmonary embolism as, 2707 pregnancy/lactation, 2474 137–139 sleep apnea as, 2708 shock, 1875 PET, 147–149 VTE as, 2707 Nitrous oxide, cardiovascular radionuclide ventriculography, ventricular function and effects of, operation, 2501–2502 149–154 2695–2696 NK-2 homeodomain proteins, single photon emission tomography, weight loss and, 2708–2709 1138–1139 139–147 Obstruction Nondihydropyridines, stable angina, Nuclear imaging, silent ischemia congenital, 212 915 prognosis, 707 valvar and paravalvar, 212–215 Noninvasive diagnostic measures, Nuclear scintigraphy, silent ischemia, AS in, 212–213 1–197 704 Obstructive pulmonary disease, PTE Non-ST elevation acute myocardial Nucleotide synthesis inhibitors and, 2186 infarction (non-STEMI), 60 transplantation immunosuppression, Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) ACC/AHA management guidelines 1446 cardiovascular regulations and, for, 1013–1015 transplantation rejection, 1453 1532–1533 ECG, 70 hypertension and, 1846 medical treatment of, 937–958 O Occlusion aspirin and heparin, 938–940 Obesity behind first diagonal branch, 63, clopidogrel, 940, 944–945 arrhythmias and, 2706 64 evidence-based medicine related atherosclerosis and, 1605–1606 behind first septal branch, 62–63 to, 956 CAD revascularization in, 2703 CX, 65, 66 evidence-based overview of cardiac morphology alterations and, diagonal branch, 64 specific therapies for, 2695 distal, 62, 63 938–946 cardiomyopathy of, 2705 proximal, 62 future lifestyle modifications and, cardiovascular complications of, RCA, 64, 65 956–957 2693–2710 Occlusive disease, coronary, general considerations for, 954–955 background for, 2693–2694 1074–1075 interventional threrapy, 953–954 key points for, 2693 OCT. See Optical coherence key points, 937 cardiovascular regulations and, tomography LMWH, 940–944 1532–1533 Octreotide platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa cardiovascular risk factor acromegaly, 2297 antagonists, 946–952 modification, exercise and, carcinoid heart disease, 2273 platelet IIb/IIIa receptor 2640 carcinoid syndrome, 2315 antagonist, 940 as CHD risk factor, 2618–2620 hypotension, postural, 1903, 1905 Non-STEMI. See Non-ST elevation adiposity, central and, 2619–2620 somatostatin, 2296 acute myocardial infarction diabetes and, 2620–2621 Off-pump coronary artery bypass Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents glucose metabolism, impaired and, (OPCAB) (NSAIDs) 2620–2621 CAD, 1061–1064 heart failure, 1398 metabolic syndrome and, neurocognitive functioning after, hypertension, 1856 2620–2621 1063–1064 nephrotoxicity, 1428 CHF and, 2704–2705 results, 1062–1063 RA, 2332 clinical/laboratory assessment of, technical aspects, 1061–1062 stable angina, 920, 931 2705 OPCAB. See Off-pump coronary artery STEMI, 973 ECG, 2705–2706 bypass (OPCAB) index 2885

Opioids, 2504 electrical parameters, determination PAN. See Polyarteritis nodosa cardiovascular operation, 2502 of, 2107–2108 Pancuronium, induction with, 2507 induction with, 2507 capture thresholds and, 2107, PAOP. See Pulmonary artery occlusion natural, 2501, 2504 2108 pressure synthetic, 2504 lead impedance and, 2107–2108 Papillary fibroelastomas, 2279–2280 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), signal amplitude/sensing and, Papillary muscle of conus, 208 627 2108 PAPP-A. See Pregnancy-associated Optic fundus photograph, CVD, 1618 environmental effects on, 2115–2116 plasma protein-A Oral contraceptives follow-up, complications of, PAPVR. See Partial anomalous hypertension and, 1846 2114–2115 pulmonary venous return Takayasu’s arteritis and pregnancy, guidelines, 2134–2135 PA radiograph. See Posteroanterior 2471 hemodynamics of, 2113–2114 radiograph Oral IIb/IIIa antagonists, stable angina, implantation, 2106–2107 Paragangliomas, 2283–2284 923 complications, 2114 Parasternal long-axis (PSLAX) view, Orthopnea, 20 procedural technique for, 99–100 OSA. See Obstructive sleep apnea 2106–2107 LV inflow/outflow tracts on, 99–100 Oseltamivir, COPD, 2258 indications, 2104–2106 RV inflow tract on, 100 Osteoporosis, transplantation and, atrioventricular block, acquired as, Parasternal short-axis view 1429 2104–2105 aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary Outflow obstruction bifascicular/trifascicular block as, valve level, 101, 102 AS and levels of, 469 2104–2105 LV, 101 ventricular, echocardiography, key points, 2103 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 300–303 modes, 2103–2104 2412 Outflow-tract obstruction (OTO) selecting, 2113 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous LV unique, 2113 return (PAPVR), 268 echocardiography, 300–303 rate-adaptive, 2112 Particulate matter disorders, PTE and, HCM and, 1367–1369 single-chamber, 2108–2109 2189–2190 MR and, 1369–1370 SND, 1935–1937, 2105 Patent arterial ducts, surgical nonvalvular clinical trials of, 1935–1936 treatment, 354 echocardiography for, 494 indications for, 1937 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulsed Doppler for, 121 pacemaker recalls/medical 233–234, 245–246 pregnancy and, 2459 advisories for, 1936–1938 large, 245–246 RV specialized pacing technique for, laboratory studies, 246 echocardiography, 300 1936 occlusion, 329–332 pregnancy and, 2460 specific conditions, 2106 AmplatzerTM occlusion device, 331 Oval fossa, 207–208 syncope, neurocardiogenic, 2105 coil, 330–331 Oxacillin, IE S. aureus, 450 syndrome, 2113–2114 GGVOD, 331 Oxidative stress, endothelial tachycardia, 2105 restrictive, 245 dysfunction and role of, types, 2108–2112 Patent foramen ovale (PFO), 326–327 1547 ventricular-based pacing, 2113 PAV. See Percutaneous aortic balloon Oxygenation, anesthesia for Pacing therapies valvuloplasty cardiovascular operation AF, 1972–1973 PCH. See Pulmonary capillary monitoring and, 2505–2506 cost-effectiveness, 2779 hemangiomatosis Oxygen therapy Paclitaxel, vasculoprotective disease, PCI. See Percutaneous coronary COPD, 2259–2260 1545 intervention PAH, 2230 Paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES), 1033 PDA. See Patent ductus arteriosus clinical trials, 1036 PDE-5. See Phosphodiesterase-5 P complications related to, 1041 inhibitors PAC. See Pulmonary artery catheter percutaneous artery PDT. See Photodynamic therapy Pacemakers, 2103–2116. See also revascularization, 1087 Pegvisomant, acromegaly, 2297 Biventricular pacing, heart sirolimus-eluting stents v., Penicillin failure 1043–1045 endocarditis during pregnancy, 2465 atrial-based pacing, 2113 small vessel, 1039 enterococci, IE, 449–450 carotid sinus hypersensitivity, vascular remodeling, 1552–1553 hypersensitivity angiitis, 2344 2105 PAH. See Pulmonary arterial myocardial injury, hypersensitive CHD, 2105–2106 hypertension and, 1304 children/adolescent, 2105–2106 PalmazTM balloon expandable stents, parenteral, Whipple’s disease, 1302 complications, 2114–2115 318 RF, 438 dual-chamber, 2109–2111 Palpitations, 23–24 streptococci, IE, 448–449 unique manifestations of, Pamidronate, disorders of calcium Pentamidine, SCD, 2045 2111–2112 metabolism, 2309 Pentasaccharide, venous disease, 1713 2886 index

Pentoxifylline Percutaneous mitral balloon infections and KD, 986 commissurotomy (PMV) bacterial, 1484 peripheral artery disease, lower double balloon v. Inoue techniques viral, 1484 extremity, 1697 of, 567–568 metabolic disorders and, 1484 Percutaneous aortic balloon MS, rheumatic, 558–569 MI and, 1484 valvuloplasty (PAV), 569–575 clinical follow-up for, 565–567 neoplasia and, 1484 AS, congenital for patients with, commissurotomy, surgical mitral pathophysiology, 1483–1505 575 v., 568–569 as RA cardiac complications, aortic valve replacement and, complications of, 564–565 2332 573–574 echocardiographic follow-up for, radiation and, 1484 cardiogenic shock, 574 568 radiologic signs of CVD and, 90 complications, 572–573 hemodynamic follow-up for, 568 SLE and, 2335 emergency noncardiac surgery immediate outcome of, 561–562 trauma and, 1484 patient, 574 mechanism, 561 treatment, 1483–1505 immediate results, 572 mitral valve area increase Pericardial effusion, 1485–1487 long-term follow-up, 573 predictors in, 562–564 etiology, 1487 mechanism, 572 patient selection for, 558 examination of pericardial fluid/ palliation, 574 success predictors for, 562–564 tissue and, 1487 patient selection, 575 pregnancy and, 569 recognition, 1485–1487 pregnancy and, 574–575 technique, 558 laboratory examination and, technique antegrade double balloon, 559–560 1485–1487 antegrade, 570–572 Inoue, 560–561 physical examination and, 1485 retrograde, 570, 571 Percutaneous pulmonic valvuloplasty Pericardiocentesis, cardiac tamponade, Percutaneous coronary intervention (PPV), 557–558 1494–1495 (PCI) Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty Pericarditis, 22 AMI, 1021–1027 (PTA) acute, 1502–1504 angioplasty, facilitated and, 1026 arterial ischemia, lower extremity, chest radiogram, 1503 embolic protection and, 1024 1761–1762 clinical course, 1503–1504 no reflow and, 1025 restenosis after, naked VEGF DNA clinical examination, rescue/salvage, 1024, 1026 treatment of, 1723–1725 1502–1503 without surgical standby, 1026 Percutaneous transluminal coronary ECG, 70, 1503 time to treatment of, 1021–1023 angioplasty (PTCA), 995–996, echocardiography, 1503 CAD, unstable, 1005–1015 1084 etiology, 1502 background of, 1005 Percutaneous tricuspid balloon laboratory findings, 1503 pathophysiology of, 1005–1006 valvuloplasty (PTV), 575 pathology, 1502 medical treatment v., cost- Percutaneous valve replacement symptoms, 1502 effectiveness of, 2777 surgical treatment, 351–352 constrictive, 1495–1501 rationale for, 1006–1007 valvular heart disease in cardiac cardiac catheterization, 1499 restenosis following, 1031–1032 catheterization laboratory and, chest radiogram, 1497, 1500 stable angina, 995–1002 481–484 clinical features, 1497 high-risk patients and, 1001–1002 Perhexiline, autonomic disorders and, diagnosis, 1499–1501 overview of, 995 1900 ECG, 1497, 1500 PTCA in, 995–996 Pericardial cavity, cardiac tamponade echo-Doppler cardiography, 1498, randomized trials of, 1001 induced by, 7–8 1500–1501 stents in, 996–997 Pericardial (mesothelial) cysts, 2285 effusive, 1501 STEMI, 969–970 Pericardial disease etiology, 1496 surgery v., cost-effectiveness of, anatomic abnormalities, 1479–1481 imaging modalities, 1500–1501 2777 mesothelial hyperplasia as, 1479 laboratory findings, 1497–1499 Percutaneous coronary pericardial cysts, 1481 pathophysiology, 1495–1496 revascularization, 1082–1090 pericardial fluid as, 1479 as RA cardiac complications, CAD, morbidity/mortality impact of, pericardial tumors as, 1481 2332–2333 1073–1094 pericarditis as, 1479–1481 restrictive cardiomyopathy and, coronary artery bypass compared chylopericardium and, 1485 1499–1500 with, 1085–1087 clinical recognition, 1483–1505 transient, 1501 diabetes mellitus, 1088 collagen vascular disorders and, effusive, chronic, 1487–1488 history, 1082 1484 as IE complication, 454–455 key points, 1073–1074 CT, 194 KD and, 983 natural history of treated vessel, drug-induced, 1485 pericardial disease and, 1479–1481 1083–1084 etiology, 1483–1505, 1484–1485 pregnancy and, 2470 patient management, 1088–1089 general considerations, 1483–1505 PTE and, 2187 stents, 1087–1088 idiopathic, 1484 recurrent, 1504 survival and impact of, 1084 immune disorders and, 1484 RF and, 435 index 2887

Pericardium, 7–8 and factors leading to Physical activity. See Exercise CMR imaging of, 174–175 increased, 2704 Physical examination, 19–42 scleroderma and involvement of, 2341 Peritonitis, PTE and, 2188 AS, 384–385 tumors, cardiac and involvement of, Perivalvular extension of infection, as AMI, 678–679 2269 IE complication, 454–455 amyloid heart disease, 1293–1295 tumors of, 2285–2286 Peroxisome-proliferator-activated aorta coarctation, 1626 Peripheral arterial disease, 1681–1700 receptor agonists (PPARs) aorta dissection, 1638 angiogenesis treatment of, clinical atherothrombotic risk modulation AR, 388 trials of therapeutic, 1722–1726 with, 2811, 2812 COPD, 2251–2252 FGF protein, 1725 vascular remodeling, 1551 HCM, 1270 FGF protein DNA, naked, 1726 Persistent pulmonary hypertension of heart disease patient, 29–42 HFG DNA, 1726 newborn (PPHN), 2229 auscultation, 36–37 VEGF, 1722 PERSUIT trial. See Platelet BP measurements in, 30–31 VEGF DNA, 1725 Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in clicks and, 37, 38–39 naked, 1722–1723 Unstable Angina Receptor friction rubs and, 40 lower extremity Suppression Using Integrilin gallop sounds and, 40–41 epidemiology of, 1688–1689 Therapy trial heart sounds from prosthetic history of, 1689–1690 PES. See Paclitaxel-eluting stent valves and, 41–42 natural history of, 1688–1689 PET. See Positron emission tomography inspection in, 29–30 noninvasive vascular laboratory Pfizer. See Sildenafi l jugular venous pulse and, 33–35 and, 1690–1694 PGE. See Prostaglandin E murmurs and, 39 physical examination of, 1689–1690 Pharmacologic stress, myocardial precordium, inspection/ surgical treatment, 1698–1699 perfusion imaging, 842 palpitation/percussion of, 35 treatment, 1694–1698 Phenindione, hypersensitivity pulses, regularity and Peripheral arterial occlusive diseases, myocardial injury and, 1304 configuration in, 31–33

clinical manifestations of, Phenothiazines S1, 37

1683–1699 SCD, 2045, 2046 S2, 37 carotid artery disease as, 1683–1686 SND, extrinsic and, 1927 heart failure, 1387 renal artery disease as, 1686–1688 Phenotype-genotype correlation, clinical recognition and, 1387–1388 Peripheral arteries 2735–2736 hypertension clinical recognition, aneurysms, 1663–1674 Phenoxybenzamine, 1847 pathologic processes affecting pheochromocytoma, 2302 IE clinical recognition, 444–445 arterial system in, 1682–1683 Phentermine myocarditis, 1321 atherosclerosis as, 1682 aortic valve disease and, 389–390 myxomas, cardiac, 2275 degenerative diseases as, 1682 obesity, 2709 PAH, 2217–2218 dysplastic diseases as, 1682 Phentolamine pericardial effusion recognition, embolic disease as, 1682 cocaine-induced cardiovascular 1485 thrombosis as, 1682 complication, 2360 peripheral arterial disease, lower vascular inflammation as, 1682 hypertensive crisis, 1862 extremity, 1689–1690 vasospastic disease as, 1682 Phenylalkylamines, hypertension, 1857 pulmonary valve disease, 393–394 Peripheral vascular diseases Phenylephrine, iatrogenic hypertension RCM, 1287–1288 endovascular procedures for and, 1846 stable angina, 669–670 treatment of, 1755–1778 Phenytoin, hypersensitive myocardial TR, 394 AAAs and, 1771–1774 injury and, 1304 tricuspid valve disease, 394–395 acute limb ischemia, management Pheochromocytoma, 2301–2302 TS, 394 of and, 1763–1770 clinical manifestations, 2301 Pilsicainide, BS, 2588 aortoiliac disease, 1762–1763 diagnosis, 2301–2302 Pimobendan, delaying progression of femoropopliteal disease, 1763 hypertension and, 1844 heart failure, 1406 FMD, 1774 secondary, 1849–1850 Pindolol, postural hypotension, 1903 infrapopliteal disease, 1763 pathophysiology, 2301 PISA. See Proximal isovelocity surface key points, 1755 PTE and, 2189 area lower extremity arterial ischemia treatment, 2302 Plaque and, 1761–1762 Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, distribution, IVUS, 1803 RAS, atherosclerotic, 1775–1776 2792–2794 noncalcified, CT angiography renovascular disease, 1774 CAD risk and, 2795 assessment of, 191 venous obstructions and, clinical trial data of, cardiac risk rupture, arterial compliance 1758–1761 and, 2795 abnormalities and, 1821 hypertension treatment and, 1861 CVD and use of, 2798–2799 types, IVUS, 1803–1804 terminolgy, 1681 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, PAH, vulnerable, IVUS, 1805–1806 vascular medicine and, 1681–1682 2235–2237 Plaquenil, hypercoagulable states, 2417 Peripheral vascular resistance, obesity Photodynamic therapy (PDT), 633 Plasma hormone levels, heart failure associated with hypertension PHT. See Pulmonary hypertension and, 1391–1392 2888 index

Plasma membrane Polymyositis (PM), 2342–2343 dyslipidemia, 1601 calcium channels, 1194–1195 Pompe disease, 2395 hyperlipidemia, cost-effectiveness, calcium pump, 1195 Porcine aortic valves, 377–378 2782, 2783 dyad, 1195–1196 Positron emission tomography (PET) metabolism complications of Aids excitation-contraction coupling and, basic principles of, 147–148 antiviral therapy, 2380 1194–1195 CAD, current pathophysiologic Pravastatin of Atorvastatin Evaluation sodium-calcium exchanger, 1195 concepts integrated with and Infection-Thrombolysis in sodium-hydrogen exchange, 1195 clinical, 867 Myocardial Infarction 22 sodium pump, 1195 cardiac, 855–868 (PROVE-IT) trial, 2679 Plasmapheresis, transplantation essential technical details for Prazosin, 395 rejection, 1454 clinical, 867 heart failure, delaying progression of, Platelet-activating factor, stable angina, coronary atherosclerosis, early 1405 919 imaging with, 861–865 Precordium, 35 Platelet antagonists, stable angina, myocardial metabolism evaluation Precyclosporin, hypertension, 1427 919–925 on, 149, 866 Prednisone Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa myocardial perfusion assessment adrenal insufficiency, 2298 antagonists with, 147–149 DCM and, 1241 ACS, 1089 evaluation and, 148–149 DM/PM, 2342 CAD, unstable and troponin release myocardial perfusion imaging, giant cell arteritis, 2344 to guide use of, 1009, 1010 855–860 KD, 986 coronary artery spasm, 946–952 myocardial viability, 866–867 myocarditis, 1325–1326, 2336 non-STEMI, 946–952, 957 myocardium, hibernating and PAN, 2343 PERSUIT trial, 948 stunned, 866–867 pericarditis, recurrent, 1504 PRISM-PLUS study, 949–950 perfusion imaging radiographic contrast material, PRISM study, 949 reversal treatment integrated with, 761 unstable angina, 946–952, 957 863–866 RCM, 1291 C7E3 Fab antiplatelet therapy in special cases for, 865–866 RF, 438 study of, 948 radiopharmaceuticals, 148–149 SLE, 2335 Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in reversal treatment integrated with Still’s disease, 2333 Unstable Angina Receptor perfusion imaging, 863–866 transplantation immunosuppression, Suppression Using Integrilin SPECT compared with, 149 1449 Therapy (PERSUIT) trial, 948 Posteroanterior (PA) radiograph, 82, Wegener’s granulomatosis, 2344 Platelet IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists 83–84 Preeclampsia, pregnancy and, coronary artery spasm, 940 Postmenopausal women 2465–2466 glycoprotein, 946–950 coronary lesions in pre- v., 722 treatment of, 2468 non-STEMI, 940 HRT in, coronary disease risk and, Preexcitation syndromes, 1979–1989 unstable angina, 940 719–720 accessory pathway for, ECG in Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Postmitotic cardiac phenotype, locating, 1983–1984 Ischemic Syndrome 1147–1148 AF and, 1958–1959 Management (PRISM) study, Postnatal heart, implications of cardiac ECG, understanding and, 949 development for, 1146–1147 1979–1980 Platelets Postural tachycardia syndrome, 1899 guidelines, current, 1988 hematologic disease, 2413–2415 Potassium incidence, 1980–1981 hyperactivity, 2415 channel defects, LQTS and, 2582 invasive testing, role of, 1988 inhibitors, transfusion/blood ECG T wave changes and changes in key points, 1979 conservation, 2509 concentration of serum, 74–75 low-risk patient, noninvasive tests to PAH mechanisms and, 2214 perchlorate, hyperthyroidism, 2313 recognize, 1985–1986 thrombosis, insulin resistance and, PowerLink system, 1773 practical approach to patient with, 2808 PPARs. See Peroxisome-proliferator- 1987–1988 clots in, 2808–2809 activated receptor agonists treatment, 1986–1987 Plavix. See Clopidogrel PPHN. See Persistent pulmonary drug, 1986–1987 Pletal. See Cilostazol hypertension of newborn nonpharmacologic, 1987 Pleural effusion, 28 PPV. See Percutaneous pulmonic Pregnancy PM. See Polymyositis valvuloplasty AF and, 2473 PMV. See Percutaneous mitral balloon P-QRS-T-U complex, 44 aneurysms and, 1668 commissurotomy Pravastatin. See also Long-Term anti-Ro antibody and, 2476–2477 Pneumonia, PTE and, 2185–2186 Intervention with Pravastatin aortopathy and, 2470–2471 Polyangiitis, microscopic, 2343–2344 in Ischemic Disease aortic dissection in, 2470 Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) ACS, 1013 atrial flutter and, 2473 aneurysms and, 1665 carotid artery stroke prevention and, BP, 2455 vasculitis, primary and, 2343 1746 bradyarrhythmias and, 2473 index 2889

CAD and PHT and, 2476 cardiac arrest, 2091 management and evaluation ofr, PMV and, 569 drug elimination, 2089 2475–2476 preeclampsia and, 2465–2466 drug-induced SLE, 2339 risk factors for, 2475 treatment of, 2468 important properties of, 2098 cardiac effects of, 2175–2477 SLE and, 2476–2477 pregnancy and, 2472, 2473 cardiac evaluation during, SVTs and, 2472–2473 SVT, 2090 2456–2457 Takayasu’s arteritis and, 2471 pregnancy and, 2473 invasive, 2457 transplantation and, 1430 therapy, managing, 2090 noninvasive, 2457 valvular heart disease and, VT, pregnancy and, 2472 signs in, 2456 2461–2465 Progenitor cells symptoms in, 2456 endocarditis in, 2464–2465 AMI therapy with, 1734 cardiac output, 2454–2455 specific lesions of, 2462–2464 atherosclerosis and role of, cardiomyopathy and, 2469–2470 vascular resistance, systemic and, 1546–1547 hypertrophic, 2469 2455 myocardial ischemia, chronic peripartum, 2469 VT and, 2472 therapy with, 1733 cardiovascular system adaptations Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A vasculoprotective disease and role of, during, 2453–2455 (PAPP-A), 645–646 1546–1547 CHD and, 270–271, 2457–2461 Pre-menopausal women, coronary Prokinetic drugs, SCD, 2045 postoperative patient, 2461 lesions in post- v., 722 Prolactin, 2296 preconception counseling for, Prenylamine, SCD, 2045 Propafenone, 2098 2457–2458 Pressure contours, valvular AF, 1970, 2091 specific lesions in, 2458–2461 regurgitation and, 474–475 atrial flutter, 1970 systemic ventricular dysfunction Pressure half-time cardiac arrest, 2091 during, 2461 AR severity assessment with ICD SCD, 2131 collagen vascular disease and, Doppler and, 505 important properties of, 2098 2476–2477 mitral valve area by, 511 LQTS, pregnancy and, 2473 DM and, 2477 Preventive cardiology, 2607–2832 proarrhythmia, 2093 heart and, 2453–2477 exercise effects on, 2631–2641 SCD, 2071 anatomic changes, 2454 intensity and, 2633–2634 sinus rhythm, 1967 complications, incidence of and, key point of, 2631 SVT, 2090 2453 occupational, 2632 Propofol, 2504 key points of, 2453 recreational, 2632–2633 Propranolol special considerations for, fitness and effects on, 2633 AF, 1962 2475–2476 primary prevention, 2632–2634 aortic dissection, 1641 heart block and, 2473 secondary prevention, cardiac atrial flutter, 1962 heart rate, 2454–2455 rehabilitation and, 2634–2637 diabetes mellitus, 2307 hematologic changes, 2455 cardiovascular event reduction in, hyperthyroidism, 2313 hemodynamics, 2454–2455 2634–2635 hypotension, postural, 1903 hypercoagulable states, secondary phases of, 2635–2637 induction with, 2507 and, 2429 physiologic adaptations in, 2635 lactation, 2474 hypertension and, 1846, 1853, Primitive cardiac tube, embryologic LQTS, pregnancy and, 2473 2465–2468 development, 3 pregnancy, 2473, 2474 chronic, 2465 Prinzmetal’s angina, treatment of, SCD, 2061 classification of, 2465–2466 956 stable angina, 915 treatment of, 1862, 2466–2468 PRISM in Patients Limited by Propylthiouracil, hyperthyroidism, hypertension induced by, 2465 Unstable Signs and Symptoms 2313 treatment of, 2467–2468 (PRISM-PLUS) study, Prostaglandin E (PGE) LQTS, hereditary and, 2473 949–950 ED, 2792 maternal arrhythmia during, PRISM-PLUS study. See PRISM in heart failure, advanced, 1466 2471–2473 Patients Limited by Unstable Prostaglandins, hypertension and, 1839 medications during, 2473–2475 Signs and Symptoms study Prostanoids, PAH, 2232–2234 antiarrhythmic therapy, 2475 PRISM study. See Platelet Receptor Prosthetic valve antibiotic prophylaxis, 2475 Inhibition in Ischemic dysfunction antihypertensive, 2473–2474 Syndrome Management study Doppler evaluation of, 530–533 diuretic, 2473 Proarrhythmia, antiarrhythmic echocardiographic assessment of, glycoside, 2473 therapy, 2092–2093 529–530 pain control, 2475 Procainamide, 2098 two-dimensional imaging of, MFS and, 2470–2471 AF, 1971, 2091 529–530, 531 mycotic aneurysm and, 2471 atrial flutter, 1971 echocardiographic assessment of, myocarditis and, 2469–2470 BS, 2054, 2588 488 PAV and, 574–575 bundle branch block, 1997 MRI, 553 2890 index

Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE), Pseudoaneurysms, 1663 epoprostenol, 2232–2233 457–460 femoral artery, 1673 general measure for, 2230–2232 antimicrobial therapy, 458 myocardial disease and, 1228–1229 iloprost, 2233–2234 clinical picture, 457 posttraumatic infected, 1668 phosphodiesterase inhibitors, diagnosis, 457 Pseudoinfarction, 59, 60 2235–2237 echocardiography, 457–458 Pseudosyncope, 2028. See also Syncope prostanoid, 2232–2234 incidence, 457 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), sitaxsentan, 2235 microbiology, 457 2563–2564 transplantation, 2237–2238 pathogenesis, 457 PSLAX view. See Parasternal long-axis treprostinil, 2233 prevention, 458–460 view mechanisms, 2211–2216 surgical treatment, 458 Psychiatric disorders, PTE and, 2188 angiogenesis and, 2215 Prosthetic valves, 376–378 Psychologic tests, COPD, 2254 ECM and, 2214–2215 bioprosthetic, complications of, 377 PTA. See Percutaneous transluminal endothelium and, 2211–2213 in catheterization laboratory, 477 angioplasty genetics and, 2215–2216 complications, 377 PTCA. See Percutaneous transluminal HIF-Iα and, 2215 heart sounds from, 41–42 coronary angioplasty inflammation and, 2215 porcine aortic, 377–378 PTE. See Pulmonary link between, 2216 pregnancy and, 2463–2464 thromboembolism platelets and, 2214 rigid-framed, complications of, 377 PTV. See Percutaneous tricuspid smooth muscle cell and, types, 376 balloon valvuloplasty 2213–2214 Protamine Pulmonary arterial hypertension MRI, 2226–2227 angiography, coronary, 756 (PAH), 89, 2203–2239 physical examination, 2217–2218 cardiopulmonary bypass, 2511 angiography, 2224–2225 prevalence/natural history, coagulopathy of cardiopulmonary association with other diseases, 2206–2207 bypass, 2416 2204–2206 pulmonary function tests for, radiographic contrast material, 761 catheterization, 2225–2226 2220 Protein C deficiency, 2426–2427 chest X-ray, 2220 symptoms, 2217 Protein losing enteropathy, 360 classification, 2204–2206 vascular biology of, 2211–2216 Proteins, 2734–2735 clinical/laboratory assessment, ventilation perfusion scans, 2224 evaluation, 2735 2218–2220 Pulmonary artery manipulation, 2735 clinical recognition, 2217–2227 agenesis, PTE and, 2187 markers of susceptibility, clinics, multidisciplinary for, 2238 aneurysm, 1671 development of and, comorbidities with, 2227–2230 CMR imaging of, 165–166 2742–2743 anorexigenic impact and, 2228 CT, 195 properties, 2734–2735 CHD as, 2227 shunts of, systemic, 303–304 system biology approaches to CTD as, 2227 Pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) quantitate/evaluate genes, hemoglobinopathies as, 2229–2230 artifacts, 2527 and their applications, HHT as, 2229 catheter-related infections, 2526 2736–2738 HIV as, 2228 catheter tip position/respiratory transgenic models to determine hypertension, portal as, 2228 influences and, 2527–2528 function of, 2738–2741 PCH as, 229 data interpretation errors of, 2526 Protein S deficiency, related disorders, PPHN as, 2229 data validity, factors affecting, 2427 thyroid disease as, 2230 2527–2529 Proteinuria detection, renal disease veno-occlusive disease as, endocarditis, 2525–2526 assessment and, 2824–2825 2228–2229 evidence for/against, 2530 Proteomics, 2738 CT, 2223–2224 heart rate and, 2528 Prothrombin gene mutation, 2428 ECG, 2220 hemodynamic monitoring, Prothrombotic state, management, echocardiography, 2221 intraoperative with, 2685 M-mode, 2221–2223 2524–2531 PROVE-IT trial. See Pravastatin of epidemiology, changing of, 2207 complications of, 2525–2526 Atorvastatin Evaluation and evidence-based approach to patient insertion of, practical considerations Infection-Thrombolysis in with, 2238–2239 for, 2525 Myocardial Infarction, 22 histopathology, 2211 knotting, 2525 Proximal flow convergence, color lung biopsy, 227 mixed venous oxygen saturation Doppler, 489 management, 2230–2238 measurment and, 2531 Proximal isovelocity surface area anticoagulant, 2230–2232 pacing, 2530 (PISA) beraprost, 2234 PAOP and, 2526 color Doppler, 489 bosentan, 2234–2235 perioperative period clinical use of, mitral valve area by, 511 CCB, 2232 2529–2530 MR, 521–524 endothelin receptor inhibitors, cardiac preload and, 2529 PS. See Pulmonary stenosis 2234–2235 goal-directed therapy and, 2529 index 2891

myocardial ischemia detection Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), Pulses and, 2529–2530 2177–2192 alternans, 31–32 pulmonary edema and, 2529 abdominal disorders and, 2188 atrial, 32 pulmonary vascular injury and, cardiovascular disorders and, heart disease patient physical 2526 2187–2188 examination and regularity/ PVR and, 2528 clinical features, 2178–2179 configuration of, 31–33 RVEF, 2530–2531 course/prognosis, 2192 paradoxus, 31, 32 thromboembolism, 2525–2526 diagnosis, 2183–2185 volume recordings, lower extremity types, special of, 2530–2531 differential diagnosis, 2185–2190 peripheral artery disease, 1694 valvular damage, 2525–2526 respiratory disorders Pulse wave velocity, 1825 valvular disease and, 2528 parenchymatous and, 2185–2186 CVD, 1618 ventilatory pressure influences and, pleural and congenital, PVE. See Prosthetic valve endocarditis 2528 2186–2187 PVR. See Pulmonary vascular ventricular compliance/pressure ECG findings, 2182 resistance volume relationships and, emboli, sources of and, 2177 PXE. See Pseudoxanthoma elasticum 2528 hematologic disorders and, Pyogenic abscess, PTE and, 2186 Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure 2188–2189 Pyridostigmine, postural hypotension, (PAOP), 2526 with infarction, 2179 1903 Pulmonary atresia, TOF with, 357 without infarction, 2178–2179 Pyridoxine, hyperhomocystinemia, Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis infectious disorders and, 2188 2430 (PCH), 229 laboratory findings, miscellaneous Pyrimethamine, toxoplasmosis, 1331 Pulmonary circulation, 2203 of, 2183 development, 2208 metabolic disorders and, 2189 Q mysteries, 2207–2208 neurologic disorders and, 2188 QRS axis vascular diversity within, 2208–2211 particulate matter disorders and, ECG, significance of, 48 clinical implications of, 2189–2190 QRS tachycardia, wide diagnosis 2210–2211 psychiatric disorders and, 2188 with ECG and, 2010–2011 Pulmonary function tests pulmonary-renal disorders and, 2188 VT, 2013–2014 COPD, 2253–2254 radiographic findings, 2179–2182 QRS complex PAH, 2220 risk factors, 2177 configuration characteristics of, 2011 Pulmonary hypertension (PHT), treatment, 2190–2192 SVTs and electrical alternans of, 389–390, 2203 Pulmonary trunk, coronary artery 1950 AIDS and, 2380–2381 origin from, 228 SVTs and mechanisms of widened, definition, 2204 Pulmonary valve 2008–2009 obesity and, 2707 disease, 393–395 concealed retrograde conduction pregnancy and, 2476 echocardiographic assessment of, and, 2008–2009 primary, pregnancy and, 2476 488, 528–529 phase 3 block, 2008 secondary, pregnancy and, 2476 key points, 393 VT, width of, 2013 SLE and, 2338 medical/surgical treatment, 395 QRS tachycardia, broad, 2007–2017 Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) MRI, 552 atrioventricular dissociation and, echocardiographic assessment of, natural history, 395 2007–2008 528–529, 530 pathophysiology, 393 ECG diagnosis of, 2009–2011 MRI, 552 physical examination, 393–394 atrioventricular dissociation and, Pulmonary-renal disorders, PTE and, valvar regurgitation, 217–218 2009–2010 2188 Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), QRS axis and, 2010–2011 Pulmonary stenosis (PS), 250–252 2528 QRS complex width and, 2010 dilation, 312–314 Pulmonary vasculature key points, 2007 Doppler evaluation of, 528 PAC and injury to, 2526 practical approach, 2017 echocardiographic assessment of, radiologic signs of CVD and, 87–90 Quinapril 528 pulmonary arterial hypertension heart failure, delaying progression of, intravascular stents, 319 as, 89 1401 pediatric, 319 pulmonary embolism as, 89–90 hypertension, 1857 pulmonary valve stenosis and, pulmonary venous hypertension Quinidine, 2098–2099 250–252 as, 87–89 adverse effects, 2099 diagnosis of, 251–252 Pulmonary veins. See also Anomalous AF, 1971, 2091 prognosis of, 252 pulmonary veins atrial flutter, 1971 treatment of, 252 assessment, CMR imaging of, BS, 2055, 2589 subpulmonary stenosis and, 252 165–166 bundle branch block, 1997 surgical treatment, 351 CT electrophysical applications for, cardiac arrest, 2092 tricuspid atresia treatment with, 197 drug elimination, 2090 263 interventional therapy, 322 drug-induced SLE, 2339 2892 index

Quinidine (cont.) Radionuclide ventriculography, percutaneous angioplasty for, 1688 LQTS, acquired, 2052 149–154 renal arterial duplex-scanning and, pharmacokinetics, 2099 analysis, 152–153 1687 pharmacology, 2098–2099 exercise, 151–152 stenting, 1688 SCD, 2045 gated equilibrium, 150–151, 152 Renal artery stenosis (RAS), 1775–1776 SQTS, 2055–2056, 2586 right ventricular function analysis Renal diseases thrombocytopenia induced by, 2415 on, 153–154 CVD and assessment of, 2823–2825 use, 2099 Radiopharmaceuticals GFR and, 2823–2824 VT, pregnancy and, 2472 PET, 148–149 hematuria detection and, 2825 Quinolone, amyloidosis, 1295 single photon emission tomography, proteinuria detection and, Quinupristin-dalfopristin, IE 141–143 2824–2825 enterococci, 450 99mTc-labeled perfusion agents as, diabetic, 2822 142–143 hypertension and, 1843–1844 R 201TI as, 141–142 Renal insufficiency, transplantation RA. See Rheumatoid arthritis Rales, 27–28 and, 1421 RAAS. See Renin-angiotensin- Ramipril Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system aldosterone system heart failure, delaying progression of, (RAAS) RAAS inhibitors, coarctation of aorta, 1401 heart failure and, 1384–1385 1627 post-MI, 1408 hypertension and, 1837–1838 Race, as SCD risk factor, 2042 SCD, 2062 Renin-angiotensin system, CKD Radiation stable angina, 918 progression and inhibiting, CT, cardiac and dose of, 191–192 Ramus intermedius branch, 763 2825–2828 heart disease induced by, 1298 Rapamycin. See Sirolimus Renovascular disease, endovascular pericardial disease and, 1484 RAS. See Renal artery stenosis procedures for treatment of, Radioactive gold, cardiac tumors, 2270 RBBB. See Right bundle branch 1774 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), block Reperfusion 2778–2779 RBCs. See Red blood cells AMI, 1021 Radiographic contrast material RCM. See Restrictive cardiomyopathy assessment of, after fibrinolytic

angiography, coronary and, 753–755 α1-Receptor antagonists, therapy, 969 allergic type reactions in, 761 pheochromocytoma, 2302 cost-effectiveness, 2773 anesthetics, 761–762 β-Receptor blocking agents, shock, 1877–1879 anticoagulants for, 761 pheochromocytoma, 2302 STEMI treatment with, 965–966 arrhythmias, 762 Red blood cells (RBCs) ST recovery following, 67–69 hemodynamic deterioration, 762 anemia and, 2409–2412 Repolarization, 43 renal dysfunction in, 760–761 erythrocytosis and, 2412–2413 ECG T wave changes and early, 73 injection of, 755 hematologic disease, 2409–2413 Reserpine, hypertension, 1859 physiologic events of, 754–755 Refsum disease, 2399 Resins, vulnerable plaque, 630 Radiography. See also Chest Regional wall-motion abnormalities Resistance arteries, 661–662 radiography; Computed (RWMA), 811–812 Resistance vessels radiography Region of interest (ROI), 543 coronary, 661–662 coronary anatomy evaluation with, Rehabilitation myogenic mechanisms and, 661 762–776 cost-effectiveness, 2775 penetrating arteries and, 662 coronary angiography, 745–748 peripheral arterial disease, lower coronary arterioles, 661 cineangiography and, 747 extremity, 1695–1696 Respiratory disorders digital processing, display, storage phases of cardiac, 2635–2637 congenital, PTE and, 2186–2187 and, 747 preventive cardiology and, parenchymatous, PTE and, fluoroscopic display and, 747 2634–2637 2185–2186 image detection and, 746–747 Relapsing polychondritis (RP), 2346 pleural, PTE and, 2186–2187 image resolution of, 747–748 Renal arterial disease Restenosis X-ray generation and, 745–746 CKD screening and, 2829–2831 after CEA, 1776 heart failure chest, 1388 clinical presentation, 2830 PCI and, 1031–1032 hemochromatosis, 1297 imaging, 2830–2831 after percutaneous transluminal PTE findings with, 2179–2182 management, 2831 angioplasty, 1723–1725 Radiology, RCM, 1288 Renal artery risk factors, 1032 Radionuclide angiocardiography, aneurysm, 1670 vascular remodeling gene therapy 149–150 disease, 1686–1688 and prevention of, 1553–1554 Radionuclide imaging, SCD, 2059 contrast angiography for, 1687 Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), Radionuclide studies CT angiography for, 1687 1285–1298 amyloid heart disease, 1294–1295 diagnosis, 1686–1687 amyloid heart disease and, hemochromatosis, 1297 medical treatment for, 1687 1291–1296 RCM, 1290–1291 MRA for, 1687 clinical recognition, 1287–1291 index 2893

definition, 1285 skin manifestations as, 435–436 Rosiglitazone eosinophil in heart disease and, Sydenham’s chorea as, 435 AIDS, 2379 1285–1287 etiopathogenesis, 432 vascular remodeling, 1551 heart disease, radiation-induced and, factors within streptococci and, RP. See Relapsing polychondritis 1298 432 RTKs, 1182 hemochromatosis and, 1296–1298 host factors and, 432 Rubidium-82, as PET pharmaceutical, history, 1287–1288 global burden of, 431 148 key points, 1285 key points, 431 RV. See Right ventricle laboratory examination, 1288–1291 laboratory investigations, 436–437 RVEF. See Right ventricular ejection angiocardiography, 1289–1290 mechanisms of damage for, 432 fraction cardiac catheterization, 1289 natural history, 437–438 RVH. See Right ventricular hypertrophy ECG, 1288 pathology, 432–434 RVOT. See Right ventricular outflow ambulatory, 1290 streptococcal vaccine, 439 tract echocardiography, 1289 treatment, 438–439 RWMA. See Regional wall-motion endomyocardial biopsy, 1290 Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), 431 abnormalities radiology, 1288 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) radionuclide studies, 1290–1291 cardiac complications of, 2332–2333 S

myocardial disease and, 1226 pericardial disease as, 2332 S1. See First heart sound

pathophysiology, 1285 pericarditis, constrictive as, S2. See Second heart sound

physical examination, 1287–1288 2332–2333 S3. See Third heart sound

treatment, 1291 Still’s disease as, 2333 S4. See Fourth heart sound Restrictive disease, heart failure and, as CVD risk factor, 2331–2332 SAA. See Serum amyloid 1381 DCM and, 1243 Salicylates Resumption, delayed, 1927 therapies, 2332 myocarditis, 1324 Reteplase, STEMI, 968 Ribavirin, COPD, 2258 RF, 438 Retransplantation, 1425, 1431 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 2734 Salmeterol, COPD, 2256–2257 Revascularization. See also Rickettsia rickettsii, myocarditis, Salt restriction, heart failure and, 1397 Percutaneous coronary 1330 Saphenous vein grafts (SVG) revascularization Rifampin, IE staphylococci, 451 DES, 1040 CAD, in obesity, 2703 Right bundle branch block (RBBB), 58, disease, 1090–1092 coronary, AS, 386 59 Sarcoidosis, cardiac, 1333 cost-effectiveness, 2775–2777 Right ventricle (RV), 208 echocardiographic evaluation, 1372 variations in cost and, 2775–2776 COPD and hypertrophy of, 53, 56 Sarcoplasmic reticulum cost to society, 2775 dilation of, 52–53, 54 calcium pump and, 1197–1198 CT angiography and, 190–191 heart failure and, cardiac calcium-release channels, 1196–1197 exercise testing, 739, 744 enlargement in, 1391 calcium retention and, 1198 myocardial perfusion imaging use myxomas, cardiac, 2278 excitation-contraction coupling and, and, 850 myxomas of, 2278 1196–1198 noncardiac surgery and coronary, pressure in, 53, 55 S. aureus 2493–2494 radionuclide ventriculography IE, medical treatment, 450–451 occlusive disease, coronary analysis and function of, methicillin resistant, medical treatment with, 1074–1075 153–154 treatment, 451 trials, 1085 Right ventricular ejection fraction methicillin susceptible, medical Reversal treatment, PET perfusion (RVEF), 2530–2531 treatment, 450 imaging integrated with, Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival 863–866 52–53, 54 Study (4S), 2678, 2783 RF. See Rheumatic fever COPD and, 53, 56 SCD. See Sudden cardiac death RFA. See Radiofrequency ablation Right ventricular outflow tract SCD-HeFT. See SCD in Heart Failure Rhabdomyomas, 2278–2279 (RVOT), 121 Trial Rhabdomyosarcomas, 2285 Right ventricular outlet, 209 SCD in Heart Failure Trial (SCD- RHD. See Rheumatic heart disease Riley-Day syndrome, autonomic HeFT), 2067–2068 Rheumatic fever (RF), 431–439. See disorders and, 1895–1896 Scheie syndrome, 2397 also Acute rheumatic fever; Ritonavir, AIDS, 2379 Scintillation counter, 139–140 Rheumatic heart disease RNA. See Ribonucleic acid Scleroderma, 2339–2342 clinical diagnosis, 436 Roentgenography, myxoma cardiac complications, secondary of, clinical features, 434–436 left atrial, 2275 2341–2342 cardiac involvement as, 434 right atrial, 2277 DCM and, 1243 endocarditis as, 435 Rofecoxib, stable angina, 931 DM and, 2342–2343 joint symptoms as, 434 ROI. See Region of interest myocardial involvement, 2340–2341 myocarditis as, 435 Romano-Ward syndrome, LQTS and, pericardial involvement, 2341 pericarditis as, 435 2580–2581 PM and, 2342–2343 2894 index

Scopolamine evidence-based medicine, 2586 Single-gene disorders, 2552–2553 cardiovascular operation, pathophysiology, 2586 congenital heart defects due to, premedication, 2502 recognition of problem, 2586 2601–2604 valvular heart disease patient SCD and, 2055–2056 ASDs, 2604 noncardiac surgery and, 2496 SHS. See Secondhand smoke Holt-Oram syndrome, 2604 Secondhand smoke (SHS) Sibrafiban, stable angina, 923 Noonan syndrome, 2604 CVD and, 2649–2661 Sibutramine hydrochloride, obesity, Single nucleotide polymorphisms background, 2649–2650 2709 (SNP), 2737–2738 key points, 2649 Sickle cell disease, PTE and, 2189 Single photon emission computed smoke-free environments and, 2658 Sideris ButtonTM device, 324 tomography (SPECT), 141

Second heart sound (S2), 37 SIDS. See Sudden infant death LV function on gated, prognostic Secundum atrioseptal defect, 352–353 syndrome value of assessing regional/ Segmental pressure measurements, Signal transducers global, 849–850 lower extremity peripheral abnormalities in, hypertension and, myocardial perfusion imaging, artery disease, 1691 1841–1842 841–851 Selenium deficiency as hypertrophy, cardiac, 1181–1182 CAD detection and, 842 cardiomyopathy caused by, 1246, Sildenafil (Viagra, Pfizer) future directions of, 850–851 1303 CAD risk and, 2795 image analysis of, 146–147 HIV ventricular function and, clinical trial data of, cardiac risk key points, 841–842 2378–2379 and, 2795 prognostic applications of stress, Septal defects CVD and use of, 2798–2799 843–850 surgical treatment, 352–354 ED, 2793–2794 PET perfusion imaging compared ventricular, AMI echocardiography hypotension, postural, 1887 with, 149 and, 816 PAH, 2233, 2235–2237 resting, myocardial viability Seronegative spondyloarthritis, post-marketing surveillance studies assessment with, 850 2346–2348 of, 2797 Single photon emission tomography, Serotonin SCD, 2045 139–147 SCD, 2045 stable angina, 913 choice of stress, 143–144 stable angina, 919 Silent ischemia, 699–708 exercise as, 143 syncope, 2031 asymptomatic patients, prognosis in, sympathomimetic pharmacologic Serum amyloid (SAA), 646 706 stress as, 144 Serum response factor (SRF), 1140–1141 CAD and, prognosis in, 705–706 vasodilator pharmacologic stress Sestamibi, 142 CNS and as, 143–144 Sex hormones, vascular disease and, mechanisms in altered, 700 image analysis and, 145–147 718–719 pain threshold evaluation in, 700, imaging protocols, 144–145 Sexual activity, cardiovascular risk of, 701 choice of stressor and, 144 2794 detection/documentation of hybrid, 145 Shock, 1871–1880 AECG monitoring, 703–704 99mTc-labeled perfusion agents and, angiography, coronary and, 757 exercise stress testing, 703 144 cardiogenic, 1872–1873 nuclear scintigraphy, 704 201Thallium and, 144 circulatory support for, 1874 prognosis and, 706–707 physics and instrumentation, clinical recognition, 1874 stress echocardiography, 705 139–141 hypovolemic, 1871 in diabetes mellitus patients, 702 acquisition modes in, 141 incidence, 1873–1874 historical perspective, 699 scintillation counter in, 139–140 mechanical support, 1875–1879 inflammation and, 700 single-crystal gamma camera as, intraaortic balloon ischemic area, size and, 701–702 140–141 counterpulsation, 1875–1876 key points, 699 radiopharmaceuticals, 141–143 mechanical circulatory assistance, LV function and hemodynamics of, 99mTc-labeled perfusion agents as, 1876–1877 702 142–143 monitoring, 1874 nuclear imaging, prognosis and, 201TI as, 141–142 mortality, 1873–1874 707 Single-vessel disease, treatment of pharmacologic support for, prognosis in patients with, 705–707 stable angina and, 998–999 1874–1875 psychological aspects in, 700–701 Sinoatrial node, 15 predictors, 1873–1874 suppressing, results of, 708 Sinus node artery, 9, 764 reperfusion treatment, 1877–1879 Simvastatin. See also Scandinavian Sinus node disturbances, SCD and, right ventricular infarction, 1879 Simvastatin Survival Study 2056–2057 septic, 1871–1872 HPS, 2679 Sinus node dysfunction (SND), Short QT interval syndrome (SQTS). hyperlipidemia, cost-effectiveness of, 1925–1938 See also Long QT syndrome 2783 background, 1925 background, 2585 Single-crystal gamma camera, clinical and ECG features, BS and, 2026–2027 140–141 1928–1931 index 2895

clinical recognition, 1928–1934 SLE. See Systemic lupus Sodium channel blockers complications, 1933–1934 erythematosus antiarrhythmic therapy, 2088 demographics, 1928 Sleep apnea, obesity and, 2708 BS and pharmacologic challenge diagnostic techniques SMA. See Superior mesenteric artery with, 2588 invasive, 1933 Smallpox vaccination, myocarditis drug-channel interactions, 2088 noninvasive, 1931–1933 and, 1328 proarrhythmia, 2093 epidemiology, 1928 Smoking. See also Secondhand smoke Sodium nitroprusside extrinsic, 1927–1928 atherosclerosis and, 2650 aortic dissection, 1641–1642 guidelines, 1937 pathophysiology of, 2655 aortic valve disease patient intrinsic, 1927 CAD and, 2650–2651 noncardiac surgery and, key points, 1925 female, 715 2496 manifestations, 1926–1927 cardiovascular regulations and, 1532 heart failure, acute and, 1410 natural history, 1928 cessation, 2656–2661 hypertensive crisis, 1862 pacemaker therapy, 1935–1937, cost-effectiveness of, 2783 MR, 419 2105 pharmacotherapy options for, Solitary arterial trunks, 226 clinical trials in, 1935–1936 2658–2661 Somatostatin, 2296 indications for, 1937 stable angina risk factor reduction carcinoid syndrome, 2315 pacemaker recalls/medical and, 925 Sotalol, 2099 advisories, 1936–1938 as CHD risk factor, 2617–2618 AF, 1970, 1971, 2091 specialized pacing technique for, COPD and cessation of, 2255–2256 arrhythmias, primary cardiac, 1936 CVD and, 2649–2661 2032 pathophysiology, 1925–1928 background, 2649–2650 ARVD, 1310 posttransplant, 1430 key points, 2649 atrial flutter, 1971 syncope and, 2023 pathophysiology of, 2652–2656 cardiac arrest, 2091 treatment, 1934–1937 risk factors of, 2651 hypertension, 1856 ablation, 1937 electrophysiologic effects of, 2655 important properties of, 2099 pacemaker therapy, 1935–1937 endothelial dysfunction and, LQTS, acquired, 2053 pharmacologic, 1934–1935 2654–2655 preexcitation, 1987 Sinus node reentrant tachycardia energetics and effects of, 2655 SCD, 2064, 2070 (SRT), 1931 heart failure and, 1398 sinus rhythm, 1967 Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms, 269–270, hemodynamic function and, SQTS, 2055–2056, 2586 1634–1635 2655–2656 SVT, 2090 natural history, 1634 SCD and, 2651 therapeutic windows, 2089 ruptured, 1635 stable angina risk factor reduction Sotalol hydrochloride, VT, 2472 surgical repair, 1635 and cessation of, 925 SPECT. See Single photon emission treatment, 1635 thrombosis and, 2652–2653 computed tomography Sinus rhythm tobacco, CVD and, 2650–2652 Sphingolipidoses antiarrhythmic drugs, specific, Smooth muscle cell cardiac involvement, 2396–2397 1967–1969 PAH mechanisms and, 2213–2214 Fabry’s disease as, 2396 delayed, 1927 proliferation, atherosclerosis and, Gaucher disease as, 2396–2397 ECG value during, 2016 1594–1595 Spider bites, myocardial injury and, pharmacologic therapy for Smooth muscle relaxation, arterial 1304 maintenance of, compliance and, 1813–1814 Spinal cord lesions, autonomic 1966–1969 Snake bites, myocardial injury and, disorders and, 1894–1895 rate v. rhythm control and, 1967 1304 Spiral aorticopulmonary septum, Sirolimus (Rapamycin), 1033 SND. See Sinus node dysfunction 4, 6 CAV, 1425 SNP. See Single nucleotide Spirapril, hypertension, 1857 DES, 1033 polymorphisms Spironolactone clinical trials with, 1035–1036 SNS. See Sympathetic nervous system DCM, 1250 percutaneous artery Sodium heart failure, delaying progression of, revascularization, 1087 channel defects, LQTS and, 2582 1407 heart failure, advanced, 1461 hypertension and intake of, 1835, hypertension, 1856 transplantation immunosuppression, 1853–1854 mineralocorticoids, disorders of, 1445, 1448 pump, plasma membrane, 1195 2300 vasculoprotective disease, 1545 retention, renal, 1839 Splenic abscess, as IE complication, Sitaxsentan, PAH, 2235 thiopental, cardiovascular operation, 456 Situs inversus, embryologic 2501 SQTS. See Short QT interval development of heart and, 4 Sodium bicarbonate syndrome Situs solitus, embryologic development cardiac arrest, 2091 SRF. See Serum response factor of heart and, 4 percutaneous coronary SRT. See Sinus node reentrant Skeletal myoblasts, 2747–2748 revascularization, 1089 tachycardia 2896 index

Stable angina, 668–670 type VI lesion in, 1597 Stem cell therapy coronary heart disease, 668–670 type V lesion in, 1597 cardiac disease, 2745–2765 diet and, 925–929 Statins key point of, 2745–2746 CETP in, 928–929 ACS and, 1012–1013 cardiac repair and, 2746–2747 lipid-lowering therapy in, 926–928 acute lipid lowering, 954 cell delivery modalities, 2752–2755 metabolic syndrome in, 929 ASCVD risk, 2675–2676 homing and safety issues with, high-risk patients, PCI and, atherosclerosis, 1544 2755 1001–1002 atherothrombotic risk modulation intramyocardial injection as, medical treatment of, 911–932 with, 2811, 2812 2752–2755 ACE inhibitor, 917–919 CAD, unstable, 1010 stem cell mobilization as, 2752 β-adrenergic antagonist, 913–915 coronary risk factors and prevention transvascular, 2752 calcium antagonist, 915–917, 918 with, 2624 future perspectives, 2765 cyclooxygenase enzyme-inhibiting diabetes and trials of, 2679 improvement of, functional/ medications for, 931 dyslipidemia, 1601 morphologic, 2761–2764 EECP and, 929–930 hyperlipidemia, cost-effectiveness of, ischemic heart disease, 2756–2760 HRT and, 930–931 2783 clinical experience of, 2757–2760 key points of, 911–913 lipoprotein metabolism, 2675–2676 experimental background of, miscellaneous, 929–931 primary prevention trials with, 2756–2757 nitrate, 913 2679–2680 safety, 2765 NSAID, 931 proinflammatory state, 2685 stem cell types/characteristics, oral IIb/IIIa antagonist, 923 stable angina, 997 2747–2752 platelet antagonist, 919–925 STEMI, 963 adult bone-marrow-derived, 2748 therapeutic options, 932 trials, 2678–2680 alternative sources for, 2751–2752 warfarin, 923–925 secondary prevention, 2678–2679 bone marrow, 2751 multivessel disease and, treatment vascular remodeling, 1551 CSC, resident as, 2751 of, 999–1001 vulnerable plaque, 630 EPC as, 2749–2751 pathophysiology, 668–669 Steinert’s disease. See Myotonic ESC as, 2748 PCI and, 995–1002 dystrophy MSC as, 2748–2749 overview of, 995 ST elevation acute myocardial skeletal myoblasts as, 2747–2748 PTCA in, 995–996 infarction (STEMI), 60–67, vascular repair and, 2746–2747 randomized trials of, 1001 61–62 STEMI. See ST elevation acute stents in, 996–997 acute anterior wall myocardial myocardial infarction physical examination/bedside infarction and, 62–65 Stenosis. See also Renal artery testing, 669–670 conduction disturbances in, 65–67 stenosis PTCA, 995–996 coronary artery system anatomy aortic, 212–213 risk factor reduction, 925 and, 61 CAD, diffuse without localized flow- hypertension and, 925 intraventricular septal rupture after, limiting, 861–862 smoking cessation and, 925 69 coronary, ostial, 756–757 single-vessel disease and, treatment reperfusion in, T wave changes mitral, 215 of, 998–999 following, 71, 72 pulmonary, 214–215 Staphylococci, IE treatment, 963–975 subaortic, 213–214 coagulase-negative, medical ancillary medical therapy, fibrous, 213–214 treatment, 451 970–971 muscular, 213 gram-negative bacillary antiplatelet therapy, 968 tunnel, 214–215 microorganisms, 451–452 antithrombotic therapy, 966–968 Stents. See also ACHEIVETM stent; C- HACEK group, medical treatment, convalescent care, 973–974 myc antisense eluting stent; 451 fibrinolytic therapy, reperfusion CypherTM stent; Drug-eluting medical treatment, 450–451 assessment and, 969 stents; Multilink Tetra-D S. aureus, medical treatment, future issues, 974–975 stent; TaxusTM stent 450–451 hemodynamic complications of, AAA and grafts of STARFlex deviceTM, 323–324 971–972 Ancure device for, 1772 Starvation, cardiomyopathy caused by, importance of time and, 964–965 AneuRx for, 1772 1303 key points, 963–964 design characteristics for, Stary classification, atherosclerosis, PCI, 969–970 1771–1773 1596–1598 pharmacologic reperfusion therapy, Excluder for, 1773 type III lesion in, 1596 965–966 PowerLink system for, 1773 type II lesion in, 1596 recurrent symptoms and, 973 Zenith for, 1773 type I lesion in, 1596 standard initial, 968–969 AMI and implantation of, 1023, 1024 type IV lesion in, 1596–1597 ventricular aneurysm, 973 apposition, incomplete, 1042 type VIII lesion in, 1598 Stem cell replacement, amyloid heart arterial ischemia, lower extremity, type VII lesion in, 1597 disease, 1295–1296 1762 index 2897

CAD, unstable and use of, 1008, 1009 myocardium assessment on EPS testing, 2060 carotid, 1776–1778 basic principles and definitions of, evaluation, 2058–2061 guidelines for, 1750 823–824 exercise stress testing, 2059 stroke prevention with, 1748–1749 interpretation, 824 HCM and, 2057 intravascular, 317–319 ischemic, 823–831 heart rate viability, 2060 procedure, 318–319 methodology, 824–826 ICD and risk stratification for, PS, 319 viable, 823–831 2128–2129 types, 318 pharmacologic, myocardium autonomic nervous system IVUS and, 1801–1802, 1806 assessment on, 825–826 dysfunction in, 2129–2130 PCI and stable angina, 996–997 silent ischemia, 705 cardiac function in, 2128 percutaneous artery treadmill, myocardium assessment ECG in, 2128–2129 revascularization, 1087–1088 on, 824–825 ICD for, clinical trials evaluating, peripheral arterial disease, lower Stress testing 2131–2134 extremity, 1699 CAD patient, noncardiac surgery infarction, recent and, 2058 placement, TIA, 1917–1918 and, 2491–2492 ischemia, recent and, 2058 replacement, great vessel pharmacologic, noncardiac surgery key points, 2039 obstruction, 317 CAD patient and, 2492–2493 LQTS and underexpansion, 1042 pregnancy, 2457 acquired, 2052–2053 Stent thrombosis Stroke congenital, 2050–2051 acute, 1041 AF and risk of, 1960 MRI, 2059 late, 1042 anticoagulation for, 1961 pathology, 598 subacute, 1042 obesity and, 2703–2704 pathophysiology, 2057–2058 Steroids Strontium-82, as PET pharmaceutical, physical activity and, 2042–2044 giant cell arteritis, 1652 148 population dynamics and, RF, 438 Subaortic stenosis, 250 2040–2041 transplantation immunosuppression, surgical treatment, 343–345 posttransplant, 1430–1431 1448 Substance abuse, heart and, prevention transplantation rejection, 1452 2357–2364 antiarrhythmic drugs and, Still’s disease, as RA cardiac alcohol, 2361–2363 2070–2072 complications, 2333 amphetamine, 2363 implantable cardioverter Storage diseases, myocardial disease anabolic steroids, 2363 defibrillator trials for, and, 1226–1228 caffeine, 2364 2065–2070 Strain, 1825 cocaine, 2357–2360 pharmacologic studies for, Streptococci marijuana, 2363 2061–2065 penicillin-susceptible IE, medical Succinylcholine, 2504 primary, 2061–2070 treatment of, 448–449 Sudden cardiac death (SCD), secondary, 2070–2072 RF and factors within, 432 2039–2072 psychological factors, 2042–2043 Streptococcus, bacterial myocarditis autonomic variation, 2044–2045 radionuclide imaging, 2059 and, 1328 BS and, 2053–2055 risk factors, 2041–2044 Streptomycin CAD, stable and, 2057 time dependance of, 2041 myocardial injury, hypersensitive cardiomyopathy, dilated and, transient, 2044 and, 1304 2057–2058 risk stratification, 2058–2061 parenteral, Whipple’s disease and, catheterization, cardiac, 2060 sinus node, atrioventricular 1302 definition, 2039–2040 conduction disturbances and, Stress, 1825 drugs, 2045–2046 2056–2057 atherosclerosis and, 1608–1609 dysrhythmias during, 2058 smoking and, 2651 physiological, hypertension and, ECG, 2058 SQTS and, 2055–2056 1835–1836 ambulatory, 2059 systemic factors, 2044 Stress echocardiography, 823–831 signal averaged, 2059–2060 toxins, 2045–2046 adenosine, 825 echocardiography, 2058–2059 TWA, microvolt, 2060–2061 bicycle, myocardium assessment on, electrophysiologic abnormalities, underlying disease, 2046–2050 825 primary AMI as, 2046 dipyridamole, 825 LQT1 as, 2051 ARVD as, 2048–2049 dobutamine, 705 LQT2 as, 2051 CAD as, 2046 exercise, 705 LQT3 as, 2051 cardiomyopathy, dilated as, 2050 myocardial ischemia detection LQT4 as, 2051 coronary artery abnormalities as, and, 826–827 LQT5 as, 2051 2047–2048 myocardial ischemia prognosis LQT6 as, 2052 HCM as, 2046–2047 after, 827 LQT7 as, 2052 valvular heart disease as, myocardial ischemia detection and, LQTS as, 2050–2051, 2052–2053 2049–2050 826–828 epidemiology, 2040 VF, idiopathic and, 2056 2898 index

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) (cont.) QRS complex electrical alternans MS, anesthesia for, 2508 VT and and, 1950 noncardiac catecholamine-sensitive drug therapy, guidelines for, 2090 CAD patient, 2489–2495 polymorphic, 2056 ICD and discrimination algorithms cardiomyopathy patient, idiopathic, 2056 of, 2123–2126 2496–2497 WPW and, 2053 initiation, mode of, 1948–1949 evaluation of patients for, Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), key points, 1943 2487–2497 2585 paroxysmal, 2169 general approach to, 2488–2489 Sufentanil, induction with, 2507 pregnancy and, 2472–2473 history/physical and, 2488 Sulfadiazine, toxoplasmosis, 1331 QRS, widened during, 2008–2009 key points for, 2487–2488 Sulfamethoxazole concealed retrograde conduction preoperative assessment and, SCD, 2045 and, 2008–2009 2488 Whipple’s disease, 1302 phase 3 block, 2008 revascularization, coronary and, Sulfonamides surgical treatment of paroxysmal, 2493–2494 hypersensitivity angiitis, 2344 2169 TEE for, 2536–2537 myocardial injury, hypersensitive termination, mode of, 1950 valvular heart disease patient, 2496 and, 1304 treatment, 1951–1952 patent arterial ducts, 354 Sulfonylureas Surgery, 341–361 PCI v., cost-effectiveness of, 2777 AIDS, 2379 AS, 341–343 percutaneous valve replacement, diabetes mellitus, 2307 anesthesia for, 2508 351–352 Superior caval vein, 205–207 supravalvar, 345 PS, 351 Superior mesenteric artery (SMA), 1669 anesthesia for cardiovascular, septal defects, 352–354 Superior vena cava (SVC), 1760–1761 2501–2511 subaortic stenosis, 343–345 Supraventricular arrhythmias, conduct of, 2506–2511 TGA, 357–358 2591–2592 critical care unit transfer and, 2511 TOF, 355–357 AF, familial and, 2591–2592 intraoperative complications and, tricuspid atresia, 358–360 catheter ablation, 2139–2158 2509–2510 tricuspid valvular disease, 351 historical aspects of, 2139–2140 monitoring, 2505–2506 VSD, 354 idiopathic sick syndrome and, 2591 operating room environment and, SVC. See Superior vena cava due to Mahaim fibers, surgical 2503 SVG. See Saphenous vein grafts treatment of, 2170–2171 postoperative care, 2511 SVTs. See Supraventricular Supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs), preanesthetic preparation and, tachycardias 1943–1952 2502–2503 Sydenham’s chorea, 435 antiarrhyhtmic therapy, evidence- anomalous pulmonary veins, Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) based guidelines for choosing, 352–354 heart failure and, 1384 2090 aortic insufficiency, anesthesia for, hypertension and, 1836–1837 catheter ablation, 2140–2152 2508 Sympathomimetic pharmacologic accessory pathway AR, 346–349 stress, 144 complications of, 2143–2144 ASD, 352–353 Syncope, 24–25, 383, 2019–2034 recurrence of conduction of, AVSD, 353–354 arrhythmias, cardiac as primary 2143 beating heart, anesthesia for, 2509 cause of, 2023–2028 success rate of, 2142–2143 CAD, anesthesia for, 2508 background, 2019 accessory pathway localization for, cardiac, TEE for, 2534–2536 cardiac conduction disease and, 2140–2141 COA, 345–346 2023–2024 procedure for, 2141–2142 collaborative catheterization cerebrovascular disease as cause of, site, optimal for, 2142 procedures and, 336 2027 slow pathway procedure for, congenital defects in adult, specific, classification, 2021–2028 2144–2145 341–361 cough, 25 classification, 1943–1947 coronary artery anomalies, 354–355 CVD, structural as cause of, 2027 accelerated atrioventricular cyanotic heart disease, 355–357 diagnostic testing, 2028–2033 junctional rhythm and, 1947 double-inlet ventricle, 358–360 ATP, 2031 atrial flutter and, 1945–1946 Ebstein’s anomaly, 351 autonomic function, 2030–2031 atrial tachycardia and, 1943–1945 general considerations, 341 cardiovascular studies, AV N RT a nd, 1946 –1947 heart and, 2485–2540 noninvasive for, 2029 diagnosis, practical approach to, medical treatment v., cost- EPS, invasive, 2029–2030 1951 effectiveness of, 2776–2777 initial evaluation and, 2028–2029 distinguishing between different mitral insufficiency, anesthesia for, neurologic studies, 2031 types of, findings helpful in, 2508 strategy, 2028–2031 1948–1951 mitral valve disease, 349–350, 351 epidemiology, 2019–2020 heart rate slowing during MR, 419–422 guideline recommendations, tachycardia and, 1950–1951 indications for, 422 2033–2034 index 2899

key points, 2019 Tachycardia, 31. See also Bradycardia- TDOC. See Thermodilution cardiac micturition, 25 tachycardia syndrome; output mimics, nonsyncope causes of, Multicenter UnSustained Teboroxime, 142 2027–2028 Tachycardia Trial; specific 99mTechnetium ( 99mTc) -labeled perfusion neurally mediated, 2022 tachycardias agents, 142–143 autonomic disorders and, atrial, 1943–1944 single photon emission tomography 1897–1898 catheter ablation for, 2149 imaging protocols and, neurocardiac, 24 localizing, 1944–1945 144–145 neurocardiogenic, pacing, 2105 surgical treatment of, 2169–2170 TEE. See Transesophageal orthostatic atrioventricular reciprocating, 1947 echocardiography causes of, 2022 catheter ablation, indications for, Telmisartan, hy pertension, 1858 treatment of, 2031–2032 2140–2157 Tenecteplase, STEM I, 968 pathophysiology, 2020 circus movement, 1981–1982 Teratomas, 2285 recognition, 2021–2028 heart rate slowing during, when Terfenadine, SCD, 2045 reflex, neurally mediated syndromes bundle branch block develops, TEs. See Echo times of, 2022 1950–1951 Tetracycline SND and, 2023 “incisional,” catheter ablation for, myocardial injury, hypersensitive tachyarrhythmias and, 2024–2025 2146–2148 and, 1304 treatment overview, 2031–2033 pacing, 2105 tumors, cardiac, 2270 vasovagal, autonomic disorders and, Q waves during, 2011 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 226, 1897–1898 sinus, 1929–1930 233–234 Syndrome X, 22 inappropriate, 1929–1930 CHD, complex and, 256–259 CAD in women and, 717 Tacrolimus echocardiography, 296–297 Syntax trial, 1001 DES, 1034 prognosis, 258 Systemic disorders, cardiac effects of, heart failure, advanced, 1461 pulmonary atresia with, surgical 2175–2477 hypertension, 1427 treatment, 357 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) nephrotoxicity, 1427–1428 surgical treatment, 355–357 antiphospholipid antibody neurotoxicity, 1428 treatment, 258–259 syndromes, 2337–2338 transplantation immunosuppression, Tetrofosmin, 142 CAD and, 2336 1445, 1448 TGA. See Transposition of great CHB and, 2338 Tadalafil (Cialis) arteries DCM and, 1243 CAD risk and, 2796 Thalassemia, 2410 drug-induced, 2339 clinical trial data of, cardiac risk Thalidomide, Behçet’s syndrome, myocarditis and, 2335–2336 and, 2795 2345 pericardial disease and, 2335 ED, 2793–2794 201Thallium (201TI), 141–142 PHT and, 2338 PAH, 2237 single photon emission tomography pregnancy and, 2476–2477 TAH. See Total artificial heart imaging protocols and, 144 PTE and, 2186 Takayasu’s arteritis, 1649–1652 Thallium imaging. See Dipyridamole- as RA cardiac complications, clinical recognition, 1651 thallium imaging, noncardiac 2333–2339 etiology, 1651 surgery CAD patient valvular lesions and, 2336–2337 natural history, 1651 Theophylline Systemic veins, interventional therapy, pregnancy and, 2471 COPD, 2257–2258 321–322 treatment, 1651–1652 radiographic contrast material, 761 Systolic dysfunction, heart failure and, vasculitis, primary and, 2345 SND, 1934, 1935 1382 Tako-Tsubo syndrome, 72 Thermodilution cardiac output Systolic function, echocardiography Tamsulosin, ED, 2794 (TDCO), 2531–2532 evaluation of, 1359 TAPVC. See Total anomalous continuous, 2532 Systolic heart failure, diastolic and, pulmonary venous transpulmonary, 2532 1204–1209 connection Thiamine deficiency, cardiomyopathy Systolic pressure index, ankle-brachial, Taurine deficiency, cardiomyopathy caused by, 1245, 1302 1620 caused by, 1303 Thiazide diuretics Systolic time intervals, diastolic TaxusTM stent, 997, 1033, 1037 atherosclerosis, 1604 heart failure diagnosis with, CypherTM stent v., 1043–1045 carotid artery disease, 1684 1211 small artery, 1039 hypertension, 1856 TBX family transcription factors, Thiazolidinediones T 1141 AIDS, 2379 99m T4, hypothyroidism, 2311 Tc-labeled perfusion agents. See BP, elevated, 2685 Tachyarrhythmias 99mTechnetium-labeled diabetes mellitus, 2306, 2307 supraventricular, posttransplant, perfusion agents diabetes/metabolic syndrome,

1430 TcPO 2. See Transcutaneous oximetry 1533 syncope and, 2024–2025 TDI. See Tissue Doppler imaging proinflammatory state, 2685 2900 index

Thieropyridines Thromboxane receptor antagonists, Total artificial heart (TAH), 1470 atherothrombotic risk modulation hypercoagulable states, 2417 Toxoplasmosis, 1331 with, 2810 Thrombus formation, pathophysiology TR. See Tricuspid regurgitation CAD, unstable, 1009 of, 1960–1961 Trandolapril stable angina, 920–923 Thymomodulin, myocarditis, 1326 post-MI, 1408 stent thrombosis, subacute, 1042 Thyroid disease stable angina, 919 Thiopental, 2504 hypertension and, 1845 Tranexamic acid, blood conservation, Thioridazine, SCD, 2046 PAH and, 2230 2509

Third heart sound (S3), 40–41 Thyroid hormone, palpitations and, 24 Transcutaneous oximetry (TcPO2), Thoracic aortic aneurysm, 1628–1634 Thyrotoxicosis, AF and, 1959 1694 clinical recognition, 1629 Thyroxine, hypothyroidism, 2311 Transesophageal echocardiography descending, 1631–1634 201TI. See 201Thallium (TEE), 93, 107–114 dissecting, 22 TIAs. See Transient ischemic attacks ASD, 284–286 natural history, 1629 Ticlid. See Ticlopidine secundum, 283 postoperative management, 1634 Ticlopidine (Ticlid) CMR compared with, 165 surgical repair, 1629 atherothrombotic risk modulation IE diagnosis and, 445–446 Three-vessel disease, ECG, 70 with, 2810 image display, 107–110, 112, 114 Thrombectomy CAD, unstable, 1009 intraoperative, 2534–2539 AMI, 1026–1027 hypercoagulable states, 2417 cardiac surgery, 2534–2536 percutaneous mechanical peripheral artery disease, lower complications of, 2538 power-pulse spray, 1759–1760 extremity, 1698 contraindications for, 2537 venous angioplasty/stenting, stable angina, 920–921 indications for, 2534–2537 1760 thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced, ischemia and, 2537–2538 venous obstructions, 1759–1760 2415 noncardiac surgery, 2536–2538 Thrombin, 940 TIA, 1915–1916 probe insertion for, 2537 inhibitors, 1962 TIMI 11 study. See Thrombosis in MR assessment by, 524 stable angina, 919 Myocardial Infarction 11 PVE, 457–458 STEMI, 968 study SHD, 280 vasculoprotective disease, 1545 Timolol, SCD, 2061 technical aspects, 107 Thrombocytopenia Tiotropium, COPD, 2256 TTE v., 96–97, 109 heparin-induced, 2415 Tirofiban, 946 views quinidine, 2415 AMI adjunctive treatment with, pericardium, 110, 112 Thrombocytosis, 2413–2415 1023 sequence of standard, 110 Thromboembolism. See also CAD, unstable, 1010 transesophageal, 110–113 Pulmonary thromboembolism interventional therapies used with, decreased “optimized” depth, aortic, 1654 950 111–113, 114, 115, 116 PAC, 2525–2526 PRISM-PLUS study, 949 descending thoracic aorta, Thrombolysis, 1759. See also PRISM study, 949 113–114, 119 Pravastatin of Atorvastatin transfusion/blood conservation, 2509 transgastric, 113, 117–118 Evaluation and Infection- Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), 122, ventricles, 110, 112 Thrombolysis in Myocardial 123–125 Transfusions, anesthesia, 2509 Infarction 22 Tissue factor, atherosclerosis and, 1608 Transgenic animals/models Thrombolytic therapy, AMI, 2446 Tissue harmonics, 108, 117, 125 conditional responsive, development Thrombosis. See also Deep vein Tissue synchronization imaging (TSI), of, 2741 thrombosis 122–123, 125–126 gene function determined by, atherosclerosis and, insulin TLOC. See Transient loss of 2738–2741 resistance and, 2807–2808 consciousness overexpression of, with coronary, acute coronary lesions and, TNF-α antagonists. See Tumor cardiovascular specificity, 595–596, 597 necrosis factor-α antagonists 2739–2741 insulin resistance and, 2808–2809 TNT. See Treat to New Targets protein function determined by, peripheral artery system and, 1682 Tobacco. See also Secondhand smoke; 2738–2741 prevention, 632 Smoking Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), smoking and, 2652–2653 atherosclerosis, 1602 1911–1918 stent, 1041, 1042 control background/history, 1911–1912 SVC, 1760–1761 physicians and, 2656 as clinical disorder, recognition of, Thrombosis in Myocardial Infarction public policy and, 2661 1913–1914 (TIMI) 11 study, 943 palpitations and, 24 diagnostic tests, 1914–1915 Thrombotic microangiopathy, 2412 Tobramycin, IE S. aureus, 450 key points, 1911

Thromboxane A2 TOF. See Tetralog y of Fallot management, evidence-based MI, 938 Total anomalous pulmonary venous medicine on, 1915–1918 stable angina, 919, 931 connection (TAPVC), 268 AHA guidelines for, 1918 index 2901

medical therapy, 1915–1917 immunosuppression programs, Trauma anticoagulant, 1916–1917 standard for, 1448–1449 aortic, blunt, 1652–1653 antiplatelet, 1915–1916 nucleotide synthesis inhibitors for, pericardial disease and, 1484 pathophysiology, 1912–1913 1446 Treat to New Targets (TNT), 2679 risk factor modification, 1915 pharmacologic agents for, Treprostinil, PAH, 2233 surgical management, 1917–1918 1445–1446 Triamterene, hypertension, 1856 angioplasty, 1917–1918 physical agents for, 1447–1448 Tricuspid atresia, 261–263 carotid artery disease and, 1917 rejection, 1443 PS treatment of, 263 extracranial-intracranial bypass, infections and, 1421 surgical repair, 358–360 1918 long-term complications, 1420 Tricuspid regurgitation (TR), 216 stent placement and, 1917–1918 malignancy, 1428 echocardiographic assessment of, Transient loss of consciousness myocardial disease and, 1229–1230 526–528 (TLOC), 2019 myocarditis and cardiac, 1327 functional, echocardiographic nonsyncope causes of, 2027–2028 nephrotoxicity and, 1427–1428 assessment of, 526–527 Transmitral gradient, MS neurotoxicity, 1428–1429 MRI, 551–552 catheterization, 470–472 obesity and, 1429 physical examination, 394 Transplantation, 1417–1431 osteoporosis and, 1429–1430 posttraumatic, echocardiographic acute cellular rejection, outcomes, 1419–1430 assessment of, 526 1449–1453 PAH management with, 2237–2238 rheumatic, echocardiographic clinical manifestations of, 1450 patient selection, 1417–1419 assessment of, 526 endomyocardial biopsy diagnosis perioperative complications, severity, Doppler evaluation of, of, 1450 1419–1420 527–528 histopathology and, 1450 pregnancy and, 1430 two-dimensional examination, surrogate markers of rejection rejection, 1453–1454 differential diagnosis and, and, 1450–1452 surgical complications, general, 526–527 treatment, 1452–1453 1430 velocity, mitral valve disease and, allorecognition, 1443 survival/causes of death, 1419 511 angiography, coronary and, 757 T-cell activation, 1443–1444 Tricuspid stenosis (TS), 215, 252–253 arrhythmias, posttransplant and, Transplant-related arteriopathy, Doppler assessment of, 525 1430–1431 angiographic evaluation of, echocardiographic assessment of, 525 cardiac 792 physical examination, 394 anesthesia, 2508–2509 Transposition of great arteries (TGA), rheumatoid, echocardiographic pacing, 2106 233–234. See also D- assessment of, 525 CAV and, 1421–1426, 1454 transposition of great arteries; valvuloplasty, 316–317 diagnosis of, 1423–1424 L-transposition of great Tricuspid valve incidence of, 1422 arteries lesions, surgical treatment, 586 pathogenesis of, 1424–1425 congenitally corrected, 265–268 surgical treatment, 586 pathology of, 1424 treatment of, 267–268 valvar regurgitation, 216 presentation of, 1422 pregnancy and, 2460 Tricuspid valvular disease, 393–395 prognosis of, 1422 surgical repair, 357–358 echocardiographic assessment of, treatment of, 1425 Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), 488, 525–528 chronic rejection, 1454 93, 98–106 key points, 393 effector responses, 1445 ASD, 285 medical/surgical treatment, 395 future directions, 1431 CHD, 279–280 MRI, 551 gout and, 1430 IE diagnosis and, 445–446 natural history, 395 heart, rehabilitation after, 1128 ordering an echocardiogram and, 98 pathophysiology, 393 heart failure planar image display, 99 physical examination, 394–395 advanced, 1461–1466 PVE, 457 pregnancy and, 2463 cost-effectiveness of, 2782 scanning techniques for, 98–99 surgical treatment, 351 life, prolonging and, 1408 TEE v., 96–97, 109 Tricyclic antidepressants, SCD, heart-lung, CHD, 360–361 ventricular inflow abnormality, 292 2045–2046 heart rejection, 1449 views, 99–105 Trifascicular block, pacemaker for noninvasive testing for, 1452 apical, 102, 104 acquired, 2104–2105 hirsutism and, 1429 modified, 103 Triglycerides, AIDS, 2379 hypertension and, 1426–1427 parasternal short-axis, 101, 102 Trimethoprim immunologic testing, 1454 PSLAX, 99–100 COPD, 2258 immunosuppression, 1445–1454 standard M-mode, 103–105, 111 SCD, 2045 biologic agents for, 1446–1447 subcostal, 102–103, 108, 109 Whipple’s disease, 1302 corticosteroids for, 1446 suprasternal notch, 103, 110 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, immunophilin binding agents for, VSD, 287–288 Wegener’s granulomatosis, 1445–1446 Trastuzumab (Herceptin), 1241 2344 2902 index

Trinucleotide repeat syndromes general considerations for, Uremia, PTE and, 2188 cardiac involvement, 2392–2394 2267–2270 Urokinase, KD, 987 FRDA as, 2394 leukemias as, 2271 US. See Ultrasound myotonic dystrophy as, lymphomas as, 2271 2392–2394 myocardial involvement in, V

Tropomyosin 2269–2270 V4R, value of, 65 cardiac contraction and, 1192 pericardial involvement in, 2269 Valdecoxib, stable angina, 931 gene mutations, HCM and, 1267 treatment, 2270–2271 Valganciclovir, transplantation Troponin complex, cardiac contraction Tur ner sy nd rome, 2 31 infection and, 1421 and, 1192 CHD-associated, 2600 Valsartan Troponin, HCM gene mutations and, TWA. See T-wave alternans heart failure, delaying progression of, 1266–1267 T-wave alternans (TWA), 2060 –2061 1402 Troponin release, unstable CAD and post-MI, 1408 platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa U SCD, 2062–2063, 2063 inhibition guided by, 1009, UFH. See Unfractionated heparin Valvar regurgitation, 216–218. See also 1010 Ulinastatin, KD, 986 Aortic regurgitation; Mitral Truncus arteriosus, 263–265 Ultrasound (US). See also Intravascular regurgitation; Tricuspid persistent, echocardiography, ultrasound regurgitation 299–300 B-mode atrioventricular, 253 TS. See Tricuspid stenosis arterial dimensions and, 1790 pulmonary valve, 217–218 TSI. See Tissue synchronization atherosclerosis assessment with, Valve area determination imaging 1783–1791 aortic valve TTE. See Transthoracic IMT, normal/abnormal and, continuity equation, 497–498 echocardiography 1786 –1787 planimetry, 494–495 Tuberculosis, PTE and, 2186 key points for, 1783–1784 AS severity and, 500 Tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) principles, 1784–1785 mitral, 473 antagonists reproducibility, 1785–1786 continuous equation for, 511 drug-induced SLE, 2339 validity, 1786 PISA for, 511 RA, 2331 catheter, technology, 1797–1798 pressure half-time method for, 511 Tumors, card iac, 2267–2287 CVD, early, 1620 valvular heart disease, 464–465 aortic, 1655 duplex, scans, 1694 Valve replacement CMR imaging of, 174 physics, 97–98 MS, 583 intracavitary, 2270 renal, 2825 percutaneous, 587 key points, 2267 venous disease duplex venous, 1709 Valves, radiologic signs of CVD and, 87 pericardial, 1481 Unfractionated heparin (UFH) Valvular disease of pericardium, 2285–2286 non-STEMI, 1013–1015 endocrine, 370–372 primary, 2273–2285 unstable angina, 1013–1015 metabolic, 370–372 angiosarcomas as malignant, Unstable angina, 672 MRI of, 537–553 2284–2285 ACC/AHA management guidelines key points, 537 benign, 2278–2284 for, 1013–1015 PAC and, 2528 fibromas as benign, 2279 C7E3 Fab antiplatelet therapy in Valvular dysfunction, RA and hemangiomas as benign, 2284 study of refractory, 948 involvement of, 2333 lipomas as benign, 2281–2283 medical treatment of Valvular heart disease, 367–588, malignant, 2284–2285 aspirin and heparin, 938–940 389–390 mesotheliomas as benign, 2283 clopidogrel, 944–945 anatomic abnormalities, 369–378 myxomas as, 2273–2278 clopidogrel and platelet IIb/IIIa collagen vascular disease as, papillary fibroelastomas as benign, receptor antagonist, 940 372–375 2279–2280 evidence-based medicine related conduits and, 378 paragangliomas as benign, to, 956 floppy valve as, 369–370 2283–2284 evidence-based overview of IE as, 376 rhabdomyomas as benign, specific therapies for, key points, 369 2278–2279 938–946 prosthetic heart valves as, 376–378 rhabdomyosarcomas as malignant, future lifestyle modifications and, aortic valve 2285 956–957 disease of, 381–390 secondary, 2267–2273 general considerations for, surgical treatment, 585 AIDS and, 2272 954–955 in cardiac catheterization laboratory, carcinoid heart disease and, interventional therapy, 953–954 assessment and therapy of, 2272–2273 key points, 937 463–484 coronary artery involvement in, LMWH, 940–944 key point, 463–464 2270 platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa percutaneous valve replacement/ diagnostic studies, 2270 antagonists, 946–952 repair and, 481–484 index 2903

principles and, 464–467 MS, 315–316 pseudosubstrates in, 1572 technique for, 465–467 pediatric, 315 signal peptide in, 1571 in catheterization laboratory pulmonary, 312–314 fi brinolytic system and, 1567–1571 calculations for, 464–465 pediatric, 313–314 function, 1567–1577 general approach to, 464 TS, 316–317 thrombosis, 1567–1577 CMR imaging of, 173–174 Vancomycin Vascular endothelial growth factor color Doppler, 487 enterococci, IE, 449–450 (VEGF) congenital, 375–376 S. aureus, IE, 450, 451 DES, 1034 echocardiographic assessment of, staphylococci, IE, 451 DNA 487–533 streptococci, 449 peripheral arterial disease key points, 487–488 Vardenafil (Levitra) treatment with, 1725 exercise testing, 740, 744 CAD risk and, 2796 viral encoded, CAD treatment KD and, 983 ED, 2793–2794 with, 1730 mitral valve, surgical treatment, PAH, 2237 naked, DNA 583–585 Vascular communications, abnormal CAD treatment with, noncardiac surgery for patients with, extracardiac, 332–333 1728–1729 2496 Vascular development, angiogenesis peripheral arterial disease pregnancy and, 2461–2465 and, 1718–1719 treatment with, 1722–1723 endocarditis in, 2464–2465 Vascular disease, 1509–1918 peripheral arterial disease treatment specific lesions of, 2462–2464 coronary, nonatherposclerotic, 596, with, 1722 RF as, 431–439 597, 598 protein, CAD treatment with, SCD underlying disease and, general aspects of, 1581 1726 –1728 2049–2050 hypertension as, 1852 Vascular growth factors, 1719 surgical treatment IMT symptomatic, 1788–1790 Vascular inflammation, peripheral bioprosthetic valves v. mechanical, sex hormones and, 718–719 artery system and, 1682 588 treatment of, 1755–1758 Vascular medicine general considerations, 582–583 arterial noninvasive testing for, interdisciplinary vascular isolated v. combined operations 1756 collaboration and, 1681–1682 for, 588 background of history, 1755–1756 peripheral vascular diseases and, key points, 581–582 endovascular procedure for, 1681–1682 limited access, 587 1757–1758 specialist, 1681–1682 limited access v. conventional endovascular suite and, Vascular remodeling valve, 588 1757–1758 in atherosclerosis, 1544 outcome, 588 noninvasive testing for, 1756 endothelial dysfunction, postoperative care, 586–587 venous noninvasive testing for, 1547–1550 redo valve procedures, 587 1756 in health and disease, 1541–1558 summary, 588 Vascular endothelial cells in hypertension, 1543–1544 tricuspid valve, surgical treatment, coagulation system molecular mechanism of, 1547 586 anticoagulant mechanisms in, in physiologic/pathologic states, Valvular regurgitation, 152 1575–1576 1542–1547 in catheterization laboratory, blood-borne tissue factor in, 1575 in response to alterations in blood 474–477 blood coagulation as surface- flow, 1542–1543 angiographic severity and, 475–476 catalyzed process in, signaling mechanisms involved in, overview, 474 1574–1575 1550–1551 pressure/pressure contours and, catalytic domain in, 1572 therapeutic strategies for, 474–475 epidermal growth factor domain 1551–1558 regurgitant fraction in, 476–477 in, 1571–1572 cell-based therapy for vascular regurgitant volume, 476–477 initiation of coagulation and, protection/repair and, Valvular stenoses, interventional 1574 1554–1558 therapy, 312–319 kringle domain in, 1572 drug, 1551 general considerations for, 312 main procoagulant/anticoagulant gene therapy for enhancement of Valvulitis proteins, structure of, endothelial function and collagen vascular disease, 372–374 1571–1572 prevention of restenosis, lesions resembling, 374–375 platelet adhesion/aggregation and, 1553–1554 lupus erythematosus, 373–374 1572–1574 surgical, 1551–1553 rheumatic, 372–373 procoagulant mechanisms in, in vasculoprotective disease, rheumatoid, 373, 374 1572–1575 1544–1546 Valvuloplasty. See also specific propagation of coagulation and, acute injury, release of mediators valvuloplasties 1574 and, 1545 AS, 314–315 propeptide/γ-carboxyglutamic acid- smooth muscle replication/ pediatric, 315 rich domain in, 1571 inflammation and, 1546 2904 index

Vascular smooth muscle, differentiated Vasodilating systems, decreased SVC thrombosis syndrome, contraction, biochemical mechanism activity, 1838–1839 1760 –1761 of, 1514–1516 Vasodilator pharmacologic stress, as thrombectomy, percutaneous contractile proteins for, 1514–1515 single photon emission mechanical, 1759–1760 crossbridge cycling by light chain tomography stress, 143–144 Venous pressure, heart failure and, phosphorylation, regulation of Vasodilators 1387 and, 1515–1516 cardiomyopathy, dilated patient Venous thromboembolism (VTE), latch state and, 1516 noncardiac surgery and, 1705 regulatory proteins, 1516 2496 obesity and, 2707 excitation-contraction coupling and, heart failure, 1399 Ventilation perfusion scans, PAH, 1516–1522 hypertrophy, cardiac, 1185 2224 cytoplamic Ca+ levels, myocarditis, 1325 Ventilatory gas analysis, exercise mechanisms regulating and, stress, myocardial perfusion testing with, 743–744 1518–1519 imaging, 842 Ventricles. See also Left ventricle; Left electrochemical gradients, smooth Vasopressing system, heart failure and, ventricular hypertrophy; Right muscle membrane activation 1385 ventricle; Right ventricular and, 1516–1518 Vasopressin, SCD, 2045 hypertrophy signal transduction and, Vasospastic disease, peripheral artery anatomic features, 10–13 1519–1522 system and, 1682 anatomy, 7 histology, 1511–1514 Vector system aneurysm key points, 1511 gene therapy and, 2722 MI echocardiography and, molecular and cellular physiology of, nonviral, gene therapy and, 2723 820–821 1511–1522 viral, gene therapy and, 2722–2723 STEMI and, 973 Vascular structure/function, aging and, VEGF. See Vascular endothelial CT angiography and structure/ 2439–2441 growth factor function of, 192–193 Vasculature Velocardiofacial syndrome, CHD- dysfunction, 1380 autonomic dysfunction and, associated, 2601 heart failure and post-MI, 1886–1887 Vena contracta, color Doppler, 489 1408–1409 hypotension and, 1886–1887 Veno-occlusive disease, PAH and, systemic, pregnancy and, 2461 Vasculitis 2228–2229 function coronary abnormalities associated Venous disease, 1705–1714 obesity and effects on, with, angiographic evaluation background/history, 1705 2695–2696 of, 792–793 diagnosis, 1708–1710 regional, 153 coronary, RA and involvement of, clinical manifestations and, volumes/mass, CMR imaging 2333 1708–1709 quantitative assessment of, primary, 2343–2346 D-dimer testing and, 1709 166–168 Behçet’s syndrome and, imaging tests for, 1709–1710 Ventricular arrhythmia 2345–2346 epidemiology, 1705–1707 catheter ablation, 2139–2158 KD and, 2345 key points, 1705 historical aspects of, 2139–2140 PAN and, 2343 pathophysiology, 1707–1708 evidence-based guidelines for RP and, 2346 prevention, 1712–1714 choosing therapy, 2091–2092 Takayasu’s arteritis and, 2345 therapy, 1710–1712 heart failure and, 1391 Wegener’s granulomatosis and, catheter-directed thrombolysis/ myocarditis and, 1321 2343–2344 intervention and, 1711–1712 posttransplant, 1430–1431 Vasculogenesis, postnatal, 1719 DVT, recurrent and, 1711 Ventricular fibrillation (VF) Vasculoproliferative disorders, gene inferior vena caval filter insertion catheter ablation, 2157 transfer clinical trials for, and, 1712 idiopathic, SCD and, 2056 2725–2727 venous insufficiency and, 1711 Ventricular infarction, AMI Vasculoprotective disease warfarin anticoagulation, 1712 echocardiography and right, progenitor cells in, role of, vascular growth factors and, 1719 816–817 1546–1547 vasculogenesis, postnatal and, Ventricular inflow, abnormalities of vascular remodeling in, 1544–1546 1719 echocardiography, 292–294 acute injury, release of mediators Venous hums, 35 TTE, 292 and, 1545 Venous inflow, abnormalities of, Ventricular number/morphology, smooth muscle replication/ 291–292 abnormalities of inflammation and, 1546 Venous obstructions echocardiography, 294–296 Vasoconstriction, cocaine-induced, catheter-directed thrombolysis, single ventricle complex, 2358 1759 echocardiography, 294–296 Vasoconstrictor systems, hypertension DVT, upper extremity, 1760 Ventricular outflow tract gradients, and increased activity of, iliofemoral venous disease as, nonsurgical techniques for 1836–1838 1758–1761 reduction of left, 1276 index 2905

Ventricular pseudoaneurysm, AMI cardiomyopathy, pregnancy and, Lp-PLA2 and, 644–645 echocardiography and, 816 2469 myeloperoxidase and, 645 Ventricular relaxation, impaired, cocaine-induced cardiovascular PAPP-A, 645– 646 1203–1204 complication, 2360 proinflammatory cytokines and, Ventricular remodeling drug elimination, 2089–2090 646–647 heart failure, advanced and, HCM, 1275 erosion, 624 1470–1471 heart failure, delaying progression of, imaging, 624–625 heart failure and, 1383 1405 invasive methods, 625–628 surgical, advanced heart failure, hypertension, 1857, 1860 noninvasive, 628–630 1470–1471 hyperthyroidism, 2313 MRA evaluation of, 897–906 Ventricular reshaping, passive, 1471 preexcitation, 1987 key points, 897–898 Ventricular septal defects (VSDs), pregnancy/lactation, 2469, 2474 MRI detection/quantification, 233–234, 242–245 silent myocardial ischemia, 707 902 childhood, 287 stable angina, 915–917 rupture, 623–624 classification, 287 SVT, 1952, 2090 treatment, 630–633 echocardiography, 287–289 Vertebrobasilar disease, surgery for, antiinflammatory drug, 631 Eisenmenger’s complex and, 1918 apo A-I Milano, 630–631 244–245 Vertical steal, 137 atherosclerosis, 631 large, 242–244 Vesnarinone, delaying progression of baloon angioplasty with DES, occlusion, 327–329 heart failure, 1406 632–633 pulmonary atresia with, 259–261 Vessels, great, 164–165 current therapy, 630 small, 242 Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study, diet/dietary supplement, 630 surgical treatment, 354 1077 infections and, 631–632 TTE, 287–288 VF. See Ventricular fibrillation lipid-lowering medications, Ventricular systolic function Viagra. See Sildenafi l 630 echocardiography and, 821–822 Videodensitometry, coronary local/regional therapies for, left, echocardiography and, angiography, 779–780 632 821–822 Vincamine, SCD, 2045 PDT, 633 right, echocardiography and, 822 Vincristine thermal stabilization, 633 Ventricular tachycardia (VT). See also DCM and, 1240 vaccination, 631 Catecholaminergic RCM, 1291 “triggers,” avoiding and, 633 polymorphic ventricular Visceral pericardium, 8 tachycardia Vitamin E, stable angina, 918 W catecholamine-sensitive VSDs. See Ventricular septal Wall tension, 1825 polymorphic, SCD and, defects Warfarin therapy 2056 VT. See Ventricular tachycardia AF, 1966, 1974 catheter ablation, 2153–2157 VTE. See Venous thromboembolism efficacy of, before elective etiology, 2014–2016 Vulnerable plaques cardioversion, 2000 idiopathic atherosclerotic pregnancy and, 2473 catheter ablation, 2153–2154 coronary heart disease and, aortic thromboembolic disease, SCD and, 2056 672–677 1654 surgical treatment of, 2171 detection, 624–630 atrial flutter, 1966, 1974 ischemic, surgical treatment of, key points, 621–622 cardiomyopathy, pregnancy and, 2171 pathophysiology, 621–633, 2469 LBBB-like configuration of, 2012 672–677 cardiovascular operation, postinfarction, catheter ablation, treatment, 630–633 premedication, 2502 2154–2157 CAD, 611–618 carotid artery stroke prevention pregnancy and, 2472 characterization, 902–905 and, 1746 QRS axis and, 2013–2014 black-blood MRI and, 902–904 cost-effectiveness of, 2779 QRS complex width and, 2013 coagulation system and, 624 DCM, 1252 RBBB-like configuration of, 2012 detection heart failure, delaying progression SCD and, 2056 adhesion molecules and, of, 1407 site of origin of, localizing, 647–648 heparin and, 2001–2002 2012–2014 biomarkers of inflammation as hypercoagulable state, 2417, Ventricular volumes, 152 surrogate markers in, 2432 Verapamil 641–648 noncardiac surgery and, 2489 AF, 1962 hsCRP and, 642–643 PAH, 2230–2232, 2235 postoperative, 1971 imaging techniques for, 624–625 PFO occlusion, 326 antiarrhythmic effects of, 2099 implications, 648 prosthetic valves and pregnancy, aortic dissection, 1642 key points, 641–642 2463 atrial flutter, 1962 leukocyte count and, 643–644 PTE, 2190 2906 index

Warfarin therapy (cont.) Whipple’s disease, 1302 hypotension, postural, 1903 stable angina, 923–925 Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Xanthine-containing beverages, thrombus formation, 1961 syndrome palpitations and, TIA, 1916 abnormalities associated with, 24 venous disease, 1710, 1712 surgical treatment of, 2169 Xemilofiban, stable angina, Wasp stings, myocardial injury and, AF and, 1958–1959 923 1304 SCD and, 2053 Xylometazoline hypochloride, Wegener’s granulomatosis surgical treatment, 2168–2169 autonomic disorders primary vasculitis and, 2343–2344 results of, 2169 and, 1899–1900 PTE and, 2188 WPW syndrome. See Wolff-Parkinson- Weight loss, 2708–2709 White syndrome Z cardiopulmonary impact of therapy Zanamivir, COPD, 2258 with, 2708–2709 X Zenith, 1773 heart failure and, 1397 Xamoterol Zidovudine, HIV-related hypertension and, 1854 heart failure, delaying progression of, myocarditis, 1328 risks, 2709 1406 Zofenopril, post-MI, 1408 Credits

Note: Superscripted numbers in the credits refer to the corresponding end-of-chapter reference.

Chapter 1 tematic Treatise, 12th ed. New York: Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill, 1966:638. Copyright 1966. Reprinted with Figure 1.1: Kramer.7 Copyright 1942. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies. 12 Reprinted with permission of Wiley-Liss, Inc., a subsidiary Figure 1.18: Barry and Patten. Courtesy of Charles C of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL. 12 Figure 1.2: Patten.6 Permission requested from the Ameri- Figure 1.19: Barry and Patten. Courtesy of Charles C can Journal of Pathology. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL. 12 Figure 1.3: Kramer.7 Copyright 1942. John Wiley & Sons, Figure 1.22: Barry and Patten. Courtesy of Charles C Inc. Reprinted with permission of Wiley-Liss, Inc., a subsid- Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL. iary of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure 1.23: Patten BM. The Cardiovascular System. In: Figure 1.4: Coulson BM, ed. Patten’s Foundations of Embry- Anson BJ, ed. Morris’s Human Anatomy: A Complete Sys- ology, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988. Copyright tematic Treatise, 12th ed. New York: Blakiston Division, 1988. Reprinted with permission of the McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill, 1966:655. Copyright 1966. Reprinted with per- Companies. mission of the McGraw-Hill Companies. Figure 1.5: Patten BM. The Cardiovascular System. In: Anson BJ, ed. Morris’s Human Anatomy: A Complete Sys- Chapter 3 tematic Treatise, 12th ed. New York: Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill, 1966:634. Copyright 1966. Reprinted with Table 3.2: From Bayes de Luna.7 With kind permission of permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies. Springer Science+Business Media. Figure 1.6: Patten BM. The Cardiovascular System. In: Table 3.3: From Bayes de Luna.7 With kind permission of Anson BJ, ed. Morris’s Human Anatomy: A Complete Sys- Springer Science+Business Media. tematic Treatise, 12th ed. New York: Blakiston Division, Table 3.5: From Bayes de Luna.7 With permission of Springer McGraw-Hill, 1966:651. Copyright 1966. Reprinted with per- Science+Business Media. mission of the McGraw-Hill Companies. Figure 1.7: Patten BM. The Cardiovascular System. In: Anson Chapter 4 BJ, ed. Morris’s Human Anatomy: A Complete Systematic Treatise, 12th ed. New York: Blakiston Division, McGraw- Figure 4.1: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. Hill, 1966:653. Copyright 1966. Reprinted with permission Figure 4.2: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. of the McGraw-Hill Companies. 12 Figure 4.3: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. Figure 1.8: Barry and Patten. Courtesy of Charles C Thomas Figure 4.4: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. Publisher, Springfield, IL. Figure 4.5: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. Figure 1.9: Crawford T. Pathology of Ischaemic Heart Figure 4.7: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. Disease. London: Butterworths, 1977. Reprinted with per- Figure 4.8: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. mission from Elsevier. Figure 4.9: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. Figure 1.10: Patten BM. The Cardiovascular System. In: Figure 4.10: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. Anson BJ, ed. Morris’s Human Anatomy: A Complete Sys- Figure 4.11: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. tematic Treatise, 12th ed. New York: Blakiston Division, Figure 4.12: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. McGraw-Hill, 1966:638. Copyright 1966. Reprinted with Figure 4.13: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies. Figure 4.14: Published with permission from John H. Harris, Jr. Figure 1.11: Barry and Patten.12 Courtesy of Charles C Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL. Figure 1.12: Patten BM. The Cardiovascular System. In: Chapter 5 Anson BJ, ed. Morris’s Human Anatomy: A Complete Sys- tematic Treatise, 12th ed. New York: Blakiston Division, Figure 5.3: A,B: Courtesy of R. David Fish, M.D. Courtesy McGraw-Hill, 1966:638. Copyright 1966. Reprinted with of Pranav Loyalka, M.D. permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies. Figure 1.14: Barry and Patten.12 Courtesy of Charles C Chapter 6 Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL. Figure 1.15: Patten BM. The Cardiovascular System. In: Figure 6.1: From Gould.17 Copyright 1990. With permission Anson BJ, ed. Morris’s Human Anatomy: A Complete Sys- from Elsevier.

2907 2908 credits

Figure 6.2: From Gould.7 With permission of the Society of Chapter 10 Nuclear Medicine. 17 Figure 6.3: From Gould. Copyright 1990. With permission Figure 10.1: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. from Elsevier. Figure 10.8: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. 17 Figure 6.4: From Gould. Copyright 1990. With permission Figure 10.12: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. from Elsevier. Figure 10.13: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. Figure 6.5: Muehllenher G. The Anger scintillation camera. Figure 10.16: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. In: Gottschalk A, Hoffer PB, Potchon EJ, eds. Diagnostic Figure 10.19: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. Nuclear Medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1988:71– Figure 10.22: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. 81. Permission requested. Figure 10.25: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. Figure 6.6: Data from Budinger TF, McDonald B. Recon- Figure 10.27: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. struction of the Fresnel-coded gamma camera images by Figure 10.31: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. digital computer. J Nucl Med 1975;16:309. Figure 10.41: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. Figure 6.7: Adapted from Cerqueira M, et al. Standardized Figure 10.42: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic Figure 10.48: Courtesy of Kurt Amplatz, M.D. imaging of the heart: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. Cir- culation 2002;105:539–542. Chapter 13 Figure 6.12: From Jones.164 Copyright 1991. With permission from Elsevier. Figure 13.1: Becker and Anderson.163 Permission requested. Figure 6.13: Corbett JR, Jansen DE, Willerson JT, et al. Figure 13.2: Bauer G, Geha AS, Hammond GL, et al., eds. Radionuclide ventriculography. II: anatomic and physiologic Glenn’s Thoracic and Cardiovascular Injury, 5th ed. New aspects. Am J Physiol Imag 1987;2:85. Blackwell Publishing. York: Prentice-Hall International, 1991. With permission of Figure 6.15: Parker DA, Karvelis KC, Thrall JH, Froelich JW. the McGraw-Hill Companies. Radionuclide ventriculography: methods. In: Gerson MC, ed. Figure 13.4: Dhalla N, Khaghami A, Radley Smith R, Yacoub Cardiac Nuclear Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987: M. Early and long term performance of aortic homograft root 67–84. Copyright by McGraw-Hill, Inc. Used with permis- replacement. In: Bodner F, Yacoub MH, eds. Biologic and sion of the McGraw-Hill Companies. Bioprosthetic valves, page 6 1st ed. London: Yorke Medical Figure 6.16: Bonow RO. Left ventricular filling in ischemic Books, 1986. and hypertrophic disease. In: Grossman W, Lorell BH, eds. Figure 13.6: Ross.166 With kind permission of Springer Diastolic Relaxation of the Heart. New York: Martinus Science+Business Media. Nijhoff, 1987:231–243. With kind permission of Springer Figure 13.7: Nihoyannopoulos P, ed. Cardiac Ultrasound Science+Business Media. Cardiomyopathy. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1983. Permission requested. Table 6.1: Adapted from Kluge et al.123 Figure 13.8: Yacoub et al.48 Figure 13.9: Yacoub et al.48 Figure 13.10: Yacoub et al.48 Chapter 7 Figure 13.11: Van Son et al. 54 Permission requested. Figure 13.12: Hazekamp et al.55 Permission requested. Figure 7.3: Weinreb et al.6 Used with permission. Figure 13.13: Babu-Narayan et al.62 Permission requested. Figure 7.7: Courtesy of Dr. Robert Edelman. Figure 13.14: Courtesy of Dr. S.V. Babu-Narayan and Dr. R. Figure 7.8: Courtesy of Dr. Thomas Hauser. Mohiaddin, CMR Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield, Figure 7.12: Courtesy of Dr. Raymond Kwong. National Health Service Trust, London, UK. Figure 7.13: A,B: Adapted from Kim et al.100 Adapted from Figure 13.15: Yacoub et al.67 Paetsch et al.58 Figure 13.16: Yacoub et al.67 Figure 7.14: Courtesy of Dr. David Maintz. Figure 13.17: Yacoub et al.78 Figure 7.16: Courtesy of Dr. Hajima Sukama. Figure 13.18: Kalangos et al.79 Permission requested. Figure 7.17: Courtesy of Albert deRous, MD. Figure 13.19: Smallhorn et al.167 Permission requested. Figure 7.18: Courtesy of Dr. Martin Maron. Figure 13.22: Hurst.168 Permission requested. Figure 7.19: Courtesy of David Bluemke, MD. Figure 13.23: Carpentier et al.90 Permission requested. Figure 7.22: Courtesy of Dr. Susan Yeon. Figure 13.24: Boudjemline Y, Khambadkone S, Bonnet D, Figure 7.23: Courtesy of Dr. Franz Aepfelbacher. et al. Percutaneous replacement of the pulmonary valve in a 12-year-old child. Circulation 2004;110:e516. Permission requested. Chapter 9 Figure 13.25: Shapiro and Fox.170 Permission requested. Figure 13.26: Gatzoulis et al.96 Copyright 1999. Massachu- Figure 9.26: Courtesy of Dr. Benson Wilcox, University of setts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Permission North Carolina. Used with permission. requested. Figure 9.44: Courtesy of Dr. Benson Wilcox, University of Figure 13.30: Babu-Narayan et al.125 Permission requested. North Carolina. Used with permission. Figure 13.31: Mair and Julsrud.171 Permission requested. credits 2909

Figure 13.33: Kirklin and Barratt-Boyes.172 Permission Figure 17.28: Enriquez-Sarano et al.168 With permission of requested. the Massachusetts Medical Society. Copyright 2005. All Figure 13.34: Lecompte et al.137 Permission requested. rights reserved. Figure 13.35: Babu-Narayan et al.138 Permission requested. Figure 17.29: Grigioni et al.174 With permission of the Ameri- Figure 13.36: Yacoub et al.157 Permission requested. can Heart Association. Figure 17.30: Grigioni et al.174 With permission of the Ameri- Chapter 15 can Heart Association. Figure 17.31: Grigioni et al.178 With permission of the Ameri- can College of Cardiology. Figure 15.1: Otto et al.1 With permission from Lippincott Figure 17.40: Courtesy of Dr. R.A. Nishimura. Williams & Wilkins. Figure 17.42: Tribouilloy et al.274 With permission of the Figure 15.3: Villari et al.20 With permission from Lippincott American Heart Association. Williams & Wilkins. Figure 17.43: Enriquez-Sarano et al.187 With permission of Figure 15.4: Carabello et al.23 With permission from Lippin- the American Heart Association. cott Williams & Wilkins. Figure 15.5: Ross and Braunwald.27 With permission from Table 17.4: Adapted from Zoghbi et al.108 Copyright 2003. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. With permission from The American Society of Figure 15.6: Carabello.30 With permission from McGraw- Echocardiography. Hill Companies. Figure 15.7: Monin et al.56 With permission from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Chapter 18 Figure 15.8: Carabello.67 Copyright 1986. Reproduced by per- mission of Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Figure 18.1: Modified from Massell and Narula.28 With kind Figure 15.9: Bonow et al.77 With permission from Lippincott permission of Springer Science+Business Media. Williams & Wilkins. Figure 18.3: A,B: Modified from Massell and Narula.28 With Figure 15.10: Klodas et al.78 With permission from the Amer- kind permission of Springer Science+Business Media. ican College of Cardiology Foundation. Table 18.1: Modified from Narula et al.25 Permission reques- Chapter 17 ted from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Table 18.3: Based on recommendations from Dajani A, Taubert K, Ferrieri P, et al. Treatment of acute streptococcal Figure 17.1: Courtesy of Dr. W.D. Edwards. pharyngitis and prevention of rheumatic fever: a statement Figure 17.7: Courtesy of Dr. R. A. Nishimura. for health professionals. Pediatrics 1995;96:758–764. Figure 17.9: Courtesy of Dr. V.T. Nkomo. Table 18.4: From Chandrashekhar.54 Permission requested. Figure 17.10: Courtesy of Dr. W.D. Edwards. Figure 17.11: Enriquez-Sarano et al.89 With permission of the American Heart Association. Chapter 19 Figure 17.12: Avierinos et al.73 With permission of the Amer- ican Heart Association. Figure 19.1: Bayer et al.15 Copyright 1998. The American Figure 17.13: Avierinos et al.73 With permission of the Amer- Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with ican Heart Association. permission. Figure 17.14: Avierinos et al.95 With permission of the Amer- Figure 19.2: Wilson et al.30 Used with permission. ican Heart Association. Figure 19.5: Wilson et al.30 Used with permission. Figure 17.17: Mohty et al.246 With permission of the Ameri- Figure 19.6: Steckelberg et al.32 Used with permission of the can Heart Association. American College of Physicians. Figure 17.18: Courtesy of Dr. W.D. Edwards. Figure 17.19: Courtesy of Dr. W.D. Edwards. Table 19.1: Durack et al.14 Copyright 1994. With permission Figure 17.20: Courtesy of Dr. W.D. Edwards. from Elsevier. Figure 17.21: Courtesy of Dr. W.D. Edwards. Table 19.2: Durack et al.14 Copyright 1994. With permission Figure 17.22: Yiu et al.139 With permission of the American from Elsevier. Heart Association. Table 19.3: Bayer et al.15 Copyright 1998. The American Figure 17.23: Yiu et al.139 With permission of the American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Heart Association. permission. Figure 17.24: Ling et al.91 With permission of the Massachu- Table 19.4: Used with permission by Elsevier. setts Medical Society. Table 19.5: Wilson et al.17 Copyright 1995. American Medical Figure 17.25: Ling et al.91 With permission of the Massachu- Association. Used with permission. setts Medical Society. Copyright 1996. All rights reserved. Table 19.6: Wilson et al.17 Copyright 1995. American Medical Figure 17.26: Ling et al.91 With permission of the Massachu- Association. Used with permission. setts Medical Society. Copyright 1996. All rights reserved. Table 19.7: Wilson et al.17 Copyright 1995. American Medical Figure 17.27: Enriquez-Sarano et al.168 With permission of Association. Used with permission. the Massachusetts Medical Society. Copyright 2005. All Table 19.8: Wilson et al.17 Copyright 1995. American Medical rights reserved. Association. Used with permission. 2910 credits

Table 19.9: Wilson et al.17 Copyrighted 1995. American Table 21.4: Zoghbi et al.7 Medical Association. Used with permission. Table 21.5: Adapted from Wilkins et al.61 Used with Table 19.10: Wilson et al.17 Copyright 1995. American permission. Medical Association. Used with permission. Table 21.6: Adapted from Rahimtoola et al.69 Table 19.11: Bayer et al.15 Copyright 1998. American Heart Table 21.8: Adapted from American Society of Echocardiog- Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with raphy Guidelines.7 Used with permission. permission. Table 19.12: Dajani et al.65 Copyright 1997. American Medical Association. Used with permission. Chapter 23 Table 19.13: Dajani et al.65 Copyright 1997. American Medical Association. Used with permission. Table 23.1: Adapted from current American College of Car- Table 19.14: Dajani et al.65 Copyright 1997. American diology/American Heart Association Guidelines for the 9 Medical Association. Used with permission. management of patients with valvular heart disease. Table 19.15: From Dajani et al.65 Copyright 1997. American Table 23.3: Adapted from current American College of Car- Medical Association. Used with permission. diology/American Heart Association and European Guide- lines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease.9 Chapter 20 Table 23.8: Adapted from current American College of Car- diology/American Heart Association Guidelines for the Figure 20.5: Nishimura et al.17 With permission from management of patients with valvular heart disease.9 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Table 23.9: Adapted from current American College of Car- Figure 20.8: Nishimura RA, et al. Quantitative hemody- diology/American Heart Association Guidelines for the namics by Doppler echocardiography: a noninvasive alterna- management of patients with valvular heart disease.9 tive to cardiac catheterization. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1994;36: 309–342. Copyright 1994. With permission from Elsevier. Figure 20.13: Nishimura RA, et al. Quantitative hemody- Chapter 24 namics by Doppler echocardiography: a noninvasive alterna- tive to cardiac catheterization. Prog Cardiovasc Dis Figure 24.1: Medical Carbon Research Institute, LLC, 1994;36:309–342. Copyright 1994. With permission from Austin, TX. Elsevier. 41 Figure 20.16: Cannan et al. Copyright 1997. With permis- Chapter 25 sion from American College of Cardiology Foundation. Figure 20.18: Cribier et al.77 Copyright 2004. With permis- Figure 25.1: Willerson JT, Hillis LD, Buja LM. Ischemic sion from American College of Cardiology Foundation. Heart Disease: Clinical and Pathophysiological Aspects. Figure 20.19: Maniu et al.81 Copyright 2004. With permis- New York: Raven Press, 1982. Copyright 1982. Lippincott sion from American College of Cardiology Foundation. Williams & Wilkins. Used with permission. Figure 20.20: Maniu et al.81 Copyright 2004. With permis- Figure 25.2: Buja et al.9 With permission of European Society sion from American College of Cardiology Foundation. of Cardiology. Figure 25.3: Glagov et al.10 Copyright 1988. American Chapter 21 Medical Association. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Figure 21.1: Roberts and Grayburn.9 Permission requested. Figure 25.4: Arnett et al.13 With permission from the Figure 21.40: Wilansky S, Willerson JT. Heart Disease in American College of Physicians, Pennsylvania. Women, 1st edition. Churchill Livingstone, 2002. With per- Figure 25.5: Adapted from Buja et al.28 Copyright 1981. mission from Elsevier. American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Reprinted Figure 21.41: Wilansky S, Willerson JT. Heart Disease in with permission. Women, 1st edition. Churchill Livingstone, 2002. With per- Figure 25.19: Buja.64 Copyright 1991. With permission from mission from Elsevier. Elsevier. Figure 21.43: Wilansky S, Willerson JT. Heart Disease in Figure 25.20: Modified from Buja.67 Copyright 1998. Lippin- Women, 1st edition. Churchill Livingstone, 2002. With per- cott Williams & Wilkins. Used with permission. mission from Elsevier. Figure 25.22: From Buja LM. Basic pathological processes of the heart: relationship to cardiomyopathies. In: Sperelakis N, Table 21.1A: Adapted from Bednarz et al.43 Permission ed. Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Heart, 3rd ed. New requested. York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995:37–53. With kind Table 21.1B: ACC/AHA guidelines.3 permission of Springer Science+Business Media. Table 21.2: Adapted from Lang et al.47 With permission from Figure 25.23: Buja.67 Copyright 1998. Lippincott Williams & the American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines and Wilkins. Used with permission. Standards Committee. Figure 25.24: Buja.67 Copyright 1998. Lippincott Williams & Table 21.3: Adapted from Lang et al.47 With permission from Wilkins. Used with permission. the American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines and Figure 25.29: Willerson JT, Hillis LD, Buja LM. Ischemic Standards Committee. Heart Disease: Clinical and Pathophysiological Aspects. credits 2911

New York: Raven Press, 1982:325–356. Copyright 1982. Lip- Chapter 28 pincott Williams & Wilkins. Reprinted with permission. Figure 25.30: Willerson JT, Hillis LD, Buja LM. Ischemic Figure 28.1: Redrawn from the Office of National Statistics, Heart Disease: Clinical and Pathophysiological Aspects. UK.13 New York: Raven Press, 1982:325–356. Copyright 1982. Lip- pincott Williams & Wilkins. Reprinted with permission. Chapter 30

Table 25.1: Source: Modified from Cheitlin et al.37 Copy- Figure 30.1: A,B: Becker AE, Anderson RH. Cardiac Pathol- right 1975. American Medical Association. All rights ogy. London: Gower Medical, 1988. Hurse JW, Anderson RH, reserved. Used with permission. Becker AE, et al. Atlas of the Heart. New York: Gower Medical, 1988:63. Permission requested. Figure 30.2: Willerson JT. Treatment of Heart Disease. New Chapter 26 York: Gower Medical, 1992. Permission requested. Figure 30.3: Modified from Willerson JT. Treatment of Heart Figure 26.1: Adapted from data in Ridker et al.13 Disease. New York: Gower Medical, 1992; and from Willer- Figure 26.2: Adapted from data in Ridker et al.14 son et al.55 Copyright 1989. American Heart Association, Inc. Figure 26.3: Adapted from data in Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. L, et al. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density Figure 30.4: Wexler et al.12 Copyright 1996. Lippincott Wil- lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardio- liams & Wilkins. Reproduced by permission. vascular events. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1557. Figure 30.5: A–C: Willerson JT. Treatment of Heart Disease. Figure 26.4: Adapted from Yeh ET, Willerson JT. Coming of New York: Gower Medical, 1992. Reproduced by permission. age of C-reactive protein: using inflammation markers in Figure 30.6: Schafer AI. Coagulation cascade: an overview. cardiology. Circulation 2003;28;107(3):370–371. Copyright In: Loscalzo J, Schafer A, eds. Thrombosis and Hemorrhage. 2003. With permission from Lippincott Williams & Boston: Blackwell Scientific, 1994:7. Reproduced by Wilkins. permission. Figure 26.5: Adapted from Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow Figure 30.7: A,B: Willerson JT. Treatment of Heart Disease. D, et al. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin New York: Gower Medical, 1992. Permission requested. therapy. N Engl J Med. 2005;6;352(1):20–28. Copyright 2005. Figure 30.8: B,C: Drawn with the assistance of Dr. Ward Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted Casscells. with permission. Figure 30.9: Casscells et al.71 Copyright 1996. The Lancet Ltd. Reproduced by permission. Table 26.1: Ridker et al.32 Copyright 2005. Massachusetts Figure 30.10: Stefanadis et al.72 Copyright 1999. Reprinted Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with with permission from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. permission. Figure 30.11: A,B: Liuzzo et al.82 Copyright 1994. Massachu- setts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reproduced with permission. Chapter 27A Figure 30.12: Ohman et al.76 Copyright 1996. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reproduced with Figure 27A.2: Adapted from Willerson and Cohn.28 permission. Figure 27A.5: Madjid et al.41 Used with permission. Figure 30.13: With permission, from references 49 and 51. Figure 27A.6: Madjid et al.97 Used with permission. Figure 30.14: Antman et al.78 Copyright 1996. Massachu- setts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission. Chapter 27B Figure 30.15: Clinical Usefulness of Very High and Very Low Levels of C-Reactive Protein Across the Full Range of Figure 27B.1: Adapted from Wilson P. Circulation, 2004;110: Framingham Risk Scores Paul M Ridker and Nancy Cook. e568–e571. Copyright 2004. Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins. Circulation 2004;109:1955–1959. Copyright 2004. American Used with permission. Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 27B.2: Adapted from Keh, Willerson. Circulation, permission. 2003;107(3):370–371. Copyright 2003. Lippincott Williams & Figure 30.16: Clinical Usefulness of Very High and Very Wilkins. Used with permission. Low Levels of C-Reactive Protein Across the Full Range of Framingham Risk Scores Paul M Ridker and Nancy Cook. Table 27B.1: Adapted from Pearson et al. Markers of inflam- Circulation 2004;109:1955–1959. Copyright 2004. American mation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with and public health practice: A statement for healthcare profes- permission. sionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Figure 30.17: A,B: Willerson JT. Treatment of Heart Disease. and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003;107: New York: Gower Medical, 1992. C: Provided by Hein J.J. 499–511. Copyright 2003. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Wellens and Anton Gorgels. Permission requested. Used with permission. Figure 30.18: Page et al.130 Copyright 1971. Massachusetts Table 27B.2: Madjid et al.4 Copyright 2004. With permission Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reproduced by from American College of Cardiology Foundation. permission. 2912 credits

Figure 30.19: Willerson JT, Sanders CA. Clinical Cardiology. Figure 33.14: Morise et al.14 With permission from the New York: Grune & Stratton, 1977. Permission requested. American College of Cardiology Foundation. Copyright 2003. Figure 30.21: A,B: Willerson JT, Sanders CA. Clinical Car- Figure 33.15: Gulati et al.26 Copyright 2003. American Heart diology. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1977; adapted from Association, Inc. with permission from Lippincott Williams Hurst JW. The Heart, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, & Wilkins. 1990:158–159. Copyright 1990. The McGraw-Hill Compa- Figure 33.16: O’Neill et al.39 With permission from the nies. Reproduced by permission. American College of Cardiology Foundation. Copyright Figure 30.22: Willerson et al.67 Copyright 1982. Reprinted 2004. with permission of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Figure 33.17: Krone et al.44 With permission from the Ameri- Figure 30.24: Perloff JK. The Clinical Recognition of Con- can College of Cardiology Foundation. Copyright 2001. genital Heart Disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1970:321. Reproduced by permission. Appendix 33.1: Adapted from Gibbons et al.1 With permis- Figure 30.25: Willerson et al.67 Copyright 1982. Reprinted sion. Copyright 2002. The American College of Cardiology with permission of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Foundation and American Heart Association, Inc. Permis- Figure 30.26: Weisfeldt and Flaherty.126 Permission requested. sion granted. Figure 30.27: Willerson et al.67 Copyright 1982. Reprinted with permission of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Table 33.1: Gibbons et al.1 With permission. Copyright Figure 30.28: Modified from Willerson et al.67 Copyright 2002. The American College of Cardiology Foundation and 1982. Reprinted with permission of Lippincott Williams & American Heart Association, Inc. Permission granted. Wilkins. Table 33.2: Gibbons et al.1 With permission. Copyright Figure 30.29: Willerson et al.67 Copyright 1982. Reprinted 2002. The American College of Cardiology Foundation and with permission of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. American Heart Association, Inc. Permission granted. Figure 30.31: Willerson et al.67 Copyright 1982. Reprinted Table 33.3: Chaitman et al.2 With permission. Copyright with permission of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005 Elsevier, Inc. Figure 30.32: White HD, Norris RM, Brown MA, et al. Left ventricular end-systolic volume as the major determinant of survival after recovery from myocardial infarction. Circula- tion 1987;76(1):44–51. Copyright 1987. Reprinted with per- Chapter 34 mission of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Figure 30.33: Topol EJ. Textbook of Cardiovascular Medi- Figure 34.2: Geise and Hunter.13 Permission requested. cine. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1997:485. Copyright 1997. Figure 34.3: Adapted from Judkins.25 Permission requested. Reprinted with permission of Lippincott Williams & Figure 34.4: Adapted from Judkins.25 Permission requested. Wilkins. Figure 34.8: Courtesy of Acist Medical Systems, Eden Prairie, MD. 223 Chapter 32 Figure 34.13: Dodge et al. Permission requested. Figure 34.14: Feiring et al.204 Copyright 1987. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights researved. Reprinted with Figure 32.5: Burke et al.124 With permission from Elsevier, permission. Inc. Figure 34.15: Adapted from Angelini.184 Permission Figure 32.6: Burke et al.124 With permission from Elsevier, requested. Inc. Figure 34.27: White et al.230 Copyright 1984. Massachusetts Figure 32.7: Burke et al.124 With permission from Elsevier, Medical Society. Inc. Figure 34.30: Wilson et al.209 Copyright 1987. American Figure 32.8: Burke et al.127 Copyright 2002. American Heart Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. permission. Figure 34.31: Marcus et al.338 With permission from Elsevier, Inc. Table 32.1: Burke et al.37 Copyright 1998. American Heart Figure 34.32: Courtesy of Erling Falk, M.D. Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Figure 34.33: Courtesy of Erling Falk, M.D. Table 32.2: Burke et al.37 Copyright 1998. American Heart Figure 34.35: Ambrose et al.428 Permission requested. Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 34.36: Wilson et al.417 Copyright 1986. American permission. Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Chapter 33 Figure 34.37: Wilson et al.417 Copyright 1986. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 33.2: Vivekananthan et al.5 With permission from the permission. American College of Cardiology Foundation. Copyright Figure 34.41: Bertrand et al.484 Copyright 1982. With permis- 2003. sion of the American Heart Association. Figure 33.13: Myers et al.9 Copyright 2002. Massachusetts Figure 34.42: Courtesy of Lyle Swenson, M.D. Medical Society. All rights reserved. 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Table 34.2: Dodge et al.223 Adapted from Angelini et al., Figure 36A.4: Adapted and reconstructed from Shaw and Myocardial bridges: a review. Progr Cardiovasc Dis 1983;26: Iskandrian.19 Copyright 2004. American Society of Nuclear 75–88. Cardiology. Used with permission. Table 34.4: Adapted from Angelini P, Trivellato M, Donis J, Figure 36A.6: Adapted and reconstructed from Berman Leachman RD: Myocardial bridges: a review. Progr Cardio- et al.33 Copyright 2003. American College of Cardiology vasc Dis 1983;26:75–88. Foundation. Used with permission. Figure 36A.7: Adapted and reconstructed from Zellweger Chapter 35 et al.34 With permission from the European Society of Cardiology. Figure 35.1: Lang et al.7 With permission from Elsevier, Inc. Figure 36A.8: Adapted and reconstructed from Shaw et al.,37 Figure 35.2: Modified from American Society of Nuclear Copyright 2005. American College of Cardiology. Used with Cardiology. Imaging guidelines for nuclear cardiology proce- permission. dures, Part 2. J Nucl Cardiol 1999;2:G47–G84. Figure 36A.9: Adapted and reconstructed from Patel Figure 35.3: Lang et al.7 With permission from Elsevier, et al.39 Copyright 2003. Excerpta Medica, Inc. Used with Inc. permission. Figure 35.5: Tong et al. 32 Copyright 2005. American College Figure 36A.10: Adapted and reconstructed from Dakik of Cardiology. Reprinted with permission. et al.46 Copyright 2005. American Society of Nuclear Figure 35.10: Modifi ed with permission from J. Hung. Cardiology. Used with permission. Figure 35.13: Picard et al.111 Copyright 2003. American Figure 36A.11: Adapted and reconstructed from Travin Heart Association, Inc. Reprinted with permission. et al.48 Copyright 2004. American Society of Nuclear Figure 35.14: Zaret et al. J Am Coll Cardiol l995;26:73. Copy- Cardiology. Used with permission. right 1995. American College of Cardiology. Reprinted with permission. Table 36A.1: Adapted and extracted from Hachamovitch Figure 35.15: Zornoff et al.155 Copyright 2002. American et al.50 With permission from Lippincott Williams & College of Cardiology. Reprinted with permission. Wilkins. Figure 35.16: A,B: Llamas et al.109 With permission. Grigioni 115 et al. Copyright 2001. Americna Heart Association, Inc. Chapter 36B Reprinted with permission. Figure 35.17: A,B,C: Hillis et al.167 With permission. Wang Figure 36B.1: Adapted from Gould1 and from Gould KL. et al.166 Copyright 2003. American College of Cardiology. Heal Your Heart. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Reprinted with permission. Press, 1998. Figure 35.19: Chuah et al.220 Copyright 1998. American Figure 36B.6: Nakagawa et al.2 With permission from Else- Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with vier, Inc. Copyright 2001. permission. Figure 36B.7: Nakagawa et al.2 With permission from Else- Figure 35.20: Chareonthaitawee et al.233 Copyright 2005. vier, Inc. Copyright 2001. American College of Cardiology. Reprinted with Figure 36B.8: Nakagawa et al.2 With permission from Else- permission. vier, Inc. Copyright 2001. Figure 35.21: Allman et al.246 Copyright 2002. American Figure 36B.9: Nakagawa et al.2 With permission from Else- College of Cardiology. Reprinted with permission. vier, Inc. Copyright 2001. Figure 35.22: Voight et al.16 Copyright 2003. American Heart Figure 36B.11: Adapted from Gould1; Gould et al.8; and Association, Inc. Reprinted with permission. Gould KL. Heal Your Heart. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998. Table 35.7: Modified from Pasquet A, Yamada E, Armstrong G, Figure 36B.17: Adapted from Sdringola.33 et al. Am Heart J 1999;138:753–758. Used with permission. Figure 36B.18: Adapted from Sdringola.33 Table 35.8: Modified from Pasquet A, Yamada E, Armstrong G, et al. Am Heart J 1999;138:753–758. Used with permission. Table 35.9: Modified from Kim et al.212 With permission Chapter 37A from Elsevier, Inc. Figure 37A.1: Shah DJ, Judd RM, Kim RJ. Technology Chapter 36A Insight: magnetic resonance imaging of the myocardium. Nature Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2005;2:597–605. Used Figure 36A.1: Beller GA. Chronic ischemic disease. In: with permission. Braunwald, E, ed. Essential Atlas of Heart Diseases, 3rd ed. Figure 37A.2: Fuster and Kim.126 Used with permission. Philadelphia: Current Medicine LLC. Copyright 2005. Figure 37A.3: Fuster and Kim.126 Used with permission. Current Medicine. Used with permission. Figure 37A.4: Shah DJ, Judd RM, Kim RJ. Technology Figure 36A.2: Adapted and reconstructed from Navare Insight: magnetic resonance imaging of the myocardium. et al.20 Copyright 2004. American Society of Nuclear Nature Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2005;2:597–605. Used Cardiology. Used with permission. with permission. Figure 36A.3: Adapted and reconstructed from Hachamov- Figure 37A.6: Kim RJ, Shah DJ, Judd RM. How we perform itch et al.28 Copyright 2002. American Heart Association, delayed enhancement imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson Inc. With permission from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2003;5:505–514. Used with permission. 2914 credits

Figure 37A.7: Modified from Kim et al.44 Used with Table 38.1: Modified from Willerson JT, Hillis LD, Buja LM, permission. eds. Ischemic Heart Disease: Clinical and Pathological Figure 37A.8: Modified from Wagner et al.46 Used with Aspects. New York: Raven, 1982. permission. Table 38.2: Modified from Willerson JT. Treatment of Heart Figure 37A.9: Kim et al.55 Used with permission. Disease. New York: Gower Medical, 1993. Figure 37A.10: Modified from Kim and Shah.58 Used with Table 38.5: Modified from Hillis LD, Firth BG, Willerson JT. permission. Manual of Clinical Problems in Cardiology, 2nd ed. Boston: Figure 37A.11: Choi et al.67 Used with permission. Little, Brown, 1984. Used with permission. Figure 37A.12: Modified from Kim et al.71 Used with Table 38.6: Modified from Packer M, Frishman WH. Calcium permission. Channel Antagonists in Cardiovascular Disease. East Figure 37A.13: Kim et al.71 Used with permission. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1984. Permission Figure 37A.14: Bello et al.84 Used with permission. requested. Figure 37A.17: Fuster and Kim.126 Used with permission. Table 38.7: Modified from Packer M, Frishman WH. Calcium Figure 37A.18: Lee et al.102 Used with permission. Channel Antagonists in Cardiovascular Disease. East Figure 37A.20: Lee et al.102 Used with permission. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1984. Permission Figure 37A.21: Modified from Fuster and Kim.126 Used with requested. permission. Figure 37A.22: Shah and Kim.129 Used with permission. Chapter 39

Table 37A.1: Shah DJ, Judd RM, Kim RJ. Technology Insight: Figure 39.2: Data from Théroux et al.1 magnetic resonance imaging of the myocardium. Nature Clin Figure 39.3: Willerson JT. Treatment of Heart Disease. New Pract Cardiovasc Med 2005;2:597–605. Used with permission. York: Gower Medical, 1993. Used with permission. Figure 39.4: Loscalzo J, Schafer AI, eds. Thrombosis and Chapter 37B Hemorrhage. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1994:7. Reprinted with permission from Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Figure 37B.7: Corti et al.77 Copyright 2004. The American Figure 39.5: Fragmin During Instability in Coronary Artery College of Cardiology Foundation. Reprinted with Disease (FRISC) study.20 Copyright 1996. The Lancet Ltd. permission. Used with permission. Figure 37B.8: Helft et al.59 Copyright 2001. The American Figure 39.7: Antman et al.23 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. College of Cardiology Foundation. Reprinted with Copyright 1999. Reprinted with permission. permission. Figure 39.8: Yusuf et al.28 Used with permission. Figure 37B.9: Adapted from Wasserman et al.,94 with per- Figure 39.9: A: Lincoff AM, Topol EJ, eds. Platelet Glycopro- mission from the Radiological Society of North America. tein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors in Cardiovascular Disease. Totowa, Figure 37B.10: Adapted from Sirol et al.106 NJ: Humana, 1999:15; B: Willerson JT. Treatment of Heart Figure 37B.11: Adapted from Sirol et al.110 Diseases. New York: Gower Medical, 1992:1.43. Figure 39.10: Marcel et al.41 Permission requested. Chapter 38 Figure 39.11: PURSUIT Trial Investigators.43 Copyright 1998. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Figure 38.4: Yusuf et al.50 Copyright 2000. Massachusetts Permision requested. Medical Society. All rights reserved. Permission requested. Figure 39.12: PRISM-PLUS Study Investigators.45 Copyright Figure 38.6: B, C: CAPRIE Steering Committee.72 Copyright 1998. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. 1996. The Lancet Ltd. Permission requested. Permission requested. Figure 38.7: Bhatt et al.78 Copyright 2006. Massachusetts Figure 39.13: Lincoff AM, Topol EJ, eds. Overview of the Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor interventional trials. In: permission. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIA Inhibitors in Cardiovascular Figure 38.8: A: Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study.110 Disease. Totowa, NJ; Humana, 1999:179. Permission Copyright 1994. The Lancet Ltd. B: Shepherd et al.112 Copy- requested. right 1995. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights Figure 39.14: Heeschen et al.16 Used with permission. reserved. C: Sacks et al.111 Copyright 1996. Massachusetts Figure 39.15: Antman et al.49 Used with permission. Medical Society. All rights reserved. Permission requested. Figure 39.16: Cannon et al.51 Used with permission. Figure 38.9: Modified from MRC/BHF Heart Protection Figure 39.17: ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collab- Study.114 Permission requested. orative Group.29 Used with permission. Figure 38.10: Cannon et al.115 Copyright 2004. Massachu- Figure 39.19: Data from Passamani et al.61 setts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 39.21: Johnson et al.78 Copyright 1981. Massachusetts permission. Medical Society. All rights reserved. Figure 38.11: Nissen et al.116 Copyright 2004. American Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Table 39.1: Braunwald E. Unstable angina: a classification. permission. Circulation 1989; 80(2):410–414. Permission requested. Figure 38.12: Pitt et al.118 Copyright 1999. Massachusetts Table 39.2: From Fragmin During Instability in Coronary Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Artery Disease (FRISC) Study Group.20 Copyright 1996. The permission. Lancet Ltd.20 Permission requested. credits 2915

Table 39.4: Moliterno DJ, White H. Unstable angina: Chapter 42 PARAGON, PURSUIT, PRISM, and PRISM-PLUS. In: Lincoff AM, Topol EJ, eds. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors Figure 42.1: Permission requested. in Cardiovascular Disease. Totowa, NJ: Humana, 1999:211. Figure 42.8: Legrand et al.71 Permission requested. Table 39.5: From Lincoff AM, Topol EJ. Overview of the Table 42.3: Serruys, ACC, 2005.22 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor interventional trials. In: Table 42.4: Serruys, ACC, 2005.22 Lincoff AM, Topol EJ, eds. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors in Cardiovascular Disease. Totowa, NJ: Humana, 1999:181. Permission requested. Chapter 43

Figure 43.2: Adapted from Lindahl et al.58 Copyright 2000. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted Chapter 40 with permission. Figure 43.3: Adapted from Antman et al.59 Copyright 2000. Figure 40.1: Welsh et al.9 Copyright 2003. Mosby, with per- American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Reprinted mission from Elsevier. with permission. Figure 40.2: Boersma et al.14 Copyright 1996. With permis- Figure 43.4: Adapted from Eagle et al.46 Copyright 2004. sion from Elsevier. American Association. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 40.3: Reprinted with permission from the ACC/AHA permission. guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction circulation 2004;110(9):e82–292. Copyright 2004. The American College of Cardiology and Chapter 44 American heart Association, Inc. Permission granted for one Figure 44.1: From Keeleg EC, Boura JA, Grines GL.1 time use. Further reproduction is not permitted without per- mission of the ACC/AHA. Figure 40.4: Antman et al.19 Copyright 2006. Massachusetts Chapter 45 Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Figure 45.5: Windecker et al.174 Used with permission. 38 Figure 40.5: Gershlick et al. Copyright 2005. Massachu- Figure 45.9: B–D: Kastrati et al.179 Used with permission. setts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Figure 40.6: Reprinted from Armstrong PW, Bogaty P, Buller Chapter 46 CE, et al. The 2004 ACC/AHA Guidelines: A perspective and adaptation for Canada of the Canadian Cardiovascular Figure 46.1: Hueb et al.12 Copyright 2004. Used with permis- Society Working Group. Can J Cardiol 2004;20(11):1075–1079, sion from the American College of Cardiology Foundation. with permission. Figure 46.2: Serruys et al.13 Copyright 2001. Massachusetts Figure 40.7: Reprinted with permission from the ACC/AHA Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation permission. myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004;110(9):282–292. Figure 46.3: SoS Investigators.14 Reprinted with permission Copyright 2004. The American College of Cardiology and from Elsevier. American Heart Association, Inc. Permission granted for one Figure 46.4: Reul GJ. Revascularization of the ischemic time use. Further reproduction is not permitted without per- myocardium. In: Cooley DA, ed. Techniques in Cardiac mission of the ACC/AHA. Surgery, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1984:221–258. Figure 40.8: Reprinted with permission from the ACC/AHA Copyright 1984. With permission from Elsevier. guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation Figure 46.5: Reul GJ. Revascularization of the ischemic myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004;110(9):e82–292. myocardium. In: Cooley DA, ed. Techniques in Cardiac Copyright 2004. The American College of Cardiology and Surgery, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1984:221–258. American Heart Association, Inc. Permission granted for one Copyright 1984. With permission from Elsevier. time use. Further reproduction is not permitted without per- Figure 46.8: Reul GJ. Revascularization of the ischemic mission of the ACC/AHA. myocardium. In: Cooley DA, ed. Techniques in Cardiac Surgery, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1984:221–258. Table 40.1: Adapted from Armstrong and Collen.4 Lippin- Copyright 1984. With permission from Elsevier. cott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright 2001. Reprinted with Figure 46.9: Reul GJ. Revascularization of the ischemic permission. myocardium. In: Cooley DA, ed. Techniques in Cardiac Table 40.2: Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. Surgery, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1984:221–258. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with Copyright 1984. With permission from Elsevier. ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004;110(9): Figure 46.11: Tatoulis et al.29 Copyright 2004. With permis- e82–292. Reprinted with permission. sion from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Table 40.3: Welsh and Armstrong.15 Reprinted with permission. Table 46.1: Adapted from Eagle et al.61 2916 credits

Chapter 47 Chapter 49

Figure 47.1: Bruschke et al.25 Figure 49.1: Adapted from Olson.5 Figure 47.2: Data from Hall et al.18 Figure 47.3: Peduzzi et al.79 Copyright 1998. With permis- sion from Excerpta Medical, Inc. Chapter 50 Figure 47.4: Varnauskas.101 Copyright 1998. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Figure 50.2: Courtesy of Dr. W. Barry Van Winkle, Depart- Figure 47.6: Adapted from Lytle et al.138 Copyright 1985. ment of Pathology, University of Texas-Houston Medical From the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, with School. permission. Figure 50.4: Adapted from Goodwin et al.1 Figure 47.7: Loop et al.144 Copyright 1986. Massachusetts Figure 50.5: Adapted from Goodwin et al.1 Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 50.8: Courtesy of Dr. K. Lance Gould, University of permission. Texas Houston Medical School. Figure 47.8: Data from Ringqvist et al.35 Figure 47.10: Weintraub et al.551 Copyright 1997. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Reprinted with permission. Chapter 52

Table 47.2: Adapted from Fitzgibbon et al.49,135 Copyright Figure 52.1: Modified from Katz AM. Congestive heart 1996, 1991. American College of Cardiology Foundation. failure: role of altered myocardial cellular control. N Engl J Reprinted with permission. Med 1975; 293:1184. Table 47.9: Copyright 1999. American College of Cardiology Figure 52.2: Katz AM. Physiology of the Heart, 3rd ed. Phila- Foundation. Reprinted with permission. delphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001. Table 47.10: Loop et al.545 With permission of Lippincott Figure 52.3: Katz AM. Physiology of the Heart, 3rd ed. Phila- Williams & Wilkins. delphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001. Table 47.11: de Feyter et al.561 Copyright 1993. From the Figure 52.4: Katz AM. Physiology of the Heart, 3rd ed. Phila- American College of Cardiology Foundation, with delphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001. permission. Figure 52.5: Katz AM. Physiology of the Heart, 3rd ed. Phila- delphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001. Chapter 48 Figure 52.6: Katz AM. Physiology of the Heart, 3rd ed. Phila- delphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001. Figure 48.1: Myers JN. The physiology behind exercise Figure 52.7: Katz AM. Physiology of the Heart, 3rd ed. Phila- testing. Prim Care 1994;21(3):415–437. Used with delphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001. permission. Figure 52.8: A: Redrawn from Stokes and Green, 1990. Figure 48.2: Myers J, Froelicher VF. Hemodynamic determi- B: Modified from Herbette et al. Biochem Biophys Acta nants of exercise capacity in chronic heart failure. Ann 1985;817:103–122. Katz AM. Physiology of the Heart, 3rd ed. Intern Med 1991;115(5):377–386. Used with permission. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001. Figure 52.9: Katz AM. Physiology of the Heart, 3rd ed. Phila- Table 48.2: Froelicher and Myers.50 Used with permission. delphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001. Table 48.3: Taylor RS, Brown A, et al.55 Permission requested. Table 48.4: Adapted from Balady GJ, Ades PA, et al.57 Repro- Chapter 53 duced from Ades PA.93 Permission requested. Table 48.5: Saint Luke’s Shawnee Mission Health System, Figure 53.2: Modified from Brutsaert.18 With permission Kansas City, MO, Mid America Heart Institute 1997. Cour- from the American Physiological Society. tesy of Jan E. Foresman, RN, MS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Figure 53.5: A: Modified from Kawaguchi et al.20 Copyright Specialist. Used with permission. 2002. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Reprinted with permis- Table 48.6: American College of Sports Medicine: Guide- sion. B: Modified from YU et al.22 Copyright 2002. American lines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 6th ed. Philadel- Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with phia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000:166–167. Used permission. C: Modifi ed from Zile et al.24 with permission. Table 48.10: Froelicher and Myer.50 Used with permission. Table 53.1: Modified from Zile and Brutsaert.9 Copyright Table 48.11: American Heart Association: Exercise Guide- 2002. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. lines. Used with permission. Reprinted with permission. Table 48.12: From Seattle Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Table 53.2: Modified from Zile and Brutsaert.53 Copyright Seattle, Washington. Used with permission. 2002. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 48.13: Sivarajan-Froelicher ES, Bruce RA. Early exer- Reprinted with permission. cise testing after MI. Cardiovasc Nurs 1981;17:1–5. Used with Table 53.5: Vasan RS, Levy D.61 Copyright 2000. American permission. Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Table 48.14: Parmley WW.72 Permission requested. permission. credits 2917

Chapter 55 Figure 58.7: Circulation 2005;112:e96–e97. Copyright 2005. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 55.1: Dec and Fuster.26 Copyright 1994. Massachu- Reprinted with permission. setts Medical Society. All rights reserved. With permission Figure 58.8: Circulation 2005;112:e96–e97. Copyright 2005. from the New England Journal of Medicine. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 55.2: Kasper EK, Hruban RH, Baughman KL. Idio- Reprinted with permission. pathic dilated cardiomyopathy. In: Abelman WH, ed. Atlas of Heart Diseases: Cardiomyopathies, Myocarditis and Peri- Table 58.1: Published with permission. 37 cardial Disease. Philadelphia: Current Medicine, 1995:3.1– Table 58.2: Yeh et al. Copyright 2004. American Heart Asso- 3.18. With permission from Current Medicine. ciation, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Figure 55.3: Gerdes AM, Kellerman SE, Moore JA, et al. Structural remodeling of cardiac myocytes in patients with Chapter 59 ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1992;86:426–430. With permission from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Figure 59.1: Bowles et al.22 Copyright 2003. With permission from the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Chapter 56 Figure 59.2: Modified from Liu and Mason.112 With permis- sion from Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins. 201 Figure 56.4: Modified from Spirito et al.180 Copyright 1997. Figure 59.3: Pauschinger et al. Copyright 2004. Kluwer Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted Academic Publishers. Reprinted with kind permission of with permission. Springer Science+Business Media. 116 Figure 56.6: Georgakopoulos et al.110 Used with permission. Figure 59.4: Kawai. Copyright 1999. Lippincott, Williams Figure 56.7: Niimura et al.65 Copyright 1998. Massachusetts & Wilkins. Reprinted with permission. 274 Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 59.5: Mason et al. Copyright 1995. Massachusetts permission. Medical Society. All rights reserved. Adapted with permis- Figure 56.10: Gruver et al.176 Used with permission. sion, 2006. 286 Figure 56.11: Modified from Spirito et al.180 Copyright 1997. Figure 59.6: Felix et al. Copyright 2000. With permission Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted from the American College of Cardiology. with permission. Figure 59.7: Courtesy of Elizabeth H. Hammond, M.D., Department of Pathology, University of Utah and the Latter Chapter 57 Day Saints Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Figure 57.1: Courtesy of E. Olsen, M.D. Chapter 60 Figure 57.2: Courtesy of E. Olsen, M.D. Figure 57.3: Courtesy of E. Olsen, M.D. Figure 60.1: Benotti et al.12 Permission requested. Figure 57.6: Courtesy of Derek Gibson, M.D. Figure 60.2: Olney.46 Permission requested. Figure 57.7: Acquatella.37 Reproduced with kind permission Figure 60.3: Siegel and Criley.47 Copyright 1985. BMJ Pub- of Springer Science+Business Media. lishing Group Ltd. Reprinted with permission. Figure 57.9: Courtesy of Professor I. Brockington. Figure 60.4: Grossman.45 Permission requested. Figure 57.14: Chew et al.40 Copyright 1975. With permission Figure 60.5: Wigle.48 Permission requested. from Excerpta Medica, Inc. Figure 60.6: Come.49 Permission requested. Figure 57.15: Comenzo et al.47 Copyright 1998. American Society of Hematology. Permission requested. Chapter 61

Table 57.2: Used with permission. Figure 61.2: Modified from Up to DATE, echo evaluation in Table 57.3: Used with permission. diastolic dysfunction section, with permission. Figure 61.6: Courtesy of Dr. J. Hung. Chapter 58 Figure 61.8: From Bax et al.40 Copyright 2004. With permis- sion from American College of Cardiology Foundation. Figure 58.3: Solomon et al.54 Copyright 1989. Elsevier, Inc. Figure 61.19: Adapted from Yoerger et al.125 Copyright 2005, Published with permission. with permission from American College of Cardiology Figure 58.4: Nasir et al.71 Copyright 2004. American Heart Foundation. Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 61.20: C: Jenni R, Oechslin E, et al. Echocardiographic permission. and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricu- Figure 58.5: Gear and Marcus.73 Copyright 2003. American lar non-compaction: a step towards classification as a dis- Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with tinct cardiomyopathy. Heart 2001;86:668. Copyright 2001. permission. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Reprinted with permission. Figure 58.6: Circulation 2005;112:e96–e97. Copyright 2005. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 61.1: Wilkins et al. Percutaneous balloon dilatation of Reprinted with permission. the mitral valve: an analysis of echocardiographic variables 2918 credits related to outcome and the mechanism of dilatation. Br Figure 64.3: 2003 Annual Report of the U.S. Organ Procure- Heart J 1998;60:299–308. Copyright 1998. BMJ Publishing ment and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Regis- Group Ltd. Reprinted with permission. try of Transplant Recipients.10 Permission requested. Figure 64.4: Miller et al.68 Permission requested. Figure 64.5: Constanzo MR, Naftel DC, Pritzker MR, et al. Chapter 62 Heart transplant coronary artery disease detected by angiog- raphy: a multiinstitutional study of preoperative donor and Figure 62.5: Francis et al., for the V-HeFT VA Cooperative recipient risk factors. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998;17:S774. Studies Group.139 With permission from Lippincott Williams Permission requested. & Wilkins. Copyright 1993. Figure 64.6: Adapted from Constanzo MR, Eisen JH, Brown Figure 62.6: Levine et al.104 With permission from the BMJ RN, et al. Are there specific risk factors for fatal allograft Publishing Group. vasculopathy? An analysis of over 7,000 cardiac transplant Figure 62.9: Cohn et al., for the V-HeFT VA Cooperative recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001;20:152. Permission Studies Group.132 With permission from Lippincott Williams requested. & Wilkins. Copyright 1993. Figure 64.8: Adapted from Kobashigawa et al.267 Permission Figure 62.12: Francis et al., for the V-HeFT VA Cooperative requested. Studies Group.139 With permission from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright 1993. Chapter 65

Figure 65.1: Adapted from Bach F, Auchincloss H. Trans- Chapter 63 plantation Immunology. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1995. Figure 65.2: Adapted from Halloran PF. Immunosuppressive 37 Figure 63.1: SOLVD Investigators. Copyright 1991. Massa- drugs for kidney transplantation. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2715– chusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with 2729. Permission requested. permission. Figure 65.3: Adapted from Halloran PF. Immunosuppressive Figure 63.2: Cintron G, Johnson G, Francis G, et al. drugs for kidney transplantation. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2715– Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular 2729. Permission requested. ejection fraction in patients with congestive heart Figure 65.5: From Kubo et al., and the Transplant Research failure. Circulation 1993; 87[suppl VI]: VI 17–23, copyright Database.107 Permission requested. 1993. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Reprinted with Figure 65.6: Adapted from Norman, Turka. Primer on Trans- permission. plantation, 2nd ed. Mt. Laurel, American Society of Trans- 58 Figure 63.3: CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. Copy- plantation, 2001. Permission requested. right 1999. With permission from Elsevier. Figure 65.7: Adapted from Norman, Turka. Primer on Trans- 59 Figure 63.4: MERIT-HF Study Group. Copyright 1999. plantation, 2nd ed. Mt. Laurel, American Society of Trans- With permission from Elsevier. plantation, 2001. Permission requested. Figure 63.5: Packer et al., Carvedilol Prospective Random- ized Cumulative Survival Study Group (COPERNICUS). Effect on carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart Chapter 66 failure. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1651–1658. Copyright 2001. 50 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted Figure 66.1: Cooley. Used with permission. 57 with permission. Figure 66.2: Kirklin et al. Used with permission. 52 Figure 63.6: Cohn et al.70 Copyright 1986. Massachusetts Figure 66.3: Frazier et al. With permission from the Texas Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Heart Institute. 98 permission. Figure 66.5: Radovancevic et al. Used with permission. Figure 63.7: Cohn et al.39 Copyright 1991. Massachusetts 2 Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Table 66.1: Hunt et al. Copyright 2005. American Heart permission. Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 63.8: Taylor et al.71 Copyright 2004. Massachusetts permission. Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Chapter 68 Figure 63.9: Pfeffer et al.170 Copyright 1992. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 68.2: Shabetai R. Cardiac tamponade. In: Shabetai R. permission. The Pericardium. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publish- ers, 2003. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science+Business Media. Chapter 64 Figure 68.3: Reddy et al.75 With permission of the American Heart Association. Figure 64.1: Taylor et al.4 Permission requested. Figure 68.4: Klopfenstein et al.60 With permission of the Figure 64.2: 2003 Annual Report of the U.S. Organ Procure- American Heart Association. ment and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Regis- Figure 68.5: Shabetai et al.77 Copyright 1970. With permis- try of Transplant Recipients.10 Permission requested. sion from Elsevier. credits 2919

Figure 68.6: Gillam et al.53 Copyright 1983. American Heart Figure 73.6: Modified from Stary et al.41 Copyright 1995. Lip- Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with pincott Williams & Wilkins. Reprinted with permission. permission. Figure 73.7: Buja et al.9 With permission from the American Figure 68.7: Tsang et al.80 Permission requested. Society for Investigative Pathology. Figure 68.8: Shabetai R. Constrictive pericarditis. In: Shabe- Figure 73.8: Buja et al.13 Copyright 1983. Lippincott Wiliams tai R. The Pericardium. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic & Wilkins. Reprinted with permission. Publishers, 2003. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science+Business Media. Table 73.1: Modified from Buja et al.9 With permission from Figure 68.9: Reddy PS. Hemodynamics of cardiac tamponade the American Society for Investigative Pathology. in man. In: Reddy PS, Leon DF, Shaver JA, eds. Pericardial Dis- Table 73.3: Tanaka and Sueishi.25 Copyright 1993. Lippin- eases. New York: Raven Press, 1982. Permission requested. cott Williams & Wilkins. Reprinted with permission. Figure 68.10: Shabetai R. Constrictive pericarditis. In: Sha- Table 73.4: Libby and Schoen.8 Copyright 1993. With per- betai R. The Pericardium. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic mission from Elsevier. Publishers, 2003. Reproduced with kind permission of Table 73.5: Libby and Schoen.8 Copyright 1993. With per- Springer Science+Business Media. mission from Elsevier. Figure 68.11: Shabetai R. Constrictive pericarditis. In: Sha- Table 73.6: Libby and Schoen.8 Copyright 1993. With per- betai R. The Pericardium. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic mission from Elsevier. Publishers, 2003. Reproduced with kind permission of Table 73.7: Libby and Schoen.8 Copyright 1993. With per- Springer Science+Business Media. mission from Elsevier. Figure 68.12: Garcia et al.122 Copyright 1998. American College of Cardiology. Reprinted with permission. Figure 68.13: Rajagopalan et al.120 Copyright 2001. With per- Chapter 74 mission from Excerpta Medica Inc. Figure 68.14: Sagrista-Sauleda et al.124 Copyright 2004. Mas- Figure 74.1: Adapted from Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dins- sachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted more RE, et al. A definition of advanced types of atheroscle- with permission. rotic lesions and a histological classification ofatherosclerosis. Figure 68.15: Shabetai R. Acute pericarditis. In: Shabetai R. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the The Pericardium. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publish- Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. ers, 2003. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1512–1531. Science+Business Media. Figure 74.2: Adapted from Expert Panel on Detection, Evalu- ation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults.31 Table 68.2: Modified from Imazio et al.125 Permission requested. Table 74.2: Adapted from Expert Panel on Detection, Evalu- ation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults.31 Chapter 70 Table 74.4: Adapted from Grundy et al.51 Table 74.5: Adapted from Expert Panel on Detection, Evalu- 31 Figure 70.1: Modified from Spieker and Luscher.2 ation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Figure 70.3: Modified from Grassi.54 Table 74.6: Adapted from Expert Panel on Detection, Evalu- 31 Figure 70.4: Modifi ed from Saino et al.57 ation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Figure 70.5: Modifi ed from Grassi et al.84 84 Figure 70.6: Modified from Grassi et al. Chapter 75 Figure 70.7: Modifi ed from Grassi et al.104 134 Figure 70.8: Modifi ed from Grassi et al. Figure 75.3: Duprez et al.22 Copyright 2004. With permis- sion from the American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd. Chapter 71

Figure 71.1: Modified from Mulvany.4 Chapter 76 Figure 71.2: Modified from Melo.228 Figure 71.4: Modifi ed from Mann et al.233,234 Figure 76.1: Grossman W. Cardiac Catheterization and Figure 71.5: Modifi ed from Griese et al.277 Angiography, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1985. Used Figure 71.6: Modifi ed from Griese et al.277 with permission. Figure 71.7: Modifi ed from Kong et al.252 Figure 76.2: Perloff.10 With permission from Elsevier. Figure 76.3: Perloff.10 With permission from Elsevier. Chapter 73 Figure 76.4: Perloff.10 With permission from Elsevier. Figure 76.5: Perloff.10 With permission from Elsevier. Figure 73.3: Willerson et al.2 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Figure 76.7: Cooley.32 With permission from Elsevier. copyright 1982. Reprinted with premission. Figure 76.8: Cooley.32 With permission from Elsevier. Figure 73.4: Buja et al.12 With permission from the American Figure 76.11: Braunwald.231 With permission from Elsevier. Society of Investigative Pathology. Figure 76.12: Braunwald.231 With permission from Elsevier. Figure 73.5: Buja et al.12 With permission from the American Figure 76.14: Nienaber CA, von Kodolitsch Y, Nicolas V, et Society for Investigative Pathology. al. The diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection by noninvasive 2920 credits imaging procedures. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1. Copyright Chapter 81 1993. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Figure 81.10: Halliday et al.64 Reprinted with permission 231 Figure 76.15: Braunwald. With permission from Elsevier. from Elsevier. 32 Figure 76.19: Cooley. With permission from Elsevier. Figure 81.12: CAVATAS.71 Reprinted with permission from 191 Figure 76.20: Pennell et al. With permission from Elsevier. Elsevier. Figure 76.21: Braunwald.231 With permission from Elsevier. Figure 76.22: Braunwald.231 With permission from Elsevier. Chapter 82

Table 76.4: Nienaber CA, von Kodolitsch Y, Nicolas V, et al. Figure 82.9: B: Reprinted with permission of Boston The diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection by noninvasive Scientific. imaging procedures. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1. Copyright Figure 82.11: Reprinted with permission of Fox Hollow 1993. Massachesutts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Technologies, Inc. Reprinted with permission. Figure 82.16: Reprinted with permission of Boston Scientific Table 76.7: Ishikawa K. Diagnostic approach and proposed Corp. criteria of the clinical diagnosis of Takayasu’s arteriopathy. Figure 82.19: Reprinted with permission of W.L. Gore & Am J Coll Cardiol 1988;12:964. Copyright 1988. With permis- Associates. sion from the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Figure 82.20: Reprinted with permission of Endologix, Inc. Figure 82.24: Photography countery of Abbott Vascular. Copyright 2006. Abbott Vascular. All rights reserved. Chapter 77 Figure 82.25: Photography countery of Abbott Vascular. Copyright 2006. Abbott Vascular. All rights reserved. Table 77.1: Adapted from Johnston et al.2 Table 77.2: Adapted from O’Hara.191 Chapter 83

Chapter 78 Figure 83.1: Adapted from Riley et al.41 Figure 83.2: Bots et al.21 Copyright 2003. American Heart 81 Figure 78.5: Modifi ed from McKenna et al. Association, Inc. Used with permission. Figure 83.4: O’Leary et al.26 Copyright 1999. Massachusetts 1 Table 78.4: Modifi ed from Hirsch et al. Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with 1 Table 78.5: Modifi ed from Hirsch et al. permission. Table 78.6: Adapted from Stewart et al.105 Used with permis- sion. Copyright 2002. Massachusetts Medical Society. All Table 83.1: Riley et al.41 Copyright 1992. American Heart rights reserved. Association, Inc. Used with permission.

Chapter 79 Chapter 84

Figure 79.1: Goldhaber and Tapson.11 Used with permission. Table 84.1: Mintz et al.6 Figure 79.2: Goldhaber and Tapson.11 Used with permission. Figure 79.3: Kucher et al.14 Used with permission. Figure 79.4: Kucher et al.14 Used with permission. Chapter 85 Figure 79.5: Courtesy of Suman W. Rathbun, M.D., M.S., University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Figure 85.3. O’Rourke MF. Pressure and flow waves in sys- Figure 79.7: Kucher et al.72 Used with permission. tematic arteries and the anatomical design of the arterial system. J Appl Physiol 1967;23:139. Used with permission Table 79.7: Raschke et al.35 Used with permission. from The American Physiological Society. Table 79.11: Adapted from Kucher et al.72 Used with permission. Chapter 86

Chapter 80 Figure 86.16: From Collins et al.219 Used with permission. Figure 86.17: From Staessen et al.234 Copyright 1989. Lip- Figure 80.3: Tsurumi et al.71 Permission requested. pincott Williams & Wilkins. Reprinted with permission. Figure 80.4: Tsurumi et al.71 Permission requested. Figure 86.18: From Staessen et al.234 Copyright 1989. Lip- Figure 80.5: Baumgartner et al.87 Permission requested. pincott Williams & Wilkins. Reprinted with permission. Figure 80.6: Henry et al.110 Figure 86.19: Adapted from European Society of Hyperten- Figure 80.7: Henry et al.112 sion-European Society of Cardiology.192 Copyright 2003. Lip- Figure 80.8: Henry et al.143 pincott Williams & Wilkins. Reprinted with permission. credits 2921

Table 86.2: Executive Summary of the Third Report of the Table 88.12: Adapted from Mathias.4 National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Table 88.13: Adapted from Mathias and Kimber126 and Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Mathias.127 Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III).109 Used Table 88.14: Adapted from Mathias.127 with permission. Table 88.15: Adapted from Mathias.61 Table 86.8: Chobanian et al.193 Used with permission. Table 86.9: Chobanian et al.193 European Society of Hyper- tension-European Society of Cardiology,192 and O’Brien.198 Chapter 89 Used with permission. Table 86.10: Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Chil- Figure 89.1: Courtesy of Dr. Zsolt Garami, University of dren.230 Used with permission. Texas–Houston stroke program. Table 86.11 Whitworth.194 Copyright 2003. Lippincott Wil- liams & Wilkins. Reprinted with permission. Table 86.12: Physicians’ Desk Reference, 57th ed. Montvale, Chapter 90 NJ: Thomson PDR, 2003. Adapted from Chobanian et al.193 Figure 90.9: Courtesy Cardionet, San Diego, CA. Copyright 2003. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Reprinted with permission. Chapter 92 Chapter 87 Figure 92.1: Go et al.5 Copyright 2001. American Medical Figure 87.1: Modified from Pierpont GL. Mechanical support Association. All rights reserved. Reprinted with of the failing circulation in acute coronary insufficiency and permission. myocardial infarction. In: Francis GS, Alpert JS, eds. Coro- Figure 92.3: Ehrlich et al.31 With permission from Blackwell nary Care, 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1995:261–288. Per- Publishing. mission requested. Figure 92.8: Adapted from Fuster et al.60 Copyright 2006. Figure 87.2: Rose et al.45 Copyright 2006. Massachusetts American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Reprinted with permission. permission. Figure 92.11: Adapted from Roy et al.84 Copyright 2004. Figure 87.3: Moosvi et al.59 Copyright 1992. With permission Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. from the American College of Cardiology. Reprinted with permission. Figure 92.12: Singh et al.95 Copyright 2005. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Chapter 88 permission. 95 27 Figure 92.13: Singh et al. Copyright 2005. Massachusetts Figure 88.6: Adapted from Mathias and Bannister. Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 88.7: Adapted from Smith et al.29 25 permission. Figure 88.8: Adapted from Mathias and Bannister. 95 37 Figure 92.14: Singh et al. Copyright 2005. Massachusetts Figure 88.9: Adapted from Mathias et al. Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 88.10: Adapted from Mathias and Bannister.25 41 permission. Figure 88.11: Adapted from Kimber et al. 97 59,60 Figure 92.15: Adapted from Torp-Pedersen et al. Copyright Figure 88.12: Adapted from Mathias. 1999. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Figure 88.13: Adapted from Mathias.5 84 Reprinted with permission. Figure 88.14: Adapted from Mathias and Frankel. Figure 92.16: Adapted from Torp-Pedersen et al.97 Copyright Figure 88.19: Adapted from Deguchi and Mathias.110 111 1999. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Figure 88.20: Wieling and Van Lieshoul. Permission Reprinted with permission. requested. Figure 88.21: Adapted from Mathias.118 Figure 88.23: Wieling et al.132 Permission requested. Chapter 94 Figure 88.24: Adapted from Cariga and Mathias.139 37 Figure 88.25: Adapted from Mathias et al. Figure 94.3: Modified from Narula DS, Scherlag BJ, Samet 30 Figure 88.26: Adapted from Smith and Mathias. P, et al. Atrioventricular block localization and classification 64 Figure 88.27: Mathias and Williams. Permission requested. by His bundle recordings. Am J Med 1971;50:146.

Table 88.1: Adapted from Mathias.4 Table 88.3: Adapted from Mathias.4 Chapter 95 Table 88.4: Adapted from Mathias.4 Table 88.6: Adapted from Mathias and Bannister.25 Figure 95.1: Silverman DI, Manning WJ. Role of echocar- Table 88.7: Adapted from Mathias and Bannister.25 diography in patients undergoing elective cardioversion of Table 88.9: Adapted from Mathias.61 atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1996;98(5):479–486. Copyright Table 88.10: Adapted from Mathias and Frankel.82 1996. American Heart Assocation, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 88.11: Adapted from Mathias and Frankel.82 Reprinted with permission. 2922 credits

Chapter 97 Chapter 101

Table 97.4: Modified from Bannister R, ed. Autonomic Figure 101.3: Reproduced with permission of Medtronic, Failure. A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Inc. Copyright. Nervous System. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Figure 101.4: Reproduced with permission of Medtronic, Inc. Copyright. Figure 101.6: Reproduced with permission of Medtronic, Chapter 98 Inc. Copyright.

Figure 98.1: Morbidity and Mortality Chartbook on Cardio- Chapter 102 vascular, Lung, and Blood Disease. Washington, DC: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S. Department of Health Figure 102.11: Jaïs et al.51 Copyright 2000. American Heart and Human Services; 1990. Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 98.2: Cobb et al.7 Permission requested. permission. Figure 98.3: Myerburg.14 Permission requested. Figure 102.12: Kobza et al.52 Copyright 2004. The Heart Figure 98.4: Myerburg.14 Permission requested. Rhythm Society. Reprinted with permission. Figure 98.5: Myerburg et al.16 Permission requested. Figure 102.17: Pappone et al.69 Copyright 2000. The Ameri- Figure 98.6: Gillum.5 Permission requested. can Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted Figure 98.7: Kannel WB, Schatzkin A. Sudden death: lessons with permission. from subsets in population studies. J Am Coll Cardiol Figure 102.20: Kottkamp et al.70 Copyright 2004. The Amer- 1985;5(6 suppl):141B–149B. Permission requested. ican College of Cardiology Foundation. Reprinted with Figure 98.8: Maron et al.110 Permission requested. permission. Figure 98.10: Moss et al.212 Permission requested. Figure 102.21: Adapted from Nademanee et al.72 Copyright Figure 98.11: Wilde et al.231 Permission requested. 2004. The American College of Cardiology Foundation. Figure 98.12: Priori and Napolitano.241 Permission Reprinted with permission. requested. Figure 102.26: Modified from Stevenson et al. Pacing Clin Figure 98.13: Schimpf et al.247 Permission requested. Electrophysiol 1998;21:1448–1456. Figure 98.14: Echt et al.406 Copyright 1991. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Permission requested. Chapter 103 Figure 98.15: Moss et al.424 Permission requested. Figure 98.16: Moss et al.431 Permission requested. Figure 103.1: Cox et al.14 Copyright 1991. With permission Figure 98.17: Moss et al.431 Permission requested. from Elsevier. Figure 98.18: Bardy et al.237 Permission requested. Figure 103.2: Cox JL, Boineau JP, Schuessler RB, et al. Modi- Figure 98.19 Bardy et al.432 Permission requested. fication of the maze procedure for atrial flutter and atrial Figure 98.20 Kadish et al.433 Permission requested. fibrillation. I. Rationale and surgical results. J Thorac Car- Figure 98.21 Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibril- diovasc Surg 1995;110:473–484. Copyright 1995. With per- lators (AVID) Investigators.443 Permission requested. mission from Elsevier. Figure 103.3: Gaynor et al.45 Copyright 2004. The American Table 98.1: Kannel et al.29 Permission requested. Association for Thoracic Surgery. Reprinted with permission. Table 98.3: Schwartz et al.190 Permission requested. Figure 103.4: Damiano RJ Jr, Gaynor SL. Operative tech- Table 98.6: Khoshnevis and Massumi et al.169 Permission niques in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2004;9:24–33. requested. Figure 103.5: Damiano RJ Jr, Gaynor SL. Operative tech- niques in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2004;9:24–33. Figure 103.6: Damiano RJ Jr, Gaynor SL. Operative tech- Chapter 99 niques in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2004;9:24–33. Figure 103.7: Damiano RJ Jr, Gaynor SL. Operative tech- Figure 99.1: Fuster V, et al. ACC/AHA) ESC guidelines for niques in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2004;9:24–33. the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report Figure 103.8: Gaynor et al.45 Copyright 2004. The American of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association for Thoracic Surgery. Reprinted with Association Task Ease on Practice Guidelines and the Euro- permission. pean Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guide- Figure 103.9: Damiano RJ Jr, Gaynor SL. Operative tech- lines Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines niques in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2004;9:24–33. for the Management of Patients with Atiral Fibrillation). Eur Figure 103.10: Damiano RJ Jr, Gaynor SL. Operative tech- Heart J 2001;22:1852–1923. By Permission of the European niques in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2004;9:24–33. Society of Cardiology. Figure 103.12: Prasad et al.20 Copyright 2003. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Reprinted with permission. Chapter 100 Figure 103.13: Kreisel D, Lindsay BD, Bailey MS, Cox JL, Damiano RJ Jr. Surgical treatment for inappropriate sinus Table 100.1: Modifi ed from Bernstein et al.5 tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2005;2(5):S198. credits 2923

Chapter 105 Figure 106.14: Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group.110 The American College of Physicians. Reprinted with Figure 105.3: Modified from Lilienfeld and Rubin.21 Used permission. 110 with permission. Figure 106.15: Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Figure 105.5: A,B,C: Han et al.26 Used with permission. The American College of Physicians. Reprinted with Parera et al.25 Used with permission. Modified from Shirai et permission. 138 al.253 The American Physicological Society. Reprinted with Figure 106.16: Diener and Burrows. The American Journal permission. of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Reproduced with Figure 105.7: A,B: Modified from Hampl et al.254 Used with permission. 139 permission. Modified from Michelakis et al.35 Copyright Figure 106.17: Traver et al. The American Journal of Respi- 2002. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Reprinted with ratory and Critical Care Medicine. Reproduced with permission. permission. 139 Figure 105.9: Modified from Archer and Rich.9 Copyright Figure 106.18: Traver et al. The American Journal of 2000. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Reproduced with Reprinted with permission. permission. Figure 105.13: Lawler and Askin et al.255 Copyright 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Reprinted with Chapter 107 permission. Figure 105.16: Rich et al.39 Copyright 1992. Massachusetts Figure 107.1: Courtesy of Sayed F. Feghali, M.D. Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Figure 107.2: Courtesy of Scott D. Flamm, M.D. permission. Figure 107.3: Courtesy of Susan Wilansky, M.D. Figure 105.17: A,B: D’Alonzo et al.12 Reprinted with per- Figure 107.5: Courtesy of Susan Wilansky, M.D. mission from the American College of Physicians and Figure 107.9: Courtesy of Scott D. Flamm, M.D. Elsevier. Skatchkov et al.256 Copyright 1998. The American Figure 107.10: MRI image courtesy of Benjamin Cheong, College of Cardiology Foundation. Reprinted with M.D. permission. Figure 107.12: Courtesy of Scott D. Flamm, M.D. Figure 105.18: A,B: Hoeper et al.227 Used with permission. Figure 107.15: Courtesy of Scott D. Flamm, M.D. Olschewski et al.228 Copyright 2002. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission Table 107.1: Hall RJ, Cooley DA. Neoplastic heart disease. Figure 105.19: A,C: Michelakis et al.238 Used with permis- In: Alexander RW, Schlant RC, Foster V, eds. Hurst’s The sion. Ghofrani et al.239 Copyright 2004. The American College Heart—Arteries and Veins, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, of Cardiology Foundation. Reprinted with permission. 1982:1403–1424. Permission requested. Figure 105.20: Michelakis et al.156 Copyright 2003. The Table 107.2: McAllister and Fenoglio.100 American Heart Association Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Figure 105.21: Wilkins et al.157 Copyright 2005. The Ameri- Chapter 108 can Thoracic Society. Reprinted with permission. Figure 108.1: Lie.34 Copyright 1980. With permission from Elsevier. Chapter 106 Figure 108.2: Van Vliet et al.145 Copyright 1966. Massachu- setts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with 33 Figure 106.3: Harrigan and Jones. With permission from permission Blackwell Publishing. Figure 108.3: A,B,C: Courtesy of L. Maximilian Buja, M.D. 33 Figure 106.4: Harrigan and Jones. With permission from Sutherland et al.245 Used with permission. Regan et al.250 The Blackwell Publishing. American Society for Clinical Investigation. Reprinted with 11 Figure 106.7: Anthonisen et al. The American Journal of permission. Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Reproduced with Figure 108.4: Courtesy of L. Maximilian Buja, M.D. permission. Reprinted from Ferrans and Roberts.566 Copyright 1976. With 11 Figure 106.8: Anthonisen et al. The American Journal of permission from Elsevier. Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Reprinted with permission. Table 108.2: American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and 74 Figure 106.9: Vincken et al. The European Respiratory classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2005; Society Journal Ltd. Reprinted with permission. 28(suppl 1):S37–S42. Copyright 2005. With permission from 92 Figure 106.10: Albert et al. The American College of Physi- the American Diabetes Association. cians. Reprinted with permission. Figure 106.11: Vestbo et al.100 Copyright 2005. BMJ Publish- ing Group. Reprinted with permission. Chapter 109 Figure 106.12: Stuart-Harris et al.109 Copyright 1981. With permission from Elsevier. Figure 109.6: Hahn.90 Copyright 2003. Massachusetts Figure 106.13: Stuart-Harris et al.109 Copyright 1981. With Med-ical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier. permission. 2924 credits

Figure 109.7: Courtesy of L. Maximillian Buja, M.D. Chapter 116 Figure 109.13: Courtesy of William C. Roberts, M.D., Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Figure 116.1: Data from Clark et al.5 Figure 109.15: From the American College of Rheumatology. Figure 116.2: Data from Duvekot et al.8 Used with permission. Figure 116.3: Data from Ueland and Hansen.9,10 294 Figure 109.23: Bulkley and Roberts. With permission of Figure 116.4: Data from Peck and Arias.13 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Figure 116.5: Data from Pritchard.18 Figure 109.24: Courtesy of Dr. William Roberts, M.D., Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Table 116.1: Modified from Foley MR, Strong TH Jr. Obstet- rics Intensive Care: A Practice Manual. Philadelphia: WB 185 Table 109.5: Follansbee et al. Permission requested. Saunders, 1997. Table 116.2: Modifi ed from Clark et al.32 Chapter 110 Chapter 117 Figure 110.1: Courtesy of Ellen Keeley, M.D. Reprinted with permission. Table 117.1: Data from Goldman et al.19 7 Figure 110.2: Lange and Hillis. Used with permission. Table 117.2: Adapted from American Society of Copyright 2001. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights Anesthesiologists.18 reserved. Table 117.3: Adapted from Goldman et al.1 Table 117.4: Data from Goldman et al.19 Chapter 111 Table 117.5: Adapted from Detsky et al.;21 and Detsky et al.22 Figure 111.4: Heidenreich et al.36 Copyright 1995. The Table 117.6: Adapted from Detsky et al.;21 and Detsky American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. et al.22 Reprinted with permission. Table 117.8: Adapted from Lee et al.27 Figure 111.5: Currie PF, Jacob AJ, Foreman AR, et al. Heart Table 117.9: Abraham SA, Coles NA, Coley CM, et al. Coro- muscle disease related to HIV infection: prognostic implica- nary risk of noncardiac surgery. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1991; tions. BMJ 1994;309:1605–1607. Used with permission. 34:205. Copyright 1991. With permission from Elsevier.

Chapter 112 Chapter 119

Figure 112.2: Courtesy of Ian Butler, M.D. Figure 119.1: London et al.5 Copyright 1998. The American Figure 112.8: Courtesy of Ian Butler, M.D. Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 112.10: Courtesy of S.N. Nagueh, M.D. Reprinted with permission. Figure 112.16: Courtesy of I.J. Butler and N. Gudoth. Figure 119.2: Modified from Mark.69 Figure 112.17: Courtesy of Ian Butler, M.D. Figure 119.3: Hansen AT. Pressure measurement in the Figure 112.18: Courtesy of Ian Butler, M.D. human organism. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1949;19:68. Copyright 1949. Blackwell Publishing, Inc. Reprinted with Chapter 113 permission. Figure 119.4: Bedford RF. Invasive blood pressure monitor- Figure 113.3: Williams.98 With permission of the McGraw- ing. In: Blitt C, ed. Monitoring in Anesthesia and Critical Hill Companies. Care Medicine. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1985. Copyright 1985. Elsevier Inc. Reprinted with permission. Table 113.2: Hehlmann et al.21 Copyright 1988. American Figure 119.5: Bedford RF. Invasive blood pressure monitor- Cancer Society. With permission of Wiley-Liss, a subsidiary ing. In: Blitt C, ed. Monitoring in Anesthesia and Critical of John Wiley & Sons. Care Medicine. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1985. Table 113.3: Modified from Rosenthal DS, Braunwald E. Copyright 1985. Elsevier Inc. Reprinted with permission. Hematological-oncological disorders and heart disease. In: Figure 119.6: Mark JB. Cardiovascular monitoring. In: Miller Braunwald E, ed. Heart Disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, R, ed. Anesthesia, 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992:1742–1766. 2005. Figure 119.7: Mark.69 Figure 119.8: Mark;69 and Mark JB. Cardiovascular monitor- Chapter 114 ing. In: Miller R, ed. Anesthesia, 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2005. 144 Table 114.4: Modified from Schafer and DeStefano Figure 119.9: Modified from Mark.69 169 et al. Figure 119.10: Mark JB. Cardiovascular monitoring. In: Miller R, ed. Anesthesia, 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, Chapter 115 2005. Figure 119.11: Mark JB. Cardiovascular monitoring. In: Figure 115.2: Najjar et al.28 Miller R, ed. Anesthesia, 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, Figure 115.3: A,B: Fleg et al.31 C: Schulman et al.30 2005. credits 2925

Figure 119.12: Mark JB. Cardiovascular monitoring. In: Figure 123.7: Antzelevitch.206 With permission of the Oxford Miller R, ed. Anesthesia, 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, University Press on behalf of The European Society of 2005. Cardiology. Figure 119.13: Modified from Singer M. Esophageal Doppler monitoring of aortic blood flow: beat-by-beat cardiac output monitoring. Int Anesthes Clin 1993;31(3):99–125. Copyright Chapter 124 1993. With permission from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Table 124.5: Adapted from Nora JJ, Berg K, Nora AH. Con- Table 119.5: Modified from Mark.69 genital heart disease: genetics. In: Cardiovascular Diseases, Table 119.6: Thys DM, Abel M, Bollen BA. Practice guide- Genetics, Epidemiology and Prevention. New York: Oxford lines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography. A University Press, 1991: 53–80. Permission requested. report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography. Anesthesiology 1996; Chapter 125 84(4):986–1006. Table 119.8: Thys DM, Abel M, Bollen BA. Practice guide- Figure 125.4: Adapted from Wilson et al.71 lines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography. A Figure 125.5: Kannel et al.23 Used with permission. report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Figure 125.9: Adapted from Wilson et al.71 Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography. Anesthesiology 1996; Table 125.9: Levy et al. Prognostic implications of baseline 84(4):986–1006. electrocardiographic features and their serial changes in sub- jects with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1994;90: 1786, with permission. Chapter 120

Figure 120.2: Courtesy of Fred Elder, M.D. Chapter 126

Chapter 121 Figure 126.4: Gielen S, Hambrecth R. Effects of exercise training on vascular function and myocardial perfusion. Cardiol Clin 2001;19:357–368. Copyright 2001. With permis- Figure 121.2: Milewicz DM. Identification of defects in the sion from Elsevier. fibrillin gene and protein in individuals with the Marfan Figure 126.5: La Rovere.137 Copyright 2002. With permission syndrome and related disorders. Tex Heart J 1994;21:22. Per- from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. mission requested.

Table 121.1: De Paepe A, Devereux RB, Dietz HC, et al. Chapter 127 Revised diagnostic criteria for the Marfan syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1996;62:417–426. Copyright 1996. Reprinted by Figure 127.1: From Sargent et al.38 Reproduced with permis- permission of Wiley-Liss, Inc. a division of John Wiley & sion from the BMJ Publishing Group. Sons, Inc. Figure 127.2: Ambrose and Barua.52 Copyright 2004. The American College of cardiology Foundation. Reprinted with Chapter 122 permission. Figure 127.3: Mullick et al.68 From The American Physiolog- Figure 122.1: Perryman MB, Yu Q, Marian AJ, et al. Expres- ical Society. Reprinted with permission. 63 sion of a missense mutation in the messenger RNA for Figure 127.4: Otsuka et al. Copyright 2001. American myosin heavy chain in myocardial tissue in hypertrophic Medical Association. All rights reserved. Reprinted with cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 1992;90:271. With permission permission. of the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Figure 127.5: Rx for Change: Clinician-Assisted Tobacco 124 Figure 122.2: Multicenter Study Group.36 Copyright 1992. Cessation. Used with permission. Copyright 1999–2005. American Medical Association. Permission requested. Regents of the University of California, University of South- Figure 122.5: Modified from Redman et al.76 Copyright 1993. ern California, and Western University of Health Sciences. American Medical Association. Permission requested. All rights reserved. Figure 127.6: From Fichtenberg and Glantz.130 Copyright 2000. Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Chapter 123 Reprinted with permission.

Figure 123.1: Wilde AA, Bezzina CR. Genetics of cardiac Table 127.1: Barnoya and Glantz.3 arrhythmias. Heart 2005;91(10):1352–1358. Reprinted with Table 127.2: Adapted from Rx for Change: Clinician-Assisted permission. Tobacco Cessation.124 Used with permission. Copyright Figure 123.5: Wilde AA, Bezzina CR. Genetics of cardiac 1999–2003. Regents of the University of California, Univer- arrhythmias. Heart 2005;91(10):1352–1358. Reprinted with sity of Southern California, and Western University of Health permission. Sciences. All rights reserved. 2926 credits

Chapter 129 Table 132.4: Adapted from Wollert and Drexler.12 Copyright 2005. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 129.1: National Institutes of Health.20 Used with permission. Table 132.5: Perin et al.125 Copyright 2004. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Used with Chapter 130 permission. Table 132.6: Perin et al.125 Copyright 2004. American Heart Figure 130.1: Nabel EG, Pompilli VJ, Plautz GE, Nabel GJ. Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Used with Gene transfer and vascular disease. Cardiovasc Res permission. 1994;28:445–455. Used with permission. Figure 130.2: Losordo et al.51a Circulation 2002;105:2012– 2018. Copyright 2002. American Heart Association, Inc. All Chapter 133 rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Figure 130.3: Losordo et al.51a Circulation 2002;105:2012– Figure 133.1: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2018. Copyright 2002. American Heart Association, Inc. All Offi ce of the Actuary, National Health Statistics Group. rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Figure 133.2: American Heart Association.2 Figure 130.4: Grines.8 Permission requested.

Chapter 132 Chapter 134

Figure 132.1: Korbling M, Estrov Z. Adult stem cells for Figure 134.4: Adapted from DeBusk et al.20 tissue repair—a new therapeutic concept? N Engl J Med 2003;349(6):570–582. Used with permission. Table 134.4: Adapted from Mitka.70 Figure 132.2: Baksh et al.56 Used with permission. Table 134.5: Adapted from the American College of Cardiol- Figure 132.3: Iwami et al.17 Used with permission. ogy/American Heart Association Expert Consensus Docu- Figure 132.4: Perin et al.112 Copyright 2003. American Heart ment for the use of Sildenafil.15 Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Table 134.6: Adapted from DeBusk et al.20 permission. Figure 132.7: Silva et al.117 Copyright 2005. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with Chapter 135 permission. Figure 132.8: Silva et al.117 Copyright 2005. American Heart Figure 135.2: Ajjan R, Grant PJ. Coagulation and athero- Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with thrombotic disease. Atherosclerosis 2006;186:240–259. permission. Copyright from Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Reprinted with Figure 132.9: Silva et al.117 Copyright 2005. American Heart permission. Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Table 135.1: Adapted from Eckel et al.11 Figure 132.10: Silva et al.117 Copyright 2005. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Chapter 136 Figure 132.11: Dohmann et al.151 Copyright from American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved, with permission. Figure 136.1: Modified from Go et al.13 Copyright 2004. Figure 132.12: Dohmann et al.151 Copyright 2005. American Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Reprinted Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved, with permission. with permission. Figure 132.13: Dohmann et al.151 Copyright 2005. American Figure 136.2: Modified from Hillege et al.38 Copyright 2002. Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved, with permission. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 132.14: Dohmann et al.151 Copyright 2005. American Reprinted with permission. Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Used with Figure 136.3: Modified from Bruno et al.51 Permission permission. requested. Figure 136.4: Adapted from Cleland et al.73 Permission Table 132.1: Adapted from Wollert and Drexler.12 With per- requested. mission from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Figure 136.5: Adapted from Ruggenenti et al.89 Copyright Table 132.2: Melo LG, Pachori AS, Kong D, et al. Molecular 1998. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Reprinted with and cell-based therapies for protection, rescue, and repair of permission. ischemic myocardium: reasons for cautious optimism. Cir- Figure 136.6: Courtesy of Dr. Sanjay Prasad, Royal Brompton culation 2004;109(20):2386–2393. Copyright 2004. Ameri- Hospital, London, UK. can Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission. Table 136.3: Modified from Weber.98 Table 132.3: Adapted from Wollert and Drexler.12 Copyright Table 136.6: Modifi ed from El Nahas & Bello.161 2005. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 136.7: Modified from Struthers and MacDonald.95 Used with permission.