DOCSLIB.ORG

Comprehensive Analysis of Direct Aqueous Mineral Carbonation Using

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comprehensive Analysis of Direct Aqueous Mineral Carbonation Using Comprehensive analysis of direct aqueous mineral carbonation using dissolution enhancing organic additives Benjamin Bonfils, Carine Julcour-Lebigue, François Guyot, Françoise Bodénan, Pierre Chiquet, Florent Bourgeois To cite this version: Benjamin Bonfils, Carine Julcour-Lebigue, François Guyot, Françoise Bodénan, Pierre Chiquet, et al.. Comprehensive analysis of direct aqueous mineral carbonation using dissolution enhancing or- ganic additives. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Elsevier, 2012, 9, pp.334-346. 10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.05.009. hal-00773507 HAL Id: hal-00773507 https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00773507 Submitted on 22 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible This is an author’s version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/21201 Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.05.009 To cite this version: Bonfils, Benjamin and Julcour-Lebigue, Carine and Guyot, François and Bodénan, Françoise and Chiquet, Pierre and Bourgeois, Florent Comprehensive analysis of direct aqueous mineral carbonation using dissolution enhancing organic additives. (2012) International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 9. 334-346. ISSN 1750-5836 Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: [email protected] Comprehensive analysis of direct aqueous mineral carbonation using dissolution enhancing organic additives Benjamin Bonfils a, Carine Julcour•Lebigue b, Franc¸ois Guyot c, Franc¸oise Bodénan d, Pierre Chiquet e, Florent Bourgeois a,∗ a Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, 4 allée Emile Monso – BP 84234, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4, France b CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, 31030 Toulouse, France c Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés (IMPMC) and Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France d BRGM, 3 Av. C. Guillemin, BP 6009, 45 060 Orléans Cedex 2, France e Centre Scientifique et Technique Jean Feger, TOTAL, Avenue Larribau, 64018 Pau Cedex, France article info a b s t r a c t Direct aqueous mineral carbonation using organic anions has been presented by many as a promising Keywords: strategy for mineral carbonation, on the basis that additives such as oxalate increase the rate and extent Mineral carbonation of dissolution of magnesium silicates several folds. Through geochemical modelling and detailed solid Magnesium silicate characterisation, this paper discusses and extends our current understanding of this process. The role of Oxalate disodium oxalate as a dissolution enhancing agent for olivine is thoroughly examined through experi• Geochemical modelling ments in which all phases are carefully analysed. We show that under 20 bar of CO2 pressure formation of strong oxalate–magnesium complexes in solution and precipitation of MgC2O4·2H2O (glushinskite) impede any chance of obtaining significant amounts of magnesium carbonate. Other promising ligands from a dissolution perspective, namely citrate and EDTA salts, are also investigated. Contrary to oxalate, these ligands do not form any solid by•products with magnesium, and yet they do not produce bet• ter carbonation results, thereby casting strong doubts on the possibility of developing a direct aqueous mineral carbonation process using organic salts. Geochemical modelling permits successful simulation of the dissolution kinetics of magnesium silicate using a shrinking particle model that accounts for the precipitation of glushinskite, amorphous silica and a magnesium phyllosilicate at advanced stages of the dissolution process. 1. Introduction with this process include a considerable consumption of acids and bases, and, to a lesser extent, a potentially high energy require• Ex situ mineral carbonation is considered a possible alterna• ment for the recycling of consumables (Newall et al., 1999). The tive to geological storage for CO2 mitigation (Metz et al., 2005). second school of thought, to which this work belongs, seeks to Its strongest asset is that it converts a CO2 gas stream into sta• develop a direct process whereby dissolution of (Mg,Ca)•bearing ble solid carbonates. Mineral carbonation was first investigated solids and precipitation of carbonates occur under the same nar• under dry conditions, however kinetics was invariably found to be row near•neutral pH range imposed by the process itself (O’Connor slow for consideration as an ex situ process (Lackner et al., 1995). et al., 2001; Gerdemann et al., 2007). The basis for this possibility Then, investigations shifted almost entirely towards aqueous min• is the demonstration by a number of research teams that a number eral carbonation, with two distinct schools of thought. The first of specific catalyst•like additives can accelerate silicate dissolu• one seeks to develop an indirect process with two sequential steps tion significantly under mild operating conditions (O’Connor et al., (Newall et al., 1999; Park and Fan, 2004; Teir et al., 2007), which 2001; Krevor and Lackner, 2009, 2011). can be optimised separately. The first step is the dissolution of Studies from NETL (O’Connor et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2006; (Mg,Ca)•bearing solids – either naturally occurring such as (Mg,Ca) Gerdemann et al., 2007) paved the way for direct aqueous carbon• silicates, or industrially produced such as mining wastes or slags ation of magnesium silicates with additives; mainly, they aimed to – under strongly acidic conditions, followed by a carbonate pre• quantify the overall process costs, and to obtain the highest pos• cipitation step under basic conditions. The most severe problems sible extent of reaction. Their work was based on a solution with 0.64 M NaHCO3 and 1 M NaCl (O’Connor et al., 2001) under a CO2 pressure of 170 atm and 180 ◦C. Comprehensive insights about the ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 534323633; fax: +33 534323700. effect of these inorganic additives are given by Chen et al. (2006). E•mail address: florent.bourgeois@inp•toulouse.fr (F. Bourgeois). Gerdemann et al. (2007) obtained high conversion (80% of olivine in http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.05.009 that may occur in the solid phase. In particular, it is not known Nomenclature whether magnesium carbonates may have formed during their experiments, however unlikely this may be given the low solid con• aox activity of oxalate ion (–) centration and CO2 partial pressure they used. The dissolution focus + activity of proton (–) aH of their research did not permit their concluding about possible lim• KH+ apparent adsorption constant of proton (–) itations of the direct aqueous carbonation process. In particular, it K s solubility constant (–) is not possible from their data to assess the availability of dissolved k kinetic constant of SiO precipitation (molal s−1) SiO2(am) 2(am) magnesium to form magnesium carbonates, recalling that the very −1 ktalc kinetic constant of talc precipitation (molal s ) principle of the direct aqueous carbonation process is to allow the Kx apparent adsorption constant of oxalate ion (–) dissolution of silicates and the precipitation of carbonates to coex• −1 mox concentration of oxalate ion (molal or mol kg sol• ist under the same near•neutral pH (or weakly acidic) conditions. vent) One contribution of the present work is to complete their findings m concentration of amorphous silica (molal) SiO2(am) with the analysis of the solid phase, in conjunction with that of mtalc concentration of talc (molal) the species in solution, and find out whether operating conditions nB number of moles of olivine (in considered size class) exist whereby dissolved magnesium in solution is available to form at a given time (mol) magnesium carbonates. Q reaction quotient (–) The interactions between a number of organic ligands and mag• r specific dissolution rate (mol m−2 s−1) nesium silicates have received a great deal of attention in the rH+ specific dissolution rate due to surface protonation geochemical literature (Wogelius and Walther, 1991; Hänchen alone (ligand free system) (mol m−2 s−1) et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2006; Olsen and Rimstidt, 2008) since it is also SSA0 initial specific surface area of monodisperse particle a natural weathering mechanism for silicates. Olsen and Rimstidt class (m2 g−1) (2008) conclude that the oxalate ion accelerates forsterite leaching w0 initial weight of considered size class (g) by protons (dissociation of Mg O Si bonds). It is purely a sur• ˇ kinetic parameter measuring the ligand effect (–) face mechanism in which the oxalate ion bonds with the Mg atom, ˝ saturation index (–) which weakens the Mg O bond more efficiently than water alone, thereby increasing dissolution kinetics. This implies that ion con• centration, relative to the reactive surface area of particles, is a key parameter for the dissolution of magnesium. Finally, we may add 6 h) with the NaHCO3/NaCl system at high CO2 pressures and tem• that
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CO2 Derivatives of Molecular Tin Compounds. Part 1: † Hemicarbonato and Carbonato Complexes
    inorganics Review CO2 Derivatives of Molecular Tin Compounds. Part 1: y Hemicarbonato and Carbonato Complexes Laurent Plasseraud Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR-CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue A. Savary, F-21078 Dijon, France; [email protected] Paper dedicated to Professor Georg Süss-Fink on the occasion of his 70th birthday. y Received: 31 March 2020; Accepted: 24 April 2020; Published: 29 April 2020 Abstract: This review focuses on organotin compounds bearing hemicarbonate and carbonate ligands, and whose molecular structures have been previously resolved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Most of them were isolated within the framework of studies devoted to the reactivity of tin precursors with carbon dioxide at atmospheric or elevated pressure. Alternatively, and essentially for the preparation of some carbonato derivatives, inorganic carbonate salts such as K2CO3, Cs2CO3, Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 were also used as coreagents. In terms of the number of X-ray structures, carbonate compounds are the most widely represented (to date, there are 23 depositions in the Cambridge Structural Database), while hemicarbonate derivatives are rarer; only three have so far been characterized in the solid-state, and exclusively for diorganotin complexes. For each compound, the synthesis conditions are first specified. Structural aspects involving, in particular, the modes of coordination of the hemicarbonato and carbonato moieties and the coordination geometry around tin are then described and illustrated (for most cases) by showing molecular representations. Moreover, when they were available in the original reports, some characteristic spectroscopic data are also given for comparison (in table form).
    [Show full text]
  • Of Grignard Reagent Formation. the Surface Nature of the Reaction
    286 Ace. Chem. Res. 1990,23, 286-293 Mechanism of Grignard Reagent Formation. The Surface Nature of the Reaction H. M. WALBORSKY Dittmer Laboratory of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306 Received February 23, 1990 (Revised Manuscript Received May 7, 1990) The reaction of organic halides (Br, C1, I) with mag- Scheme I nesium metal to yield what is referred to today as a Kharasch-Reinmuth Mechanism for Grignard Reagent Grignard reagent has been known since the turn of the Formation century,' The name derives from its discoverer, Nobel (1)(Mg0)AMg*)2y + RX 4 [(M~'~(MQ')~~-,('MQX)+ R.] + laureate Victor Grignard. How this reagent is formed, (Mgo)x-2(MQ')2~MgX)(MgR) that is, how a magnesium atom is inserted into a car- bon-halogen bond, is the subject of this Account. ('4 (Ms0),-*(M9')2~MgX)(MgR) + + (Mg0)x-dMg*)2y+2 + 2RMgX RX + Mg - RMgX Kharasch and Reinmuth,, persuaded by the work of late under the same conditions gave Itl = 6.2 X s-l. Another system that meets the above criterion is the Gomberg and Bachmad as well as by product analyses of many Grignard formation reactions that existed in vinyl system. The lack of reactivity of vinyl halides toward SN1reactions is well-known and is exemplified the literature prior to 1954,speculated that the reaction involved radicals and that the radical reactions might by the low solvolysis rate of 2-propenyl triflate5 in 80% involve "surface adherent radicals, at least in part". The ethanol at 25 OC, kl being 9.8 X s-l.
    [Show full text]
  • Cycle Stability and Hydration Behavior of Magnesium Oxide and Its Dependence on the Precursor-Related Particle Morphology
    nanomaterials Article Cycle Stability and Hydration Behavior of Magnesium Oxide and Its Dependence on the Precursor-Related Particle Morphology Georg Gravogl 1,2, Christian Knoll 2,3 , Jan M. Welch 4, Werner Artner 5, Norbert Freiberger 6, Roland Nilica 6, Elisabeth Eitenberger 7, Gernot Friedbacher 7, Michael Harasek 3 , Andreas Werner 8, Klaudia Hradil 5, Herwig Peterlik 9, Peter Weinberger 2 , Danny Müller 2,* and Ronald Miletich 1 1 Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (R.M.) 2 Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (C.K.); [email protected] (P.W.) 3 Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 4 Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 5 X-ray Center, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (W.A.); [email protected] (K.H.) 6 RHI-AG, Magnesitstraße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; [email protected] (N.F.); [email protected] (R.N.) 7 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (E.E); [email protected] (G.F.) 8 Institute for Energy Systems and Thermodynamics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 9 Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +43-1-5880-1163-740 Received: 31 August 2018; Accepted: 2 October 2018; Published: 7 October 2018 Abstract: Thermochemical energy storage is considered as an auspicious method for the recycling of medium-temperature waste heat.
    [Show full text]
  • Submitted to the Requirements For
    THE SYNTIIE$IS OP C LABELLED 2, 4-DICI LOROi-EENOÇYAGETIC ACID by ERNEST GEORGE AWORSKI A THESIS submitted to OREGON STA1 COLLEGE in partial fulfillment or the requirements for the degree of MAS2R 0F SCIENCE June 1950 PROVED: professor ot Clie'thlstry Department In Charge of Major Head of Department of' Chemistry Chairman of School Graduate Conimittee Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented Typed by Clara Homyar ACNOWLEDGMNTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. oseph S. Butts for his eneouragem.ent and generous direction in r4laking this work possible. Grateful aoknowledgnient is given to Dr. Albert V. Logan for his assistance in methodical diff i- culties. This research project was supported by an Atoniic inergy Commission grant carried under Navy contract N7-onr-3 7602. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION I II. STNTHESI OF ALPHA METH'LENB LABELLED2,14-D . , * 4 A. Apparatus ......*,*., B Method . 7 C. Analysis and }hysica1 Constants 3.7 In. StfliSIs OF C CABBOXTh LABELLED 2LD 19 A. Apparatus . 19 B )kethoc3. , , , , , 23. C. Analysis and PhjsLoa3. Constants 26 Iv DISCUSSION . , , . , , V. SUL2&RY . e e . 30 LTTERATUREOITED .......... 31 I1N1)I. 3 2 THE SYNTHESIS OF C LABELLED 2, 4-DICHLOROHENOXThCETIC ACID I. INTRODUCTION The synthesis or C labelled 2,4-dichlorophen- oxyacetic acid (hereafter referred to as 2,4V-D) was undertaken In order to study the process by which lt exerts its selective herbicidal effect on soiae noxious plants. Should this method prove fruitful, it would be useful for a more systematic approach to the study of ooitounds having potential herbicidal properties.
    [Show full text]
  • The Quantitative Separation of Calcium from Magnesium. by Walterc
    QUANTITATIVE SEPARATION OF CALCIUM FROM MAGNESIUM. 91 7 ium, the latter can be obtained in the least soluble portion and in this respect differs from nearly all the other methods for its separation. In conclusion, it may be as well to mention that the third part of this paper will appear shortly. We also acknowledge our indebtedness to the Welsbach Company for material supplied for future investigation through the courtesy of Dr. H. S. Miner. NEW HAMPSHIPB COLLEGE, DURHAM, N. H., June 99 1909. THE QUANTITATIVE SEPARATION OF CALCIUM FROM MAGNESIUM. BY WALTERC. BLASDALE. Received June 2, xgog. Although methods for the separation of these elements, which de- pend upon the relative solubilities of their carbonates, chromates and sulphates, respectively, have found advocates, none of these possess decided advantages over the more generally used oxalate process. The theory of the last-mentioned method has been discussed by Richards, McCaffrey and Bisbee,' who also determined the magnitude of the error resulting from the occlusion of magnesium by the precipitated calcium under a series of varying conditions. These experiments showed that this error could be greatly reduced by precipitating with oxalic acid from a slightly acid solution and subsequent neutralization, rather than by precipitating with ammonium oxalate from an alkaline solution ac- cording to the usual method. A somewhat extended use of the newer method has in general given excellent results, but as the experiments referred to were practically limited to cases in which approximately equivalent amounts of calcium and magnesium were present, and as the method seemed to be, for many practical purposes at least, unduly elab- orate, it seemed desirable to secure further experimental data with re- gard to its more general application.
    [Show full text]
  • Part I. Inversion of Secondary Cyclic Grignard Reagents
    This dissertation has been , 69-11,692 microfilmed exactly as received PECHHOLD, Engelbert, 1933- STUDIES OF THE BEHAVIOR AND GENERATION OF GARB ANIONS: PART I. INVERSION OF SECONDARY CYCLIC GRIGNARD REAGENTS. PART II. FRAGMENTATION OF AZOFORMATE SALTS AND ACYLAZO COMPOUNDS WITH BASES. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1968 Chemistry, organic University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ©Copyright "by- Engelbert Pechhold 1969 STUDIES OF THE BEHAVIOR MD GENERATION OF CARBANIONS PART I. INVERSION OF SECONDARY CYCLIC GRIGNARD REAGENTS PART II. FRAGMENTATION OF AZOFORMATE SADIS AND ACYLAZO COMPOUNDS WITH BASES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Engelbert Pechhold * # # * * # The Ohio State University 1968 Approved by •pV-gpa.-t— Adviser Department of Chemistry DEDICATION To my wife, Ingrid, and my parents, whose love, understanding, and encouragement have made this venture possible. ii ACKNOWLEDaEMElWS I -wish to express my deepest appreciation to Professor Gideon Fraenkel for suggestinf^ this problem, and for his guidance and encouragement throughout the course of this research. His assistance in the preparation of this dissertation is gratefully acknowledged. It is an understatement to say that without his un­ usual courage of conviction and high standards for academic perfor­ mance, this work could not have come into being. I owe special debt of gratitude to my colleagues for many suimtü-ating discussions of chemical matters and otherwise. In particular, I wish to express my gratitute to Dr. Don Dix, Dr. Dave Mams, and James Morton, who gave me much insight in ny research.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbonation of a Grignard Preparation of Benzoic Acid
    CARBONATION OF A GRIGNARD PREPARATION OF BENZOIC ACID INTRODUCTION The Grignard is one of the most versatile reactions in organic chemistry. It was used to produce 2-methyl-2-hexanol from bromobutane and acetone. Carboxylic acids may also be prepared by the Grignard reagent. The “Grignard” is an organometallic compound that contains one the most powerful nucleophiles. This carbanion is capable of reacting with something that is only slightly basic like carbon dioxide. This reaction will convert bromobenzene to benzoic acid. The bromobenzene is converted to the Grignard and then added to solid carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a reactant and as the means to keep the reaction cold. The Grignard is prepared by the process of reflux with addition. In this reaction the glassware and reactants must be kept absolutely dry, as the presence of water will inhibit the reaction. Reactions: Br MgBr Ether + Mg MgBr COOH + H3O + CO2 Week One PROCEDURE 1. PREPARATION OF THE GRIGNARD REAGENT Add 0.1 mole of Mg metal ( 2.43 grams ) to a 100 ml round bottom flask and add 30 ml of anhydrous ether to cover the metal. Clamp the flask to the grid at a height that will allow enough room for heating and cooling. Add 0.1 mole of bromobenzene to a separatory funnel. Attach a Claisen adapter to the round bottom flask and fit the adapter just above with a water cooled column. Attach the separatory funnel to the other connection. Prepare an ice/water bath and position it so that the reaction mixture may be cooled by raising the bath to the round bottom with a lab jack.
    [Show full text]
  • High Purity Inorganics
    High Purity Inorganics www.alfa.com INCLUDING: • Puratronic® High Purity Inorganics • Ultra Dry Anhydrous Materials • REacton® Rare Earth Products www.alfa.com Where Science Meets Service High Purity Inorganics from Alfa Aesar Known worldwide as a leading manufacturer of high purity inorganic compounds, Alfa Aesar produces thousands of distinct materials to exacting standards for research, development and production applications. Custom production and packaging services are part of our regular offering. Our brands are recognized for purity and quality and are backed up by technical and sales teams dedicated to providing the best service. This catalog contains only a selection of our wide range of high purity inorganic materials. Many more products from our full range of over 46,000 items are available in our main catalog or online at www.alfa.com. APPLICATION FOR INORGANICS High Purity Products for Crystal Growth Typically, materials are manufactured to 99.995+% purity levels (metals basis). All materials are manufactured to have suitably low chloride, nitrate, sulfate and water content. Products include: • Lutetium(III) oxide • Niobium(V) oxide • Potassium carbonate • Sodium fluoride • Thulium(III) oxide • Tungsten(VI) oxide About Us GLOBAL INVENTORY The majority of our high purity inorganic compounds and related products are available in research and development quantities from stock. We also supply most products from stock in semi-bulk or bulk quantities. Many are in regular production and are available in bulk for next day shipment. Our experience in manufacturing, sourcing and handling a wide range of products enables us to respond quickly and efficiently to your needs. CUSTOM SYNTHESIS We offer flexible custom manufacturing services with the assurance of quality and confidentiality.
    [Show full text]
  • US20100160506A1.Pdf
    US 2010.0160506A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0160506 A1 Wu et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 24, 2010 (54) PRODUCTION OFSYNTHETIC Publication Classification HYDROCARBON FLUIDS, PLASTICIZERS (51) Int. Cl. AND SYNTHETICLUBRICANT BASE CSK 5/55 (2006.01) STOCKS FROM RENEWABLE FEEDSTOCKS CSK 5/109 (2006.01) C07D 30/03 (2006.01) (76) Inventors: Margaret May-Som Wu, Skillman, C07D 31 7/24 (2006.01) NJ (US); Karla Schall Colle, C07C I/207 (2006.01) Houston, TX (US); Ramzi Yanni (52) U.S. Cl. ......... 524/114; 524/280; 549/523: 549/229; Saleh, Baton Rouge, LA (US); 585/327 Allen D. Godwin, Seabrook, TX (57) ABSTRACT (US); John Edmond Randolph This disclosure is directed to an integrated method for making Stanat, Houston, TX (US) synthetic hydrocarbon fluids, plasticizers and polar synthetic lubricant base stocks from a renewable feedstock. More par Correspondence Address: ticularly, the disclosure is directed to a metathesis reaction of ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Company natural oil or its derivative ester and ethylene in the presence P.O. Box 900, 1545 Route 22 East of an effective amount of a metathesis catalyst to form linear Annandale, NJ 08801-0900 (US) alpha-olefins, internal olefins and reduced chain length trig lycerides. The linear alpha-olefins and/or internal olefins are polymerized to produce synthetic hydrocarbon fluids in the (21) Appl. No.: 12/633,742 presence of a suitable catalyst. The reduced chain length triglycerides are converted into polar synthetic lubricant base (22) Filed: Dec. 17, 2009 stocks or plasticizers by hydrogenation, isomerization, fol lowed by hydrogenations, or by hydroisomerization pro cesses.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent to 11 4,018,876 Jordan 45 Apr
    United States Patent to 11 4,018,876 Jordan 45 Apr. 19, 1977 54) PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF METAL OXALATES AND SODA ASH OTHER PUBLICATIONS 76 Inventor: Robert Kenneth Jordan, The Carlton Alien Property Custodian (APC) 227107, Suzuki, H., House, Suite 1431, 550 Grant St., filed Aug. 27, 1938, published Apr. 20, 1943. Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219 Primary Examiner-O. R. Vertiz 22 Filed: Mar. 4, 1975 Assistant Examiner-Gary P. Straub 21 ) Appl. No.: 555,189 57 ABSTRACT 52) U.S. C. .............. is a se a s & 8 was a 423.1421; 260/.538 A process for the simultaneous production of relatively 51 Int. Cl.................... C07C 55/06; C01B 3 1/24 insoluble metal oxalates and carbonates and bicarbon (58) Field of Search ........... 260/538,527 R, 526 R; ates of alkali metals and ammonium in which a metal 423.1419-422,430 carbonate and an ammonium or alkali metal oxalate 56) References Cited are combined in water or methanol, optionally with the UNITED STATES PATENTS addition of carbon dioxide. l,687,480 0/1928 Buchanan et al. ................. 260/.538 2,002,342 5/1935 Enderli .............................. 260/.538 3 Claims, No Drawings 4,018,876 1. 2 Even considerable ferrous carbonate is available, but PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF METAL as iron ore, FeO is very cheap, there is no interest in OXALATES AND SODA ASH it. But other valuable carbonate ores or metal carbon ate intermediates could be available if there were and This invention relates to a process for the simulta 5 inexpensive direct way to process them to useful inter neous production of metal oxalates and ammonium or mediates.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Evaluation of Precast Reinforced Concrete After Early-Age Carbonation Curing
    Performance Evaluation of Precast Reinforced Concrete after Early-Age Carbonation Curing Duo Zhang Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics McGill University, Montreal July 2016 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering © Duo Zhang, 2016 All Rights Reserved This page is intentionally left blank ABSTRACT Early carbonation curing of precast concrete accelerates early strength and promotes carbon dioxide utilization. Reinforced concrete represents the majority of precast concrete products and thus the application of early-age carbonation technology in reinforced concrete curing is able to enhance the carbon dioxide utilization potential by concrete products for emission reduction and performance improvement. This thesis aims to develop a special carbonation process suitable to high slump precast concrete. The performance of both ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete and fly ash-OPC concretes were evaluated. Early carbonation behavior was assessed by carbon uptakes, pH values, compressive strength and process shrinkage. The effect of early carbonation curing on cement reaction, pozzolanic reaction and pore structure was also examined to interpret the mechanisms of durability performance including freeze-thaw resistance, chloride penetration and weathering carbonation. It was found that carbonation curing had reduced both pore volume and pore size. Gel pores became dominant which were responsible for the improved resistance to permeation and freeze-thaw damage. Chemically cement reaction was accelerated in the early age by carbonation curing and concrete pH values could be compensated by subsequent re-hydration. It was concluded that the carbonation curing was suited to the precast reinforced concrete with or without fly ash incorporation in order to gain improved early strength, enhanced durability and permanent carbon dioxide sequestration as an added-value for environmental benefit.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Carbonation and Industrial Uses of Carbon Dioxide 319 7
    Chapter 7: Mineral carbonation and industrial uses of carbon dioxide 319 7 Mineral carbonation and industrial uses of carbon dioxide Coordinating Lead Author Marco Mazzotti (Italy and Switzerland) Lead Authors Juan Carlos Abanades (Spain), Rodney Allam (United Kingdom), Klaus S. Lackner (United States), Francis Meunier (France), Edward Rubin (United States), Juan Carlos Sanchez (Venezuela), Katsunori Yogo (Japan), Ron Zevenhoven (Netherlands and Finland) Review Editors Baldur Eliasson (Switzerland), R.T.M. Sutamihardja (Indonesia) 320 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 321 7.3 Industrial uses of carbon dioxide and its emission reduction potential 330 7.1 Introduction 322 7.3.1 Introduction 330 7.3.2 Present industrial uses of carbon dioxide 332 7.2 Mineral carbonation 322 7.3.3 New processes for CO2 abatement 332 7.2.1 Definitions, system boundaries and motivation 322 7.3.4 Assessment of the mitigation potential of CO2 7.2.2 Chemistry of mineral carbonation 323 utilization 333 7.2.3 Sources of metal oxides 324 7.3.5 Future scope 334 7.2.4 Processing 324 7.2.5 Product handling and disposal 328 References 335 7.2.6 Environmental impact 328 7.2.7 Life Cycle Assessment and costs 329 7.2.8 Future scope 330 Chapter 7: Mineral carbonation and industrial uses of carbon dioxide 321 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Chapter describes two rather different options for carbon and recycled using external energy sources. The resulting dioxide (CO2) storage: (i) the fixation of CO2 in the form of carbonated solids must be stored at an environmentally suitable inorganic carbonates, also known as ‘mineral carbonation’ or location.
    [Show full text]