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Responsabilidad Y Sostenibilidad Ecológica Una Ética Para La Vida

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Responsabilidad Y Sostenibilidad Ecológica Una Ética Para La Vida RESPONSABILIDAD Y SOSTENIBILIDAD ECOLÓGICA UNA ÉTICA PARA LA VIDA TESIS DOCTORAL Leonora Esquivel Frías DIRECTORA: Victoria Camps Cervera UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOSOFÍA 2006 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS ........................................................................................................ 9 INTRODUCCIÓN...............................................................................................................11 PRIMERA PARTE: ÉTICA AMBIENTAL I. Antecedentes de la ética ambiental .......................................................................19 1. La ética ambiental como disciplina ..................................................................21 2. Distinciones básicas de la ética ambiental........................................................24 II. Enfoques antropocéntricos....................................................................................29 1. Kant y los deberes indirectos............................................................................32 2. Contractualismo................................................................................................35 III. Enfoques biocéntricos...........................................................................................39 1. Consideración moral a los animales no humanos.............................................40 1.1. Utilitarismo.................................................................................................40 1.2. Especismo...................................................................................................44 1.3. Valor inherente ...........................................................................................46 2. La reverencia por la vida ..................................................................................51 IV. Enfoques ecocéntricos..........................................................................................61 1. Ética de la tierra................................................................................................61 2. Ecología profunda.............................................................................................66 V. Defensa de los animales no humanos y del medio ambiente................................77 1. Inicio del conflicto............................................................................................80 2. Individuos, especies y ecosistema ....................................................................87 3. Comer carne es comerse el planeta...................................................................90 4. Conclusión........................................................................................................92 SEGUNDA PARTE: SOSTENIBILIDAD ECOLÓGICA I. Antecedentes del concepto de sostenibilidad........................................................99 1. Conferencia de Estocolmo 1972.......................................................................99 2. Cumbre de la Tierra. Río de Janeiro 1992.......................................................105 3. Cumbre de Desarrollo Sostenible. Johannesburgo 2002.................................107 3.1. Agenda 21...............................................................................................109 3.2. Protocolo de Kioto..................................................................................111 3.3. Protocolo de Cartagena...........................................................................113 4. Retrospectiva ...................................................................................................113 5. La crisis ecológica en datos.............................................................................116 5.1. Áreas productivas del planeta.................................................................116 5.2. Déficit ecológico.....................................................................................117 5.3. Biodiversidad..........................................................................................118 II. Concepto de sostenibilidad. Rastreo histórico.....................................................121 1. Evolución del concepto de sostenibilidad .......................................................123 2. Definición de sostenibilidad según el Informe Brundtland.............................125 3. Sostenibilidad fuerte y débil............................................................................127 4. Carácter antropocéntrico del término sostenibilidad.......................................132 4.1. ¿Conservar o preservar? .........................................................................133 III. Dos ejemplos de prácticas insostenibles..............................................................139 1. Pesca industrial................................................................................................139 1.1. Sobre explotación y destrucción del hábitat marino...............................140 1.2. Piscifactorías...........................................................................................141 1.3. Métodos más comunes y no siempre legales..........................................143 2. Ganadería industrial.........................................................................................148 2.1. ¿Por qué es insostenible la ganadería industrial? ...................................149 2.2. Solidaridad con quienes tienen hambre: ¿Escasez o mala distribución? ......................................................................151 IV. Sostenibilidad ecológica: cuestión de límites....................................................157 1. Necesidades: básicas e intermedias .................................................................157 2. Deseos: legítimos e ilegítimos.........................................................................159 3. Generaciones futuras .......................................................................................161 3.1. Contractualismo......................................................................................164 3.2. Teorías de derechos ................................................................................169 3.3. Utilitarismo.............................................................................................174 TERCERA PARTE: EL VALOR ÉTICO DE LA SOSTENIBILIDAD ECOLÓGICA I. Sostenibilidad: Una perspectiva más amplia........................................................179 1. El contenido de la sostenibilidad: lo bueno y lo justo .....................................180 2. Bienes ecológicos ............................................................................................188 2.1. Las especies y la biodiversidad como bienes primarios.........................192 2.2. Los bienes ecológicos como bienes primarios .......................................195 II. Justicia y medioambiente.....................................................................................201 1. Justicia ecológica.............................................................................................202 2. Justicia intergeneracional ................................................................................208 3. Justicia interespecífica.....................................................................................214 3.1. Incluir a los animales no humanos en la ética ........................................217 3.2. Respeto a los animales no humanos .......................................................220 4. Conclusión.......................................................................................................223 III. Virtudes para un mundo sostenible .....................................................................227 1. Libertad y autonomía.......................................................................................229 2. Solidaridad.......................................................................................................238 3. Responsabilidad...............................................................................................243 3.1. El principio de responsabilidad ..............................................................245 3.2. El principio de precaución......................................................................253 3.2.1. Aplicación del principio de precaución......................................256 3.2.2. Componentes del principio de precaución..................................257 3.2.3. Objeciones al principio de precaución .......................................259 3.2.4. Ética ambiental y principio de precaución .................................260 3.3. Conclusión..............................................................................................261 IV. Educar en la sostenibilidad ecológica ................................................................267 1. Educación y virtudes .......................................................................................267 2. Ética y educación ambiental............................................................................270 3. Alfabetismo ecológico.....................................................................................272 4. Poniendo límites ..............................................................................................281 4.1. Sociedades de consumo..........................................................................281 4.2. Consumo verde .......................................................................................285
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