The Development of the Neural Tube of the Chick Embryo. a Study with the Ultraviolet Microscope
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Works Neuroembryology
Swarthmore College Works Biology Faculty Works Biology 1-1-2017 Neuroembryology D. Darnell Scott F. Gilbert Swarthmore College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-biology Part of the Biology Commons Let us know how access to these works benefits ouy Recommended Citation D. Darnell and Scott F. Gilbert. (2017). "Neuroembryology". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology. Volume 6, Issue 1. DOI: 10.1002/wdev.215 https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-biology/493 This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Wiley Interdiscip Manuscript Author Rev Dev Manuscript Author Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 January 01. Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol. 2017 January ; 6(1): . doi:10.1002/wdev.215. Neuroembryology Diana Darnell1 and Scott F. Gilbert2 1University of Arizona College of Medicine 2Swarthmore College and University of Helsinki Abstract How is it that some cells become neurons? And how is it that neurons become organized in the spinal cord and brain to allow us to walk and talk, to see, recall events in our lives, feel pain, keep our balance, and think? The cells that are specified to form the brain and spinal cord are originally located on the outside surface of the embryo. They loop inward to form the neural tube in a process called neurulation. -
The Genetic Basis of Mammalian Neurulation
REVIEWS THE GENETIC BASIS OF MAMMALIAN NEURULATION Andrew J. Copp*, Nicholas D. E. Greene* and Jennifer N. Murdoch‡ More than 80 mutant mouse genes disrupt neurulation and allow an in-depth analysis of the underlying developmental mechanisms. Although many of the genetic mutants have been studied in only rudimentary detail, several molecular pathways can already be identified as crucial for normal neurulation. These include the planar cell-polarity pathway, which is required for the initiation of neural tube closure, and the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway that regulates neural plate bending. Mutant mice also offer an opportunity to unravel the mechanisms by which folic acid prevents neural tube defects, and to develop new therapies for folate-resistant defects. 6 ECTODERM Neurulation is a fundamental event of embryogenesis distinct locations in the brain and spinal cord .By The outer of the three that culminates in the formation of the neural tube, contrast, the mechanisms that underlie the forma- embryonic (germ) layers that which is the precursor of the brain and spinal cord. A tion, elevation and fusion of the neural folds have gives rise to the entire central region of specialized dorsal ECTODERM, the neural plate, remained elusive. nervous system, plus other organs and embryonic develops bilateral neural folds at its junction with sur- An opportunity has now arisen for an incisive analy- structures. face (non-neural) ectoderm. These folds elevate, come sis of neurulation mechanisms using the growing battery into contact (appose) in the midline and fuse to create of genetically targeted and other mutant mouse strains NEURAL CREST the neural tube, which, thereafter, becomes covered by in which NTDs form part of the mutant phenotype7.At A migratory cell population that future epidermal ectoderm. -
Clonal Dispersion During Neural Tube Formation 4097 of Neuromeres
Development 126, 4095-4106 (1999) 4095 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 DEV2458 Successive patterns of clonal cell dispersion in relation to neuromeric subdivision in the mouse neuroepithelium Luc Mathis1,*, Johan Sieur1, Octavian Voiculescu2, Patrick Charnay2 and Jean-François Nicolas1,‡ 1Unité de Biologie moléculaire du Développement, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France 2Unité INSERM 368, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d’Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France *Present address: Beckman Institute (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA ‡Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 5 July; published on WWW 23 August 1999 SUMMARY We made use of the laacz procedure of single-cell labelling the AP and DV axis of the neural tube. A similar sequence to visualize clones labelled before neuromere formation, in of AP cell dispersion followed by an arrest of AP cell 12.5-day mouse embryos. This allowed us to deduce two dispersion, a preferential DV cell dispersion and then by a successive phases of cell dispersion in the formation of the coherent neuroepithelial growth, is also observed in the rhombencephalon: an initial anterior-posterior (AP) cell spinal cord and mesencephalon. This demonstrates that a dispersion, followed by an asymmetrical dorsoventral (DV) similar cascade of cell events occurs in these different cell distribution during which AP cell dispersion occurs in domains of the CNS. In the prosencephalon, differences in territories smaller than one rhombomere. We conclude that spatial constraints may explain the variability in the the general arrest of AP cell dispersion precedes the onset orientation of cell clusters. -
Fate of the Mammalian Cardiac Neural Crest
Development 127, 1607-1616 (2000) 1607 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 DEV4300 Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural crest Xiaobing Jiang1,3, David H. Rowitch4,*, Philippe Soriano5, Andrew P. McMahon4 and Henry M. Sucov2,3,‡ Departments of 1Biological Sciences and 2Cell & Neurobiology, 3Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., IGM 240, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA 4Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 5Program in Developmental Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, A2-025, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA *Present address: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115, USA ‡Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 26 January; published on WWW 21 March 2000 SUMMARY A subpopulation of neural crest termed the cardiac neural of these vessels. Labeled cells populate the crest is required in avian embryos to initiate reorganization aorticopulmonary septum and conotruncal cushions prior of the outflow tract of the developing cardiovascular to and during overt septation of the outflow tract, and system. In mammalian embryos, it has not been previously surround the thymus and thyroid as these organs form. experimentally possible to study the long-term fate of this Neural-crest-derived mesenchymal cells are abundantly population, although there is strong inference that a similar distributed in midgestation (E9.5-12.5), and adult population exists and is perturbed in a number of genetic derivatives of the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch and teratogenic contexts. -
NERVOUS SYSTEM هذا الملف لالستزادة واثراء المعلومات Neuropsychiatry Block
NERVOUS SYSTEM هذا الملف لﻻستزادة واثراء المعلومات Neuropsychiatry block. قال تعالى: ) َو َل َق د َخ َل قنَا ا ِْلن َسا َن ِمن ُس ََل َل ة ِ من ِطي ن }12{ ثُ م َجعَ لنَاه ُ نُ ط َفة فِي َق َرا ر م ِكي ن }13{ ثُ م َخ َل قنَا ال ُّن ط َفة َ َع َل َقة َف َخ َل قنَا ا لعَ َل َقة َ ُم ضغَة َف َخ َل قنَا ا ل ُم ضغَة َ ِع َظا ما َف َك َس ونَا ا ل ِع َظا َم َل ح ما ثُ م أَن َشأنَاه ُ َخ ل قا آ َخ َر َفتَبَا َر َك ّللا ُ أَ ح َس ُن ا ل َخا ِل ِقي َن }14{( Resources BRS Embryology Book. Pathoma Book ( IN DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES PART ). [email protected] 1 OVERVIEW A- Central nervous system (CNS) is formed in week 3 of development, during which time the neural plate develops. The neural plate, consisting of neuroectoderm, becomes the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. B- Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is derived from three sources: 1. Neural crest cells 2. Neural tube, which gives rise to all preganglionic autonomic nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and all nerves (-motoneurons and -motoneurons) that innervate skeletal muscles 3. Mesoderm, which gives rise to the dura mater and to connective tissue investments of peripheral nerve fibers (endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium) DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEURAL TUBE Neurulation refers to the formation and closure of the neural tube. BMP-4 (bone morphogenetic protein), noggin (an inductor protein), chordin (an inductor protein), FGF-8 (fibroblast growth factor), and N-CAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) appear to play a role in neurulation. -
Hox Genes Make the Connection
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 26, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press PERSPECTIVE Establishing neuronal circuitry: Hox genes make the connection James Briscoe1 and David G. Wilkinson2 Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK The vertebrate nervous system is composed of a vast meres maintain these partitions. Each rhombomere array of neuronal circuits that perceive, process, and con- adopts unique cellular and molecular properties that ap- trol responses to external and internal cues. Many of pear to underlie the spatial organization of the genera- these circuits are established during embryonic develop- tion of cranial motor nerves and neural crest cells. More- ment when axon trajectories are initially elaborated and over, the coordination of positional identity between the functional connections established between neurons and central and peripheral derivatives of the hindbrain may their targets. The assembly of these circuits requires ap- underlie the anatomical and functional registration be- propriate matching between neurons and the targets tween MNs, cranial ganglia, and the routes of neural they innervate. This is particularly apparent in the case crest migration. Cranial neural crest cells derived from of the innervation of peripheral targets by central ner- the dorsal hindbrain migrate ventral-laterally as discrete vous system neurons where the development of the two streams adjacent to r2, r4, and r6 to populate the first tissues must be coordinated to establish and maintain three branchial arches (BA1–BA3), respectively, where circuits. A striking example of this occurs during the they generate distinct skeletal and connective tissue formation of the vertebrate head. -
Migration and Differentiation of Neural Crest and Ventral Neural Tube Cells in Vitro: Implications for in Vitro and in Vivo Studies of the Neural Crest
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1988, 8(3): 1001-l 01.5 Migration and Differentiation of Neural Crest and Ventral Neural Tube Cells in vitro: Implications for in vitro and in vivo Studies of the Neural Crest J. F. Loring,’ D. L. Barker;,= and C. A. Erickson’ ‘Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, and *Hatfield Marine Sciences Center, Newport, Oregon 97365 During vertebrate development, neural crest cells migrate trunk neural crest cell cultures, a number of classicalneuro- from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to pigment cells transmitters have been reported, including catecholamines(Co- and most peripheral ganglia. To study these complex pro- hen, 1977; Loring et al., 1982;Maxwell et al., 1982) ACh (Kahn cesses it is helpful to make use of in vitro techniques, but et al., 1980; Maxwell et al., 1982) GABA (Maxwell et al., 1982), the transient and morphologically ill-defined nature of neural and 5-HT (Sieber-Blum et al., 1983). In addition, neuroactive crest cells makes it difficult to isolate a pure population of peptides, suchas somatostatin (Maxwell et al., 1984) have been undifferentiated cells. We have used several established reported in neural crest cell culture. techniques to obtain neural crest-containing cultures from In spite of the advantagesof an in vitro approachto analysis quail embryos and have compared their subsequent differ- of neural crest differentiation, it is clear that a fundamental entiation. We confirm earlier reports of neural crest cell dif- problem ariseswhen attempts are made to isolate these cellsin ferentiation in vitro into pigment cells and catecholamine- culture. -
An AOP-Based Ontology for Neural Tube Closure Caused by Disturbance in Retinoic Acid Signaling
An AOP-based Ontology for Neural Tube Closure Caused by Disturbance in Retinoic Acid Signaling Cellular behavior Authors: Yvonne C.M. Staal1, Nancy Baker2, 3 4 Lyle D. Burgoon , George Daston , For each cell type information on its behavior was 5 1 Thomas B. Knudsen , Aldert H. Piersma collected from the available literature to map molecular interactions and genetic signals. 1. RIVM: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; 2. Leidos, RTP, NC, United States; Table 1: example of information on cellular behavior for neuroectoderm fusion. 3. US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, RTP, NC, United States; Cell type Behavior Signal 4. Proctor & Gamble Company, Cincinnati OH, …. …. …. …. United States; neuroectoderm fusion inhibited by BMP 5. NCCT, US EPA/ORD, RTP, NC, United States neuroectoderm fusion requires Grhl2 Contact: [email protected] neuroectoderm fusion requires correct cell polarity Retinoic acid (RA) balance and leading neuroectoderm fusion inhibited by RhoA to neural tube defects neuroectoderm fusion requires Lrp6 Retinoid signaling plays an important role in embryo- neuroectoderm fusion involves Ephrin fetal development and its disruption is teratogenic. The biology of the RA pathway, leading to defects in neuroectoderm fusion requires Grhl2 neural tube closure was the basis for the construction of an ontology for developmental toxicity. neuroectoderm fusion requires Lrp6 We are constructing an ontology from an AOP network neuroectoderm fusion requires Traf4 that incorporates feedback-loops, which can be used for risk assessment. neuroectoderm fusion requires Cdx2 Fig 1: Schematic visualization (top to bottom) of neural tube closure. BMP inhibits dorso-lateral hinge point neuroectoderm fusion requires Pax3 (DLHP) formation, whereas this is stimulated by Noggin. -
Flexion and Neural Tube Formation
Flexion and Neural Tube Formation RECOMMENDED READING: Larsen: Human Embryology 3rd edition 1. Review figures 2.4-2.6 and such text as necessary (pp 41-43 for source of definitive yolk sac and extra-embryonic coelom (cavity). 2. Pp 131-143. Text covers the formation of the intra-embryonic coelom and its division into peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities plus closure of the diaphragm. 3. Pp 57, Figure 3-4; pp 85-93. Text covers the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube, the initial phases of differentiation of this tube and the origin of the neural crest. The multiple fates of neural crest derivatives will be given in other lectures. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1.Review information on the formation of the extra-embryonic coelom from prior lecture. Embryonic flexion and folding 2. Understand how the lateral plate mesoderm divides into somatopleure and splanchnopleure, which flex (fold) in the lateral plane and fuse ventrally. This results in the enclosure of some of the extra-embryonic coelom into the embryo. 3. Note that head/tail flexion is "driven" in part by rapid growth of the CNS and relative stiffness of notochord. 4. Understand the "accomplishments" of flexion and folding: a. Segregation of embryonic from extra-embryonic tissues except at umbilical cord. b. Enclosure the intra-embryonic coelom. c. Narrowing of the gut tube. d. Postioning of the buccopharyngeal membrane (future mouth) and cloacal membrane (future opening of urinary and gastrointestinal tracts) to a ventral position. e. "Movement" of the septum transversum and cardiogenic tissues ventrally. Formation of and closure of the neural tube, division into primary brain vesicles and origin of neural crest. -
Developmental Potential of Trunk Neural Crest Cells in the Mouse
Development 120, 1709-1718 (1994) 1709 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1994 Developmental potential of trunk neural crest cells in the mouse George N. Serbedzija1,†, Marianne Bronner-Fraser2 and Scott E. Fraser1,* 1Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 2Developmental Biology Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717, USA *Author for correspondence †Present address: Cellular and Developmental Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA SUMMARY The availability of naturally occurring and engineered derivatives. The time of injection influenced the derivatives mutations in mice which affect the neural crest makes the populated by the labeled cells. Injections at early stages of mouse embryo an important experimental system for migration yielded labeled progeny in both dorsal and studying neural crest cell differentiation. Here, we ventral neural crest derivatives, whereas those performed determine the normal developmental potential of neural at later stages had labeled cells only in more dorsal neural crest cells by performing in situ cell lineage analysis in the crest derivatives, such as dorsal root ganglion and pre- mouse by microinjecting lysinated rhodamine dextran sumptive pigment cells. The results suggest that in the (LRD) into individual dorsal neural tube cells in the trunk. mouse embryo: (1) there is a common precursor for neural Labeled progeny derived from single cells were found in crest and neural tube cells; (2) some neural crest cells are the neural tube, dorsal root ganglia, sympathoadrenal multipotent; and (3) the timing of emigration influences the derivatives, presumptive Schwann cells and/or pigment range of possible neural crest derivatives. -
The Ontogenesis of Cranial Neuromeres in the Rat Embryo II
J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 88, 231-247 (1985) 231 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1985 The ontogenesis of cranial neuromeres in the rat embryo II. A transmission electron microscope study FIONA TUCKETT AND GILLIAN M. MORRISS-KAY Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, U.K. SUMMARY The morphogenesis of rhombomeres (neuromeres) caudal to the preotic sulcus during neurulation in rat embryos is described. A model is proposed to explain the development of the characteristic neuromeric sulci and interneuromeric gyri based on the cytoskeletal elements and the kinetic behaviour of the neural epithelium. Evidence obtained from a study of control, cytochalasin D-treated and colchicine-treated embryos, at the electron microscopic level, supports the proposed model. The longitudinally expanding cranial neural epithelium bulges between microtubule blocks present within the interneuromeric gyri, causing a bulge to develop along the line of least resistance, away from the microfilament-rich luminal border of the neuromeric sulcus region. INTRODUCTION Neuromeres have been observed as a segmental arrangement of sulci and gyri within the early neural tube of all vertebrate embryos. Their characteristic morphology is illustrated in Fig. 1. This study addresses the question of how the sulci and gyri develop from an initially straight neural epithelium, and how their structure is maintained. Observations on a variety of vertebrates (chick, fish, urodeles) led Kallen (1956) to propose that the formation of neuromeric sulci was the result of mitotic patterning within the neural epithelium. His model is based on transverse sections of the neural epithelium during the formation of a neuromere, which he termed a 'proliferation centre'. -
Ectoderm: Neurulation, Neural Tube, Neural Crest
4. ECTODERM: NEURULATION, NEURAL TUBE, NEURAL CREST Dr. Taube P. Rothman P&S 12-520 [email protected] 212-305-7930 Recommended Reading: Larsen Human Embryology, 3rd Edition, pp. 85-102, 126-130 Summary: In this lecture, we will first consider the induction of the neural plate and the formation of the neural tube, the rudiment of the central nervous system (CNS). The anterior portion of the neural tube gives rise to the brain, the more caudal portion gives rise to the spinal cord. We will see how the requisite numbers of neural progenitors are generated in the CNS and when these cells become post mitotic. The molecular signals required for their survival and further development will also be discussed. We will then turn our attention to the neural crest, a transient structure that develops at the site where the neural tube and future epidermis meet. After delaminating from the neuraxis, the crest cells migrate via specific pathways to distant targets in an embryo where they express appropriate target-related phenotypes. The progressive restriction of the developmental potential of crest-derived cells will then be considered. Additional topics include formation of the fundamental subdivisions of the CNS and PNS, as well as molecular factors that regulate neural induction and regional distinctions in the nervous system. Learning Objectives: At the conclusion of the lecture you should be able to: 1. Discuss the tissue, cellular, and molecular basis for neural induction and neural tube formation. Be able to provide some examples of neural tube defects caused by perturbation of neural tube closure.