CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE Stream Channel Response to Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition in a Tectonically

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE

Stream Channel Response to Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition

In a Tectonically Active Watershed:

San Emigdio Canyon, Wind Wolves Preserve, Kern County, California

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the degree of Master of Arts in Geography

Dannon Dirgo

August 2019 Signature Page The thesis of Dannon Dirgo is approved:

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Kelsha Anderson Date

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Dr. Erin Bray Date

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Dr. Amalie J Orme, Chair Date

California State University, Northridge

Acknowledgments

My sincere gratitude to Dr. Amalie Orme, my advisor, for intellectual support, guidance, and encouragement during my research and completion of this thesis. Many thanks to Kelsha Anderson USFS Angeles National Forest and Dr. Erin Bray, my committee members, for intellectual discussions, advice, and assistance in completing this thesis.

A special thank you to Jamie Seguerra for her friendship, humor and unwavering assistance in the field and lab. With much appreciation and thanks to Jeremy Lorenzen and Chris

Notto for their assistance and dedication in the field. Thank you to Mony Sea and Luis

Devera for their integrated assistance.

I am grateful to the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies and the

Geomatics Group, California State University Northridge for providing me with the equipment and software needed to complete this project. A special thank you to the Wind

Wolves Conservancy and their dedicated staff for granting access to such a beautiful and complex study area.

With the utmost appreciation for my two children for their support and encouragement during this personal and intellectual endeavor.

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Table of Contents Signature Page ...... ii Acknowledgments ...... iii Table of Contents...... iv List of Tables ...... vii List of Figures ...... vii Abstract...... x Chapter 1: Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.3 Significance of the Research ...... 2 1.4 Objectives ...... 3 1.5 Location ...... 3 1.6 Climate ...... 5 1.7 Geology ...... 6 1.8 Hydrology ...... 8 1.9 Vegetation ...... 11 Chapter 2: Scientific Background and Previous Work ...... 12 2.1 Channel Morphology ...... 12 2.2 Knickzones ...... 13 2.3 Sediment ...... 14 2.4 Landscape Connectivity ...... 14 2.5 Tectonics ...... 15 2.6 Modeling ...... 15 Chapter 3: Physical Setting ...... 17 3.1 Landscape ...... 17 3.2 Anthropomorphic Influence ...... 23 Chapter 4: Methods ...... 25 4.1 Methodological Design ...... 25 4.1.1 Critical Areas Experiencing Accelerated Hillslope and Channel Erosion ...... 25

4.1.2 Determination of the Reaches ...... 26

Reach A: ...... 26

Reach B: ...... 26

Reach D: ...... 27

4.1.3 Determination of Channel Geomorphic Changes ...... 27

4.1.3 Dynamic Channel Changes (channel flow) ...... 29

4.1.4 Longitudinal Profile Measurements ...... 30

4.1.5 Sediment Size and Distribution ...... 32

4.2 Developing a Map ...... 35 4.3 Determining Knickpoint Locations ...... 35 4.4 Identifying a source for bed material ...... 36 4.5 Distribution of bed load ...... 36 Chapter 5: Data Presentation ...... 39 5.1 Drone Imagery ...... 39 5.1.2 Reach A ...... 39

5.1.3 Reach B ...... 42

5.1.4 Reach D ...... 46

5.2 Cross Section Profiles ...... 50 5.2.2 Reach B ...... 58

5.2.3 Reach D ...... 64

5.3 Longitudinal Profiles ...... 72 5.3.1 Reach A ...... 72

5.3.2 Reach B ...... 73

5.3.3 Reach D ...... 74

5.4 Wolman Pebble Counts ...... 75 5.4.1 Reach A ...... 75

5.4.2 Reach B ...... 78

5.4.3 Reach D ...... 81

5.5 Dry Sieve Sediment Samples ...... 83 5.5.1 Reach A ...... 83

5.5.2 Reach B ...... 87

5.5.3 Reach D ...... 91

Chapter 6: Discussion ...... 94 6.1.1 Reach A ...... 94

6.1.2 Reach B ...... 99

6.1.3 Reach D ...... 103

Chapter 7: Analysis and Summary ...... 108 References...... 112 Appendix A: Leica Data ...... 114

Appendix B: Total Station Data ...... 117 Appendix C: Dry Sieve Data ...... 131

List of Tables Table 1 Reach A, Cross Section 1, Particle Size Analysis ...... 84 Table 2 Reach A, Cross Section 2, Particle Size Analysis ...... 85 Table 3 Reach A, Cross Section 3, Particle Size Analysis ...... 86 Table 4 Reach A, Cross Section 4, Particle Size Analysis ...... 87 Table 5 Reach B, Cross Section 1, Particle Size Analysis...... 88 Table 6 Reach B, Cross Section 2, Particle Size Analysis...... 89 Table 7 Reach B, Cross Section 3, Particle Size Analysis...... 90 Table 8 Reach D, Cross Section 2, Particle Size Analysis ...... 91 Table 9 Reach D, Cross Section 3, Particle Size Analysis ...... 92 Table 10 Reach D, Cross Section 4, Particle Size Analysis ...... 93

List of Figures

Figure 1 San Emigdio Creek Study Area Location...... 5 Figure 2 General Geology Map ...... 7 Figure 3 Detailed Geology of the Study Area ...... 8 Figure 4 San Emigdio Watershed Map ...... 10 Figure 5 Steep Canyon Walls ...... 18 Figure 6 Non-native Grasses, Flood Plain Vegetation Cover ...... 18 Figure 7 The Willows, Twin Fawns Location Map ...... 20 Figure 8 UAV Image of The Willows ...... 21 Figure 9 Twin Fawns Image...... 22 Figure 10 Reach Locations Map ...... 23 Figure 11 DSM Reach A...... 40 Figure 12 Orthomosaic Reach A ...... 41 Figure 13 Reach A ...... 42 Figure 14 DSM Reach B ...... 44 Figure 15 Orthomosaic Reach B ...... 45 Figure 16 Reach B ...... 46 Figure 17 DSM Reach D...... 47 Figure 18 Orthomosaic Reach D ...... 48 Figure 19 Reach D ...... 49 Figure 20 Cross Section A1, Profile ...... 50 Figure 21 Cross Section A1, Image ...... 51 Figure 22 Cross Section A2, Profile ...... 52 Figure 23 Cross Section A2, Image ...... 53 Figure 24 Cross Section A3, Profile ...... 54 Figure 25 Cross Section A3, Image ...... 55 Figure 26 Cross Section A4, Profile ...... 56 Figure 27 Cross Section A4, Image ...... 57

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Figure 28 Cross Section B1, Profile ...... 58 Figure 29 Cross Section B1, Image ...... 59 Figure 30 Cross Section B2, Profile ...... 60 Figure 31 Cross Section B2, Image ...... 61 Figure 32 Cross Section B3, Profile ...... 62 Figure 33 Cross Section B3, Image ...... 63 Figure 34 Cross Section D1, Profile ...... 64 Figure 35 Cross Section D2, Image ...... 65 Figure 36 Cross Section D2, Profile ...... 66 Figure 37 Cross Section D3, Image ...... 67 Figure 38 Cross Section D3, Profile ...... 68 Figure 39 Cross Section D4, Image ...... 69 Figure 40 Cross Section D4, Profile ...... 70 Figure 41 Cross Section D4, Image ...... 71 Figure 42 Reach A Longitudinal Profile ...... 72 Figure 43 Reach B Longitudinal Profile ...... 73 Figure 44 Reach D Longitudinal Profile ...... 74 Figure 45 Cross Section A1, Cumulative Particle Size ...... 75 Figure 46 Cross section A1, Bed Image ...... 75 Figure 47 Cross section A2, Cumulative Particle Size ...... 76 Figure 48 Cross section A2, Bed Image ...... 76 Figure 49 Cross section A3, Cumulative Particle Size ...... 77 Figure 50 Cross section A3, Bed Image ...... 77 Figure 51 Cross section A4, Cumulative Particle Size ...... 78 Figure 52 Cross section A4, Bed Image ...... 78 Figure 53 Cross section B1, Cumulative Particle Size ...... 78 Figure 54 Cross section B1, Bed Image...... 79 Figure 55 Cross section B2, Cumulative Particle Size ...... 79 Figure 56 Cross section B2, Bed Image...... 79 Figure 57 Cross section B3, Cumulative Particle Size ...... 80 Figure 58 Cross section B3, Bed Image...... 80 Figure 59 Cross section D2, Cumulative Particle Size ...... 81 Figure 60 Cross section D2, Bed Image ...... 81 Figure 61 Cross section D3, Cumulative Particle Size...... 82 Figure 62 Cross section D3, Bed Image ...... 82 Figure 63 Cross section D4, Cumulative Particle Size ...... 82 Figure 64 Cross section D4, Bed Image ...... 83 Figure 65 Reach A, Cross Section 1, Cumulative Curve Sediment...... 83 Figure 66 Reach A, Cross Section 2, Cumulative Curve Sediment...... 84 Figure 67 Reach A, Cross Section 3, Cumulative Curve Sediment...... 85 Figure 68 Reach A, Cross Section 4, Cumulative Curve Sediment...... 86 Figure 69 Reach B, Cross Section 1, Cumulative Curve Sediment ...... 87 Figure 70 Reach B, Cross Section 2, Cumulative Curve Sediment ...... 88

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Figure 71 Reach B, Cross Section 3, Cumulative Curve Sediment ...... 89 Figure 72 Reach D, Cross Section 2, Cumulative Curve Sediment...... 91 Figure 73 Reach D, Cross Section 3, Cumulative Curve Sediment...... 92 Figure 74 Reach D, Cross Section 4, Cumulative Curve Sediment...... 93

Abstract

Stream Channel Response to Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition

In a Tectonically Active Watershed:

San Emigdio Canyon, Wind Wolves Preserve, Kern County, California

Dannon Dirgo

Master of Arts in Geography

Drainage basins and their network of streams affected by past and ongoing tectonic activity may be characterized by high gradients, re-directed (offset) channels and sediment loads that reflect hydrologically discontinuous transport and deposition processes. Further, watersheds that experience profound anthropomorphic changes such as removal of trees and generations of unregulated grazing, have resulted in hillslope and streamside instability owing to a decline of native riparian, arboreal, understory, and forb species.

This study describes and evaluates patterns of sediment erosion, transport and deposition in the 126 km2 San Emigdio watershed in Kern County, California. Using an

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in conjunction with an RTK GPS base station and rover

x along a 4 km reach, a series of high resolution (2 cm) images, a georeferenced orthomosaic, and digital terrain model (DTM) were generated to provide a baseline for sediment accumulation, bank erosion, and longitudinal profile changes over time. Channel cross sections and the longitudinal profile were surveyed with a total station and georeferenced with the UAV generated data.

Results showed that while there were active hotspots of channel bank erosion at knickpoints which appear to be fault-controlled, there was also significant bank instability and addition of sediment into the active channel along the entire reach even under very low flow conditions. These processes combine to load sediment in the channel that apparently can be removed only by high discharge events. With increasing precipitation variability in the region during the past half century, punctuated by periods of drought, storage of sediment in the channel and its potential to be transported beyond the watershed into neighboring agricultural land suggests that continued measurement of channel and bank erosion and sediment transport and deposition is critical.

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background

The geomorphic behavior of stream systems within a tectonically active watersheds may be characterized by intermittent flow (not resulting from climate patterns), non- continuous sediment transport throughout the length of the stream, and disrupted longitudinal profiles resulting from lithologic and structural controls, With the introduction of long term human occupation in these type of watersheds—generations of uncontrolled grazing, ranching, and removal of arboreal species for building—additional stress to channel banks and destabilized hillslopes promote active soil creep and, in many cases, slumps and deeper-seated mass movement.

1.2 Statement of Purpose

The purpose of this study is to establish a baseline data set describing the geomorphic processes that characterize the San Emigdio watershed in the Wind Wolves

Conservancy, Kern County, California (Figure 1). This research addresses the question of what are the spatial patterns of erosion, transport and deposition in a tectonically active watershed?

The watershed lies along the northern aspect of the Pine Mountain segment of the western Transverse Ranges and is bounded by the Big Pine Fault to the south and the San

Andreas Fault zone to the north. Preliminary reconnaissance of the proposed field site revealed reaches of San Emigdio Creek that appear to support active sediment deposition in the main channel as well as both upstream and downstream channel banks that are actively eroding. Ultimately these processes—whether continuous or intermittent during the “wet season” (winter) affect watershed and habitat health, as well as downstream

1 sediment delivery onto agricultural land beyond the immediate watershed and property boundaries. Understanding functionality and hydrologic connections within the watershed are critical elements in the development of stream channel morphology and changes in gradient especially in an area with steep relief.

1.3 Significance of the Research

Previous research on the relationship between stream channel geomorphology and sedimentation within tectonically controlled watersheds has focused on rivers with perennial flow. However, the processes that dominate intermittent and ephemeral streams are less well understood.

This study seeks to describe and evaluate relationships between a tectonically controlled watershed and sedimentation in a region of climatic variability. San Emigdio

Canyon is characterized intermittent patterns of sediment transport and deposition that ultimately affect watershed and habitat health, and, in turn, translate downstream effects of sediment delivery onto agricultural land at the outlying perimeter of the immediate watershed boundaries.

Understanding hydrologic connections within a watershed stream channel behavior and their relationship with steep relief under variable climate conditions provide a foundation to predict water and sediment discharge, and ultimately the evolution of drainage basin systems.

The significance of this study lies in its contribution to understanding how isolated parts of a watershed can have a strong influence on the spatial and temporal patterns of sediment production and hydrologic responses to incidental storm events punctuated by lengthier periods of drought.

1.4 Objectives

The objectives of this study are:

1. Determination of critical areas within the San Emigdio watershed that are

experiencing sediment accumulation and active hillslope and channel erosion. This

objective is designed to identify potential tectonic controls on watershed

functionality while considering overall hydrologic conditions.

2. Determination of channel geometry changes—width, depth, area (bankfull vs

occupied), area, hydraulic radius, and gradient—within the context of potential and

actual discharge. This objective addresses scientific and agricultural concerns for

bank erosion, channel bed sediment load, and effective discharge over a winter

season within identified reaches.

3. Determination of tectonically related structural breaks expressed in the longitudinal

profile. This objective addresses in part the relationship between locations of

sediment erosion and transport.

4. Determination of channel competence (the largest size of sediment in transport) and

capacity (the volume of sediment in transport). This objective addresses the size

and sorting of sediment in critical reaches in relationship to bank erosion and

potential hillslope contributions.

1.5 Location

San Emigdio Creek is located in the northern most portion of the San Emigdio

Mountains within the 93,000-acre (37,636 ha) Wind Wolves Preserve in Kern County

California. This location is at the junction of the Western Transverse and Central Coast

Ranges, the western Mojave Desert, and the southern San Joaquin Valley. The San

Emigdio Mountains are a 23 km (14 mi) long northwest-southeast trending north-facing segment of the Western Transverse Ranges lying between Interstate 5 at Gorman, Los

Angeles County on the east to the junction of West Side Hwy 33 and Maricopa Hwy 166 at Maricopa, Kern County on the west. (Figure 1). The study area of San Emigdio Canyon and San Emigdio Creek begins on the northern slope of Mount Pinos in the Los Padres

National Forest to the south, bordered by Tecuya Ridge West to the east, Wind Wolves

Preserve Visitor Center to the north and San Emigdio Mountain to the west. The study area defined by these boundaries ‘totals approximately 35 km2 (8622 acres or 13 mi2) and ranges in elevation from 2,232 m (7432 ft.) at San Emigdio Mountain to 449 m (1495 ft.) at the Wind Wolves Visitor Center, over a distance of 13 km (8.8 mi).

The northern portion of San Emigdio Canyon can be accessed by a paved road through the Wind Wolves Preserve, and by a gated dirt road, south of the Twin Fawns trail- head parking area. The study area is currently owned and under the control of The

Wildlands Conservancy, accessed only with special permissions from the landowner.

Owing to the limited accessibility of this area except by foot, minimal research on the channel and its contributing watershed has been conducted.

Culturally, this area was used by interior Chumash for village sites and for following game through the corridor that linked with Cuddy Valley to the south, and the southern San Joaquin Valley (Buena Vista Lake) to the north. With the arrival of Mexican,

Spanish, and other early European settlers, San Emigdio Canyon served as a key travel route (El Camino Viejo) in the late 18th century for the growing pueblo of Los Angeles and

4 as a vital route into more local neighboring valleys such as Cuddy Valley and Cuyama

Valley.

The canyon received its present name in 1806 and was deeded as a Mexican land grant in 1842 to serve as a cattle rancho. Cattle ranching continued under private and public ownership until the 1990s.

Figure 1 San Emigdio Creek Study area location.

1.6 Climate

There are no verified historical climate data for San Emigdio Canyon. However, soils surveys for the southwest part of Kern County, were conducted by the United States

Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in 2009. As a result of the survey, meteorological data were compiled from three stations.

Regionally, the National Weather Service operated stations at Maricopa, Lebec, and

Bakersfield recording temperature and precipitation 1971 – 2008; the Lebec station recorded snowfall from 1948-2008.

According to the meteorological data available, the majority of rainfall occurs in the winter and spring with an annual average of 17cm (7 in). Temperatures in the winter average approximately 11.6° C (53° F) while summer temperatures average 26.6° C (80°

F) with some sporadic thunderstorms and average daytime relative humidity of nearly 39%.

The prevailing winds during the months of April and May are from the west-northwest, with an average windspeed of approximately 6 knots (7 mph.). Snowfall in Bakersfield is scarce and there is no record for Maricopa, however, Lebec receives a total annual average of 12 cm (5 in) (USDA, 2009).

According to the Köppen climate classification, San Emigdio Creek is

Mediterranean, subtype Csa—broadly cool moist winters and warm, dry summers.

1.7 Geology

The San Emigdio Mountains are tectonically active, lying along the southern margins of the right lateral strike slip San Andreas Fault, the left lateral Garlock Fault to the northeast, and the left lateral strike slip Big Pine fault to the south. (T.H, Nilsen, T.W

Dibblee, Jr., and W.O. Addicott, 1973). The San Emigdio Mountains are geologically complex, comprised of stratigraphic units formed from a sequence of marine and nonmarine sedimentary deposits and interbedded volcanic rocks. The sequence on the north rests on a basement complex that is primarily granitic.

There are a series of synclinal and anticlinal structures found within the study area, however, the dominant rock sequences, dip northward with folding and faulting along a

6 succession of south dipping thrust faults These structures are clearly evident within the in

Devils Kitchen portion of the watershed (T.H, Nilsen, T.W Dibblee, Jr., and W.O.

Addicott, 1973).

Figure 2 General geology map within the region encompassing the San Emigdio Watershed

Figure 3 Detailed geology of the study area (add key-table for geologic materials)

1.8 Hydrology

The San Emigdio watershed is located within the 125.9 km² (48.6 mi2), USGS

Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) watershed #180300031301. San Emigdio Creek begins on the northeast slope of Mt. Pinos in the Los Padres National Forest. The creek continues in a south to north flow pattern for approximately 33 km (21 mi). Nearly 17 km (10 mi) of the upper portion flows through San Emigdio Canyon, before continuing an additional 16 km (9 mi) to its terminus near Lakeview, located in the southern San Joaquin Valley.

Elevation within the San Emigdio Creek watershed ranges from approximately 2,438 m

(8000 ft.) above sea level at the southern end of the watershed (near Mt. Pinos) to nearly

426 m (1400 ft.) in the north (north of Wind Wolves Visitor center). The watershed has a maximum slope of approximately 68% with an average slope of nearly 23%.

San Emigdio Creek is an entrenched braided channel system that is characterized by ephemeral, intermittent and perennial flows. The creek is fed by snow-melt and multiple tributaries. Two significant tributaries contribute to the function of this creek. The first has its headwaters in the quadrangle of Sawmill Mountain located township 9 N. range 21W, north of Mt. Pinos. The second, is located in Williams Canyon within the Wind Wolves

Preserve. The two tributaries are not clearly defined on maps and are most likely ephemeral hydrologic sources to San Emigdio Creek.

Precipitation in the San Emigdio watershed primarily occurs in the winter October through April, totaling an annual average of approximately 17 cm (7 inches) with accumulations of late winter snowfall of 12 cm (5 inches) at the higher elevations. Sudden and large storm events can be difficult to measure due to the high permeability of substrates. However, events do have appreciable hydrologic effects for the aquifer, soil productivity, ecological benefits for vegetation, wildlife and other biota. As an interior setting, rainfall can vary 30% of the average during dry years and to a maximum of 300% during the very wettest years.

Figure 4 San Emigdio Watershed, drainage network

1.9 Vegetation

Predominant vegetation within higher elevations is upper montane, primarily consisting of conifers such as Pinus monophylla (Pinyon Pine) and Pinus ponderosa

(Ponderosa), Calocedrus decurrens (Incense Cedar), Juniperus thurifera (Juniper), Yucca filamentosa (Yucca) and mixed hardwoods including Quercus chrysolepis (Canyon Oak) and Aesculus californica (California Buckeye).

Lower reaches of the watershed are rolling grasslands with an abundance of wildflowers, Tsuga heterophylla (Western Hemlock), Rhus trilobata (Skunkbrush), family

Asteraceae (Aster), Asclepias californica (California Milkweed), Salvia officinalis (Sage) and Toxicodendron diversilobum (Poison Oak). Along reaches of riparian habitat there are dense stands, Acer macrophyllum (Big Leaf Maple), Platanus racemosa (California

Sycamore), Salix (Willow), Baccharis salicifolia (Mulefat), Populus (Cottonwood). Lower slopes and drainages hold small stands of Larrea tridentata (Chaparral), Quercus lobata

(Valley Oak), Quercus douglasii (Blue Oak), Aesculus californica (California Buckeye) and Quercus berberidifolia (Scrub Oak).

Chapter 2: Scientific Background and Previous Work

2.1 Channel Morphology

The degree of system complexity varies based on innate controls, past and current erratic climactic conditions and variables in channel geometry and size. In general, stream channel morphology is highly receptive to changes in magnitude of erosion and sediment deposition. These prompt changes are often a result of stream dynamics and landform history. Keller, et. al. (2015) address the multiple streams and numerous drainages within

California’s coastal ranges characterized by steep boulder-beds within dominated debris- flow channels. Researchers observed nearly 90% of stable sediment in a stream valley are found adjacent to the channels up on terraces, while the remaining 10% of stored sediment is often found within the active channel.

Field observations reflect that channels primarily dominated by large boulder stream channel morphology often are derived from rock falls, debris flow and bedrock outcrops. These deposits aid in the formation of “transverse ribs” that cut across the channel and develop frequent step-pools. Steep relief throughout the study reaches accounted enhanced stepped pool morphology and while some pools resulted from bedrock exposed in the channel.

Large boulders were found to armor the channel bed adding to overall gradient and step-pool occurrence. Pools were characterized by boulder-to-gravel size sediment accumulating from upslope contributions, sometimes filling pools to near bankfull stage while forcing scour downstream. Such step pool development and maintenance is dependent on discharge and frequency of velocity. Thus, boulder stepped pool formation

12 is a response to steep relief, rock falls and debris flows that are self-organizing based on duration of velocity intensity and available sediment.

2.2 Knickzones

The presence of knickpoints or knickzones within channels reflect both the nature of exposed bedrock and ongoing tectonic processes. Mountainous landscapes in particular produce complex fluvial systems that, in addition to structural and lithological influences, bear the imprint of debris flows, episodic scour and fill, and punctuated flow episodes that can produce significant channel changes. In turn, these processes may lead to channel longitudinal profiles that exhibit knickpoints or even knickzones with multiple complex breaks in gradient. Boulton, et.al. (2014), working in the high Atlas Mountains of Morocco, observed longitudinal profiles from 32 rivers, of which 21 exhibited one or more knickpoints associated with faulting. Regardless of the order of magnitude of upstream tributaries, knickpoints were associated with structural discontinuities rather than lithologic changes.

The identification of knickpoints or knickzones has been done using aerial imagery, topographic survey, and geologic mapping for decades. Walsh et.al, (2012) used field data in conjunction with digital elevation models (DEMs) to further identify these features.

However, most research on stream channel geomorphology, knickzones and sedimentation due to tectonically controlled watersheds has focused largely on perennial streams.

2.3 Sediment

In environments where riparian vegetation plays a major role in channel stabilization, erosion and transport events may be more subtle than systems governed by episodic flow and limited riparian influence. Roberts and Church (1986) suggest that channels which have experienced riparian and adjacent hillslope vegetation loss, demonstrate significant stream bank erosion, the accumulation of coarse sediments in the channels, and in turn increased the residence time of finer particles trapped by the coarser fractions. Through their in-field and photogrammetric analysis of high sediment volumes in the Queen Charlotte Range, British Columbia, they were able to determine that colluvial deposits found in valley bottoms added increased sands, gravels, and coarser deposits at the terminus of the watersheds. Additionally, they discovered that delivery of sediment through high volume events often lead to sediment wedges that forced channel widening causing additional erosion.

2.4 Landscape Connectivity

The spatial relationship between watershed geomorphology, hillslope contributions, and channel systems offer the opportunity to examine critical connections of erosion and sediment transfer. Effective connections between catchment, hillslopes and channel systems provides opportunity to examine the morphological conditions and extent of spatial variability.

Cavalli et. al. (2012) explain that connection between catchments, hillslopes and channel systems yields efficient means of sediment transfer, thereby providing the information linking sometimes diverse landscapes. They found that while decoupled

14 hillslopes may exclude sediment catchments from delivery the possibility that even with efficient connections, downstream sediment transfer may not occur.

2.5 Tectonics

Tectonic activity strongly influences topography and the behavior of fluvial systems. Gurbuz, et.al. (2015) aim to understand the influence of tectonics on the development of irregular or abnormal drainage patterns. Through their investigation of horizontal offsets, anticlines, synclines and super imposed streams in the Yesilirmak River basin in northern Tukey, they discovered structural and symmetrical diversion of a fluvial network to form sharp angular turns in channel pattern and, in some cases, trellis patterns within watersheds.

2.6 Modeling

Constructing models of landscape evolution is complex and time consuming.

Owing to uncertainty of climate, timing or magnitude of tectonic events, and potential human interference, the higher resolution data obtained from UAVs can offer a more accurate and real time models of landscape evolution. Dadson, et. al. (2004) analyzed tectonically active mountain belts to evaluate the impact of sedimentation into rivers from earthquake-triggered landslides. Using field survey and modeling, they quantified sedimentation of geomorphic impacts of the weakened substrates and landslides caused by coseismic activity. Additionally, they found that rates of mass wasting (slides) remained elevated for up to four years after earthquakes and subsequent storms caused increased sediment yield in channel networks throughout the watershed.

Development and use of traditional models are dependent on knowledge of processes and environmental controls. However, newer models can be derived from

LiDAR images used to create high resolution digital elevation models (DEMs).

Montgomery and Brandon (2002) evaluated the relationship between topography and erosional rates to better understand controls between climate, tectonics and sediment influx. Using high resolution DEMs they found there is a non-linear relation between the rates of long-term erosion and mean slope.

Data gathered from DEMs also revealed there is a correlation between topography and the average hillslope relief. Adjusting models to a coarser scale, analysis between local relief and erosion showed different trends for tectonically active mountain ranges with lower erosion rates. Analysis of the combined computer generated erosion models done by

Montgomery and Brandon suggest that frequency of landslides is the primary control that adjusts rates of erosion in a tectonically-driven region and not hillslope steepness which coincides with what is found in San Emigdio. Therefore, analysis from models implies erosion rates and landscape controls in tectonically active ranges are minimally influenced by changes in mean hillslope steepness. Subtle changes in topography attributed to low erosion and relief can be easily identified using DEMs. However, other features such as landscape deformation and mountain belts are points of interest and key geomorphic features.

Keller, et. al. (2000), investigated the morphology of active folding and reverse faults along the north flank of San Emigdio Mountains. Folding in fluvial terraces and tilting of alluvial fans within and at the mouth of the streams debouching from the mountain front extend over 5 km and appear to migrate northward into the San Joaquin Valley.

Chapter 3: Physical Setting

3.1 Landscape

Topography of the study area is characterized by the steep northern boundary of the

San Emigdio Mountains flanked by river terraces and near-vertical canyon walls to the east and west. San Emigdio Creek drains a 125.909 km2 watershed. The total length of the creek is approximately 33 km (21 mi) from its headwaters near its terminus. As the creek debouches from its steep narrow canyon, fragments of floodplain characterize the middle portion of the watershed, and abruptly transition to a narrower profile before draining onto a broad alluvial plain. San Emigdio Creek, an environment stripped largely of its native oak woodland, is characterized by reaches of deep incision, dramatic bank collapse, and a channel bed dominated in some areas by boulders and cobbles, while other areas are largely gravel-sand. . Though located in a high relief watershed, San Emigdio Creek the upper basin of the fluvial system bears little resemblance to the mid and lower zones of the watershed once it debouches from the canyon.

Soils in the San Emigdio watershed are derived from the San Joaquin Group— brown to reddish brown loam with layers of hardpan. Vegetation cover is predominantly non-native grasses, scrub oaks and some chaparral including mountain lilac, juniper, sage, and oak trees lining many tributaries and dotted intermittently over hillslopes (Figure 6).

Higher elevation arboreal species include pinyon-juniper association at 1250-2600 m

(4100-8530 ft.) with Jeffrey Pine at 1500-3000m (4800-9600 ft.) and Big-Cone Spruce found from 1350-1700m (4430-5580 ft.).

Figure 5 Steep canyon walls

Figure 6 Non-native grasses, flood plain vegetation cover

The entire study lies within San Emigdio Creek watershed, a drainage system that empties into the San Joaquin Valley (Figure 7). The San Emigdio Creek headwaters begin at the upper northeast portion of Mt Pinos in the Los Padres National Forest and is fed by multiple ephemeral streams as it flows through San Emigdio Canyon. It flows north- northwest approximately 19 km (12 mi) before reaching the base of the San Emigdio

Mountains and the upper most portion of the Wind Wolves Preserve boundary. The creek is classified as a partially braided intermittent system.

The stream changes between intermittent and perennial flow as it encounters permeable and impermeable bed materials overlying deeper structural controls. There are two locations where perennial waters are found: ”The Willows”, a wetland located approximately 15 km (9.7 mi) from the headwaters and nearly 8.5 km from the southern boundary (upstream) of Wind Wolves Preserve. The second is at Twin Fawns, a reach located approximately 18 km (11 mi) from the headwaters, 3 km (1.8 mi) from the southern boundary (upstream) of the preserve and 1km (0.9 mi.) south of the Wind Wolves visitor center.

Figure 7 Perennial waters, The Willows, Twin Fawns

Figure 8 UAV image of ‘The Willows” (Reach C), perennial waters, dense canopy, poison oak (03/29/2019)

Figure 9 Twin Fawns, perennial waters, Source Google Earth 08/30/2018 The study area includes roughly the northernmost third of the watershed. Initial reconnaissance revealed four potential reaches (A, B, C, D) warranted detailed examination. However, once a preliminary ground survey was completed, three reaches

(A, B, D) were selected for closer examination based on stream channel patterns, areas of channel bank erosion, longitudinal profile anomalies, and lithologic and structural discontinuities and safety (Figure 10). Reach C was excluded from the study because the density of poison prevented safe access. (Figure 9).

Figure 10 Reach locations

3.2 Anthropomorphic Influence

San Emigdio Canyon and creek has a long history of human influence. Prior to its current conservation designation, the land was occupied by the Chumash and other local tribes and used as a mountain pass and a hunting corridor. Because they relied on resources that the region provided, care and conservation of the land may have been exercised, thus creating minimal short-term impacts on the landscape. In the mid 1800’s the land was converted to ranching that utilized the natural resources as an open range for cattle grazing until the 1990’s.

Currently the primary use of land through the care of Wind Wolves Conservancy is education and recreation though there are contracts allowing sheepherders to graze in 23 and immediately adjacent to San Emigdio Creek in addition to various areas within San

Emigdio Canyon. Impacts from sheep grazing within the stream channel artificially alter the geomorphology through introduction of bank materials, entering the system at a rate not adjusted for channel gradient was not accounted for in this study.

Chapter 4: Methods

4.1 Methodological Design

4.1.1 Critical Areas Experiencing Accelerated Hillslope and Channel Erosion

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV/drone) flights were used following the same criteria listed below to identify noticeable areas of recent hillslope activity, breaks in the channel longitudinal profile (knickpoints), channel bank collapse, and areas of sediment accumulation. Through the UAV survey, critical reaches were identified and marked for ground confirmation. Following the ground survey, points of interest were then re-flown on the same day (Figure 12, 15, 18) using a DJI Phantom 4 professional UAV with a 4k camera at a flight elevation of 76 m (250 feet) and speed of 25 kph (16 mph) with a 75% front overlap and a 65% side overlap to gather imagery for processing.

Images were localized to a quantitative survey base (latitude, longitude and elevation) determined by the use of a Leica iCON 60 RTK GPS system using Benchmark

EW5427 located downstream of the confluence of San Emigdio Creek and Williams

Canyon for Reach A and Reach B; and the Benchmark EW5421 located at the mouth of the canyon north of Twin Fawns for Reach D (Appendix A).

Images collected from drone flights were compiled, edited, and processed in conjunction with the ground truthed Leica points on (GCPs), located on strategic points of elevation interest to create a high resolution (≈2 cm) georeferenced orthomosaic. The orthomosaic was processed to create a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) thus providing an accurate primary data source to assist in refining the locations of erosion and sedimentation and to provide a baseline for future surveys, monitoring and data comparison.

4.1.2 Determination of the Reaches Reach A:

The orthomosaic was derived from collection of 86 calibrated and geolocated images over a 0.0879 km2 (21.7257 acres). Images were captured using Phantom 4

Professional UAV with a gimbal mounted 4k camera, positioned at 90° down and a shutter speed of 2 seconds. Flight time was approximately 15-20 minutes at an elevation of 60-76 m (200-250ft) with a front overlap of 75% and a side overlap of 65%. Atmospheric conditions were favorable with clear skies, wind speed under 16kmh (10mph) and an ambient air temperature of 16.6 C° (62 F°). A Puget Genesis NVIDIA GeForce GT710 and

64-bit Windows 10 Pro operating system was used to digitally stitch photographs in the software Pix4d and photogrammetrically and geographically adjusted and scaled to

NAD83(2011)/California zone 5 (EGM96 Geoid) coordinate system. Five (GCPs) were ground-truthed using a Leica GPS and verified/marked within Pix4d, thus providing 3D georeference points.

Reach B:

The orthomosaic was derived from the collection of 102 calibrated and geolocated images over a 0.185 km2 (45.7 acres). Images were captured using a Phantom 4

Professional UAV with a gimbal mounted 4k camera, positioned at 90° down and a shutter speed of 2 seconds. Total flight time was approximately 40 minutes. The flight consisted of one battery change and a flight interval of nearly 20 minutes each. Flight elevation was

60-76 m (200-250 ft) with a front overlap of 75% and a side overlap of 65%. Atmospheric conditions were partly cloudy, fluctuating from 30% to 60% during the flight. Wind speed was under 16kmh (10mph) with an ambient air temperature of 14.4°C (58°F). A Puget

Genesis NVIDIA GeForce GT710 and 64-bit Windows 10 Pro operating system was used to digitally stitch photographs in the software Pix4d and photogrammetrically and geographically adjusted and scaled to NAD83(2011)/California zone 5 (EGM96 Geoid) coordinate system. Ten (GCP’s) were ground-truthed using a Leica GPS and verified/ marked within Pix4 D, used to provide 3D georeference points.

Reach D:

The orthomosaic was derived from the collection of 165 calibrated and geolocated images over a 0.169 km2 (41.8477 acres). Images were captured using a Phantom 4

Professional UAV with a gimbal mounted 4k camera, positioned at 90° down and a shutter speed of 2 seconds. The flight consisted of one battery change and a flight interval of nearly

20 minutes each. Flight elevation was 60-76 m (200-250 ft) with a front overlap of 75% and a side overlap of 65%. Atmospheric conditions were partly cloudy, fluctuating from

20% to 40% during the flight. Wind speed was under 16 kmh (10 mph) with an ambient air temperature of 16.11 C° (61 F°). A Puget Genesis NVIDIA GeForce GT710 and 64-bit

Windows 10 Pro operating system was used to digitally stitch photographs in the software

Pix4d and photogrammetrically and geographically adjusted and scaled to

WGS84/UTMzone 11N (egm96) coordinate system. Ten (GCPs) were ground- truthed using a Leica GPS and verified/ marked within Pix4d, used to provide 3D georeferenced points.

4.1.3 Determination of Channel Geomorphic Changes

Channel cross sections within designated reaches were determined using both the imagery and by ground verification. Cross sections captured the identified incongruent

27 knickpoints and were representative of the overall in channel morphology. All transects were selected by the same criteria, based on the geomorphic characteristics relative to the knickpoint and the surrounding landscape including changes in gradient and changes in channel morphology.

Quantification of channel erosion and sediment deposition for critical reaches was done using a Leica iCON RTK GPS system. The system was used to localize and georeference the left and right cross sectional pins and to establish latitude, longitude and elevation (x,y,z) of surveyed (GCP’s), within a ≈2 cm variance. Additionally, a Nikon

Total Station was used to survey channel cross sections, transected by a longitudinal profile, used to create graphed cross sectional profiles.

Cross sections were surveyed using a Nikon Total Station with a prism height of

2m. Within each reach there was a minimum of three cross sections preformed and a maximum of four. Cross sections were laid into position beginning with cross section number 1 located at the downstream extent of the study reach (north) and working upstream

(south), increasing in number as the cross sections were placed. Each cross section included a left survey pin and a right survey pin, placed on top of the terrace, above double bank full to prevent loss during large storm events. A tape measure was tied to the left pin (beginning at 0) and extended to the right pin to determine the width of the channel and location

(station) of each point taken in the survey.

A back site was shot to the known benchmark (BM) or temporary benchmark

(TBM) before shooting a foresight to the top of left pin to establish height of instrument.

Station numbers were not predetermined, and measurements of elevation were collected at

28 stations relevant to the change in morphology within the channel bed. To close the survey, after the top of right pin was measured an additional measurement was taken on the BM or the TBM to verify that the instrument had not shifted during the survey.

Points were measured to capture a combination of elevation differences, bed material and specific features of interest within the channel bed. In addition to aggradation of materials vegetation largely influenced fluvial landforms and often made identifying main and secondary channels challenging.

Channels were identified by low areas that coincide with identified preferential flow. Bars were identified by the presence of aggregated larger coarse bed material and lack of vegetation. Islands were determined by a higher point of elevation within the channel characterized by finer materials and, during the timeframe of the study they exhibited well-established vegetation.

In field measurements, atmospheric conditions and general notes were recorded on a field sheet and later transferred into an excel spread sheet. Numerical data entered into

Microsoft Excel was used to create cross sectional profiles displayed in Chapter 5: data presentation section of this paper.

4.1.3 Dynamic Channel Changes (channel flow)

Owing to either minimal or sporadic intermittent flow, direct in channel flow measurements were not performed. Channel discharge (Q) was determined indirectly using

Hydraulic Radius [(R = channel area (A) / wetted perimeter (P)] at bankfull, Gradient (S)

(determined by direct survey supported by UAV data), and calculation of bed and bank roughness (Mannings n).

Modified Manning’s Equation was used to calculate discharge (Q) as:

Where V = Velocity (m s-1) A = Channel cross sectional area (m2) P = Wetted perimeter (m) S = Gradient n = Roughness (0.050) k = 1.0 (SI units)

4.1.4 Longitudinal Profile Measurements

The channel longitudinal profile was measured directly and indirectly to determine channel gradient response to structure, sediment transport and deposition over the short term (flow) and long term (tectonic displacement).

Direct measurements for Reach A, KP-A and Reach B, KP-B were taken using a

Nikon total station. However, owing to dense stands of Toxicodendron diversilobum

(poison oak) within reach Reach D, the Leica iCON RTK GPS system was used to maneuver around the dense canopy to collect points of elevation where safe through satellite rather than being dependent on laser sight from the Total Station base to the prism rod. The data collected by each instrument was used to measure channel gradient and produce a graphed longitudinal profile. Additionally, indirect measurements were taken using the UAV to assist in determining the elevation differences over the reach length.

Changes in gradient and base level within a stream influence the degree of incision and alter the topography within a channel. This evolution of fluvial geomorphology highlights areas of structural controls related to tectonics and is clearly defined using a longitudinal profile. A longitudinal profile was performed for each reach within this project to capture the change in gradient and to identify and analyze the convex nature of knickpoints within the study areas of San Emigdio Creek.

To survey the longitudinal profile within each reach of the study a tape measure was placed within the thalweg of the main channel with zero beginning downstream (north) cross section one. The tape measure was pinned within the thalweg and continued upstream

(south) extending beyond the last designated cross section. The survey was done using a

Nikon Total Station for Reach A and Reach B. Due to areas of heavy canopy cover and dense stands of poison oak within Reach D, the Leica GPS unit was used to perform the longitudinal profile.

A back sight was taken measuring the elevation of a known benchmark (BM) or a temporary benchmark (TBM) and the foresight to station zero of the longitudinal profile determined the height of instrument.

The length of the longitudinal profile was not a predetermined distance, rather the length was determined by the placement of the cross sections within the reach.

Measurements were taken at intervals relevant to changes in elevation, bed material or noticeable features within the channel.

A measurement was taken at each intersection of the longitudinal profile and cross section. This was done to tie the data together with the cross sections to analyze significant

31 details within the channel and clearly delineate the location of the knickpoint relevant to the cross section. To close the survey, after the measurement was taken at the furthest point up stream (south) an additional measurement was taken on the BM or the TBM to verify that the instrument had not shifted during the survey and to close the longitudinal profile.

4.1.5 Sediment Size and Distribution

Determination of the size and distribution of channel and hillslope sediments was done using small sample collections (< 100 g) for dry sieve analysis. A minimum of two sediment samples were collected at each cross section within each reach. Using the App

“Avenza”, on the uploaded map Eagle Rest Peak, CA TNMGEOPDF 7.5X7.5 GRID

24000-SCALE TM 2010 point data were taken for sample locations and in-channel photos.

The point data were then uploaded into ArcGIS and added to the appropriate maps.

Samples were collected using a hand shovel and stored in a zip-lock bag. Each sample was labeled with the date and location of collection. Samples were then taken to the CSUN Physical Geography Laboratory to be processed following the protocol for

Detailed Particle Size Analysis (Dry Sieving).

After the samples were cleaned of any extraneous material (twigs, leaves, etc.) samples were thoroughly dried and separated into the required sieving sample size of 25g.

Samples were placed into a nest of half phi sieves and placed on a VibraPad for seven minutes at 50% vibration. Material was recovered from each sieve and weighed. The retained weight was recorded and then graphed.

Dry sieve analysis was carried out to sample the particle size of soils and material within the channel. Multiple samples were collected at the location of each cross section

32 within the reach. Collection began at the furthest downstream cross section (XS1) within each reach with the exception on cross section one in Reach D. Due to the density of poison oak in and along the channel banks, it was not safe to collect sediment samples. Multiple samples were taken from separate locations within in each cross section. Samples were collected from areas primarily free of noticeable organics and gathered using a gardening trowel. The sample was stored in a zip lock sandwich bag and labeled with a description of the location along with the latitude and longitude of the collections site.

Samples were processed for sieving in the lab. Samples were placed on pans and thoroughly dried using a Thelco Oven, set at approximately 110o-120°C (230o-248°F) for a minimum of 8-12 hours. After the material was dried any organic debris was removed and all clumps were broken up with a mortar and pestle. Samples were split from nearly

200 grams to a reduced sample weight of approximately 25 g. To do this a pile of material was placed on a sheet of glossy paper with a grid of four 2x2 boxes on it. Two random quarters were rejected, the remaining quarters were split again, reducing the weight to 50 g. The remaining 50 g was split using a splitter and one of the final sample weights of approximately 25 g was used in a nest of half phi sieves. The nest was vibrated on medium for a duration of 10 minutes. The remaining material within each sieve was weighed, recorded on a sample sheet and placed into an Excel sheet to be graphed in a sediment distribution curve.

Statistical analysis to determine Graphic Mean Particle Size, Sorting, and Skewness of the samples was performed following the technique of Folk (1974).

Graphic Mean Particle Size (Mz)

(Mz) = ϕ16 + ϕ50 + ϕ84 / 3

Sorting (σ)

(σ) = [ ϕ84 - ϕ16 / 4] + [ϕ95 - ϕ5 / 6.6]

Skewness (SkI)

(SkI) = [ϕ84 - ϕ16 - 2 ϕ50] / 2 ϕ50 ] +

[ϕ95 + ϕ5 - 2 ϕ50] / 2 [ϕ95 - ϕ5]

4.1.6 Wolman Pebble Count

Larger particle size analysis was conducted in the field using a Wolman Pebble

Count (Wolman, 1954) to determine class, size and shape of the dominant load in the channel. In determining the clast size, predictions of sediment transport competence can be inferred. Pebble counts were done at the location of each cross section within the study reaches. One hundred samples were taken to create a representative count of bed materials.

Beginning at the farthest downstream Cross Section A1 moving from the left bank of the channel, a random sampling procedure was implemented. One to two steps were taken in a zig-zag pattern, in the direction of the right survey pin, using a forefinger touching the tip of the right foot a pebble was collected. The pebble was then measured along the B axis using a gravelometer. The numerical data was recorded along with the shape description of angular, sub-angular, sub-rounded or rounded. Additionally, if the parent material could be identified it was also recorded. Pebble counts were conducted for each reach and cross section.

The data was recorded on a field sheet and later entered into a Microsoft Excel spread sheet to determine the cumulative particle size distribution and infer the likelihood of increased incision due to erosion, possible points of increased aggradation and sediment supply.

4.2 Developing a Map

To define the geographic boundary and identify the extent of focus within specific areas, locations were initially determined remotely using Google Earth Pro. The defined areas were then cross referenced with both topographic and geologic maps. Identified areas of interest were then scouted prior to project initiation to provide qualitative reconnaissance and confirmation of existing desired conditions.

Primary sourced imagery using a DJI Phantom 4 professional UAV with a 4k camera at a flight elevation of 76m (250 feet) and speed of 25 kph (16 mph) with a 75% front overlap and a 65% side overlap was used to gather imagery for processing.

Flights were conducted during the winter and early spring to reduce imagery noise and clearly identify riparian features that may have otherwise been covered by foliage.

UAV ariel photographs were processed using Pix4D to align and georeference photos to the surveyed GCP locations, thus creating an orthomosaic. The orthomosaic image was used to process a Digital Surface Model (DSM) and a Digital Terrain Model (DTM).

4.3 Determining Knickpoint Locations

Faulted locations that transect San Emigdio Creek was initially investigated through the use of geologic maps, their approximate locations within the topography was determined using Google Earth Pro. Remotely defined areas were ground truthed using in-

35 field qualitative reconnaissance, referencing a printed copy of a geologic map to narrow possible locations of knickpoints (KP) and additional geologic interests within the KP boundaries. Through ground verification and investigation of in channel morphology such as irregular or abnormal aggradation, trellis patterns or sharp horizontal offset ( sharp bends

≥45°) were identified as knickpoints.

4.4 Identifying a source for bed material

Lithology of small in channel boulders, cobble and sediment was rapidly accessed and analyzed in the field to determine the likelihood of their source. Outcrops and incased boulders within the terraced arroyo cut canyon walls were investigate as a possible source of deposition. Special attention was directed to the regionally distributed surficial boulders found within the flood plain, on the lower terraces and within the toe of the adjacent scarps or landslide features.

Surficial boulders represent a variety of composition. Larger boulders were most often sandstone or granitic, likely the result of weathered bedrock or fluvially transported deposits from the base of the San Emigdio Mountains. While the medium to small boulders were more representative of granite, gneiss and metamorphic characteristics, likely deposited through weathered canyon walls. Therefore, a general lithology of materials outside of the active channel was documented in conjunction with the in-channel Wolman pebble count to later be compared to geologic maps.

4.5 Distribution of bed load

Characterization and patterns of connectivity that define and assess bed materials and sediment paths within channel systems define morphological conditions and the extent

36 of spatial variability. Portions of deposits are located in gravel bars, point bars, on active flood plains and within the channel walls, not clearly visible using remote or indirect techniques, therefore requiring in field investigation.

For reference, the study areas were divided into four reaches and named according to their respective position within the San Emigdio Creek Watershed and the sequence of knickpoints. Reach A, KP-A) furthest upstream (south) and sits highest in the watershed.

Reach B, KP-B) approximately 2 km (1 mi) downstream (north) of Reach A, Reach C) wetland area skipped do to dense stand of poison oak, nearly 2km (1 mi) downstream

(north) of Reach B. Reach) approximately located 2km (1 mi) downstream (north) of Reach

C, KP-C. (Figures 8 and 9).

Within all reaches and designated KP locations, cross section stations were placed at locations with notable geomorphic and depositional features and surveyed using a total station. Pebble and cobble size was measured using a gravelometer, composition and roughness was classified through in field analysis. This was conducted throughout multiple locations within each defined boundary quantifying location and distribution of bed material across the sample area.

Material within the channel was specifically analyzed for sorting associated with specific depositional environments and features specific to the reach location and fault controlled structure. Distribution of boulders outside of the collection sites or across the remainder of the study area boundary was recorded in an orthomosaic and additional finalized digital outputs. Additionally, surveyed profiles, results from Wolman pebble

37 counts, and dry sieving were cross referenced to determine the distribution of bed load within the active channel of each individual reach boundary.

Chapter 5: Data Presentation

5.1 Drone Imagery

All drone flight data were photogrammetrically scale to the

NAD83(2011)/California zone 5 (EGM96 Geoid) coordinate system. Ground control points (GCPs) were placed within each reach and were ground-truthed using a Leica iCON 60 RTK GPS unit. The number of ground control points (GCPs) and the average ground sampling distances (GSDs) varied for each reach. GSDs ranged from 2.62 cm to

3.88 cm.

A Puget Genesis NVIDIA GeForce GT710 and 64-bit Windows 10 Pro operating system was used to run the Pix4d software and generate digital terrain models and digital surface models from the processed orthomosaic for all reaches.

5.1.1 Drone Imagery and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and Digital Surface Model (DSM)

5.1.2 Reach A

Five ground control points (GCPs) were ground truthed using a Leica GPS and verified/ marked within Pix4 D, used to provide 3D georeference points. The average ground sampling distance (GSD) was 2.62 cm (1.03 in) resolution with a root mean square error

(RMS) of 0.076m. The high resolution and details within the image is the result of flight elevation, flight speed, image overlap, shutter speed, camera type and atmospheric conditions.

Through the optimal point density and high resolution 3D mesh generation set, there was one generated tile and 9,223,520, 3D-densified points used to create an average

39 density of 188.85 points per m³. The inverse distance weighting was used to create a single raster DTM/DSM tile with a resolution of 5 x GSD (2.62 [cm/pixel]). (Figure 11).

Figure 11 DSM Reach A

The absolute height accuracy is portrayed through color in Figure 11. The brown represents areas of higher elevation and blue represents areas of lower elevations, the darker the color the higher or lower the z axis.

Figure 12 Orthomosaic Reach A (01/26/2019) The orthomosaic above represents the collection of 86 geolocated images.

Figure 13 Reach A Reach A is 0.0879 km2 (0.034 mi2) and the farthest reach downstream. The reach consists of four cross sections, one longitudinal profile and multiple sediment sample sites at each cross section. There is one confluence entering from the west, located between

Cross Section 4 and Cross Section 3. There is one tributary entering from the east that is transected by the access road, and located directly upstream (south) of Cross Section 2.

5.1.3 Reach B

Ten ground control points (GCPs) were ground truthed using a Leica GPS and verified/ marked within Pix4 D, used to provide 3D georeference points. The average ground sampling distance (GSD) is at 3.88 cm (1.53 in) resolution with a root mean square

42 error (RMS) of 0.083m. The high resolution and details within the image is the result of flight elevation, flight speed, image overlap, shutter speed, camera type and atmospheric conditions.

Through the optimal point density and high resolution 3D mesh generation set, there was one generated tile and 8,649,867, 3D-densified points used to create an average density of 62.2 points per m³. The inverse distance weighting was used to create a single raster DTM/DSM tile with a resolution of 5 x GSD (3.88 [cm/pixel]).(Figure 14 and 15).

Figure 14 DSM Reach B The absolute height is visualized through color, the brown represents areas of higher elevation and blue represents areas of lower elevations, the darker the color the higher or lower the z axis. (Figure 14)

Figure 15 Orthomosaic Reach B (02/16/2019) The orthomosaic above represents the collection of 102 geolocated images. The images were captured using a Phantom 4 Professional UAV with a gimbal mounted 4k camera, placed at a 90° angel. Flight elevation was approximately 60-76 m (200-250ft).

Figure 16 Reach B

5.1.4 Reach D

Ten ground control points (GCP’s) were ground truthed using a Leica GPS and verified/ marked within Pix4 D, used to provide 3D georeference points. The average ground sampling distance (GSD) is at 3.08 cm (1.21 in) resolution with a root mean square error (RMS) of 0.043m. The high resolution and details within the image is the result of flight elevation, flight speed, image overlap, shutter speed, camera type and atmospheric conditions.

Through the optimal point density and high-resolution 3D mesh generation set, there were three generated tiles and 60,089,951 3-D densified points used to create an average density of 353.21 points per m³. The inverse distance weighting was used to merge

46 the three tiles and create a raster DTM/DSM with a resolution of 5 x GSD (3.08 [cm/pixel]).

(Figure 17 and 18).

Figure 17 DSM Reach D The absolute height is portrayed through color, the brown represents areas of higher elevation and blue represents areas of lower elevations, the darker the color the higher or lower the z axis (Figure 17).

Figure 18 Orthomosaic Reach D (02/24/2019) The orthomosaic above represents the collection of 165 geolocated images. The images were captured using a Phantom 4 Professional UAV with a gimbal mounted 4k camera, placed at a 90° angel. Flight elevation was approximately 60-76 m (200-250ft).

Figure 19 Reach D Reach D is 0.169 km2 (0.065 mi2) and is located approximately 2 km (1.24 mi) downstream (north) of Reach B. The reach consists of four cross sections, one longitudinal profile and multiple sediment sample sites at each designated cross section. There is one side channel located upstream (south) of Cross Section 4. There is one tributary entering from the east, located directly downstream (north) of Cross Section 1.

5.2 Cross Section Profiles

This section presents the graphed cross section profiles for each reach. The graphs were created in Excel using the scatter with smooth lines chart. All cross-section graphs are read from the left bank to the right bank, looking downstream. Channel cross section areas (m2 and ft2), average, minimum, and maximum depths (calculated using measurements and excel), hydraulic radius, and wetted perimeter are presented also. Field data are found in Appendix B.

5.2.1 Reach A

Figure 20 Cross section A1 Facing north, Cross Section A1 is the farthest downstream within the reach. The overall (terrace to opposite bank) width of the incision is 78.0 m (255.90 ft). Bankfull and maximum depth is approximately 2.17 m (6.56 ft), minimum depth of approximately 1.33 m (4.36 ft) with an average depth of ~1.8 m (5.90 ft). The active channel width is ~ 14 m

(45.93 ft) for a total cross-sectional area of 25.2 m2 (82.67 ft2). The cross section has a

50 wetted perimeter of 5.66 m (18.56 ft) and a hydraulic radius of 4.45 m (14.59 ft). The thalweg is located approximately 54 m (177 m) from the left bank pin, placing it on the right side of the channel. Using Manning’s equation with a roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a reach gradient of 0.049, cross section A1 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈301.93 m3/s.

Figure 21 Cross section A1

Figure 22 Cross section A2 Facing north, Cross Section A2 is located 73.0 m (239.5 ft) upstream (south) of

Cross Section A1. The overall (terrace to opposite bank) width of the channel is 84 m

(275.59 ft). Bankfull and maximum depth is 1.62m (5.31 ft) with a minimum depth of ~

0.53 m (1.73 ft) and an average depth 1.33 m (4.36 ft). The active channel width is ~15 m

(49.21 ft), for a total cross sectional area of 19.95 m2 (65.45 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 6.33 m (20.76 ft) and a hydraulic radius of 3.15m (10.33 ft). The thalweg is located ~ 33 m (108.26 ft) from the left bank pin, placing it on the left side of the channel. Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and the overall longitudinal gradient of 0.049, cross section A2 has an estimated potential discharge of

≈189.85 m3/s.

Figure 23 Cross section A2

Figure 24 Cross section A3 Facing north, Cross Section A3 is located ~78 m (255.90 ft) upstream (south) of

Cross Section A2. The overall (terrace to opposite bank) width of the channel is 78 m

255.90 (ft). Bankfull and maximum depth is ~ 1 m (3.28 ft) with a minimum depth of approximately 0.11 m (0.36 ft) and an average depth 0.46 m (1.50 ft). The active channel width is ~ 29 m (95.14 ft), for a total cross-sectional area of 13.34 m2 (43.76 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 13 m (42.65 ft) with a hydraulic radius of 1.02 m (3.34 ft). The thalweg is located approximately 15 m (49.21 ft) from the left bank pin, placing it on the left side of the channel. Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of 0.049, cross section A3 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈60.08 m3/s.

Figure 25 Cross section A3

Figure 26 Cross section A4 Facing north, Cross Section A4 is located ~106 m (347.76 ft) upstream (south) of

Cross Section A3. The overall width (terrace to opposite bank) of the channel is 40 m

(131.233 ft). Bankfull and maximum depth is approximately 1.01m (3.31 ft) with a minimum depth of ~0.38m (1.24 ft) and an average depth 0.784 (2.57 ft). The active channel width is ~13m (42.65 ft), for a total cross-sectional area of 10.19m2 (33.43 ft2).

The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 6.83m (22.40 ft) with a hydraulic radius of 1.49 m (4.88 ft). The thalweg is located approximately 31m (101.70 ft) from the left bank pin, placing it near the center of the channel. Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of 0.049, cross section A4 has an estimated potential discharge of

≈58.90 m3/s.

Figure 27 Cross section A4

5.2.2 Reach B

Figure 28 Cross section B1 Facing north, Cross Section B1 is the farthest downstream cross section within the reach. The overall (terrace to opposite bank) width of the channel is 48 m (157.48 ft).

Bankfull and maximum depth is ~0.205 m (0.67 ft) with a minimum depth of approximately -0.120m and an average depth of 0.85m (2.78 ft). The active channel width is ~9 m, with a total cross-sectional area of 7.65m2 (25.09 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 7.5 m (24.60 ft) and a hydraulic radius of 1.02 m (3.34 ft). The thalweg is located approximately 41 m from the left bank pin, placing it on the right side of the channel—possibly related to the presence of vegetation and aggradation of sediment. Using

Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and an overall reach gradient slope of

0.043, cross section B1 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈32.14 m3/s.

Figure 29 Cross section B1

Figure 30 Cross section B2 Facing north, Cross Section B2 is located ~119 m (390.41 ft) upstream (south) of

Cross Section B1. The overall (terrace to opposite bank) width of the channel is 55 m

(180.44 ft). Bankfull and maximum depth is ~0.879 m (2.88 ft) with a minimum depth of

~ -0.89 m (-2.91 ft) and an average depth 0.402 m (1.31 ft). The active channel width is

~26 m (85.3 ft.) with a total cross sectional area of 10.45m2 (34.28 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 15.6 m (51.18 ft) with a hydraulic radius of 0.66 m (2.16 ft). The thalweg is located ~31m (101.70 ft) meters from the left bank pin, placing it in the center of the channel. Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of

0.043, cross section B2 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈33.17 m3/s.

Figure 31 Cross section B2

Figure 32 Cross section B3 Facing north, Cross Section B3 is located ~100m (328 ft) upstream (south) of Cross

Section B2. The overall (terrace to opposite bank) width of the channel is 56 m (184 ft).

Bankfull and maximum depth is ~0.878m (12.88 ft) with a minimum depth of ~0.175 m

(5.74 ft) and an average depth 0.660 m (2.16 ft). The active channel width is ~20 m (65.61 ft) with a total channel cross sectional area of 13.2 m2 (43.30 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 9.66 m (89.66 ft) with a hydraulic radius of 1.15 m (3.77 ft). The thalweg is located approximately 53 m (173.88 ft) from the left bank pin, placing it on the right side of the channel. Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of 0.043, cross section B3 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈67.41 m3/s.

Figure 33 Cross section B3

5.2.3 Reach D

Figure 34 Cross Section D1 Facing north, Cross Section D1 is the farthest downstream of all the cross sections in this reach. The overall width of the channel is 88 m (288.7 ft). Bankfull and maximum depth is ~4.55 m (14.92 ft), with a minimum depth of ~2.70 m (8.85 ft) and an average depth of 3.94 m (12.92 ft). The active channel width is ~ 6 m (19.68 ft), for a total area of

23.64 m2 (77.55 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 3.33 m (10.92 ft) with a hydraulic radius of 7.09 m (23.26 ft). The thalweg is located approximately 77 m (252.62 ft) from the left bank pin, placing it on the right side of the channel likely related to a well- defined meander. Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a reach gradient of 0.046, cross section D1 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈374.56 m3/s.

Figure 35 Cross section D2

Figure 36 Cross Section D2 Facing north, Cross Section D2 is located nearly 323 m (1059 ft) upstream (south) of Cross Section D1. The overall width of the channel is 48 m (157 ft). Bankfull and maximum depth are ~1.179 m (3.86 ft) with a minimum depth of approximately 0.516 m

(1.69 ft) and an average depth 0.930 m (3.05 ft). The active channel width is ~20 m (65.61 ft), for a total area of 18.60 m2 (61.02 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 8.33 m (27.32 ft) and a hydraulic radius of 2.23 m (7.31 ft). The thalweg is located approximately 25 m (82 ft) from the left bank pin, placing it in the center of the channel and at this time is confined there owing to in-stream vegetation and associated aggradation of sediment. Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of

0.046, cross section D2 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈136.30 m3/s.

Figure 37 Cross section D3

Figure 38 Cross Section D3 Facing north, Cross Section D3 is located nearly 104 m (341.20 ft) upstream (south) of Cross Section D2. The overall width of the channel is 78 m (256 ft). Bankfull and maximum depth is ~3.35 m (10.99 ft) with a minimum depth of approximately 1.69 m

(5.54 ft) and an average depth 2.824 m (9.26 ft). The active channel width is ~12 m (39.37 ft), for a total channel cross sectional area of 33.84 m2 (111.02 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 5.16 m (16.92 ft) and a hydraulic radius of 6.55 m (21.48 ft). The thalweg is located approximately 64 m (210 ft) from the left bank pin, placing it on the right side of the channel likely related to proximity of a meander and aggradation. Using

Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of 0.046, cross section

D3 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈508.58 m3/s.

Figure 39 Cross section D4

Figure 40 Cross Section D4 Facing north, Cross Section D4 is located nearly 71 m (233 ft) upstream (south) of

Cross Section D3. The overall width of the channel is 94 m (308 ft). Bankfull and maximum depth is ~2.19 m (7.18 ft) with a minimum depth of ~0.11 m (0.36 ft) and an average depth

1.62 m (5.31 ft). The active channel width is~ 12 m (39.37 ft), for a total channel cross sectional area of 19.44 m2 (63.77 ft2) The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 4.83 m

(15.84 ft) and a hydraulic radius of 4.02 m (13.18 ft). The thalweg is located approximately

53 m (173.88 ft) from the left bank pin, placing towards the left side of the channel possibly owing to aggradation along the center right portion of the channel. Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of 0.046, cross section D4 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈210.99 m3/s.

Figure 41 Cross section D4

5.3 Longitudinal Profiles

5.3.1 Reach A

Figure 42 Reach A Longitudinal Profile The overall gradient of Reach A is 0.049. The total length of the longitudinal profile for Reach A is 266 m (872.70 ft) and begins downstream (north) from Cross Section A1 ~

6m (19.68 ft) and extends upstream to just beyond Cross Section A4. There is a 2 m (6.56 ft) channel break (possible knickpoint) over a longitudinal distance of nearly 16 m (52.49 ft) between Cross Section A1 and Cross Section A2. The break begins at approximately 36 m (118.11 ft) and continues upstream (south) to ~52 m (170.60 ft). Williams Canyon tributary debouches into San Emigdio Creek between Cross Sections A3 and A4 and a noticeable steepening in gradient (0.2) can be seen between stations 175 m (574 ft) and 180 m (590 ft) (possibly related to scouring caused by the confluence at 190 m (623 ft).

Compared with an upstream gradient of 0.047 and a downstream gradient of 0.037 to ~80 m (262 ft.). Downstream of Knickpoint A, the channel gradient changes significantly to

0.17.

5.3.2 Reach B

Figure 43 Reach B Longitudinal Profile

The overall gradient of Reach B is 0.043. The total length of the longitudinal profile for Reach B is 287 m (941.60 ft). This profile begins ~18 m (59.055 ft) downstream (north) of Cross Section B1 and continues upstream ~57 m (187 ft) beyond Cross Section B3.

There is a channel break (possible knickpoint) with ~3 m (9.84 ft) change in elevation over the distance of nearly 10 m (32.8 ft) located between Cross Section B1 and Cross Section

B2. The break begins near 75 m (246 ft) from the downstream end of the profile and continues upstream (south) to ~ 85 m (278 ft). Channel gradient is 0.041 between 285 m

(935 ft) and 80 m (262 ft) and 0.053 downstream from Knickpoint B to the terminus of the profile.

5.3.3 Reach D

Figure 44 Reach D Longitudinal Profile The overall gradient of Reach D is 0.046. The total length of the longitudinal profile for Reach D is 597 m (1959 ft). The profile begins downstream (north) ~60 m (197 ft) of

Cross Section D1 and continues upstream beyond Cross Section D4 ~45 m (148 ft). There is a defined channel break (possible knickpoint) at Cross Section D4 with ~1 m (3.28 ft) change in elevation over the distance of ~4 m (13 ft). The break begins near 550 m (1804 ft) and continues upstream until ~554 m (1818 ft).

Channel gradient for Reach D is characterized by several changes associated with knickpoints, notably a series of steps in the upstream segment (600 m – 550 m) (1968 ft –

1804 ft) with 1 m (3.28 ft)drop at Knickpoint D2, a gradient of 0.046 between 550 m

(1804 ft) and 542 m (1778 ft) and a gradient of 0.045 between 375 m (1235 ft) and the downstream end of the profile.

5.4 Wolman Pebble Counts

5.4.1 Reach A

Figure 45 Cross section A1

D50 particle is -3.0 phi (29.20mm) (large pebble) with a particle range of boulder to sand.

Figure 46 Cross section A1

Figure 47 Cross section A2, on knickpoint

D50 is -3.0 phi (29.20mm) with a range of large cobble to sand.

Figure 48 Cross section A2, on knickpoint

Figure 49 Cross section A3

D50 particle size is -3.0 phi (29.20mm).

Figure 50 Cross section A3

Figure 51 Cross section A4

D50 particle size is -3.0 (29.20mm).

Figure 52 Cross section A4 5.4.2 Reach B

Figure 53 Cross section B1

D50 particle size is 32.0 mm.

Figure 54 Cross section B1

Figure 55 Cross section B2, on knickpoint

D50 particle size is 32.0 mm.

Figure 56 Cross section B2

Figure 57 Cross section B3

D50 particle size is 32.0 mm.

Figure 58 Cross section B3

5.4.3 Reach D No pebble count was conducted at cross section one owing to the dense canopy and ground cover of poison oak.

Figure 59 Cross section D2

D50 particle size is 20.0 mm.

Figure 60 Cross section D2

Figure 61 Cross section D3, on knickpoint.

D50 particle size is 28.0mm.

Figure 62 Cross section D3

Figure 63 Cross section D4

D50 particle size is 28.0 mm.

Figure 64 Cross section 4

5.5 Dry Sieve Sediment Samples

5.5.1 Reach A

Figure 65 Reach A, cross section 1, see GPS location of samples in cross section map triangle symbol

Table 1 Reach A, cross section 1 particle size analysis

Figure 65 above represents the cumulative curve for the sediment samples collected at Cross Section A1. Table 1 shows the range of grain sizes from very coarse to granule and sorting from moderately to very poor.

Figure 66 Reach A, Cross Section 2, see GPS location of samples in cross section map triangle symbol

Table 2 Reach A, cross section 2, particle size analysis

Figure 66 above represents the cumulative curve for the sediment samples collected at Cross Section A2. Table 2 shows the range of grain sizes from very coarse and to granule with a well sorted to moderately sorted distribution.

Figure 67 Reach A, cross section 3, see GPS location of samples in cross section map triangle symbol.

Table 3 Reach A, cross section 3, particle size analysis

Figure 67 above represents the cumulative curve for the sediment samples collected at Cross Section A3. Table 3 shows the range of grain sizes from very coarse sand to granule with sorting from good to poor.

Figure 68 Reach A, cross section 4, see GPS location of samples in cross section map triangle symbol

Table 4 Reach A, cross section 4, particle size analysis

Figure 68 above represents the cumulative curve for the sediment samples collected at Cross Section A4. Table 4 shows the range of grain sizes of very coarse to granule with moderate sorting.

5.5.2 Reach B

Figure 69 Reach B, cross section 1, see GPS location of samples in cross section map triangle symbol

Table 5 Reach B, cross section 1, particle size analysis

Figure 69 above represents the cumulative curve for the sediment samples collected at Cross Section B1. Table 5 shows the range of grain sizes of very coarse sand to granule with moderate sorting.

Reach B Cross Section 2 100

40 Cumulative Cumulative % 30

0 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Phi

Sample 1 Sample 2

Figure 70 Reach B, cross section 2, see GPS location of samples in cross section map triangle symbol

Table 6 Reach B, cross section 2, particle size analysis

Figure 70 above represents the cumulative curve for the sediment samples collected at Cross Section B2. Table 6 shows the range of grain sizes coarse sand to small granule with moderate to poor sorting.

Figure 71 Reach B, cross section 3, see GPS location of samples in cross section map triangle symbol

Table 7 Reach B, cross section 3, particle size analysis

Figure 71 above represents the cumulative curve for the sediment samples collected at Cross Section B3. Table 7 shows the range of grain sizes of coarse sand to small granule with moderate to poor sorting.

5.5.3 Reach D

No channel sediments were collected at Cross Section D1 owing to the in-stream canopy and density of poison oak ground and canopy cover.

Figure 72 Reach D, cross section 2, see GPS location of samples in cross section map triangle symbol

Table 8 Reach D, cross section 2, particle size analysis

Figure 72 above represents the cumulative curve for the sediment samples collected at Cross Section D2. Table 8 shows the range of grain sizes from very coarse sand to granule with moderate to poor sorting.

Figure 73 Reach D, cross section 3, see GPS location of samples in cross section map triangle symbol

Table 9 Reach D, cross section 3, particle size analysis

Figure 73 above represents the cumulative curve for the sediment samples collected at Cross Section D2. Table 9 shows the range of grain sizes within the coarse sand range and moderate to poor sorting.

Figure 74 Reach D, cross section 4, see GPS location of samples in cross section map triangle symbol

Table 10 Reach D, cross section 4, particle size analysis

Figure 74 above represents the cumulative curve for the sediment samples collected at Cross Section D4. Table 10 shows the range of grain sizes from very coarse sand to small granule with moderate to poor sorting.

Chapter 6: Discussion

6.1 Introduction The Discussion addresses the orthomosaics, cross sections and longitudinal profiles for each reach.

6.1.1 Reach A Orthomosaic The orthomosaic for Reach A shows a braided stream pattern with non-stabilized “islands” of gravels. Upstream of the confluence with the high gradient, partially entrenched

Williams Canyon, the most recently active channel of San Emigdio Creek is narrow and braided with the thalweg centered in the channel. Immediately downstream of the confluence, the channel broadens likely owing to periodic inputs of water and sediment and the thalweg shifts across the channel multiple times throughout the reach. As borne out by the cross sections in this reach, there is incision in the main channel with undercutting of the left bank, with right bank collapse. This suggests that initial flow from the additional discharge from Williams Canyon may have directed water towards the right bank, producing erosion and collapse, thereby diverting flow towards the left bank. In a channel dominated by highly porous gravel and sand, this also may account for the braided nature of the stream, with high rates of percolation into the subsurface of the channel especially during the waning stages of flow. As suggested in the orthomosaic, a structurally controlled knickpoint (Cross Section A2) is indicated by the ~50° bend to the right (east) with channel incision and widening before shifting its course by nearly 90° to the left (west), at which point the channel begins to narrow again. The channel is widest nearest to Cross Section

A1 and may be the result of a change in gradient. These flow patterns suggest, though

94 remain unproven, that underlying tectonic controls exert a significant influence on channel orientation and rapid shifts in the thalweg wandering for right (east) or left (west) banks.

Longitudinal Profile

Significant changes in channel gradient were observed throughout Reach A. While the overall gradient is 0.049, there are several distinct breaks, especially downstream of

Cross Section A3, at Cross Section A2 and A1. There are noticeable changes between 175 m (574 ft) and 180 m (590 ft), possibly caused by scouring as a result of the upstream confluence at station 190 m (623 ft). When comparing the upstream gradient of 0.047 and the downstream 0.037 near station 80 m (262 f.) the profile shows that downstream of knickpoint A, the gradient changes significantly to 0.17. This abrupt change in gradient is possibly the result of structural controls identified in the field and found on the orthomosaic. This may be attributed to a mapped fault located nearest to Cross Section A2.

Cross Sections

All cross sections in Reach A show steep left (west) banks and a range of depths mid- channel from 0.3 m (0.9 ft) to 2.0 m (6.5 ft). Cross Section A4 (farthest upstream) is the most narrow channel. This cross section, however, is located upstream from the confluence with Williams Canyon and therefore reflects the more confined nature of San Emigdio

Creek as it emerges from its upland watershed.

Cross Section A1 has a width (terrace to opposite bank) of 78 m (225.90 ft) with a bankfull and maximum depth of approximately 2.17 m (6.56 ft), minimum depth of approximately 1.33 m (4.36 ft) with an average depth of ~1.8 m (5.90 ft.). The active channel width is ~ 14 m (45.93 ft) for a total cross-sectional area of 25.2 m2 (82.67 ft2).

The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 5.66 m (18.56 ft) and a hydraulic radius of 4.45 m (14.59 ft). Bankfull max depth is 2.5m (8.20 ft) with a minimum depth of 1 m (3.28 ft.) for an average depth of 1.46 m (4.76 ft). Using Manning’s equation with a roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a reach gradient of 0.049, Cross Section A1 has a combined estimated potential discharge of ≈301.93 m3/s (928.27 ft3/s).

Cross Section A2 is incised with a channel width (terrace to opposite bank) of 84 m (275.59 ft) with a bankfull and maximum depth of 1.62 m (5.31 ft) with a minimum depth of ~ 0.53 m (1.73 ft) and an average depth at 1.33 m (4.36 ft). The active channel width is ~15 m (49.21 ft), for a total cross sectional area of 19.95 m2 (65.45 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 6.33 m (20.76 ft) and a hydraulic radius of 3.15 m (10.33 ft). Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of 0.049, cross section A2 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈171.53 m3/s (6038.80 ft3/s).

Cross Section A3 is incised with a channel width (terrace to opposite bank) of 78 m (225.90 ft) with a bankfull and maximum depth of~ 1 m (3.28 ft) with a minimum depth of approximately 0.11 m (0.36 ft) and an average depth 0.46 m (1.50 ft). The active channel width is ~ 29 m (95.14 ft), for a total cross-sectional area of 13.34 m2 (43.76 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 13 m (42.65 ft) with a hydraulic radius of 1.02 m (3.34 ft.). Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of 0.049, cross section A3 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈60.08 m3/s (2118.87 ft3/s).

Cross Section A4 four is incised with a channel width (terrace to opposite bank) of

40 m (131.233 ft) with a bankfull and maximum depth is approximately 1.01 m (3.31 ft) with a minimum depth of ~0.38 m (1.24 ft) and an average depth 0.784 m (2.57 ft). The active channel width is ~13 m (42.65 ft), for a total cross-sectional area of 10.19 m2 (33.43

96 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 6.83 m (22.40 f.) with a hydraulic radius of 1.49 m (4.88 ft). Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of 0.049, Cross Section A4 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈58.90 m3/s (2083.56 ft3/s).

The potential discharge calculations are high for this reach, though the channel cross sectional adjustments could accommodate flows of these magnitudes with energy being absorbed at least partially in channel incision and translation into downstream bank width and depth increase—observed in the field but not measured as part of this study.

Additionally, it has to be recognized that the channel is characterized by sand and gravel with high permeability rates followed, likely, by post-flood accumulation of additional sediments brought from upstream but unable to be transported during the waning stages of flow.

Pebble Counts

The D50 sediment represented for Cross Section A1 is 67.19% coarse gravel. The

D50 medium material represented for cross section A2 is 71.52% coarse gravel. The D50 material represented for cross section A3 is 78.21% coarse gravel. The D50 medium material represented for Cross Section A4 is 67.19% coarse gravel.

While there was some diversity in material within each of the cross sections, cobble size samples were limited. The dominant sediment was coarse gravel. Most of the finer sands accumulated on the channel “islands” and along the banks. The particle size diameter measured is likely the average bed load owing to its coarse nature and clast size. Most likely the material recorded is only transported at times of large or flashy storm events

97 associated with winter events, upland snow melt, or periodic summer thunderstorm activity.

Cross Sections A1 and A4 represent lower percentages of bed load in this particle size. This is likely owing to its occurrence in the channel. Cross Section A1 is located at the farthest downstream (north) portion of the reach and is downstream of the knickpoint that is likely influencing flow velocity. Cross Section A4 is located above the confluence of Williams Canyon and armored upstream by larger materials that are likely acting as a buffer. Cross Sections A2 and A, on the other hand, represent the higher percentages of material within this clast size.

Cross Section A2 is located directly on the knickpoint and change in channel gradient. The sediment is likely the result of aggradation. Cross Section A3 is located directly downstream of the Williams Canyon confluence and represents the highest percentage of coarse gravels. This is because of the introduction of materials being transported in addition to the differences in base flow between San Emigdio (zero) and

Willliams Canyon (flowing at the time of this survey).

Sediment

Three sediment samples were collected at random locations within the channel (1m

(3.28 ft) up or downstream of Cross Sections A1, A2, A3, and two samples collected for

A4. Each of the samples were processed according to the protocol for ‘Detailed Particle

Size Analysis (Dry Sieving)’. Processed samples were cataloged and details were used to create a cumulative curve in addition to the calculation of graphic statistics to determine the mean, sorting and skewness.

The graphic mean represents the average size and sediment distribution within reach A. The average graphic mean is -0.684 phi (1.41 mm) coarse sand. The average sorting is 1.856, poorly sorted with a fine-skew of 0.179 placing the material slightly outside of symmetrical.

6.1.2 Reach B

Orthomosaic:

Reach B is characterized by a dominantly confined braided system. The defining features associated with structural controls are more subtle within Reach B than observed in Reach

A. However, there are anomalies in this channel. While essentially a “straight” reach, there is also a pattern of meandering. Additionally, depressions resembling topographic swales can be seen on the east flood plain, and, as observed in the field, in the imagery, and on a geologic map, in association with a SW-NE trending fault. The thalweg wanders throughout the reach

Longitudinal Profile

Changes in the bed gradient were observed throughout the entirety of the longitudinal survey. The overall gradient of Reach B is 0.043 with a total longitudinal profile length of 287 m (941.60 ft). The reach shows changes in gradient of 0.041 between

285 m (935 ft) and 80 m (262 ft) and 0.053 downstream from Knickpoint B to the terminus of the profile. There is a notable difference in gradient near station 80 m (262 ft) at

Knickpoint B continuing to the end of the profile. Changes in the gradient at the knickpoint likely affects flow velocity resulting in both aggradation and incision coupled with the

99 diversion of north-east (right bank), thereby instigating bank collapse thus, widening the channel and depositing material downstream.

Cross Sections

Channel width throughout Reach B varies minimally (54-62 m) (177 – 203 ft). There is channel widening at Cross Section B2 (knickpoint) together with aggradation of cobble size materials at this location.

Cross Section B1

Cross Section B1 is incised with a channel width (terrace to opposite bank) of 48 m (157.48 ft) with a bankfull and maximum depth of ~0.205 m (0.67 ft), a minimum depth of approximately 0.120 m (0.39 ft) and an average depth of 0.85 m (2.78 ft). The active channel width is ~9 m (29.5 ft), with a total cross-sectional area of 7.65 m2 (25.09 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 7.5 m (24.60 ft) and a hydraulic radius of 1.02 m

(3.34 ft). Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and an overall reach gradient slope of 0.043, Cross Section B1 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈32.14 m3/s (1130 ft3/s).

Cross Section B2

Cross Section B2 has a channel width (terrace to opposite bank) of 55 m (180.44 ft) with a bankfull and maximum depth of ~0.879 m (2.88 ft), a minimum depth of ~ 0.89 m (2.91 ft) and an average depth 0.402 m (1.31 ft). The active channel width is ~26 m (85.3 ft) with a total cross sectional area of 10.45 m2 (34.28 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 15.6 m (51.18 ft) with a hydraulic radius of 0.66 m (2.16 ft). Using Manning’s

100 roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of 0.043, cross section B2 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈33.17 m3/s (1165 ft3/s).

Cross Section B3

Cross Section B3 is incised with a width (terrace to opposite bank) of 56 m (184 ft) with a bankfull and maximum depth of ~0.878 m (12.88 ft) with a minimum depth of

~0.175 m (5.74 ft.) and an average depth 0.660 m (2.16 ft). The active channel width is

~20 m (65.61 ft) with a total channel cross sectional area of 13.2 m2 (43.30 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 9.66 m (89.66 ft) with a hydraulic radius of 1.15 m (3.77 ft.. Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of 0.043, cross section B3 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈67.41 m3/s (2366 ft3/s).

Though the potential discharge calculations also are high for this reach like those of Reach A, channel cross sectional adjustments could accommodate flows of these magnitudes with energy being absorbed at least partially in channel incision and translation into downstream bank width and depth increase—observed in the field but not measured as part of this study. The reach, while showing the tendency to meander within a relatively straight run, also shows the familiar braided characteristic—again characterized by sand and gravel with high permeability rate, the thalweg wanders and in the surveyed cross sections, is notably shifted to the left (west) for Cross Sections B2 and B3, with the downstream Cross Section B1 shifted to the right (east).

101

Pebble Count

The D50 sediments for Cross Section B1 is 50.50% coarse gravel. The D50 sediments for Cross Section B2 also is 45.97% coarse gravel. The D50 sediments for Cross Section

B3 also is 62.17% coarse gravel.

Reach B was fairly devoid of larger sediments within the active channel. Most of the larger particles were captured by the gravel islands or were held by vegetation. At the time of the survey there was evidence of recent activity and mobilization of sands, silts, and clays. It is likely that gravels and pebbles being transported along the channel bed provided refuge for the finer particles washed in from upstream. Cross Section B1 is the farthest cross section downstream (north). It shows a somewhat evenly sorted array of sediments possibly the result of continued transport of fines, thus leaving a residual of slightly coarser fractions in the channel. Cross Section B2, located directly at the knickpoint has the lowest percentage of coarse gravels. Cross Section B2 has the highest percentage of larger sediments clearly shown by the buildup of cobble and small boulders along the edges of the knickpoint. Cross Section B3 is the farthest upstream (south) and the closest to a designated recreation trail. Materials present are predominantly coarse gravel and small pebble.

Sediment

Two sediment samples were collected at random locations within the channel 1 m

(3.28 ft) up or downstream of Cross Sections B1, B2 and B3. Each of the samples were processed according to the protocol for ‘Detailed Particle Size Analysis (Dry Sieving)’.

Processed samples were cataloged and details were used to create a sediment distribution

102 curve in addition to the calculation of graphic statistics to determine the graphic mean, sorting and skewness.

The graphic mean represents average size of sediment within Reach B. The average graphic mean is 0.722 phi. The average material is 1.738 phi, poorly sorted with a fine- skewed of 0.156. Overall, the average sediment size is slightly smaller and the sorting better than that of Reach A.

6.1.3 Reach D

Orthomosaic:

Reach D is the most complex portion of San Emigdio Creek surveyed in this study.

There is evidence of incision, headcutting along the banks of the channel, abandoned side channels, well-defined large, steep terraces especially along the east margins of the channel, depressions on the adjacent floodplain, small but more frequent knickpoints, and dramatic shifts in channel direction possibly indicative of structural control. In the downstream portion of the reach, there is a confluence with an unnamed channel that enters at near 90o to the main northward flowing San Emigdio Creek. Channel width above the confluence is considerably greater than below the confluence. The evidence of thick vegetation cover appears to trap sediment from upstream (south). Cross Section D1

(Knickpoint 1) shows a near 90° bend to the west and is located an upstream headcut and the downstream unnamed confluence. Cross Section D2 is located directly upstream of the thick cover of vegetation and is characterized by a shear terrace wall of poorly consolidated material to the south and a terraced point bar to the north. The channel is dominantly braided and flows through willows and mulefat with large quantities of bed material captured in large woody debris. Cross section D3 is located at an upstream bend; the steep

103 terrace to the west has previously been deeply incised and is now stabilized with a dense cover of sagebrush. The thalweg is located primarily in the center of the cross channel.

Cross Section D4 is located at Knickpoint 2 and is in an area of considerable change. There is widening of the right (east) bank and the formation of gullies through the canopy cover that appear to be feeding the channel downstream. The presence of gullies and the loss of canopy cover at this juncture suggests there could be a considerable change in gradient or a change in material or both.

Longitudinal Profile

The total longitudinal survey for Reach D is 597 m (1959 ft) and has an overall gradient of 0.046. Changes in gradient were evident throughout the field survey. However, there are multiple defined channel breaks associated with knickpoints, particularly in the upstream portion (south) of the longitudinal profile. There is a succession of steps prevalent near stations 600 m – 550 m (1968 ft – 1804 ft) with a significant drop of 1 m (3.28 ft) at

Knickpoint D2. This reach has a gradient of 0.046 -0.550 over 542 m (1778 ft) and a gradient of 0.045 between 375 m (1235 ft) and the downstream end of the profile. Changes in the characteristics of the channel are noticeably influenced by the underlying tectonic structural controls at Cross Section D4 where an apparently fault-controlled tributary enters

San Emigdio Creek. Areas down-stream of the knickpoint show redirected flow with channel diversion, aggradation and sediment capture.

104

Cross Sections

Cross sections in Reach D vary in width from 62 m (203 ft) to 94 m (303 ft). Channel depth varies from 0.3 m (0.9 ft) to ~12 m (39 ft). This reach is characterized by steep-sided terraces especially along the right (east) near Cross Sections D1 and D2.

Cross section D1

Cross Section D1 is incised with a channel width (terrace to opposite bank) of 88 m (288 ft) with bankfull and maximum depth of ~4.55 m (14.92 ft), a minimum depth of

~2.70m (8.85 ft) and an average depth of 3.94 m (12.92 ft). The active channel width is ~

6 m (19.68 ft), for a total active channel area of 23.64 m2 (77.55 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 3.33 m (10.92 ft) with a hydraulic radius of 7.09 m (23.26 ft). Using

Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a reach gradient of 0.046, cross section D1 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈374.56 m3/s (13.7 x 103 ft3/s)

Cross section D2

Cross Section D2 is incised with a channel width (terrace to opposite bank) of 48 m (157 ft) with a bankfull and maximum depth of ~1.179 m (3.86 ft), a minimum depth of approximately 0.516 m (1.69 ft) and an average depth 0.930 m (3.05 ft). The active channel width is ~20 m (65.61 ft), for a total area of 18.60 m2 (61.02 ft2). The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 8.33 m (27.32 ft) and a hydraulic radius of 2.23 m (7.31 ft). Using

Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of 0.046, cross section

D2 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈136.30 m3/s (4802 ft3/s).

105

Cross section D3

Cross Section D3 has an incised width (terrace to opposite bank) of 78 m (255.6 ft) with a bankfull and maximum depth of ~3.35 m (10.99 ft), a minimum depth of approximately 1.69 m (5.54 ft) and an average depth 2.824 m (9.26 ft). The active channel width is ~12 m (39.37 ft), for a total channel cross sectional area of 33.84 m2 (111.02 ft2).

The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 5.16 m (16.92 ft) and a hydraulic radius of 6.55 m (21.48 ft). Using Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of

0.046, cross section D3 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈508.58 m3/s 17.9 x

103ft3/s.

Cross section D4

Cross Section D4 has an incised width (terrace to opposite bank) of 94 m (308 ft) with a bankfull and maximum depth of ~2.19 m (7.18 ft), a minimum depth of ~0.11 m

(0.36 ft) and an average depth 1.62 m (5.31 ft). The active channel width is~ 12 m (39.37 ft), for a total channel cross sectional area of 19.44 m2 (63.77 ft2) The cross section has a wetted perimeter of 4.83 m (15.84 ft) and a hydraulic radius of 4.02 m (13.18 ft). Using

Manning’s roughness coefficient number of 0.050 and a gradient of 0.046, cross section

D4 has an estimated potential discharge of ≈210.99 m3/s (7416 ft3/s).

Pebble Count

A Wolman pebble count was not conducted at Cross Section D1, owing to the dense in channel canopy of poison oak. The D50 material for Cross Section D2 is 52.07% coarse

106 gravel. The D50 material for Cross Section D3 is 52.07% coarse gravel. The D50 material for cross section D4 is 63.19% coarse gravel.

Reach D is the farthest reach downstream (north) within the study area. Cross

Section D2 and D3 are dominated by coarse gravels. In addition to coarse gravels these locations are contained small cobbles and within the terrace walls, medium to large boulders. There is large woody debris at Cross Section D2 in addition to the development of a vegetation buffer of mule fat, poison oak and cottonwoods. Sediments appear to accumulate in this cross section and likely are only released during high flow events.

Similarly, the materials stored within the terrace, being poorly consolidated sands, gravels, pebbles and cobbles likely are released during any significant flow event and therefore will be added to the channel load. Cross Section D4 is located at the knickpoint. Materials immediately up stream of the knickpoint are fine sands, fine gravels and some pebbles.

However there is apparent uplift at this location with channel deepening and adding further to the channel load.

Sediment

Two samples were collected at random locations within the channel 1 m (3.28 ft) up or downstream) of Cross Sections D2, D3 and D4. Sediment samples were not collected at

Cross Section D1 owing to the dense thickets of poison oak. However, an initial foray into this part of the reach revealed the presence of gravels and small pebbles within the channel.

The graphic mean sediment size within Reach D is -0.950 phi. The average sorting is 1.638 (poorly) a strongly-fine-skew of 0.377.

107

Chapter 7: Analysis and Summary

All reaches surveyed within San Emigdio Creek show essentially a braided stream system with channel incision, steep longitudinal profiles, knickpoints, and structural controls likely imposed on the fluvial system by faulting in the watershed.

The 300 m long Reach A is defined by the steep uplifted terrace wall to the west and the upstream confluence of Williams Canyon. Overall gradient is steep and there is strong evidence of periodic incision within the channel. The presence of a significant knickpoint likely is associated with a fault. While migration of the thalweg may be influenced by the fault, there is also the presence of intermittent to perennial baseflow as observed in the field, and aggregation of sediments on small gravel islands in the channel that appear to influence poor sorting of sediments.

Reach B, while characterized by a braided stream pattern, also has developed an incipient meander system within the essentially straight and incised channel over a 280 m distance. Again, gradient is steep, channel particle size ranges from very coarse sand to gravels, and overall sorting is poor. What characterizes Reach B as different from Reach

A and Reach D, is that it may function as a transition helping to disperse energy through a relatively “straight” run of flow from the periodic influx of water and sediment from

Williams Canyon (Reach A) and the multiple structurally controlled knickpoints characteristic of Reach A and Reach D. While Reach B has one significant knickpoint with a nearly 2 m (6.5 ft) drop and rise along the channel profile (also associated with a fault transecting the reach), it appears to have a more efficient transfer of water and sediment as indicated by the more hydraulically controlled “meander” pattern found in the reach. One characteristic of this reach as seen on the orthomosaic is the presence of a deeply incised

108 still developing channel system flowing parallel to the main channel in Reach B. So, that while the energy transfer of water and sediment are carried today in this reach, there may be a secondary system developing to augment flow directly at the base of the right (east) margins of the reach.

The 600 m Reach D is complex with sharp, near 90o bends in the channel associated with multiple fault systems, the influx of water and sediment from a deeply incised and fault controlled unnamed tributary, and disruption of flow from the presence of baseflow- fed wetland characterized by thick cover of poison oak, willows, and cottonwoods. In many geomorphic systems influenced strongly by the presence of faults and overall tectonic controls, channel direction may be offset—this appears to be the case at Cross Section D3, and again at Cross Section D1. Reach D shows the clearest indication of offset that distinguishes it from Cross Sections A and B.

There may be other, as yet unsurveyed reaches of San Emigdio Creek which would reflect offsets in the channel. This would not be surprising given the evidence found along the north aspect of Wheeler Ridge to the east where alluvial fans and stream systems are offset on deforming terrace surfaces (Keller et al., 2000). So, while the research for this study has been confined to San Emigdio Creek, it would be reasonable to expand the work to Santiago Creek to the west and to upstream locations above the Devil’s Kitchen in San

Emigdio Creek to discover if these concepts are demonstrated in the field.

The objectives of this thesis were (1) to determine critical areas within the San

Emigdio watershed that are experiencing sediment accumulation and active hillslope and channel erosion. This has been demonstrated in all reaches surveyed.

109

While this objective also was designed to identify potential tectonic controls on watershed functionality while considering overall hydrologic conditions, this was clearly seen in the presence of offset (90o) channels and knickpoints; (2) to determine channel geometry changes—width, depth, cross sectional area (bankfull vs occupied), hydraulic radius, and gradient—within the context of potential and actual discharge. These variables were measured and while there were many similarities, for example, in sediment size and distribution, gradients were consistently steep and incision and the presence of terraces within the active channel and forming adjacent floodplains were present. Though this objective addressed the issue of bank erosion, channel bed shape and sediment load, and effective discharge over a winter season, the minimal flow observed did not directly demonstrate changes, for example in channel bed shape, it did highlight bank erosion and gradient adjustments to channel diversions; (3) to determine tectonically related structural breaks in gradient and channel shape. This was demonstrated clearly in all longitudinal profiles surveyed. These may reflect the broader concept of regional deformation associated with the presence of faults that are en enchelon with the San Andreas fault as well as associated and independent right-lateral strike slip and thrust systems; and finally,

(4) to determine channel competence and capacity. The absence of any significant flow during the study period prevented any direct measurement of discharge and sediment transport of note. However, it was clear from the size and sorting statistics of channel load that there is profound competence and capacity within the surveyed reaches of San

Emigdio Creek. Further work clearly is needed to demonstrate these concepts in practical manner.

110

The significance of this study lies in its contribution to understanding how isolated parts of a watershed can influence the overall pattern of sediment production and hydrologic responses in a watershed that is tectonically controlled and is subject to periods of rainfall punctuated by lengthier periods of drought.

It is clear that structural controls influence the geomorphology of the channel and the stream’s behavior. Yet, the mobilization of sediment may not be entirely dependent on large storm events—rather, it may migrate downstream during times of base flow or smaller precipitation events. Larger cobbles and boulders do require substantial flow.

However, channel incision into alluvial materials (“arroyo cutting”) during larger events, the collapse of the terrace walls, and the bank erosion contribute substantial sediment to the channel that awaits transport in the future.

111

References

Boulton, S.J., Stokes M., and Mather, A.E., 2014, Transient Fluvial Incision as an Indicator of active faulting and Plio-Quaternary uplift of the Moroccan High Atlas: Tectonophysics, v. 633, no. 1, p. 16-33. Brierley, G., Fryirs, K., and Jain, V., 2006, Landscape Connectivity: The geographic basis of geomorphic applications: Area, v. 38, no. 2, p. 165-74. Cavalli, M., Trevisani, S., Comiti, F., and Marchi, L., 2013, Geomorphometric assessment of spatial sediment connectivity in small alpine catchments: Geomorphology, v. 188, p. 31-41. Dadson, S., Hovius, N., Chen, H., and Dade, W., 2004, Earthquake-triggered increase in sediment delivery from an inactive mountain belt: Geology, v. 32 no. 8, p. 733-736. Folk, R. L., 1974, Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks: Austin, Texas, Hemphills, 182 p. Gurbuz, E., Kazanci, N., and Gurbuz, A. 2015, Strike-slip faulting, topographic growth and block movements as deduced from drainage anomalies: The Yesilirmak River Basin, northern Turkey: Geomorphology, v. 246, no. 634. Karataş, A., and Deniz, E., 2014, Interpretation of the morphological characteristics of Şehir Creek Basin (İspir) regarding fluvial geomorphology and regional tectonics: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, v. 120, p. 576-585. Keller, E.A., Seaver, D.B., Laduzinsky, D.L., Johnson, D.L., and Ku, T.L., 2000, Tectonic geomorphology of active folding over buried reverse faults; San Emigdio Mountain front, southern San Joaquin Valley, California: Geological society of America bulletin, v. 112, no. 1, p. 86-97. Keller, E.A., Bean, G., and Best, D., 2015, Fluvial geomorphology of a Boulder-bed, debris-flow — dominated channel in an active tectonic environment: Geomorphology, v. 243, p. 14-26. Melosh, B.L., and Keller, E.A., 2013, Effects of active folding and reverse faulting on stream channel evolution, Santa Barbara Fold Belt, California: Geomorphology, v. 186, p. 119-35. Montgomery, D.R., and Brandon, M.T., 2002, Topographic controls on erosion rates in tectonically active mountain ranges: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 201, no. 3, p. 481-489.

Nilson, T.H., 1987, Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Eocene Tejon Formation, western Tehachapi and San Emigdio Mountains, California, doi: 10.3133/pp1268. Nyberg, B., Gawthorpe, R.L., and Hansen, W.H.., 2018, The distribution of rivers to terrestrial sinks: Implications for sediment routing systems: Geomorphology, v. 316, no. 1, p. 1-23.

112

Onkar, C., S., and Almeida, F., 1993, Influences of Holocene sea level, regional tectonics, and fluvial, gravity and slope currents induced sedimentation on the regional geomorphology of the continental slope off northwestern India: Marine Geology, v. 112, no. 1, p. 313-28. Roberts, R.G., and Church, M., 1986, The sediment budget in severely disturbed watersheds, Queen Charlotte Ranges, British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 16, no. 5, p.1092-1106. Snyder, N.P., Whipple, K.X., Tucker, G.E., Merritts, D.J., 2003, Channel response to tectonic forcing: field analysis of stream morphology and hydrology in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California: Geomorphology, v. 53, no. 1-2, p. 97-127. Soil survey of Kern County, California, southwest part, 2009, Natural Resources Conservation Service database for the United States: https://soils.usda.gov/survey/printed surveys/ , (accessed March 2019). Walsh, L.S., Martin, A.J., Ojha, T.P., and Fedenczuk, T., 2012, Correlations of fluvial knickzones with landslide dams, lithologic contacts, and faults in the southwestern Annapurna Range, central Nepalese Himalaya: Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, v. 117, no. F01012, doi:10.1029/2011JF001984. Wolman, M.G. 1954, A method of sampling coarse river-bed material: Transactions American Geophysical Union, v. 35, Number 6, 951-956 p.

113

Appendix A: Leica Data

Average No of Average Measurements

Average Time Average

Average No of Average Measurements

Average Time Average

Average (time) Average

Averaging Mode Averaging

0.017

0.014

0.013

0.016

CQPosition3D

Average (time) Average

Averaging Mode Averaging

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.007

0.015

CQPosition2D

CQPosition3D

0.015

0.013

0.012

0.014

0.007

CQHeight

CQPosition2D

0.014

800.31

792.708

786.095

800.086

786.941

777.236

CQHeight

Ellipsoidal Height/Slope Distance Height/Slope Ellipsoidal

731.272

Ellipsoidal Height Ellipsoidal

119°10'37.04831"

119°10'37.95700"

119°10'38.30223"

119°10'40.80987"

119°10'38.42425"

119°10'34.96217"

Longitude/Vertical Angle Longitude/Vertical

Longitude

34°55'23.23593"

34°55'26.78422"

34°55'30.09476"

34°55'27.15267"

34°55'33.94584"

34°55'36.72428"

119°10'25.12627"

Latitude/Horizontal Angle Latitude/Horizontal

Latitude

Prism Type Prism

34°56'05.21243"

1.999

Pole Height Pole

Height Residual Height

Plane Residual Plane

Point Updated Time Updated Point

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 16:28:49

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 16:24:27

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 16:21:25

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 16:15:56

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 16:10:35

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 16:06:17

1.999

Antenna Height Antenna

Point Created Time Created Point

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 16:28:49

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 16:24:27

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 16:21:25

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 16:15:56

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 16:10:35

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 16:06:17

1.868

GDOP

TPS Setup/CoordinateSystem TPS

WWKPA1_26_19_20190126_155844.lok

Code

769.1

Height

659770

837.961

830.372

823.772

837.753

824.633

814.937

Northing

Easting

658602

Northing

1892792

658480.2

658589.8

658691.9

658810.6

658895.1

0.04

0.03

Easting

EW5427

Point Name Point

1892474.341

1892452.561

1892444.995

1892380.295

1892443.288

1892532.147

26.01.2019 - 26.01.2019 15:58:47

Large Area Localisation Area Large

California zone 5 0405 NAD83.lok California0405 5 zone

WWKPA1_26_19_20190126_155844.lok

Method

EW5428

Point Name Point

Scalefactor

Localisation

Updated Time Updated

GPS Quality 2D Quality GPS

GPS Quality Height Quality GPS

DataCollectionInfo

Control Points Details ControlPoints Coordinate System Info CoordinateSystem

Pre-defined Coordinate System Pre-defined

114

Average No of Average Measurements

Average Time Average

Average No of Average Measurements

Average Time Average

Average (time) Average

Averaging Mode Averaging

0.014

0.016

0.014

0.013

0.014

0.015

0.013

0.015

0.014

0.016

0.012

0.013

CQPosition3D

Average (time) Average

Averaging Mode Averaging

0.007

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.007

0.008

0.007

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.007

0.015

CQPosition2D

CQPosition3D

0.01

0.013

0.014

0.013

0.012

0.011

0.012

0.013

0.011

0.013

0.012

0.014

0.011

0.008

CQHeight

CQPosition2D

0.013

690.58

685.168

683.972

681.957

682.269

686.295

685.266

684.802

690.664

689.961

690.015

695.262

694.525

695.513

696.145

CQHeight

Ellipsoidal Height/Slope Distance Height/Slope Ellipsoidal

734.415

Ellipsoidal Height Ellipsoidal

119°10'37.98073"

119°10'39.00786"

119°10'37.72231"

119°10'37.38691"

119°10'35.67134"

119°10'36.23575"

119°10'36.18637"

119°10'33.57836"

119°10'35.93141"

119°10'35.56601"

119°10'34.43676"

119°10'33.69769"

119°10'31.63999"

119°10'31.28781"

119°10'31.37580"

Longitude/Vertical Angle Longitude/Vertical

Longitude

34°56'32.79417"

34°56'33.48914"

34°56'34.23102"

34°56'34.95372"

34°56'33.80117"

34°56'33.78211"

34°56'32.82557"

34°56'31.63013"

34°56'30.59979"

34°56'30.36421"

34°56'29.96884"

34°56'27.81440"

34°56'29.18766"

34°56'28.79183"

34°56'27.27288"

119°10'25.09784"

Latitude/Horizontal Angle Latitude/Horizontal

Latitude

Prism Type Prism

34°56'05.21227"

1.999

Pole Height Pole

Height Residual Height

Plane Residual Plane

Point Updated Time Updated Point

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:44:11

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:41:29

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:39:12

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:37:45

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:33:50

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:31:29

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:29:30

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:25:35

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:22:09

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:21:14

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:19:12

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:16:53

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:14:23

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 11:17:04

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:10:44

1.999

Antenna Height Antenna

Point Created Time Created Point

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:44:11

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:41:29

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:39:12

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:37:45

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:33:50

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:31:29

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:29:30

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:25:35

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:22:09

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:21:14

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:19:12

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:16:53

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:14:23

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:12:27

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 10:10:44

2.005

GDOP

TPS Setup/CoordinateSystem TPS

WWKPB_021619_20190216_095155.lok

Code

Height

769.08

Height

659770

719.956

718.764

716.751

717.066

721.087

720.058

719.589

725.445

724.739

725.357

724.789

730.027

729.295

730.281

730.907

Northing

Easting

Northing

1892790

660645.4

660623.681

660667.877

660690.045

660654.023

660653.603

660624.115

660586.507

660555.459

660548.091

660535.574

660468.971

660510.674

660498.373

660451.597

0.04

0.03

Easting

EW5427

Point Name Point

1892473.059

1892447.249

1892480.134

1892488.904

1892532.016

1892517.689

1892518.597

1892584.336

1892524.263

1892533.448

1892561.957

1892579.933

1892632.636

1892641.429

1892638.649

16.02.2019 - 16.02.2019 09:52:03

Large Area Localisation Area Large

California zone 5 0405 NAD83.lok California0405 5 zone

WWKPB_021619_20190216_095155.lok

GCP9

GCP6

XS1LP

XS2LP

XS3LP

XS1RP

XS2RP

XS3RP

GCP40

GCP39

GCP38

GCP37

GCP36

GCP31

GCP23

Method

Point Name Point

Scalefactor

Localisation

Updated Time Updated

GPS Quality 2D Quality GPS

GPS Quality Height Quality GPS

DataCollectionInfo

Control Points Details ControlPoints Coordinate System Info CoordinateSystem Pre-defined Coordinate System Pre-defined

115

Average Noof Average Measurements

Average Time Average

Average Noof Average Measurements

Average Time Average

Average (time) Average

Averaging Mode Averaging

0.03

0.02

0.014

0.019

0.013

0.036

0.041

1.542

0.037

0.041

0.022

0.019

0.015

0.019

0.017

0.015

0.019

0.017

0.019

0.017

0.016

0.017

0.019

0.013

0.015

0.013

0.014

0.015

0.014

0.013

0.015

0.014

0.013

CQPosition3D

Average (time) Average

Averaging Mode Averaging

0.01

0.007

0.009

0.006

0.016

0.562

0.014

0.009

0.007

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.008

0.007

0.008

0.007

0.008

0.007

0.009

0.006

0.007

0.006

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.007

0.012

CQPosition2D

CQPosition3D

0.02

0.013

0.017

0.012

0.033

0.038

0.028

1.437

0.035

0.039

0.019

0.017

0.014

0.017

0.015

0.016

0.014

0.017

0.015

0.016

0.017

0.015

0.014

0.015

0.016

0.017

0.011

0.013

0.012

0.013

0.012

0.011

0.013

0.012

0.006

CQHeight

CQPosition2D

0.011

505.38

509.04

514.63

524.701

513.682

519.186

488.711

490.722

501.847

502.228

505.695

508.245

508.421

508.673

509.868

510.571

511.445

512.429

512.599

513.007

513.489

514.563

515.647

515.938

516.252

516.407

523.665

516.754

514.351

506.511

514.693

521.522

519.973

512.938

508.973

514.917

511.378

501.161

504.364

CQHeight

Ellipsoidal Height/Slope Distance Height/Slope Ellipsoidal

503.41

Ellipsoidal Height Ellipsoidal

119°11'07.58732"

119°11'05.80094"

119°11'03.87661"

119°11'01.39506"

119°11'00.96829"

119°11'00.08472"

119°11'00.07058"

119°11'00.94840"

119°11'01.51302"

119°11'02.94168"

119°11'03.07831"

119°11'03.18208"

119°11'03.71850"

119°11'04.49023"

119°11'05.27743"

119°11'05.69324"

119°11'06.00048"

119°11'06.15205"

119°11'06.13731"

119°11'05.76576"

119°11'05.74412"

119°11'05.53302"

119°11'05.23474"

119°11'05.05486"

119°11'05.04860"

119°11'04.98615"

119°11'07.51623"

119°11'04.26410"

119°11'02.46262"

119°11'03.12528"

119°10'57.65066"

119°11'00.47373"

119°11'03.24127"

119°11'05.90493"

119°11'05.24383"

119°11'03.17074"

119°11'04.35017"

119°11'02.18399"

119°11'00.45631"

119°11'01.45721"

Longitude/Vertical Angle Longitude/Vertical

Longitude

34°58'24.74571"

34°58'24.77509"

34°58'24.40863"

34°58'37.71241"

34°58'36.71746"

34°58'30.74250"

34°58'30.25351"

34°58'28.44137"

34°58'28.02434"

34°58'27.74676"

34°58'27.75376"

34°58'27.70030"

34°58'27.16739"

34°58'27.01425"

34°58'26.71831"

34°58'26.55969"

34°58'25.73568"

34°58'25.34200"

34°58'25.19866"

34°58'24.75440"

34°58'24.74555"

34°58'24.53074"

34°58'23.77340"

34°58'23.48380"

34°58'23.48081"

34°58'23.32320"

34°58'26.87264"

34°58'26.29660"

34°58'27.00046"

34°58'28.59904"

34°58'35.64739"

34°58'27.78469"

34°58'21.94437"

34°58'22.98225"

34°58'26.49166"

34°58'27.49431"

34°58'29.08274"

34°58'30.83730"

34°58'33.75341"

34°58'35.20534"

119°11'05.24253"

Latitude/Horizontal Angle Latitude/Horizontal

Latitude

Prism Type Prism

34°58'36.98508"

1.999

Pole Height

Height Residual Height

Plane Residual Plane

Point Updated Time Updated Point

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 14:31:11

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 14:26:45

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 14:23:21

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 14:08:12

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 14:06:52

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:53:28

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:52:29

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:49:57

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:49:11

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:47:16

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:46:51

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:46:07

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:20:26

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:19:57

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:19:23

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:18:19

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:16:07

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:15:21

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:14:53

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:13:12

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:12:46

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:12:01

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:10:56

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:10:05

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:09:01

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:08:02

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 12:54:05

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 12:19:39

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 11:32:37

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 10:22:15

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 09:06:24

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 09:00:46

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:52:56

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:44:06

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:38:12

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:34:42

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:31:09

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:25:23

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:17:33

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:14:00

1.999

Antenna Height Antenna

Point Created Time Created Point

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 14:31:11

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 14:26:45

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 14:23:21

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 14:08:12

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 14:06:52

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:53:28

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:52:29

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:49:57

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:49:11

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:47:16

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:46:51

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:46:07

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:20:26

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:19:57

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:19:23

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:17:03

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:16:07

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:15:21

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:14:53

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:13:12

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:12:46

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:12:01

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:10:56

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:10:05

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:09:01

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 13:08:02

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 12:54:05

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 12:19:39

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 11:32:37

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 10:22:15

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 09:06:24

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 09:00:46

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:52:56

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:44:06

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:38:12

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:34:42

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:31:09

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:25:23

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:17:33

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:14:00

1.836

GDOP

TPS Setup/CoordinateSystem TPS

WWP-KPD-2_24_19_20190224_080830.lok

Code

Height

539.564

Height

541.81

544.36

552.35

556.07

560.806

549.786

555.288

524.866

526.873

537.972

538.351

541.497

544.536

544.787

545.152

545.981

546.683

547.557

548.537

548.706

549.113

549.593

550.667

550.733

551.747

552.036

552.505

559.779

552.863

550.742

550.469

542.655

550.806

557.613

549.049

545.087

551.038

547.505

537.299

540.509

Northing

664481.9

Easting

664094

664273

664179

664119

664105

664171

664197

664426

Northing

1891826

664105.5

664105.9

664503.2

664472.4

664288.1

664217.4

664204.7

664196.6

664196.9

664195.2

664174.5

664165.6

664160.9

664135.6

664123.5

664105.2

664098.3

664074.9

664065.9

664065.8

664060.9

664152.3

664173.5

664222.9

664438.5

664017.9

664050.7

664158.6

664188.9

664238.2

664291.6

664380.9

0.04

0.03

TBM1

Easting

1891807.83

1891811.21

1891809.26

1891847.36

1891946.64

Point Name Point

1891762.512

1891856.502

1891924.268

1891934.731

1891954.972

1891955.153

1891932.232

1891917.761

1891881.426

1891877.964

1891875.312

1891861.514

1891841.886

1891821.813

1891803.118

1891799.131

1891799.452

1891808.714

1891814.536

1891821.826

1891826.283

1891826.441

1891827.968

1891765.088

1891893.305

1891877.079

1892018.483

1891944.033

1891871.721

1891804.541

1891822.583

1891875.525

1891846.189

1891901.765

1891921.782

24.02.2019 - 24.02.2019 08:08:31

Large Area Localisation Large Area

CaliforniaNAD83.lok 0405 5 zone

WWP-KPD-2_24_19_20190224_080830.lok

LP9

LP8

LP7

LP6

LP5

LP4

LP3

LP2

LP1

LP23

LP22

LP21

LP20

LP19

LP18

LP17

LP16

LP15

LP14

LP13

LP12

LP10

GCP4

GCP6

GCP9

XS4LP

XS4RP

GCP31

GCP23

GCP40

GCP39

GCP38

GCP37

GCP36

XS3-LP

XS2-LP

XS3-RP

XS2-RP

Method

LPPLUNG

Point Name Point

Scale factor

Localisation

Updated Time Updated

LP11-XS3-48.3

GPS Quality 2D Quality GPS

GPS Quality Height Quality GPS

DataCollectionInfo

Control Points Details ControlPoints Coordinate System Info CoordinateSystem

Pre-defined Coordinate System Pre-defined

116

Appendix B: Total Station Data

KP-A

ON TERRACE ON

TOP OF RIGHT TERRACE/RIGHT PIN TERRACE/RIGHT RIGHT OF TOP

BOTTOM OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF BOTTOM

EDGE OF ACTIVE FLOODPLAIN ACTIVEOF EDGE

RIGHT WATERS EDGE WATERS RIGHT

LEFT WATERS EDGE WATERS LEFT

BOTTOM LEFT BANK LEFT BOTTOM

TOP LEFT BANK LEFT TOP

ACTIVE FLOODPLAIN ACTIVE

OLD BANK/RIGHT SIDE OF GRAVEL BAR/ABANDONED CHANNEL BAR/ABANDONED GRAVEL OF SIDE BANK/RIGHT OLD

ABANDONED GRAVEL BAR GRAVEL ABANDONED

INCHANNEL

INNER LEFT OF ABANDONED CHANNEL ABANDONED OF LEFT INNER

EDGE OF FLOODPLAIN/TOP OF ABANDONED CHANNEL ABANDONED OFFLOODPLAIN/TOP OF EDGE

FLOODPLAIN

EDGE OF COLLAPSED BANK COLLAPSED OF EDGE

BOTTOM EDGE OF COLLAPSED TERRACE/LEFT EDGE OF FLOODPLAIN OF EDGE TERRACE/LEFT COLLAPSED OF EDGE BOTTOM

CENTER OF COLLAPSED TERRACE COLLAPSED OF CENTER

TOP LEFT TERRACE LEFT TOP

F.S ON LEFT PIN LEFT ONF.S

DID NOT MOVE TRIPOD, LOCATION AND HI SAME AS XS-2AS SAME HI ANDLOCATION TRIPOD, MOVE NOT DID

NOTES

825.292

824.999

821.972

821.450

821.235

821.014

820.821

820.715

820.981

820.767

820.556

820.510

820.800

821.269

821.358

821.738

821.747

821.634

821.146

821.130

821.324

821.568

820.942

820.924

821.647

821.652

821.376

821.380

821.649

821.856

822.689

822.924

825.432

828.342

828.511

837.961

ELEVATION (m) ELEVATION

7.928

-4.741

-5.034

-8.061

-8.583

-8.798

-9.019

-9.212

-9.318

-9.052

-9.266

-9.477

-9.523

-2.218

-8.764

-8.675

-8.295

-8.286

-8.399

-8.887

-8.903

-8.709

-8.465

-9.091

-9.109

-8.386

-8.381

-8.657

-8.653

-8.384

-8.177

-7.344

-7.109

-4.601

-1.691

-1.522

VD (m)VD

93 19 54 19 93

93 41 42 41 93

96 14 20 14 96

97 18 42 42 18 97

97 31 43 31 97

97 49 41 49 97

98 00 06 00 98

98 18 18 18 98

98 26 35 26 98

98 44 24 24 44 98

99 07 10 07 99

99 11 37 11 99

98 59 08 59 98

98 34 54 34 98

98 43 11 43 98

98 26 39 26 98

98 36 27 36 98

99 41 13 13 41 99

100 25 53 25 100

100 36 40 36 100

100 27 55 27 100

100 44 53 44 100

101 47 32 47 101

101 59 49 59 101

101 22 21 22 101

102 08 38 08 102

102 37 53 37 102

102 42 26 42 102

102 21 05 21 102

102 22 28 22 102

101 08 10 08 101

100 50 54 50 100

96 55 34 55 96

92 30 45 30 92

92 15 12 15 92

88 11 36 11 88

Total Station Data KP-ASection Cross 1 Station Data Total

38.95

38.63

81.447

77.953

73.744

66.897

66.572

65.607

65.534

63.835

60.985

60.277

59.039

58.839

58.295

58.074

56.561

54.874

54.739

49.205

48.273

47.521

47.148

44.594

43.546

42.867

41.692

38.374

38.288

37.272

37.309

37.098

37.877

38.547

38.695

251.239

HD (m) HD

45.39

81.585

78.115

74.183

67.445

67.151

66.224

66.178

64.511

61.653

60.985

59.795

59.605

59.019

58.731

57.222

56.486

55.362

49.917

49.084

48.348

47.946

44.485

43.824

42.527

39.842

39.588

39.337

39.195

38.158

38.025

37.773

38.155

38.584

38.725

251.364

SDX

80 58 33 58 80

79 56 15 56 79

79 10 28 10 79

75 52 13 13 52 75

75 30 07 30 75

74 58 01 58 74

74 54 22 54 74

73 55 10 55 73

71 53 38 53 71

70 48 15 48 70

69 07 20 07 69

68 49 19 49 68

68 28 12 28 68

68 19 19 19 68

67 16 50 16 67

66 43 36 43 66

65 14 20 14 65

58 31 01 31 58

57 18 43 18 57

56 19 31 19 56

55 55 39 55 55

49 58 32 58 49

47 59 51 59 47

47 11 01 11 47

45 01 10 01 45

38 30 45 30 38

37 08 26 08 37

36 08 46 08 36

34 32 53 32 34

24 15 41 15 24

22 15 59 15 22

19 50 46 50 19

11 17 50 17 11

5 51 57 51 5

4 27 15 27 4

172 43 23 43 172

HA HA

832.033

HI (m) HI

PrismHeight

81.5

74.6

66.4

65.9

64.4

64.2

62.2

59.2

57.2

54.2

53.7

53.2

50.5

42.5

40.5

39.5

21.5

13.5

12.5

BS. SAME AS XS-2AS SAME BS. XS-1_EW5428 STATION

117

RIGHT BANKPIN RIGHT

TOP EDGE OF TERRACE OF EDGE TOP

BOTTOM OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF BOTTOM

TOP OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF TOP

INCHANNEL

RIGHT SIDE OF ISLANDOF SIDE RIGHT

LEFT SIDE OF ISLANDOF SIDE LEFT

LEFT_SIDE CHANNEL ?? CHANNEL LEFT_SIDE

GRAVEL BAR GRAVEL

RIGHT WATERS EDGE WATERS RIGHT

LEFT WATERS EDGE WATERS LEFT

BOTTOM OF LEFT BANK LEFT OF BOTTOM

TOP OF LEFT BANK LEFT OF TOP

F.S ON LEFT PIN LEFT ONF.S

NOTES

829.124

828.974

825.187

824.409

824.872

824.574

825.085

825.060

825.346

825.406

824.549

824.566

824.934

825.049

823.967

823.964

824.038

824.069

824.318

824.261

824.183

824.415

825.393

825.588

830.080

830.607

831.752

832.003

837.961

ELEVATION (m) ELEVATION

1.97

-5.85

-4.64

0.047

0.574

1.719

7.928

-0.909

-1.059

-4.846

-5.624

-5.161

-5.459

-4.948

-4.973

-4.687

-4.627

-5.484

-5.467

-5.099

-4.984

-6.066

-6.069

-5.995

-5.964

-5.715

-5.772

-5.618

-4.445

VD (m)VD

90 37 08 37 90

90 44 09 44 90

93 35 01 35 93

94 34 20 34 94

94 27 15 27 94

95 06 28 06 95

94 53 24 24 53 94

95 05 55 05 95

94 54 58 58 54 94

95 08 32 08 95

96 12 35 12 96

96 26 56 26 96

96 12 44 12 96

96 23 13 13 23 96

98 04 15 15 04 98

98 25 48 48 25 98

98 22 22 22 98

98 37 20 20 37 98

99 03 11 03 99

99 23 43 23 99

99 31 13 31 99

99 29 21 21 29 99

98 03 08 03 98

98 20 38 20 98

89 54 33 33 54 89

88 53 34 53 88

86 40 48 40 86

86 13 18 13 86

88 11 36 11 88

40.73

84.215

82.513

77.379

70.329

66.261

61.076

57.832

55.738

54.498

51.415

50.408

48.368

46.846

44.527

42.776

40.952

39.335

35.866

34.883

33.611

32.802

30.309

29.447

29.678

29.632

29.833

251.239

HD (m) HD

84.22

82.52

35.37

77.531

70.553

66.462

61.319

58.043

55.959

54.699

51.623

50.705

48.676

47.123

44.805

43.204

41.399

41.169

39.785

36.318

34.077

33.129

30.633

29.447

29.684

29.682

29.898

Total Station Data KP-ASection Cross 2 Station Data Total

251.364

SDX

119 14 38 38 14 119

120 16 29 16 120

122 07 16 07 122

123 55 12 55 123

126 09 56 09 126

128 24 36 24 128

131 09 47 09 131

132 31 58 58 31 132

133 11 28 11 133

138 47 50 47 138

138 02 36 02 138

139 02 12 02 139

140 34 00 34 140

142 15 55 55 15 142

145 27 09 27 145

146 43 51 51 43 146

149 55 31 55 149

152 26 29 26 152

157 17 26 17 157

158 21 16 21 158

158 17 50 17 158

163 35 34 35 163

165 37 55 37 165

177 13 11 13 177

190 00 01 00 190

192 25 58 25 192

196 08 47 08 196

199 10 03 10 199

172 43 23 43 172

832.033

HI HI

PrismHeight(m)

4.8

3.5

1.6

84.5

82.5

76.2

69.2

64.5

58.8

54.6

46.6

40.5

38.2

35.9

33.6

30.3

27.3

24.8

22.8

21.3

20.5

BS. EW5428 BS. XS-2_EW5428 STATION

118

TOP OF RIGHT PIN RIGHT OF TOP

BOTTOM OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF BOTTOM

TOP RIGHT OF SIDE CHANNEL SIDE OF RIGHT TOP

CENTER OF SIDE CHANNEL CHANNEL SIDE OF CENTER

SIDE CHANNEL SIDE

GRAVEL BAR GRAVEL

RIGHT WATERS EDGE (ACTIVECHANNEL) EDGE WATERS RIGHT

LEFT WATERS EDGE ( ACTIVE CHANNEL) (ACTIVE EDGE WATERS LEFT

TOP L CHANNEL BAR CHANNEL L TOP

END OF SIDE CHANNEL SIDE OF END

EDGE OF SIDE CHANNEL SIDE OF EDGE

POINTBAR??

ANGLE SUB ANGLE COBBLE ANGLE SUB ANGLE

BTM OF L BANK L OF BTM

TOP OF LEFT BANK? LEFT OF TOP

BOTTOM OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF BOTTOM

TOP EDGE OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF EDGE TOP

F.S ON LEFT PIN LEFT ONF.S

ELEVATION FROM EW5427 CARRIED TO VERIFY EW 5428 USING LEICA R.T.K LEICA USING 5428 EW VERIFY TO CARRIED EW5427 FROM ELEVATION

NOTE

829.976

829.854

829.491

828.274

828.462

828.405

829.436

828.598

828.069

828.057

827.924

828.148

828.257

827.829

827.562

827.133

827.040

827.032

827.290

827.138

827.125

827.175

827.329

827.216

827.490

828.040

833.355

833.492

833.657

837.961

ELEVATION (m) ELEVATION

-6.52

-7.06

-9.28

1.465

-6.642

-7.005

-8.222

-8.034

-8.091

-7.898

-8.427

-8.439

-8.572

-8.348

-8.239

-8.667

-8.934

-9.363

-9.456

-9.464

-9.206

-9.358

-9.371

-9.321

-9.167

-9.006

-8.456

-3.141

-3.004

-2.839

VD (m)VD

Total Station Data KP-ASection Cross 3 Station Data Total

93 49 09 09 49 93

94 03 03 03 94

94 25 09 25 94

95 16 27 16 95

95 35 17 17 35 95

95 43 35 43 95

95 17 36 17 95

95 53 12 53 95

96 20 25 20 96

96 21 31 21 96

96 29 20 20 29 96

96 24 05 24 96

96 37 45 37 96

96 50 03 50 96

97 08 45 08 97

97 14 44 14 97

97 02 31 31 02 97

97 09 50 50 09 97

97 09 51 51 09 97

12 50 46 50 12

96 59 21 21 59 96

97 02 10 10 02 97

96 02 33 02 96

96 23 30 30 23 96

92 21 40 40 21 92

92 14 58 58 14 92

92 06 58 06 92

89 12 50 50 12 89

89.07

76.61

75.73

74.44

74.56

75.19

97.667

93.808

90.655

82.114

80.687

76.205

75.848

75.368

74.415

74.574

74.549

74.686

74.382

74.524

74.458

74.545

74.779

75.158

75.965

76.051

76.483

76.852

106.70

HD (m) HD

74.87

75.09

75.70

97.884

94.043

90.925

89.449

82.506

81.092

76.531

77.016

76.315

76.199

75.854

75.076

75.082

75.271

74.981

75.039

75.044

75.147

75.125

75.339

75.696

75.965

76.255

76.542

76.904

106.71

SDX

50 01 48 01 50

47 28 38 28 47

45 13 22 13 45

43 49 05 49 43

36 27 48 48 27 36

34 33 28 33 34

26 17 21 17 26

25 42 21 21 42 25

24 55 49 55 24

23 44 33 44 23

23 00 52 52 00 23

22 12 08 08 12 22

20 48 21 48 20

19 16 07 16 19

17 25 43 25 17

16 59 39 59 16

15 37 57 57 37 15

15 17 02 17 15

14 47 05 05 47 14

14 09 14 09 14

13 13 12 13 13

12 50 46 46 50 12

11 18 49 18 11

9 11 58 11 9

9 11 55 11 9

7 54 53 53 54 7

7 00 00 00 7

5 58 30 58 5

4 32 23 23 32 4

126 51 36 51 126

838.496

HI (m) HI

PrismHeight

4.3

70.8

60.2

57.5

44.5

41.5

29.4

28.7

26.6

25.5

24.5

22.6

20.4

17.4

15.7

15.2

14.6

13.7

12.4

BS. EW5428 BS. XS-3_EW 5428 XS-3_EW STATION

119

TOP OF RIGHT PIN RIGHT OF TOP

TOP OF RIGHT BANK@sedimentary (subangular)RIGHT OF pyramid TOP boulder

BOTTOM OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF BOTTOM

WOODY DEBRIS STEP (subangular cobble)STEP DEBRIS WOODY

POINTBAR

RIGHT EDGE OF SIDE CHANNEL SIDE OF EDGE RIGHT

TOP OF RIGHT BANK(small-medium RIGHT OF TOP cobbleball in root of willow)

BOTTOM OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF BOTTOM

THALWAGE (gravel/ small pebbles)THALWAGE

TOP RIGHT EDGE OF POINTBAROF EDGE RIGHT TOP

TOP LEFT EDGE OF OINT BAROINTOF EDGE LEFT TOP

SIDE CHANNEL BEHIND POINTBAR BEHIND CHANNEL SIDE

BOTTOM OF LEFT BANK LEFT OF BOTTOM

TOP OF LEFT BANK LEFT OF TOP

FLOODPLAIN

BOTTOM OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF BOTTOM

YOP EDGE OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF EDGE YOP

ON LEFT PIN LEFT ON

ELEVATION FROM EW5427 CARRIED TO VERIFY EW 5428 USING LEICA R.T.K LEICA USING 5428 EW VERIFY TO CARRIED EW5427 FROM ELEVATION

NOTE

834.089

833.980

833.972

833.984

833.336

832.747

832.689

832.589

832.705

832.503

832.569

832.478

832.689

832.390

832.369

832.573

832.191

832.169

832.213

832.437

832.334

832.239

832.362

832.800

832.914

832.712

833.014

832.786

832.314

832.278

832.554

832.779

833.181

833.264

834.518

835.940

837.709

838.026

838.126

838.194

838.291

837.961

ELEVATION (m)ELEVATION

0.243

0.343

0.411

0.508

0.178

-3.694

-3.803

-3.811

-3.799

-4.447

-5.036

-5.094

-5.194

-5.078

-5.280

-5.214

-5.305

-5.094

-5.393

-5.414

-5.210

-5.592

-5.614

-5.570

-5.346

-5.449

-5.544

-5.421

-4.983

-4.869

-5.071

-4.769

-4.997

-5.469

-5.505

-5.229

-5.004

-4.602

-4.519

-3.265

-1.843

-0.074

VD (m)VD

Total Station Data KP-A SectionCross Station4 Data Total

94.21.09

94.35.50

94.53.17

95.11.47

96.09.18

97.10.01

97.22.37

97.35.52

97.34.08

98.06.49

98.21.13

98.46.41

98.46.39

99.43.06

100.20.11

100.16.06

101.04.58

101.21.41

101.58.13

102.07.46

103.49.33

104.16.15

104.24.53

103.29.17

104.26.42

105.38.23

105.44.41

107.19.44

109.51.40

110.33.35

110.37.31

111.47.05

111.22.21

112.01.21

111.04.29

107.47.05

91.34.20

82.29.23

79.29.44

78.51.13

79.14.09

89.54.11

8.473

5.746

2.714

1.845

1.850

2.087

2.673

48.542

47.298

44.568

41.775

41.241

40.049

39.350

38.941

38.216

37.036

35.509

34.356

32.994

31.492

29.681

28.760

28.550

27.940

26.271

24.873

22.143

21.798

21.090

20.775

18.901

18.115

16.917

16.016

15.141

14.678

13.893

12.520

11.760

11.172

104.926

HD (m) HD

9.080

6.034

2.715

1.861

1.882

2.127

2.721

48.682

47.451

44.731

41.947

41.480

40.364

39.678

39.286

38.552

37.410

35.890

34.763

33.385

31.950

30.171

29.228

29.093

28.497

26.855

25.441

22.804

22.492

21.775

21.364

19.518

18.811

17.576

16.778

16.099

15.676

14.844

13.483

12.628

12.051

104.926

SDX

91.59.44

92.05.14

91.56.36

92.14.58

92.01.24

92.00.04

92.01.29

91.59.18

91.56.31

91.48.55

91.57.13

91.56.34

91.17.41

91.00.57

91.48.39

92.04.51

92.08.33

91.42.12

91.55.28

90.53.19

91.12.13

89.48.51

89.39.37

89.20.31

90.07.26

88.42.20

88.29.42

87.33.45

87.16.55

87.01.52

86.31.35

86.55.16

87.19.29

86.12.34

80.32.55

58.55.04

31.22.19

0.38.05

330.59.02

317.46.01

119.17.20

839.783

HI (m) HI

PrismHeight

4.4

50.6

49.4

46.5

43.8

43.4

42.1

41.5

41.1

40.1

37.6

36.4

35.1

33.6

31.8

31.1

30.8

30.3

28.5

27.1

24.6

24.2

23.4

21.3

20.6

19.3

18.4

17.7

17.2

14.1

13.5

10.4

BS. EW5428 BS. XS-3_EW 5428 XS-3_EW STATION

120

BOTTOM GRAVEL & SAND, LEFT AND RIGHT BANK ARMORED BY SMALL-MED SUBANGULAR COBBLE (ANGULAR PEBBLES INSTREAM) PEBBLES (ANGULAR COBBLE SUBANGULAR SMALL-MED BY BANKARMORED RIGHT AND SAND,LEFT & GRAVEL BOTTOM

INTERSECTS XS-4 @ 29.2m 29.2m @ XS-4 INTERSECTS

LARGE WOODY DEBRIS ON GRAVEL BAR & CHANNEL BOTTOM MOSTLY GRAVEL-SMALL PEBBLES GRAVEL-SMALL MOSTLY BOTTOM CHANNEL & BAR GRAVEL ON DEBRIS WOODY LARGE

SAN EMIGDIO DRY, ANGULAR MED. GRANITIC BOULDER LARGE TO MED COBBLE, IN CHANNEL LRG. PEBBLE GRAVEL & SEDIMENT & GRAVEL PEBBLE LRG. INCHANNEL COBBLE, MED TO LARGE BOULDER GRANITIC MED. ANGULAR DRY, SANEMIGDIO

AT CONFLUENCE OF DOC WILLIAMS CANYON AND SAN EMIGDIO CANYON CANYONSANANDEMIGDIO WILLIAMS DOC OF CONFLUENCE AT

WOODY DEBRIS, JUNIPER APLLINGS, METAMORPHIC SUBANGULAR COBBLE COBBLE SUBANGULAR METAMORPHIC APLLINGS, JUNIPER DEBRIS, WOODY

SOIL: a HORIZON = HEALTHY, REEDS NXT. TO LARGE BOULDER L. BANK L. BOULDER LARGE TO NXT. REEDS HEALTHY, = HORIZON a SOIL:

INTERSECTS XS-3 @15m EVIDENCE OF LARGE WOODY DEBRIS & COURSE WOODY DEBRIS WOODY COURSE & DEBRIS WOODY LARGE OF EVIDENCE @15m XS-3 INTERSECTS

MED. SUBANGULAR METAMORPHIC COBBLE, ANGULAR GRANITICS, COBBLE AND BOULDER (BLADE GRAVEL) SMALL PEBBLE (ONSTEP) PEBBLE SMALL GRAVEL) (BLADE BOULDER AND COBBLE GRANITICS, ANGULAR COBBLE, METAMORPHIC SUBANGULAR MED.

NEXT TO MASSIVE QUARTZ DIORITE BOULDER, ANGULAR DOLMITE, SUBANGULAR/ANGULAR BOULDER &GRANIT COBBLE &GRANIT BOULDER SUBANGULAR/ANGULAR DOLMITE, ANGULAR BOULDER, DIORITE QUARTZ MASSIVE TO NEXT

ANGULAR SEDIMENTARY COBBLE, NEXT TO ROUNDED SEDIMENTARY COBBLE (BLADE) COBBLE SEDIMENTARY ROUNDED TO NEXT COBBLE, SEDIMENTARY ANGULAR

ON STEP (ACTIVE BED LOAD (SAND) DIRECTLY ON TOP OF KP)OF TOP ON (SAND) LOAD DIRECTLY (ACTIVEBED STEP ON

ON A STEP (SUBANGULAR, LARGE COBBLE) LARGE (SUBANGULAR, STEP AON

INTERSECTS XS-2 @ 26.3m (onKP) snakes? 26.3m @ XS-2 INTERSECTS

NEXT TO GRAVEL BAR, SUB ANGULAR PEBBLE, COBBLE LRG. SEDIMENTERY BOULDERS SEDIMENTERY LRG. COBBLE PEBBLE, ANGULAR SUB BAR, GRAVEL TO NEXT

MEDIUM SEDIMENTERY BOULDERS, PEBBLE, GRAVEL, SAND GRAVEL, PEBBLE, BOULDERS, SEDIMENTERY MEDIUM

INTERSECTS XS-1 @ 56 m 56 @ XS-1 INTERSECTS

START OF LONG PRO LONG OF START

ELEVATION FROM EW5427 CARRIED TO VERIFY EW 5428 USING LEICA R.T.K LEICA USING 5428 EW VERIFY TO CARRIED EW5427 FROM ELEVATION

NOTES

Total Station Data Longitudinal Data KP-ALongitudinal StationData Data Total

832.528

832.086

831.431

830.781

830.159

829.309

828.777

828.479

827.781

827.459

826.843

826.381

825.743

824.701

824.111

823.751

823.444

823.299

823.100

819.765

822.114

821.457

820.844

820.030

819.421

837.961

ELEVATION (m) ELEVATION

0.277

-5.156

-5.598

-6.253

-6.903

-7.525

-8.375

-8.907

-9.205

-9.903

-10.225

-10.841

-11.303

-11.941

-12.983

-13.573

-13.933

-14.240

-14.385

-14.584

-17.919

-15.570

-16.227

-16.840

-17.654

-18.263

99.56.06

101.36.07

101.13.20

99.18.08

98.44.27

98.48.06

98.26.24

98.12.05

97.57.19

97.21.32

96.53.25

96.34.49

96.20.12

95.34.17

95.13.11

95.19.46

95.16.15

95.17.50

95.14.53

94.30.51

94.57.34

94.43.34

94.40.29

94.31.26

94.29.39

89.50.57

29.434

27.267

31.517

42.142

48.947

54.091

60.031

63.868

70.870

79.175

89.718

96.990

107.539

133.112

148.595

149.378

154.374

155.195

158.798

227.025

179.451

196.299

205.990

223.164

232.402

104.948

29.882

27.836

32.131

42.704

49.522

54.735

60.688

64.528

71.559

79.832

90.370

98.640

108.200

133.743

149.213

150.026

155.029

155.860

159.466

227.731

180.125

196.938

206.677

223.861

233.118

104.948

SDX

108.44.23

90.04.42

63.38.09

49.24.27

35.56.33

21.51.02

14.24.55

10.04.53

09.47.59

10.15.44

17.23.02

15.01.17

12.28.09

13.54.50

10.33.35

11.34.17

11.25.32

11.59.27

11.50.50

13.08.58

13.56.18

14.40.44

15.08.37

15.40.27

16.13.26

118.35.15

839.684

PRISM

266

242

228

215

200

190

184

175

152

132

106

88.4

85.6

79.5

27.4

256.6

166.4

142.5

BS EW5428 BS XS-3_EW 5428 XS-3_EW STATION 121

KP-B

VEG IN CHANNEL, MULE FAT, MORMON TEA, BASINSAGE TEA, MORMON FAT, MULE INCHANNEL, VEG

TOP OF RIGHT PIN RIGHT OF TOP

TOP OF TERRACE OF TOP

TOP OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF TOP

BOTTOM OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF BOTTOM

TOP OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF TOP

BOTTOM OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF BOTTOM

THAWLWAGE ? THAWLWAGE

LEFT EDGE OF ACTIVE CHANNELACTIVEOF EDGE LEFT

TOP OF LEFT BANK (ACTIVE CHANNEL) EDGE OF POINTBAR OF BANK(ACTIVEEDGE CHANNEL) LEFT OF TOP

BOTTOM OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF BOTTOM

TOP EDGE OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF EDGE TOP

FS. TO STATION 2.0 STATION TO FS.

BS. TO TOP OF LEFT PIN (USED LEICA TO MARK PINTBM) AS MARK TO LEICA PIN(USED LEFT OF TOP TO BS.

KNOWN BM, LOCALIZED LEICA ON, TAGGED PINS FOR B.S PINS FOR ON,TAGGED LEICA LOCALIZED BM, KNOWN

NOTES

719.908

719.898

718.896

719.292

718.835

718.697

718.198

718.279

718.157

718.269

718.482

718.652

718.579

718.650

718.656

718.842

718.510

718.353

718.343

718.317

718.618

718.721

718.547

718.353

718.335

718.579

718.795

718.709

718.451

718.249

718.362

719.877

719.956

769.080

ELEVATION

-0.902

-0.912

-1.914

-1.518

-1.975

-2.113

-2.612

-2.531

-2.653

-2.541

-2.328

-2.158

-2.231

-2.160

-2.154

-1.968

-2.300

-2.457

-2.467

-2.493

-2.192

-2.089

-2.263

-2.457

-2.475

-2.231

-2.015

-2.101

-2.359

-2.561

-2.448

-0.933

-0.895

-0.854

VD (m)VD

90.50.20

90.52.50

90.54.43

91.33.06

92.03.30

92.15.28

92.48.40

92.51.02

93.03.58

93.00.50

92.51.06

92.46.49

92.57.28

93.08.27

93.13.15

93.13.16

93.51.08

93.54.44

94.19.59

94.32.59

94.06.49

94.15.13

95.01.07

95.38.49

95.59.29

95.38.38

95.26.22

95.54.29

97.01.44

97.45.04

97.30.27

92.56.59

92.57.00

92.56.59

61.602

59.383

57.443

56.065

54.952

53.589

53.191

50.826

49.524

48.256

46.737

44.441

43.176

39.366

38.279

34.979

34.160

32.999

32.565

31.332

30.483

28.083

25.775

24.846

23.581

22.580

21.164

20.304

19.134

18.815

18.575

18.100

17.366

16.568

Total Station Data KP-B Cross SectionKP-BCross 1 StationData Total

HD (m) HD

61.609

59.389

57.450

56.086

54.987

53.631

53.255

50.889

49.595

48.323

46.795

44.493

43.234

39.425

38.340

35.034

34.237

33.076

32.658

31.431

30.532

28.161

25.874

24.967

23.710

22.690

21.260

20.412

19.279

18.988

18.736

18.124

17.389

16.590

SDX

31.35.22

31.00.34

30.35.29

30.09.53

29.51.18

29.21.55

29.23.43

28.44.05

28.16.45

27.55.34

27.12.58

26.12.56

25.29.43

23.40.19

22.57.33

20.19.32

19.39.40

18.53.56

18.25.48

16.58.05

16.23.09

13.34.42

10.21.29

08.30.39

06.17.23

04.46.37

01.16.47

357.53.43

353.24.00

351.29.34

349.05.44

347.42.52

343.09.02

336.57.06

HA HA

722.810

HI (m) HI

PrismHeight

9.1

7.6

5.7

4.2

3.5

53.8

51.5

49.5

45.5

41.2

38.3

34.6

30.5

25.6

23.5

21.5

20.5

17.8

13.8

12.2

42.65

29.35

24.65

GeneralNote XS-1_EW5427 STATION

122

TOP OF RIGHT PIN RIGHT OF TOP

TOP OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF TOP

BOTTOM OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF BOTTOM

TOP OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF TOP

BOTTOM OF RIGHT BANK/THALWAGE RIGHT OF BOTTOM

TOP OF LEFT BANK(ACTIVE CHANNEL) LEFT OF TOP

BOTTOM EDGE OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF EDGE BOTTOM

TOP EDGE OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF EDGE TOP

B.S TO TOP OF LEFT PIN LEFT OF TOP TO B.S

KNOWN BM, LOCALIZED LEICA ON, TAGGED PINS FOR B.S PINS FOR ON,TAGGED LEICA LOCALIZED BM, KNOWN

NOTES

725.326

725.387

725.439

724.298

724.147

723.664

723.405

723.415

723.605

723.867

723.868

723.853

723.309

723.143

723.167

723.287

722.896

723.068

723.272

723.393

723.510

723.419

723.855

723.989

723.882

723.744

723.737

723.836

723.766

725.102

725.205

725.357

769.080

ELEVATION (m) ELEVATION

-2.079

-2.018

-1.966

-3.107

-3.258

-3.741

-4.000

-3.990

-3.800

-3.538

-3.537

-3.552

-4.096

-4.262

-4.238

-4.118

-4.509

-4.337

-4.133

-4.012

-3.895

-3.986

-3.550

-3.416

-3.523

-3.661

-3.668

-3.569

-3.639

-2.303

-2.200

-2.048

VD (m)VD

Total Station Data KP-B Cross SectionKP-BCross 2 StationData Total

91.41.00

91.41.01

92.44.33

92.58.47

93.27.06

93.43.31

93.47.57

93.38.59

93.25.56

93.32.57

93.43.01

94.21.19

94.51.32

95.08.42

95.08.40

95.39.31

95.39.33

95.35.40

95.26.11

95.25.00

95.34.02

95.16.53

95.05.55

95.20.46

95.33.07

95.36.51

95.28.06

95.35.26

93.32.14

93.22.00

93.06.35

70.758

68.668

66.881

64.865

62.592

62.031

61.444

60.097

59.582

58.990

57.041

54.679

53.788

50.140

47.072

45.745

45.513

43.766

42.197

42.162

41.079

40.895

38.409

38.290

37.649

37.668

37.317

37.284

37.177

37.266

37.399

37.689

HD (m) HD

70.789

68.698

66.910

64.939

62.677

62.144

61.574

60.229

59.703

59.096

57.151

54.794

53.944

50.321

47.262

45.930

45.736

43.980

42.399

42.352

41.263

41.089

38.573

38.442

37.813

37.846

37.497

37.454

37.355

37.337

37.464

37.745

SDX

07.53.21

06.48.28

06.01.16

04.54.47

03.42.44

03.13.20

02.58.09

01.55.22

01.36.09

01.15.55

359.44.45

357.47.40

357.10.53

353.43.57

349.53.02

347.47.14

347.05.34

344.07.40

341.21.15

341.00.14

338.28.21

337.44.46

327.58.49

327.20.39

323.06.50

322.30.25

317.17.32

316.01.03

311.48.53

310.16.58

307.09.13

304.11.39

HA HA

729.405

HI (m) HI

PrismHeight

8.65

7.80

5.10

4.15

2.00

0.00

63.90

61.60

59.60

57.15

54.50

53.80

53.15

51.40

50.80

50.00

47.60

44.60

43.50

38.70

34.25

32.00

31.40

28.60

26.00

25.70

23.60

23.00

15.80

15.40

12.50

12.00 XS-2_EW5427 STATION

123

TOP OF RIGHT PIN RIGHT OF TOP

TOP EDGE OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF EDGE TOP

BOTTOM OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF BOTTOM

MARINE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FRACTURED (FREEZE THAW??) (FREEZE FRACTURED ROCKS SEDIMENTARY MARINE

FRACTURED MARINE SEDIMENTARY ROCK (POSSIBLE FREEZE THAW??) FREEZE (POSSIBLE ROCK SEDIMENTARY MARINE FRACTURED

ACORN HULLS/ PINE CONES INCHANNEL CONESPINE ACORNHULLS/

POSSIBLE THALWAGE? POSSIBLE

LEFT EDGE OF ACIVECHANNELOF EDGE LEFT

TOP OF LEFT BANK/ PILES OF FLOOD DEBRIS AND MOUNDS OF SMALL BOULDERS SMALL OF MOUNDS AND DEBRIS FLOOD OF BANK/ PILES LEFT OF TOP

BOTTOM OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF BOTTOM

TOP EDGE OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF EDGE TOP

BACKSIGHT TO TOP OF LEFT PIN (COORDANACE TAKEN WITH RTK) PINWITH (COORDANACE TAKEN LEFT OF TOP TO BACKSIGHT

KNOWN BM, LOCALIZED LEICA ON, TAGGED PINS FOR B.S PINS FOR ON,TAGGED LEICA LOCALIZED BM, KNOWN

NOTES

729.271

729.315

729.102

729.078

728.784

727.893

727.833

727.362

727.144

727.581

727.970

728.219

728.350

728.491

727.968

727.751

727.942

728.159

728.311

728.333

727.952

727.630

727.631

727.744

727.809

727.770

727.692

727.811

727.964

727.910

728.179

728.508

730.019

730.039

730.027

769.080

ELEVATION (m) ELEVATION

0.45

0.83

0.11

0.25

0.39

1.751

1.795

1.582

1.558

1.264

0.373

0.313

0.061

0.699

0.971

0.448

0.231

0.422

0.639

0.791

0.813

0.432

0.111

0.224

0.289

0.172

0.291

0.444

0.659

0.988

2.499

2.519

2.507

-0.158

-0.376

VD (m)VD

Total Station Data KP-B Cross SectionKP-BCross 3 StationData Total

88.38.58

88.35.46

88.44.57

88.44.22

88.57.02

89.41.21

89.43.53

90.08.14

90.19.42

90.03.16

89.36.00

89.22.04

89.14.40

89.04.15

89.33.44

89.46.22

89.34.01

89.02.22

89.10.48

89.09.10

89.32.58

89.53.06

89.53.04

89.46.01

89.41.50

89.44.13

89.49.08

89.41.34

89.41.33

89.31.47

89.35.18

89.18.17

88.58.04

87.23.45

87.23.16

87.24.55

74.251

73.213

72.421

70.775

68.967

68.728

66.712

65.973

65.598

65.015

64.415

63.283

62.881

59.826

58.579

58.245

55.842

55.406

55.220

54.962

54.922

54.589

54.578

54.817

54.980

54.582

54.358

54.290

54.277

54.164

54.119

54.316

54.315

54.797

54.950

55.195

55.532

HD (m) HD

74.272

73.235

72.438

70.792

68.979

68.729

66.713

65.973

65.599

65.015

64.417

63.287

62.886

59.834

58.581

58.248

55.844

55.410

55.226

54.968

54.924

54.589

54.578

54.817

54.908

54.583

54.359

54.290

54.278

54.165

54.121

54.317

54.319

54.806

55.007

55.252

55.589

SDX

87.25.54

88.23.44

89.07.56

90.42.20

92.36.51

93.06.46

96.02.34

96.36.28

97.01.55

97.32.01

98.22.53

100.12.28

100.57.10

106.12.29

109.35.03

110.24.06

118.17.00

121.23.07

121.34.14

122.28.52

123.10.49

124.17.46

125.07.08

126.37.35

127.15.36

129.16.51

130.22.17

131.12.55

131.31.13

133.01.34

133.38.29

139.13.38

139.34.48

143.08.24

144.01.23

145.48.59

147.47.16

HA HA

729.52

HI (m) HI

PrismHeight

8.4

4.5

3.8

65.7

64.5

63.8

58.9

58.3

53.5

52.8

51.9

48.5

47.6

41.3

37.5

36.6

28.5

26.4

25.2

24.2

23.7

22.6

21.7

20.4

19.7

17.8

14.3

13.7

67.25

54.35

50.85

16.75

15.16 XS-3_EW5427 STATION

124

END OF LONG PRO LONG OF END

INTERSECTION XS-3 @ 18.8 metermark 18.8 @ XS-3 INTERSECTION

INTERSECTION XS-2 @22 meter mark (ONKP)meter mark @22 XS-2 INTERSECTION

INTERSECTION XS-1 @ 41.4 metermark 41.4 @ XS-1 INTERSECTION

START OF LONG PRO LONG OF START

ELEVATION FROM EW5427 CARRIED TO VERIFY EW 5428 USING LEICA R.T.K LEICA USING 5428 EW VERIFY TO CARRIED EW5427 FROM ELEVATION

NOTES

729.959

729.714

729.703

729.273

729.128

728.719

728.430

728.058

727.512

726.968

726.379

726.115

725.627

724.883

724.274

724.187

723.991

723.730

722.899

722.276

722.187

721.994

721.921

721.700

721.320

718.296

721.147

720.850

720.212

719.502

718.719

718.021

717.484

719.956

ELEVATION (m) ELEVATION

5.709

5.464

5.453

5.023

4.878

4.469

4.180

3.808

3.262

2.718

2.129

1.865

1.377

0.633

0.024

-0.063

-0.259

-0.520

-1.351

-1.974

-2.063

-2.256

-2.329

-2.550

-2.930

-5.954

-3.103

-3.400

-4.038

-4.748

-5.531

-6.229

-6.766

-4.294

Total Station Data Longitudinal Data KP-BLongitudinal StationData Data Total

88.13.27

88.15.51

88.21.13

88.23.30

88.27.15

88.29.57

88.35.40

88.41.44

88.51.44

88.56.46

89.06.53

89.30.32

89.58.39

90.03.40

90.15.56

90.37.14

92.11.02

95.00.07

95.17.26

96.31.41

96.54.26

99.12.02

99.53.48

95.10.29

100.07.31

98.49.13

96.36.13

96.00.54

95.28.38

95.05.46

94.50.05

92.45.21

89.069

73.829

60.028

59.718

55.951

48.028

35.422

22.258

22.283

19.714

19.227

15.746

16.794

65.751

17.376

21.909

34.880

45.063

57.681

69.853

80.002

89.213

184.072

180.238

179.867

174.677

169.660

159.119

154.834

145.296

132.891

119.318

107.169

101.318

89.080

73.832

60.028

59.718

55.952

48.031

35.448

22.644

22.378

19.843

19.368

15.951

17.048

66.020

17.651

22.171

35.113

45.312

57.946

70.130

80.288

89.316

184.161

180.321

179.950

174.749

169.730

159.182

154.890

145.346

132.931

119.349

107.190

101.335

SDX

159.03.24

159.12.00

159.20.34

160.31.11

161.22.20

163.00.53

162.51.51

161.36.55

161.03.52

161.06.08

164.48.35

167.51.03

168.42.59

175.07.01

182.44.44

182.39.12

183.53.44

187.00.47

179.07.50

200.03.55

200.09.15

202.16.28

202.33.09

215.32.09

247.37.45

250.33.57

261.32.18

272.31.40

277.46.00

291.32.09

301.03.23

305.49.23

306.21.37

275.28.01

726.250

HI 2

PRISM

125

KP-D

TOP OF RIGHT PIN (10' W. OF Y (HEARTWOD) IN TREE, 5' E. OF TRAIL) OF E. 5' INTREE, (HEARTWOD) Y OF W. PIN(10' RIGHT OF TOP

POISONOAK

EDGE OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF EDGE

FALLEN COTTONWOOD, SUBANGULAR GRANITICSINCASED IN ROOTBALL, MASSIVE PATCH POISON OAKPATCH MASSIVE INGRANITICSINCASEDROOTBALL, SUBANGULAR COTTONWOOD, FALLEN

TOP OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF TOP

RIGHT WATERS EDGE WATERS RIGHT

SAND BAR (COTTONWOOD, PUSSY WILLO, POISON OAK,CATTAILS) WILLO, PUSSY (COTTONWOOD, SANDBAR

THALWEG?

LEFT WATERS EDGE WATERS LEFT

TOP LEFT BANK (LARGE PATCH OF POISONOF OAK) PATCH BANK(LARGE LEFT TOP

BOTTOM OF TERRACE, ABANDEND FLOOD PLAIN, MED.- LRG. BOULDERS (GRNT) BOULDERS LRG. PLAIN, MED.- FLOOD ABANDEND TERRACE, OF BOTTOM

EDGE OF TERRACE OF EDGE

BOTTOM OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF BOTTOM

TOP EDGE OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF EDGE TOP

XS1 ON LEFT PIN LEFT ON XS1

KNOWN BM, LOCALIZED LEICA ON, TAGGED PINS FOR B.S PINS FOR ON,TAGGED LEICA LOCALIZED BM, KNOWN

NOTES

488.94

540.914

540.617

539.911

536.680

533.913

532.436

530.620

530.907

530.797

530.845

531.809

532.296

532.646

532.337

531.929

533.073

534.193

534.394

534.015

535.176

537.966

538.830

539.224

539.286

ELEVATION (m) ELEVATION

Total Station Data KP-D Cross SectionKP-DCross 1 StationData Total

88.29.20

88.39.08

89.04.11

91.11.06

93.07.43

94.14.40

95.34.54

95.34.53

95.41.59

94.59.49

95.06.54

95.10.00

96.17.32

97.35.44

97.04.26

96.20.46

97.48.42

103.19.23

103.34.31

99.02.28

86.23.38

80.37.45

78.09.30

2.460

2.163

1.457

0.376

0.770

0.832

-1.774

-4.541

-6.018

-7.834

-7.547

-7.657

-7.609

-6.645

-6.158

-5.808

-6.117

-6.525

-5.381

-4.261

-4.060

-4.439

-3.278

-0.488

VD (m)VD

9.351

5.967

4.667

3.968

93.228

91.924

89.725

85.793

83.087

81.090

80.161

77.235

76.720

76.236

75.999

68.801

63.415

55.478

48.931

43.362

38.316

29.597

18.744

13.577

HD (m) HD

9.469

5.979

4.730

4.054

93.260

91.949

89.737

85.811

83.211

81.313

80.543

77.603

77.101

76.615

76.289

69.076

63.680

54.814

49.364

43.695

38.552

29.874

19.262

13.967

SDX

84.00.43

94.05.18

94.14.07

94.18.46

94.00.13

93.16.24

93.48.22

93.48.59

93.44.36

93.26.08

93.16.53

93.26.54

94.18.16

94.51.51

95.57.32

99.03.43

103.39.31

107.50.00

115.07.35

130.36.03

147.28.14

171.50.57

HA HA

538.454

540.454

HI (m) HI

PrismHeight

93.8

92.5

90.3

80.5

75.5

74.5

68.3

48.5 12.5

EW5421

126

RIGHT TERRACE (PLANE) TERRACE RIGHT

TOP OF RIGHT PIN RIGHT OF TOP

TOP EDGE OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF EDGE TOP

LIP IN RIGHT TERRACE INRIGHT LIP

BOTTOM OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF BOTTOM

ABANDONED CHANNEL ABANDONED

COBBLE/GRAVEL BAR (SML.-MED. SUB ANGULAR-SEMI ROUNDED, PEBBLE GRAVEL AND SANDAND GRAVEL PEBBLE ROUNDED, ANGULAR-SEMI SUB (SML.-MED. BAR COBBLE/GRAVEL

TOP OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF TOP

RIGHT WATERS EDGE WATERS RIGHT

WATERS EDGEON THE STEP THE EDGEON WATERS

TOP OF LEFT BANK (WASHED OUT FOOT BRIDGE,STEP POOL/RIFFLE) BRIDGE,STEP FOOT OUT BANK(WASHED LEFT OF TOP

TOP LEFT EDGE OF ABANDONED FLOOD PLAIN FLOOD ABANDONED OF EDGE LEFT TOP

BOTTOM OF TERRACE OF BOTTOM

EDGE OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF EDGE

ON LEFT PIN LEFT ON

KNOWN BM, LOCALIZED LEICA ON, TAGGED PINS FOR B.S PINS FOR ON,TAGGED LEICA LOCALIZED BM, KNOWN

NOTES

488.94

551.973

551.067

550.592

550.124

548.481

547.854

545.281

544.258

544.286

544.617

544.133

544.194

544.191

544.033

544.333

544.505

544.252

543.990

543.979

543.954

544.259

544.245

544.894

545.050

545.277

545.133

547.048

549.056

550.210

550.347

550.469

ELEVATION (m) ELEVATION

Total Station Data KP-D Cross SectionKP-DCross 2 StationData Total

88.08.00

88.53.22

89.18.45

89.48.29

91.42.02

92.25.59

95.28.13

96.59.55

97.08.11

97.07.01

97.49.45

97.56.08

98.06.49

98.39.24

98.42.30

99.17.05

102.04.42

102.45.41

103.00.47

103.26.11

102.56.09

103.32.51

102.13.39

105.21.11

110.39.45

116.48.10

114.41.35

102.43.44

83.37.21

76.22.40

64.27.50

2.017

1.111

0.636

0.168

0.254

0.391

0.513

-1.475

-2.102

-4.675

-5.698

-5.670

-5.339

-5.823

-5.762

-5.765

-5.923

-5.623

-5.451

-5.704

-5.966

-5.977

-6.002

-5.697

-5.711

-5.062

-4.906

-4.679

-4.823

-2.908

-0.900

VD (m)VD

9.546

6.324

3.986

2.276

1.612

1.074

61.880

57.306

52.977

50.161

49.673

49.477

48.820

46.418

45.285

42.763

42.349

41.337

40.435

38.907

36.709

33.346

26.658

26.341

25.862

25.125

24.801

23.701

23.361

17.870

12.407

HD (m) HD

6.960

4.086

2.290

1.659

1.190

61.913

57.317

52.981

50.161

49.695

49.522

49.043

46.766

45.639

43.095

42.747

41.737

40.844

39.355

37.137

33.792

27.261

27.008

26.544

25.832

25.447

24.379

23.903

18.531

13.260

10.695

SDX

152.38.23

153.06.01

153.01.20

153.09.45

153.05.02

153.05.19

152.57.20

153.10.02

152.53.08

152.51.13

152.45.01

152.55.27

153.19.00

153.42.40

153.38.18

154.17.58

154.10.37

153.57.54

154.01.12

154.52.14

153.22.11

153.31.02

152.55.28

155.03.27

158.38.39

160.12.37

162.29.04

166.45.51

171.03.12

186.52.40

HA HA

549.956

551.956

HI (m) HI

PrismHeight

5.7

1.3

0.6

49.2

48.8

48.5

45.8

44.7

42.2

41.7

40.8

39.8

32.8

26.5

25.6

24.8

23.2

22.8

17.5 EW5421 STATION

127

ON RIGHT PIN RIGHT ON

TOP OF TERRACE OF TOP

BOTTOM OF OLD TERRACE OLD OF BOTTOM

EDGE OF TERRACE? OF EDGE

TOP RIGHT EDGE OF SIDE CHANNEL SIDE OF EDGE RIGHT TOP

BTM OF RIGHT SIDE OF SIDE CHANNEL SIDE OF SIDE RIGHT OF BTM

BTM OF LEFT SIDE CHANNEL BANK CHANNEL SIDE LEFT OF BTM

TOP LEFT EDGE OF SIDE CHANNEL SIDE OF EDGE LEFT TOP

CENTER OF CONFLUENCE POINT CONFLUENCE OF CENTER

TOP OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF TOP

BOTTOM OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF BOTTOM

TOP OF CHANNEL POINT BARPOINT CHANNEL OF TOP

BTM OF CHANNEL POINT BARPOINT CHANNEL OF BTM

RIGHT WATERS EDGE WATERS RIGHT

THALWAGE?

LEFT WATEERS EDGE WATEERS LEFT

TOP OF LEFT BANK LEFT OF TOP

SUB ANGULAR GRANITIC BOULDERS 80-90% COVERED COVERED 80-90% BOULDERS GRANITIC ANGULAR SUB

ABANDONED FLOODPLAIN ABANDONED

BOTTOM OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF BOTTOM

EDGE OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF EDGE

TOP OF LEFT PIN LEFT OF TOP

BACK SITE TO L.P FOR HI FOR L.P TO SITE BACK

KNOWN BM, LOCALIZED LEICA ON, TAGGED PINS FOR B.S PINS FOR ON,TAGGED LEICA LOCALIZED BM, KNOWN

NOTES

488.94

552.775

552.816

552.017

551.010

550.931

550.251

549.083

546.864

546.994

548.926

548.997

549.070

547.763

547.908

547.785

547.670

547.563

547.732

549.330

549.108

549.336

549.572

549.835

551.026

551.998

553.710

555.410

556.758

558.203

558.913

559.259

559.779

ELEVATION (m) ELEVATION

93.53.56

94.00.12

94.47.40

95.49.23

96.18.28

97.07.44

98.35.00

100.45.13

100.51.31

99.11.54

99.36.41

100.13.58

101.47.28

102.55.22

103.10.36

104.00.22

104.12.33

104.07.10

102.12.11

105.08.21

107.06.11

108.25.01

108.18.16

106.23.39

104.23.39

100.17.32

96.12.04

93.01.26

89.40.29

88.04.15

87.21.16

86.18.01

86.10.54

0.144

0.854

1.200

1.720

1.772

-5.284

-5.243

-6.042

-7.049

-7.128

-7.808

-8.976

-9.133

-9.062

-8.989

-8.729

-8.951

-8.723

-8.487

-8.224

-7.033

-6.061

-4.349

-2.649

-1.301

-11.195

-11.065

-10.296

-10.151

-10.274

-10.389

-10.496

-10.327

Total Station Data KP-D Cross SectionKP-DCross 3 StationData Total

VD (m)VD

77.541

74.919

72.041

69.116

64.490

62.434

59.467

58.949

57.686

56.400

53.514

49.796

49.321

44.239

43.885

41.651

41.451

41.053

40.363

33.085

28.350

25.488

24.861

23.906

23.616

23.950

24.381

24.627

25.290

25.350

25.962

26.600

26.549

HD (m) HD

62.92

25.29

25.99

77.721

75.102

72.294

69.474

64.883

60.141

60.003

58.738

57.134

54.276

50.601

50.384

45.389

45.088

42.927

42.759

42.332

41.296

34.274

29.662

26.864

26.186

24.919

24.381

24.342

24.524

24.661

25.364

26.656

26.608

SDX

72.38.00

72.06.49

71.32.33

70.43.20

69.18.31

68.35.25

67.30.27

65.45.03

65.38.44

65.49.06

64.48.29

63.15.39

62.55.46

59.43.28

59.16.55

57.46.18

56.48.35

56.14.48

55.20.10

46.00.08

32.39.34

15.30.40

09.05.22

03.05.13

356.06.42

350.44.25

346.51.47

344.00.47

341.11.02

340.13.51

337.03.34

334.11.34

334.12.07

HA HA

558.059

560.059

HI (m) HI

PrismHeight

6.5

3.5

1.5

84.7

65.5

64.5

55.5

54.5

48.5

45.5

44.5

B.S EW5421 STATION

128

TOP OF RIGHT PIN RIGHT OF TOP

TOP OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF TOP

BOTTOM OF RIGHT TERRACE RIGHT OF BOTTOM

TOP OF OLD GRAVEL FLOOD PLAIN, SUB ANG. SML &MED COBBLE (M.MORPHIC, SED. GRNT) SED. (M.MORPHIC, COBBLE &MED SML ANG. PLAIN, SUB FLOOD GRAVEL OLD OF TOP

TOP OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF TOP

BOTTOM OF RIGHT BANK RIGHT OF BOTTOM

RIGHT WATERS EDGE WATERS RIGHT

BOTTOM OF LEFT BANK, WATERS EDGE/ POSSIBLE THALWAGE POSSIBLE EDGE/ BANK,WATERS LEFT OF BOTTOM

TOP OF LEFT BANK LEFT OF TOP

TOP OF INNACTIVE FLOOD PLAININNACTIVE(ABANDONED) OF FLOOD TOP

BOTTOM OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF BOTTOM

BOTTOM OF XS4 L.P, TOP EDGE OF LEFT TERRACE LEFT OF EDGE TOP L.P, XS4 OF BOTTOM

KNOWN BM, LOCALIZED LEICA ON, TAGGED PINS FOR B.S PINS FOR ON,TAGGED LEICA LOCALIZED BM, KNOWN

NOTES

488.94

554.953

554.924

553.128

551.829

551.648

551.359

551.489

551.378

551.175

551.341

550.963

550.707

550.664

551.132

551.091

551.212

551.262

552.746

552.396

551.806

550.704

550.642

551.354

551.705

551.889

552.859

554.773

556.146

557.529

558.974

560.241

560.732

560.806

ELEVATION (m) ELEVATION

Total Station Data KP-D Cross SectionKP-DCross 4 StationData Total

91.46.55

91.49.03

92.55.16

93.47.13

94.02.27

94.28.06

94.34.58

95.06.55

95.38.20

95.58.11

96.18.45

96.33.20

96.36.31

96.14.31

96.29.59

96.24.55

96.46.07

95.21.48

96.31.01

97.29.27

98.58.02

99.11.34

98.26.30

98.13.25

98.01.16

96.00.08

94.34.38

92.42.39

90.45.53

88.43.07

86.54.43

86.13.33

86.07.36

86.06.44

2.17

-6.73

-6.98

0.903

2.661

2.735

2.744

-3.118

-3.147

-4.943

-6.242

-6.423

-6.712

-6.582

-6.693

-6.896

-7.108

-7.364

-7.407

-6.939

-6.859

-6.809

-5.325

-5.675

-6.265

-7.367

-7.429

-6.717

-6.366

-6.182

-5.212

-3.298

-1.925

-0.542

VD (m)VD

69.85

40.66

99.226

96.878

94.317

90.935

85.899

82.124

74.771

64.365

64.261

64.085

63.934

63.443

61.271

61.006

57.372

56.724

49.678

47.646

46.686

45.905

45.264

44.053

43.868

42.434

41.191

40.627

40.345

40.226

40.331

40.394

40.381

100.252

HD (m) HD

100.3

75.07

70.19

61.39

45.76

99.276

97.004

94.523

91.162

86.161

82.387

64.716

64.653

64.507

64.362

63.821

61.667

57.775

56.973

50.001

48.056

47.264

46.502

44.511

44.301

42.753

41.232

40.706

40.631

40.335

40.285

40.419

40.486

40.474

SDX

108.39.29

108.56.18

109.34.22

110.22.40

111.25.36

113.03.17

114.33.16

117.59.00

119.57.18

123.38.59

123.49.13

124.11.31

124.34.15

125.02.50

126.38.30

127.00.00

130.17.55

131.08.31

140.03.06

143.47.01

145.44.06

147.48.32

149.36.44

152.13.44

153.26.24

157.15.58

161.39.49

167.14.03

170.42.25

174.09.23

176.54.18

178.39.25

179.07.48

179.01.39

HA HA

558.071

560.071

HI (m) HI

PrismHeight

8.6

3.5

1.5

96.2

93.6

84.4

78.7

74.5

65.8

60.3

54.6

54.3

53.8

52.3

51.7

48.9

48.4

31.7

28.1

27.8

24.7

23.3

20.5

16.7

13.8

0.35 XS4 LP XS4 STATION

129

NOTES

552.35

544.36

541.81

552.505

552.036

551.747

550.733

550.667

549.593

549.786

549.113

548.706

548.537

547.557

546.683

545.981

545.152

544.787

544.536

541.497

538.351

537.972

526.873

524.866

ELEVATION (m) ELEVATION

664104.97

664123.47

664503.21

664060.917

664065.792

664065.886

664074.863

664098.288

664105.249

664105.897

664119.049

664135.555

664160.852

664165.616

664174.499

664178.987

664195.247

664196.863

664196.607

664204.733

664217.414

664272.988

664288.059

664472.426

NORTHING

Total Station Data Longitudinal Data KP-DLongitudinal StationData Data Total

1891809.26

1891807.83

1891811.21

1891827.968

1891826.441

1891826.283

1891821.826

1891814.536

1891808.714

1891799.452

1891799.131

1891803.118

1891821.813

1891841.886

1891861.514

1891875.312

1891877.964

1891881.426

1891917.761

1891932.232

1891955.153

1891954.972

1891934.731

1891924.268

EASTING

34.9

530.6

526.2

513.5

485.5

473.9

465.4

444.9

422.9

419.8

416.3

378.4

357.8

289.3

274.2

597.86

592.76

592.58

582.28

557.48

548.58

547.98

546.89

STATION

LP1

LP2

LP3

LP4

LP5

LP6

LP7

LPPLUNG

LP8

LP9

LP10

LP11-XS3-48.3

LP12

LP13

LP14

LP15

LP16

LP17

LP18

LP19

LP20

LP21

LP22 LP23 LEICA POINTNAME LEICA

130

Appendix C: Dry Sieve Data KP-A

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint A Location KPA XS1 Date 1/27/19 Sample 1.00 Total Dry 25.82 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 17.63 23.46 68.28% 90.86% Granule 7 -1.5 3.94 5.83 15.26% 22.58% 10 -1 1.89 1.89 7.32% 7.32% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 1.08 2.97 4.18% 11.50% 18 0 0.45 3.42 1.74% 13.25% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 0.1 3.52 0.39% 13.63% 35 1 0.17 3.69 0.66% 14.29% Medium Sand 45 1.5 0.12 3.81 0.46% 14.76% 60 2 0.09 3.90 0.35% 15.10% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.05 3.95 0.19% 15.30% 120 3 0.05 4.00 0.19% 15.49% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.04 4.04 0.15% 15.65% 230 4 0.05 4.09 0.19% 15.84% Coarse Silt Pan 0.09 4.18 0.35% 16.19% Weight 21.64 47.39 83.81% 183.54% Lost

131

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint A Location KPA XS1 Date 1/27/19 Sample 2.00 Total Dry 25.02 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 0.88 5.36 3.52% 21.42% Granule 7 -1.5 1.78 4.48 7.11% 17.91% 10 -1 2.7 2.70 10.79% 10.79% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 2.16 4.86 8.63% 19.42% 18 0 2.42 7.28 9.67% 29.10% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 3.15 10.43 12.59% 41.69% 35 1 2.9 13.33 11.59% 53.28% Medium Sand 45 1.5 2.85 16.18 11.39% 64.67% 60 2 2.09 18.27 8.35% 73.02% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.86 19.13 3.44% 76.46% 120 3 0.86 19.99 3.44% 79.90% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.84 20.83 3.36% 83.25% 230 4 0.82 21.65 3.28% 86.53% Coarse Silt Pan 0.23 21.88 0.92% 87.45% Weight 3.14 27.68 12.55% 110.63% Lost

132

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint A Location KPA XS1 Date 1/27/19 3.00 Total Dry 24.97 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 6.45 12.20 25.83% 48.86% Granule 7 -1.5 3.56 5.75 14.26% 23.03% 10 -1 2.19 2.19 8.77% 8.77% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 2.31 4.50 9.25% 18.02% 18 0 2.27 6.77 9.09% 27.11% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 2.54 9.31 10.17% 37.28% 35 1 1.63 10.94 6.53% 43.81% Medium Sand 45 1.5 1.17 12.11 4.69% 48.50% 60 2 0.85 12.96 3.40% 51.90% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.47 13.43 1.88% 53.78% 120 3 0.36 13.79 1.44% 55.23% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.26 14.05 1.04% 56.27% 230 4 0.2 14.25 0.80% 57.07% Coarse Silt Pan 0.17 14.42 0.68% 57.75% Weight 10.55 34.98 42.25% 140.09% Lost

133

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint A Location KPA XS2 Date 2/9/19 Sample 1.00 Total Dry 25.02 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 3.55 9.90 14.19% 39.57% Granule 7 -1.5 3.25 6.35 12.99% 25.38% 10 -1 3.1 3.10 12.39% 12.39% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 2.1 5.20 8.39% 20.78% 18 0 2.06 7.26 8.23% 29.02% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 2.52 9.78 10.07% 39.09% 35 1 2.06 11.84 8.23% 47.32% Medium Sand 45 1.5 1.77 13.61 7.07% 54.40% 60 2 1.47 15.08 5.88% 60.27% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.91 15.99 3.64% 63.91% 120 3 0.68 16.67 2.72% 66.63% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.45 17.12 1.80% 68.43% 230 4 0.36 17.48 1.44% 69.86% Coarse Silt Pan 0.32 17.80 1.28% 71.14% Weight 7.22 31.82 28.86% 127.18% Lost

134

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint A Location KPAXS2 Date 1/27/19 Sample 2.00

Total Dry 25.63 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 8.76 12.28 34.18% 47.91% Granule 7 -1.5 3.52 3.52 13.73% 13.73% 10 -1 2.31 5.83 9.01% 22.75% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 1.96 7.79 7.65% 30.39% 18 0 1.88 9.67 7.34% 37.73% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 1.98 11.65 7.73% 45.45% 35 1 1.26 12.91 4.92% 50.37% Medium Sand 45 1.5 0.99 13.90 3.86% 54.23% 60 2 0.77 14.67 3.00% 57.24% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.48 15.15 1.87% 59.11% 120 3 0.42 15.57 1.64% 60.75% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.38 15.95 1.48% 62.23% 230 4 0.44 16.39 1.72% 63.95% Coarse Silt Pan 0.45 16.84 1.76% 65.70% Weight 8.79 34.39 34.30% 134.18% Lost

135

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint A Location XS2S3 Date 1/27/19 Sample 3.00 Total Dry 25.17 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 3.93 7.79 15.61% 30.95% Granule 7 -1.5 1.61 3.86 6.40% 15.34% 10 -1 2.25 2.25 8.94% 8.94% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 2.63 4.88 10.45% 19.39% 18 0 3.04 7.92 12.08% 31.47% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 3.79 11.71 15.06% 46.52% 35 1 2.44 14.15 9.69% 56.22% Medium Sand 45 1.5 1.83 15.98 7.27% 63.49% 60 2 1.18 17.16 4.69% 68.18% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.62 17.78 2.46% 70.64% 120 3 0.51 18.29 2.03% 72.67% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.61 18.90 2.42% 75.09% 230 4 0.58 19.48 2.30% 77.39% Coarse Silt Pan 0.13 19.61 0.52% 77.91% Weight 5.56 30.71 22.09% 122.01% Lost

136

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint A Location XS3S1 Date 1/27/19 Sample 1.00 Total Dry 25.35 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 11.9 18.82 46.94% 74.24% Granule 7 -1.5 3.77 6.92 14.87% 27.30% 10 -1 3.15 3.15 12.43% 12.43% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 2.44 5.59 9.63% 22.05% 18 0 1.92 7.51 7.57% 29.63% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 1.32 8.83 5.21% 34.83% 35 1 0.43 9.26 1.70% 36.53% Medium Sand 45 1.5 0.16 9.42 0.63% 37.16% 60 2 0.07 9.49 0.28% 37.44% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.03 9.52 0.12% 37.55% 120 3 0.02 9.54 0.08% 37.63% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.02 9.56 0.08% 37.71% 230 4 0.05 9.61 0.20% 37.91% Coarse Silt Pan 0.05 9.66 0.20% 38.11% Weight 15.69 41.02 61.89% 161.81% Lost

137

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint A Location XS3S2 Date 1/27/19 Sample 2.00 Total Dry 25.38 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 4.69 8.55 18.48% 33.69% Granule 7 -1.5 2 3.86 7.88% 15.21% 10 -1 1.86 1.86 7.33% 7.33% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 2.32 4.18 9.14% 16.47% 18 0 2.59 6.77 10.20% 26.67% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 3.03 9.80 11.94% 38.61% 35 1 2.65 12.45 10.44% 49.05% Medium Sand 45 1.5 2.26 14.71 8.90% 57.96% 60 2 1.24 15.95 4.89% 62.84% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.73 16.68 2.88% 65.72% 120 3 0.54 17.22 2.13% 67.85% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.42 17.64 1.65% 69.50% 230 4 0.6 18.24 2.36% 71.87% Coarse Silt Pan 0.28 18.52 1.10% 72.97% Weight 6.86 32.07 27.03% 126.36% Lost

138

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint A Location XS3S3 Date 1/27/19 Sample 3.00 Total Dry 25.20 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 4.53 7.62 17.98% 30.24% Granule 7 -1.5 1.71 3.09 6.79% 12.26% 10 -1 1.38 1.38 5.48% 5.48% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 2.08 3.46 8.25% 13.73% 18 0 2.45 5.91 9.72% 23.45% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 3.49 9.40 13.85% 37.30% 35 1 2.9 12.30 11.51% 48.81% Medium Sand 45 1.5 2.48 14.78 9.84% 58.65% 60 2 1.79 16.57 7.10% 65.75% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.85 17.42 3.37% 69.13% 120 3 0.56 17.98 2.22% 71.35% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.38 18.36 1.51% 72.86% 230 4 0.29 18.65 1.15% 74.01% Coarse Silt Pan 0.27 18.92 1.07% 75.08% Weight 6.28 31.44 24.92% 124.76% Lost

139

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint A Location XS4S1 Date 03/032019 Sample 1.00 Total 25.26 Dry Weight Sieve Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size No. Retained Weight % % 5 -2 3.04 9.62 12.03% 38.08% Granule 7 -1.5 3.1 6.58 12.27% 26.05% 10 -1 3.48 3.48 13.78% 13.78% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 4.09 7.57 16.19% 29.97% 18 0 3.33 10.90 13.18% 43.15% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 3.06 13.96 12.11% 55.27% 35 1 1.87 15.83 7.40% 62.67% Medium Sand 45 1.5 1.22 17.05 4.83% 67.50% 60 2 0.72 17.77 2.85% 70.35% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.36 18.13 1.43% 71.77% 120 3 0.27 18.40 1.07% 72.84% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.23 18.63 0.91% 73.75% 230 4 0.33 18.96 1.31% 75.06% Coarse Silt Pan 0.13 19.09 0.51% 75.57% Weight 6.17 31.40 24.43% 124.31% Lost

140

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint A Location XS4S2 Date 03/03/019 Sample 2.00 Total Dry 25.38 Weight Sieve Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size No. Retained Weight % % 5 -2 5.11 12.09 20.13% 47.64% Granule 7 -1.5 3.12 6.98 12.29% 27.50% 10 -1 3.86 3.86 15.21% 15.21% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 4.05 7.91 15.96% 31.17% 18 0 3.08 10.99 12.14% 43.30% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 2.34 13.33 9.22% 52.52% 35 1 1.43 14.76 5.63% 58.16% Medium Sand 45 1.5 0.9 15.66 3.55% 61.70% 60 2 0.31 15.97 1.22% 62.92% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.25 16.22 0.99% 63.91% 120 3 0.19 16.41 0.75% 64.66% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.15 16.56 0.59% 65.25% 230 4 0.22 16.78 0.87% 66.12% Coarse Silt Pan 0.19 16.97 0.75% 66.86% Weight 8.41 33.61 33.14% 132.43% Lost

141

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint B Location XS1S1 Date 2/16/19 Sample 1.00 Total Dry 25.13 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 8.74 13.49 34.78% 53.68% Granule 7 -1.5 2.31 4.75 9.19% 18.90% 10 -1 2.44 2.44 9.71% 9.71% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 2.4 4.84 9.55% 19.26% 18 0 1.48 6.32 5.89% 25.15% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 1.5 7.82 5.97% 31.12% 35 1 1.31 9.13 5.21% 36.33% Medium Sand 45 1.5 1.2 10.33 4.78% 41.11% 60 2 1.02 11.35 4.06% 45.17% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.52 11.87 2.07% 47.23% 120 3 0.51 12.38 2.03% 49.26% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.42 12.80 1.67% 50.94% 230 4 0.71 13.51 2.83% 53.76% Coarse Silt Pan 0.54 14.05 2.15% 55.91% Weight 11.08 36.18 44.09% 143.97% Lost

142

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint B Location XS1S2 Date 2/16/19 Sample 2.00 Total Dry 25.29 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 14.41 17.41 56.98% 68.84% Granule 7 -1.5 2.51 3.00 9.92% 11.86% 10 -1 0.49 0.49 1.94% 1.94% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 1.89 2.38 7.47% 9.41% 18 0 0.86 3.24 3.40% 12.81% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 1.22 4.46 4.82% 17.64% 35 1 0.95 5.41 3.76% 21.39% Medium Sand 45 1.5 0.84 6.25 3.32% 24.71% 60 2 0.4 6.65 1.58% 26.29% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.67 7.32 2.65% 28.94% 120 3 0.49 7.81 1.94% 30.88% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.26 8.07 1.03% 31.91% 230 4 0.17 8.24 0.67% 32.58% Coarse Silt Pan 0.04 8.28 0.16% 32.74% Weight 17.01 42.21 67.26% 166.90% Lost

143

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint B Location XS2S1 Date 2/16/19 Sample 1.00 Total Dry 25.30 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 7.29 12.29 28.81% 48.58% Granule 7 -1.5 2.43 5.00 9.60% 19.76% 10 -1 2.57 2.57 10.16% 10.16% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 3.16 5.73 12.49% 22.65% 18 0 3.12 8.85 12.33% 34.98% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 3.4 12.25 13.44% 48.42% 35 1 1.43 13.68 5.65% 54.07% Medium Sand 45 1.5 0.9 14.58 3.56% 57.63% 60 2 0.5 15.08 1.98% 59.60% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.18 15.26 0.71% 60.32% 120 3 0.07 15.33 0.28% 60.59% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.05 15.38 0.20% 60.79% 230 4 0.04 15.42 0.16% 60.95% Coarse Silt Pan 0.01 15.43 0.04% 60.99% Weight 9.87 35.02 39.01% 138.42% Lost

144

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint B Location XS2S2 Date 2/16/19 Sample 2.00 Total Dry 25.07 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 3.38 7.15 13.48% 28.52% Granule 7 -1.5 1.96 3.77 7.82% 15.04% 10 -1 1.81 1.81 7.22% 7.22% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 1.42 3.23 5.66% 12.88% 18 0 1.93 5.16 7.70% 20.58% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 2.47 7.63 9.85% 30.43% 35 1 1.78 9.41 7.10% 37.53% Medium Sand 45 1.5 1.8 11.21 7.18% 44.71% 60 2 2.15 13.36 8.58% 53.29% Fine Sand 80 2.5 2.34 15.70 9.33% 62.62% 120 3 1.94 17.64 7.74% 70.36% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 1.11 18.75 4.43% 74.79% 230 4 0.65 19.40 2.59% 77.38% Coarse Silt Pan 0.15 19.55 0.60% 77.98% Weight 5.52 30.41 22.02% 121.30% Lost

145

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint B Location XS3S1 Date 2/16/19 Sample 1.00 Total Dry 25.38 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 5.25 12.66 20.69% 49.88% Granule 7 -1.5 3.53 7.41 13.91% 29.20% 10 -1 3.88 3.88 15.29% 15.29% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 3.72 7.60 14.66% 29.94% 18 0 2.94 10.54 11.58% 41.53% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 2.6 13.14 10.24% 51.77% 35 1 1.5 14.64 5.91% 57.68% Medium Sand 45 1.5 1.08 15.72 4.26% 61.94% 60 2 0.6 16.32 2.36% 64.30% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.14 16.46 0.55% 64.85% 120 3 0.05 16.51 0.20% 65.05% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.01 16.52 0.04% 65.09% 230 4 0.01 16.53 0.04% 65.13% Coarse Silt Pan 0.02 16.55 0.08% 65.21% Weight 8.83 34.16 34.79% 134.59% Lost

146

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint B Location XS3S2 Date 2/16/19 Sample 2.00 Total Dry 25.22 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 9.81 14.54 38.90% 57.65% Granule 7 -1.5 2.74 4.73 10.86% 18.75% 10 -1 1.99 1.99 7.89% 7.89% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 1.48 3.47 5.87% 13.76% 18 0 0.85 4.32 3.37% 17.13% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 0.79 5.11 3.13% 20.26% 35 1 0.53 5.64 2.10% 22.36% Medium Sand 45 1.5 0.52 6.16 2.06% 24.43% 60 2 0.75 6.91 2.97% 27.40% Fine Sand 80 2.5 1 7.91 3.97% 31.36% 120 3 2.05 9.96 8.13% 39.49% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 1.69 11.65 6.70% 46.19% 230 4 0.72 12.37 2.85% 49.05% Coarse Silt Pan 0.23 12.60 0.91% 49.96% Weight 12.62 37.77 50.04% 149.76% Lost

147

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint D Location XS2S1 Date 2/24/19 Sample 1.00 Total Dry 25.17 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 11.81 15.46 46.92% 61.42% Granule 7 -1.5 2 3.65 7.95% 14.50% 10 -1 1.65 1.65 6.56% 6.56% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 1.66 3.31 6.60% 13.15% 18 0 1.58 4.89 6.28% 19.43% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 1.8 6.69 7.15% 26.58% 35 1 1.35 8.04 5.36% 31.94% Medium Sand 45 1.5 1.21 9.25 4.81% 36.75% 60 2 0.66 9.91 2.62% 39.37% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.25 10.16 0.99% 40.37% 120 3 0.22 10.38 0.87% 41.24% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.32 10.70 1.27% 42.51% 230 4 0.35 11.05 1.39% 43.90% Coarse Silt Pan 0.26 11.31 1.03% 44.93% Weight 13.86 38.98 55.07% 154.87% Lost

148

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint D Location XS2S2 Date 2/24/19 Sample 2.00 Total Dry 25.41 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 6.86 9.66 27.00% 38.02% Granule 7 -1.5 1.43 2.80 5.63% 11.02% 10 -1 1.37 1.37 5.39% 5.39% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 2.15 3.52 8.46% 13.85% 18 0 2.47 5.99 9.72% 23.57% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 3.76 9.75 14.80% 38.37% 35 1 2.42 12.17 9.52% 47.89% Medium Sand 45 1.5 1.56 13.73 6.14% 54.03% 60 2 0.8 14.53 3.15% 57.18% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.55 15.08 2.16% 59.35% 120 3 0.88 15.96 3.46% 62.81% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.68 16.64 2.68% 65.49% 230 4 0.35 16.99 1.38% 66.86% Coarse Silt Pan 0.12 17.11 0.47% 67.34% Weight 8.30 33.70 32.66% 132.62% Lost

149

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint D Location XS3S1 Date 2/24/19 Sample 1.00 Total Dry 25.36 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 5.57 9.05 21.96% 35.69% Granule 7 -1.5 1.6 3.48 6.31% 13.72% 10 -1 1.88 1.88 7.41% 7.41% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 2.17 4.05 8.56% 15.97% 18 0 2.13 6.18 8.40% 24.37% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 3.15 9.33 12.42% 36.79% 35 1 2.02 11.35 7.97% 44.76% Medium Sand 45 1.5 1.78 13.13 7.02% 51.77% 60 2 1.01 14.14 3.98% 55.76% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.6 14.74 2.37% 58.12% 120 3 1.38 16.12 5.44% 63.56% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.73 16.85 2.88% 66.44% 230 4 0.98 17.83 3.86% 70.31% Coarse Silt Pan 0.31 18.14 1.22% 71.53% Weight 7.22 32.53 28.47% 128.27% Lost

150

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint D Location XS3_S2 Date 2/24/19 Sample 2.00 Total Dry 25.25 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 8.79 13.16 34.81% 52.12% Granule 7 -1.5 2.34 4.37 9.27% 17.31% 10 -1 2.03 2.03 8.04% 8.04% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 1.91 3.94 7.56% 15.60% 18 0 1.74 5.68 6.89% 22.50% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 2.16 7.84 8.55% 31.05% 35 1 1.69 9.53 6.69% 37.74% Medium Sand 45 1.5 1.36 10.89 5.39% 43.13% 60 2 0.74 11.63 2.93% 46.06% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.35 11.98 1.39% 47.45% 120 3 0.25 12.23 0.99% 48.44% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.95 13.18 3.76% 52.20% 230 4 0.68 13.86 2.69% 54.89% Coarse Silt Pan 0.15 14.01 0.59% 55.49% Weight 11.24 36.38 44.51% 144.08% Lost

151

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint D Location XS4S1 Date 2/24/19 Sample 1.00 Total Dry 25.16 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 7.36 12.53 29.25% 49.80% Granule 7 -1.5 2.85 5.17 11.33% 20.55% 10 -1 2.32 2.32 9.22% 9.22% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 2.65 4.97 10.53% 19.75% 18 0 2.31 7.28 9.18% 28.93% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 2.65 9.93 10.53% 39.47% 35 1 1.88 11.81 7.47% 46.94% Medium Sand 45 1.5 0.86 12.67 3.42% 50.36% 60 2 0.84 13.51 3.34% 53.70% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.46 13.97 1.83% 55.52% 120 3 0.31 14.28 1.23% 56.76% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.3 14.58 1.19% 57.95% 230 4 0.14 14.72 0.56% 58.51% Coarse Silt Pan 0.15 14.87 0.60% 59.10% Weight 10.29 35.37 40.90% 140.58% Lost

152

Dry Sieve Particle Size Analysis: Knickpoint D Location XS4S2 Date 2/24/19 Sample 2.00 Total Dry 25.64 Weight Sieve No. Phi Weight Cumulative Weight Cumulative P. Size Retained Weight % % 5 -2 8.57 16.72 33.42% 65.21% Granule 7 -1.5 4.97 8.15 19.38% 31.79% 10 -1 3.18 3.18 12.40% 12.40% V. Coarse Sand 14 -0.5 2.65 5.83 10.34% 22.74% 18 0 2.04 7.87 7.96% 30.69% Coarse Sand 25 0.5 1.78 9.65 6.94% 37.64% 35 1 0.9 10.55 3.51% 41.15% Medium Sand 45 1.5 0.55 11.10 2.15% 43.29% 60 2 0.29 11.39 1.13% 44.42% Fine Sand 80 2.5 0.15 11.54 0.59% 45.01% 120 3 0.09 11.63 0.35% 45.36% V. Fine Sand 170 3.5 0.15 11.78 0.59% 45.94% 230 4 0.15 11.93 0.59% 46.53% Coarse Silt Pan 0.06 11.99 0.23% 46.76% Weight 13.65 39.18 53.24% 152.81% Lost

153

Wolman Pebble Count Pebble Count: Knickpoint A, Cross Section 1 Class Name Particle Size Study Study Class (mm) Total Cumulative % Sand <2 32 32.0 VF Gravel 2 - 2.8 0 32.0 VF Gravel 2.8 - 4 1 33.0 Fine Gravel 4 - 5.6 2 35.0 Fine Gravel 5.6 - 8 2 37.0 Med. Gravel 8 - 11.3 9 46.0 Med. Gravel 11.3 - 16 3 49.0 Coarse Gravel 16 - 22.6 12 61.0 Coarse Gravel 22.6 - 32 9 70.0 VC Gravel 32 - 45.3 15 85.0 VC Gravel 45.3 - 64 8 93.0 Sm. Cobble 64 - 90.5 6 99.0 Sm. Cobble 90.5 - 128 1 100.0 Lg. Cobble 128 - 181 0 100.0 Lg. Cobble 181 - 256 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 256 - 362 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 362 - 512 0 100.0 Med. Boulder 512 - 1024 0 100.0 Lg. Boulder 1024 - 2048 0 100.0 VL Boulder 2048 - 4096 0 100.0 Bedrock >4096 0 100.0

Totals 100

154

Pebble Count: Knickpoint A, Cross Section 2 Class Name Particle Size Study Study Class (mm) Total Cumulative % Sand <2 37 37.0 VF Gravel 2 - 2.8 2 39.0 VF Gravel 2.8 - 4 2 41.0 Fine Gravel 4 - 5.6 3 44.0 Fine Gravel 5.6 - 8 6 50.0 Med. Gravel 8 - 11.3 4 54.0 Med. Gravel 11.3 - 16 7 61.0 Coarse Gravel 16 - 22.6 5 66.0 Coarse Gravel 22.6 - 32 8 74.0 VC Gravel 32 - 45.3 8 82.0 VC Gravel 45.3 - 64 9 91.0 Sm. Cobble 64 - 90.5 5 96.0 Sm. Cobble 90.5 - 128 3 99.0 Lg. Cobble 128 - 181 0 99.0 Lg. Cobble 181 - 256 1 100.0 Sm. Boulder 256 - 362 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 362 - 512 0 100.0 Med. Boulder 512 - 1024 0 100.0 Lg. Boulder 1024 - 2048 0 100.0 VL Boulder 2048 - 4096 0 100.0 Bedrock >4096 0 100.0

Totals 100

155

Pebble Count: Knickpoint A, Cross Section 3 Class Name Particle Size Study Study Class (mm) Total Cumulative % Sand <2 33 33.0 VF Gravel 2 - 2.8 6 39.0 VF Gravel 2.8 - 4 3 42.0 Fine Gravel 4 - 5.6 3 45.0 Fine Gravel 5.6 - 8 0 45.0 Med. Gravel 8 - 11.3 8 53.0 Med. Gravel 11.3 - 16 8 61.0 Coarse Gravel 16 - 22.6 11 72.0 Coarse Gravel 22.6 - 32 9 81.0 VC Gravel 32 - 45.3 5 86.0 VC Gravel 45.3 - 64 7 93.0 Sm. Cobble 64 - 90.5 5 98.0 Sm. Cobble 90.5 - 128 2 100.0 Lg. Cobble 128 - 181 0 100.0 Lg. Cobble 181 - 256 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 256 - 362 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 362 - 512 0 100.0 Med. Boulder 512 - 1024 0 100.0 Lg. Boulder 1024 - 2048 0 100.0 VL Boulder 2048 - 4096 0 100.0 Bedrock >4096 0 100.0

Totals 100

156

Pebble Count: Knickpoint A, Cross Section 4 Class Name Particle Size Study Study Class (mm) Total Cumulative % Sand <2 32 32.0 VF Gravel 2 - 2.8 0 32.0 VF Gravel 2.8 - 4 1 33.0 Fine Gravel 4 - 5.6 2 35.0 Fine Gravel 5.6 - 8 2 37.0 Med. Gravel 8 - 11.3 9 46.0 Med. Gravel 11.3 - 16 3 49.0 Coarse Gravel 16 - 22.6 12 61.0 Coarse Gravel 22.6 - 32 9 70.0 VC Gravel 32 - 45.3 15 85.0 VC Gravel 45.3 - 64 8 93.0 Sm. Cobble 64 - 90.5 6 99.0 Sm. Cobble 90.5 - 128 1 100.0 Lg. Cobble 128 - 181 0 100.0 Lg. Cobble 181 - 256 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 256 - 362 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 362 - 512 0 100.0 Med. Boulder 512 - 1024 0 100.0 Lg. Boulder 1024 - 2048 0 100.0 VL Boulder 2048 - 4096 0 100.0 Bedr ock >4096 0 100.0

Totals 100

157

Pebble Count: Knickpoint B, Cross Section 1 Class Name Particle Size Study Study Class (mm) Total Cumulative % Sand <2 30 30.0 VF Gravel 2 - 2.8 2 32.0 VF Gravel 2.8 - 4 2 34.0 Fine Gravel 4 - 5.6 0 34.0 Fine Gravel 5.6 - 8 2 36.0 Med. Gravel 8 - 11.3 2 38.0 Med. Gravel 11.3 - 16 4 42.0 Coarse Gravel 16 - 22.6 13 55.0 Coarse Gravel 22.6 - 32 8 63.0 VC Gravel 32 - 45.3 6 69.0 VC Gravel 45.3 - 64 9 78.0 Sm. Cobble 64 - 90.5 10 88.0 Sm. Cobble 90.5 - 128 5 93.0 Lg. Cobble 128 - 181 4 97.0 Lg. Cobble 181 - 256 1 98.0 Sm. Boulder 256 - 362 1 99.0 Sm. Boulder 362 - 512 1 100.0 Med. Boulder 512 - 1024 0 100.0 Lg. Boulder 1024 - 2048 0 100.0 VL Boulder 2048 - 4096 0 100.0 Bedrock >4096 0 100.0

Totals 100

158

Pebble Count: Knickpoint B, Cross Section 2 Class Name Particle Size Study Study Class (mm) Total Cumulative % Sand <2 17 17.0 VF Gravel 2 - 2.8 0 17.0 VF Gravel 2.8 - 4 2 19.0 Fine Gravel 4 - 5.6 0 19.0 Fine Gravel 5.6 - 8 3 22.0 Med. Gravel 8 - 11.3 0 22.0 Med. Gravel 11.3 - 16 4 26.0 Coarse Gravel 16 - 22.6 10 36.0 Coarse Gravel 22.6 - 32 15 51.0 VC Gravel 32 - 45.3 15 66.0 VC Gravel 45.3 - 64 18 84.0 Sm. Cobble 64 - 90.5 11 95.0 Sm. Cobble 90.5 - 128 3 98.0 Lg. Cobble 128 - 181 2 100.0 Lg. Cobble 181 - 256 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 256 - 362 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 362 - 512 0 100.0 Med. Boulder 512 - 1024 0 100.0 Lg. Boulder 1024 - 2048 0 100.0 VL Boulder 2048 - 4096 0 100.0 Bedrock >4096 0 100.0

Totals 100

159

Pebble Count: Knickpoint B, Cross Section 3 Class Name Particle Size Study Study Class (mm) Total Cumulative % Sand <2 26 26.0 VF Gravel 2 - 2.8 3 29.0 VF Gravel 2.8 - 4 0 29.0 Fine Gravel 4 - 5.6 1 30.0 Fine Gravel 5.6 - 8 3 33.0 Med. Gravel 8 - 11.3 5 38.0 Med. Gravel 11.3 - 16 6 44.0 Coarse Gravel 16 - 22.6 10 54.0 Coarse Gravel 22.6 - 32 12 66.0 VC Gravel 32 - 45.3 6 72.0 VC Gravel 45.3 - 64 14 86.0 Sm. Cobble 64 - 90.5 9 95.0 Sm. Cobble 90.5 - 128 3 98.0 Lg. Cobble 128 - 181 1 99.0 Lg. Cobble 181 - 256 0 99.0 Sm. Boulder 256 - 362 1 100.0 Sm. Boulder 362 - 512 0 100.0 Med. Boulder 512 - 1024 0 100.0 Lg. Boulder 1024 - 2048 0 100.0 VL Boulder 2048 - 4096 0 100.0 Bedrock >4096 0 100.0

Totals 100

160

Pebble Count: Knickpoint D, Cross Section 2 Class Name Particle Size Study Study Class (mm) Total Cumulative % Sand <2 2 2.0 VF Gravel 2 - 2.8 3 5.0 VF Gravel 2.8 - 4 0 5.0 Fine Gravel 4 - 5.6 0 5.0 Fine Gravel 5.6 - 8 0 5.0 Med. Gravel 8 - 11.3 3 8.0 Med. Gravel 11.3 - 16 8 16.0 Coarse Gravel 16 - 22.6 16 32.0 Coarse Gravel 22.6 - 32 32 64.0 VC Gravel 32 - 45.3 22 86.0 VC Gravel 45.3 - 64 6 92.0 Sm. Cobble 64 - 90.5 7 99.0 Sm. Cobble 90.5 - 128 1 100.0 Lg. Cobble 128 - 181 0 100.0 Lg. Cobble 181 - 256 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 256 - 362 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 362 - 512 0 100.0 Med. Boulder 512 - 1024 0 100.0 Lg. Boulder 1024 - 2048 0 100.0 VL Boulder 2048 - 4096 0 100.0 Bedrock >4096 0 100.0

Totals 100

161

Pebble Count: Knickpoint D, Cross Section 3 Class Name Particle Size Study Study Class (mm) Total Cumulative % Sand <2 2 2.0 VF Gravel 2 - 2.8 3 5.0 VF Gravel 2.8 - 4 0 5.0 Fine Gravel 4 - 5.6 0 5.0 Fine Gravel 5.6 - 8 0 5.0 Med. Gravel 8 - 11.3 3 8.0 Med. Gravel 11.3 - 16 8 16.0 Coarse Gravel 16 - 22.6 16 32.0 Coarse Gravel 22.6 - 32 32 64.0 VC Gravel 32 - 45.3 22 86.0 VC Gravel 45.3 - 64 6 92.0 Sm. Cobble 64 - 90.5 7 99.0 Sm. Cobble 90.5 - 128 1 100.0 Lg. Cobble 128 - 181 0 100.0 Lg. Cobble 181 - 256 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 256 - 362 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 362 - 512 0 100.0 Med. Boulder 512 - 1024 0 100.0 Lg. Boulder 1024 - 2048 0 100.0 VL Boulder 2048 - 4096 0 100.0 Bedrock >4096 0 100.0

Totals 100

162

Pebble Count: Knickpoint D, Cross Section 4 Class Name Particle Size Study Study Class (mm) Total Cumulative % Sand <2 11 11.0 VF Gravel 2 - 2.8 3 14.0 VF Gravel 2.8 - 4 0 14.0 Fine Gravel 4 - 5.6 1 15.0 Fine Gravel 5.6 - 8 1 16.0 Med. Gravel 8 - 11.3 4 20.0 Med. Gravel 11.3 - 16 9 29.0 Coarse Gravel 16 - 22.6 19 48.0 Coarse Gravel 22.6 - 32 23 71.0 VC Gravel 32 - 45.3 17 88.0 VC Gravel 45.3 - 64 10 98.0 Sm. Cobble 64 - 90.5 2 100.0 Sm. Cobble 90.5 - 128 0 100.0 Lg. Cobble 128 - 181 0 100.0 Lg. Cobble 181 - 256 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 256 - 362 0 100.0 Sm. Boulder 362 - 512 0 100.0 Med. Boulder 512 - 1024 0 100.0 Lg. Boulder 1024 - 2048 0 100.0 VL Boulder 2048 - 4096 0 100.0 Bedrock >4096 0 100.0

Totals 100

163