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IT-Basiertes Wissensmanagement A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Lämmel, Uwe Working Paper IT-basiertes Wissensmanagement Wismarer Diskussionspapiere, No. 03/2016 Provided in Cooperation with: Hochschule Wismar, Wismar Business School Suggested Citation: Lämmel, Uwe (2016) : IT-basiertes Wissensmanagement, Wismarer Diskussionspapiere, No. 03/2016, ISBN 978-3-942100-28-1, Hochschule Wismar, Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Wismar This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/145108 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften Wismar Business School Uwe Lämmel „IT-basiertes Wissensmanagement“ Heft 03/2016 W DP Wismarer Diskussionspapiere / Wismar DiscussionPapers Die Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Hochschule Wismar, University of Applied Sciences – Technology, Business and Design bietet die Präsenzstudiengänge Betriebswirtschaft, Wirtschaftsinformatik und Wirtschaftsrecht sowie die Fernstudiengänge Betriebswirtschaft, Business Consulting, Business Systems, Facility Management, Quality Management, Sales and Marketing und Wirtschaftsinformatik an. Gegenstand der Ausbildung sind die verschiedenen Aspekte des Wirtschaftens in der Unternehmung, der modernen Verwaltungstätigkeit, der Verbindung von angewandter Informatik und Wirtschaftswissen- schaften sowie des Rechts im Bereich der Wirtschaft. Nähere Informationen zu Studienangebot, Forschung und Ansprechpart- nern finden Sie auf unserer Homepage im World Wide Web (WWW): http://www.wi.hs-wismar.de/. Die Wismarer Diskussionspapiere/Wismar Discussion Papers sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Eine Vervielfältigung ganz oder in Teilen, ihre Speicherung sowie jede Form der Weiterverbreitung bedürfen der vorherigen Genehmigung durch den Herausgeber. Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Hans-Eggert Reimers Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften Hochschule Wismar University of Applied Sciences – Technology, Business and Design Philipp-Müller-Straße Postfach 12 10 D – 23966 Wismar Telefon: ++49/(0)3841/753 7601 Fax: ++49/(0)3841/753 7131 E-Mail: [email protected] Vertrieb: Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften Hochschule Wismar Postfach 12 10 23952 Wismar Telefon: ++49/(0)3841/753-7468 Fax: ++49/(0) 3841/753-7131 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.wi.hs-wismar.de/ ISSN 1612-0884 ISBN 978-3-942100-28-1 JEL- Klassifikation C80, Z00 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. © Hochschule Wismar, Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, 2016. Printed in Germany 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Verschiedene Sichten des Wissensmanagements 4 2 Wissen – Intelligenz – Wissensmanagement 7 2.1 Wissen 7 2.2 Daten – Information – Wissen – Intelligenz – Künstliche Intelligenz 8 2.3 Management von Wissen 10 2.4 Wissensmanagement 12 2.5 Fazit 13 3 Formale Darstellung von Wissen 14 3.1 Logik und Regeln 14 3.2 Wissensnetze 15 3.3 Künstliche neuronale Netze 17 4 IT-basiertes Wissensmanagement 19 5 Wissensmanagement mittels Wissensnetzen 22 5.1 Semantisches Netz – Topic Map – Ontologie 23 5.2 Semantisches Wiki 25 5.3 Fazit 28 6 Wissensmanagement mittels Geschäftsregeln 29 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 33 8 Literaturverzeichnis 36 Anlage A: Themen von Abschlussarbeiten an der Hochschule Wismar mit Bezug zum Wissensmanagement 2010-2016 42 Anlage B: Beispiel Semantisches Wiki 43 4 1 Verschiedene Sichten des Wissensmanagements Wissensmanagement ist seit vielen Jahren in der betriebswirtschaftlichen Diskussion, vgl. Frappaolo (2006), Brüggemann-Klein, et al. (1999). In der Tradition von Nonaka, et al. (2000) steht dabei der Austausch von Wissen zwischen Mitarbeitern einer Organisation im Mittelpunkt. Die Relevanz dieses Themas zeigen Kumar, et al. (2009), in dem sie einen stetigen überproportio- nalen Anstieg der Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema in den Jahren 1996 – 2007 ausmachen. Wissensmanagement wird als eine Aufgabe der Mitarbeiter- führung gesehen, die Beschäftigten zu motivieren, ihr Wissen für andere bereitzustellen und so die Effizienz des Unternehmens zu erhöhen. In diese Richtung lässt sich auch der Wunsch einordnen, Wissensmanagement als eigenständige Disziplin zu etablieren Broßmann, et al. (2011). Informations- technologie (IT) wird hier vorrangig als Mittel zur Speicherung von Daten beziehungsweise Dokumenten genutzt. Als Wissensmanagementsysteme werden dabei Systeme der Verwaltung von Daten oder Dokumenten gesehen. Wissen managen, somit Wissen zu erzeugen, darzustellen, zu speichern, zu verarbeiten und wiederzugeben, das ist ein Forschungs- und Betätigungsfeld der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI), vgl. Lämmel, Cleve (2012). Hierbei steht weniger der Austausch von Wissen zwischen Personen im Vordergrund, sondern der Austausch von Wissen zwischen Mensch und Maschinen. Aus IT- Sicht wird hier die Software selber zum Wissensträger und -verarbeiter und somit zu einem intelligenten Partner des Menschen bei der Problemlösung. Die vorliegende Arbeit verbindet beide Sichten und betrachtet die Mittel und Methoden, die es ermöglichen, Wissen so zu speichern, dass es maschinell verarbeitet werden kann. Damit wird der Computer direkt zum Partner im Wissensaustausch und somit zum Wissensmanagement im betriebswirtschaftlichen Sinne. Dabei wird das Ziel des Wissensmanagements übernommen: Die Steigerung der Effizienz des Unternehmens oder der Organisation. Die Künstliche Intelligenz hat eine Reihe von Techniken zur Wissens- darstellung entwickelt. Einen Überblick gibt zum Beispiel Lämmel, Cleve (2012). Es wird seit einigen Jahren versucht, diese Techniken auch für das Wissensmanagement (im betriebswirtschaftlichen Sinne) einzusetzen: Dies betrifft die regelbasierte Wissensrepräsentation, die unter dem Begriff Geschäftsregeln (engl. Business Rules, siehe Business Roules Group (2016)) in betriebswirtschaftliche Standardsoftware integriert wird. Im Zusammen- hang mit dem Internet, hier insbesondere mit der Entwicklung des Web 2.0 beziehungsweise des semantischen Webs (Semantic Web, Berners-Lee (1998)), werden verstärkt Netze für die Darstellung von Wissen entwickelt und eingesetzt, wie beispielsweise semantische Netze, Wissensnetzte, Topic Maps oder Ontologien, vgl. Dengel (2012). Obwohl die Techniken zur Wissensdarstellung und –verarbeitung seit 5 Langem bekannt sind, haben diese bisher noch nicht so schnell Eingang in die tägliche Praxis gefunden, wie soziale Netze oder Wikipedia. Nach Ansicht des Autors wird das Potenzial wissensbasierter Ansätze im Wissensmanagement bei Weitem nicht ausgeschöpft. In dieser Arbeit wird das technisch Machbare zusammengestellt und dabei mit in Betracht gezogen, in wie weit die vorhan- denen Ansätze für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen realistisch einsetzbar sind. Die Motivation, sich mit den folgenden Fragen auseinanderzusetzen, ist in den Zielen des Wissensmanagements begründet, die sich in zwei Punkten zusammenfassen lassen: • Das Treffen von fundierten Entscheidungen (im operationalen Geschäft) beziehungsweise die Unterstützung von Entscheidungen (im operatio- nalen wie strategischem Bereich) auf der Basis von vorhandenem Wissen und die • schnelle Bereitstellung des zur Lösung eines Problems notwendigen Wissens. Obwohl der erste Punkt als eine spezielle Form der Lösung eines Problems verstanden und somit dem zweiten Punkt zugeordnet werden kann, wird die Entscheidungsfindung gesondert betrachtet. Die folgenden Fragen werden untersucht: • Welche Formen der (semi-)formalen Wissensdarstellung sind für Wissensmanagement geeignet, dass den Computer zum Partner des Menschen bei der Lösung von Problemen werden lässt? • Welche Tendenzen für ein IT-basiertes Wissensmanagement sind erkenn- bar? • Wie können auch kleine und mittlere Unternehmen von den Entwick- lungen maschineller Wissensverarbeitung profitieren und ein IT-basiertes Wissensmanagement entwickeln? Basis für die Beantwortung dieser Fragen ist eine Literaturrecherche sowie die Erfahrungen, die der Autor in mehreren kleinen Projekten gesammelt hat. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchungen ist eine Diskussion von Begriffen im Kapitel 2, auf denen das Wissensmanagement und insbesondere ein maschi- nelles Wissensmanagement aufbauen. Kapitel 3 gibt eine Einführung in Formen einer (semi-)formalen Darstellung von Wissen als Basis eines IT- basierten Wissensmanagements. Schwerpunkt bilden hierbei die regelbasierte Wissensdarstellung im Abschnitt 3.1 sowie die Wissensdarstellung als Netz- struktur im Abschnitt 3.2. Kapitel 4 gibt eine Einführung in das IT-basierte Wissensmanagement.
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