http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019.

©INOSR PUBLICATIONS International Network Organization for Scientific Research ISSN: 2705-1676

Multilateral Military Cooperation in West Africa and Insurgency A Critical Assessment; 2009- 2018

Ugwuja D.I., Eneasato B.O. and Iloelunachi A.U.

Department of Political Science, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, . ABSTRACT Boko Haram has clearly established itself identifying what can be learned from the as a regional threat within the past or previous Regional Military surroundings of Lake of West Cooperation (RMC) formed in West Africa Africa. Within this period under review, and their achievements in previous crisis. they have carried out many gruesome This study adopts a System Theory that attacks in most Northern part of Nigeria sees the entire Lake Chad Basin region as and neighbouring countries of Cameroon, one holistic system and the neighbouring Chad and Niger; killing and abducting nations as a sub part or section of the women, Children school girls and foreign system which though, functions expatriates as well as destroying villages independently but works concomitantly and military bases with the mind set of with each other by maintaining a synergy instituting a Caliphate within the towards achieving the desired conquered areas, to be strictly governed harmonious equilibrium which is the by Islamic laws. The group's violent (needed peace and tranquillity) within the activities, with the associated casualties affected region. Based on this, the has developed a strong regional spill-over researcher relied mostly on Secondary that poses an unprecedented threat to sources of data collection and analysis to human security cum socio- political justify the findings of this study. This stability of Nigeria and the region at work recommends the use of large. Therefore, the Peace and Security counterinsurgency and multilateral Council of the African Union in January military cooperation among the 2015,authorized for the mobilization of a neighbouring nations with standby strong Multi- National Joint Task Force (MNJTF) military base that will be continuously which comprises of troops from Benin looking after the security affairs of these Republic, Cameroon, Chad, Niger porous borders in these regions. Republic, and Nigeria, to tackle the Boko Improving on the capacity building and Haram insurgency within the region. effectiveness of the MNJTF in combating Therefore, the objective of this research is Boko Haram and any other form of to study how effective the MNJTF is in insurgency within the sub region. restoring the needed peace and tranquillity within the affected region. A Keywords: Multilateral, Boko Haram, suitable approach to this study is by Insurgency and Terrorism INTRODUCTION The rise of terrorism in Lake Chad Basin Parliament 2015). The analysis of the region of Africa in general and Nigeria in recent trends of the sect‘s terrorist particular, began in 2009 when the attacks underscores its dynamic nature terrorist group Boko Haram started while revealing that the threat is quickly unleashing its violence. Boko Haram intensifying. Since the second half of which means ―Western education is 2014, Boko Haram has undergone major forbidden‖ is a Jihadist group based in transformations, aiming to expand its north eastern Nigeria, and active in Chad, territory and possibly establish a Niger and northern Cameroon. Boko caliphate within the region that will be Haram's terrible attacks have claimed governed strictly by Islamic laws. Along more than 13,000 civilian lives since its that line, the sect pledged formal first violent uprising (European

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. allegiance to the Islamic State in March attacked some areas in northern 2015 [1]. Cameroon, killed manysoldiers and The threat emanating from the group has civilians in the process. Similarly, in taken on a cross-border dimension. Boko Chad, the sect‘s attacks within the Lake Haram has clearly established itself as a Chad region in January 2016 andclaimed regional threat in the areas surrounding the lives ofmany people in the region [3]. West Africa. It has carried out attacks in Objectives of the Study Cameroon, Chad and Niger, killing and Having extensively listed the challenges abducting people, destroying villages posed by the in and military bases. The group's violent West African sub region therefore, the activities, with its attendant casualties as general objective of this research is to well as its regional spill-over, has posed examine the role of the Multinational an unprecedented threat to human Military forces in West Africa in security and stability of Nigeria and the controlling the activities of the Boko region as a whole. Its activities has also Haram insurgency in this region. resulted to a serious disruption in the a) The specific objectives are to agro pastoral activities around the Lake investigate the key reason behind Chad Basin, thereby adding to the food the emergence of Boko Haram insecurity challenges in the region [2]. insurgency and its activities in While the group has carried out most of West African sub region. its attacks in north-eastern Nigeria in b) To examine the role of the recent time, it has also increased its multinational forces in the war incursions into theneighbouringcountries against the Boko Haram of Cameroon, Chad and Niger Republic. insurgency in west African sub Furthermore, in November 2015, a group region. of suspected Boko Haram fighters RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Theoretical Framework a system as "elements in standing A theory is a set of logically related relationship." concepts used for examining the Systems theory, also called social occurrences of phenomenon. In both systems theory, in social science,is the natural and social sciences theories, are study of society as a complex indispensable tools used by researcher in arrangement of elements, including analysing the relationship existing individuals and their beliefs, as they between various variables that appear to relate to a whole (e.g., a country). The have no logical connection between study of society as a social system has a them. It provides the basis for long history in the social sciences. The researchers to critically examine or conceptualorigins of the approach are analyse phenomena as well as the data generally traced to the 19th century, collected. particularly in the work of English Theoretical framework also aids the sociologist and philosopher Herbert researcher in knowing the relevant Spencer and French social scientist Émile perspective to address his work from. It Durkheim. Spencer, also influenced by directs him on what to look for and the British naturalist Charles Darwin‘s theory standard against which to analyse the of evolution, argued for a unitary form of data collected for the work under study. the social system. In his approach, the Here, the researcher has chosen to adopt system of society was constantly the system theory which is the evolving into an even-more-complex configuration of different component state of perfection. However, alternative parts connected together by a web of forms of social systems theory argued relationships necessitated to achieve for a very different view of social social equilibrium. A system is also evolution. In those perspectives, society defined as a family of relationships is not evolving toward some perfect among members acting as a whole state; rather, it is reaching a state of working together to achieve harmonious increasing complexity. This was called equilibrium. Von Bertalanffy also defined structural differentiation. Structural differentiation refers to the adaptation of

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. society to its environment through Hypotheses changes in its internal complexity. To carry out extensive findings on the An important aspect of social public view on how well the multi- differentiation is the way in which national military cooperation has aided adaptation occurs, or how changes in the the fight against the current Boko Haram structure of the system relate to the insurgency within this sub region of West processes of the system. On one hand, Africa; the researcher has draft the society can be viewed as a total organism following hypothesis: that is sustained by the various H Ideology, poverty and youth 1. processes that support its function and unemployment are the key conditions survival. An alternative view argues that that give rise to Boko Haram insurgency stabilizations in social systems occur not in Nigeria. because of any rational plan of overall H The multinational military 2. survival but simply because they happen forcehasachieved the objectives or the to work. mandate of creating it. Systems theory is also involved in Methods of Data Collection analyzing how society adapts to its The methods of data collection for this environment through adjustments in its study is secondary data collection. It was structure, with important implications (secondary sources) extensively used for for the understanding of social order. the purpose of drawing an empirical Systems theory reveals the complexity of conclusion for proper analysis of the social evolution and, on this basis, study so as to come up with a detailed stresses the limited possibility of objective findings. steering society. On the other hand, Secondary Data because society is vastly complex, the The main source of the data for this social scientist can nonetheless have an study was obtained through the review of appreciation of the large range of relevant literature or materials from texts adaptive possibilities for social systems. books, articles, publications, journals, A system in this frame of reference can website pages, and other government contain regularly interacting or official documents. interrelating groups of activities. For Validity and Reliability of Instruments example, in noting the influence in The success of any research depends on organizational psychology as the field the validity and reliability of its data evolved from "an individually oriented gathering instruments. Validity means industrial psychology to a systems and the appropriateness of an instrument in developmentally oriented organizational measuring what it is intended to psychology", some theorists recognize measure. This is why [4] stated that, ―a that organizations have complex social measuring instrument or a scale systems; separating the parts from the possesses validity when it actually whole reduces the overall effectiveness measures what it claims to measure‖. of organizations. This difference, from Hour et al (2000), stated that validity conventional models that centre on means the degree to which a research individuals, structures, departments and instrument serves the purpose for which units, separates in part from the whole, it was made for. In order to effectively instead of recognizing the ensure the validity of the instrument interdependence between groups of used for this study, the instruments were individuals, structures and processes subjected to content validity that enable an organization to function. measurement whichinvolves face validity It further explains that, the new systems and predictive validity. The primary aim view of organized complexity went "one of adopting this method is to ensure that step beyond the Newtonian view of the instruments measured what they organized simplicity" which reduced the were designed to measure. parts from the whole, or understood the Furthermore, we ensured also the whole without relation to the parts. The validity of the instruments by certifying proponent of this theory are David that the contents of the instruments and Easton, Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, the result of the findings are in tandem and NiklasLuhmann

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. with existing stock of literatures in this They further maintained that, the wrong field of study. Islamic ideology indoctrinated in them The researcher also ensured the validity propelled them into picking arms against of the instruments by making sure that the government of the day that is the contents of the instruments are majorly controlled by the western consistent with both the objectives and infidels of which they claimed that it is a hypothesis of the study. Also, efforts sacrilege to Islamic fate. They cited that were made to ensure that all aspects what propelled the military to fight is the considered relevant to the study are desire to protect the territorial integrity adequately covered. of the state but what propelled the Reliability on the other hand, implies the terrorist, insurgency, or guerrilla warfare ability of an instrument to produce the is the ideology planted in them and same results credibly, dependably and ideology cannot be killed with rounds of consistently over some time when riffle or bullets. applied to the same sample [5]. The researcher discovered that majority Therefore, in order to ensure that the of those north easterners have no instruments are reliable and do pave way meaningful employment. Going further, for accurate testing of the study which [6] [7], maintained that more than 60% of will in turn enable a dependable and 160 million Nigerian are poor and objective deduction, inferences and unemployed. Thus, increasing level of conclusions, internal consistency method poverty and economic dependency as was effectively adopted. This was well as low standard of living in the achieved by cross-checking our society. information alongside other sources of The Emergence of Boko Haram data collection and by ensuring that the Insurgency In Nigeria facts and figures collected from other The history and emergence of Boko sources mentioned earlier are accurate Haram insurgents in North Eastern and would remain the same if the Nigeria, can be divided into two broad collection is repeated over time. phase; its initial goals of peaceful Methods of Data Analysis movement and the controversial phase. Since secondary data gathering Before now, the group mainly organized instruments was used in carrying out this lectures and charity outreach to the research, it then implied that descriptive needy which covered the period of 2002 and qualitative analysis would be used, to 2009. And its second phase of violent so as to ensure accurate analysis of the movement that started from 2009 to data collected. date. Ideology, Poverty And Youth Peaceful Phase: according to [8], Boko . Unemployment Are The Key Conditions Haram emerged in northern Nigeria That Give Rise To Boko Haram around 2002, as a peaceful local Salafist Insurgency In Nigeria. Islamic movement. The word ‗Boko Having extensively carried out this Haram‘ in Hausa language means research on whether ideology, poverty Western education is forbidden. The sect and youth unemployment contribute to came into existence in 2002 by the rising of Boko Haram insurgency in Mohammad Yusuf (1970-2009), a radical Nigerian, the response proved positive; Islamist cleric, in . over 90% of the response claimed that Yusuf who set up a religious complex, the level of poverty orchestrated by the called Markaz, following his expulsion high level of youth unemployment in the from two mosques in Maiduguri by north eastern part of Nigeria vis a vis the Muslim clerics for his radical Islamic Lake Chad basin contributed immensely point of views. to the rising of insurgency in Nigeria. According to [10], many poor Muslim They are of the view that bad families in Nigeria, and neighbouring governance, the wide economic margin countries before now, do sent their between the rich and poor made the area children to the school in pursuit of better a breeding ground for easy brain wash education; but never knew the centre had through indoctrinating process. ulterior political goals to create an Islamic state and impose Sharia Laws on

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. the people. It soon became a recruiting capital. This crisis later spill over to ground for future jihadist fighting the Kano, Yobe and Jigawa states; in state. The group was initially operating Maiduguri, over 100 bodies were under the name Shabaab Muslim Youth reported to have been found beside Organization. Under the leadership of police headquarters. MallamLawal. But when Lawal travelled to The fear of this blood bath, made continue his education in Madina Saudi farmers and other traders and foreign Arabia, Yusuf became the leader of the investor to desert their home and movement. In addition, it was Yusuf‘s businesses for safety which pushed the Leadership that exposed the group to country into their current economic their current popularity and political quagmire. The violence led to the killing influence. of the sect leader Muhammad Yusuf [11] is of the view that, the current while in police custody, and that brought controversial stage of Boko Haram the end of the five days uprising [13]. started in 2009. During the new Since 2009 uprising, the activities of the government legislation of wearing helmet insurgence appeared to be dissolute, but by motorcycle riders in all the they later regroup and emerged in 2010 federation. The government of Borno under the new leadership of ―Abubakar state now ordered the police to enforce Shekau‖. Since the emergence of the new the use of helmet as part of the operation leadership, their attacks have intensified flush out the members of the group. in terms of frequency and strategy. The While the sects were coming back on group carried out their first assaults motorcycles from the funeral of their during its large prison break out, of their member without wearing helmet they got members in September 2010 from stopped by the police; which resulted in prison that led to the escape of more a clash between the police and the than 700 inmates (VOA Hausa 2010). insurgent group that led to the death of Furthermore, on 16th June, 2011, the about four members of the sect and group attacked police headquarters; eighteen others brutally injured. Yusuf which is believed to have marked the became angry and wrote his famous first suicide bombing in Nigerian history tirade entitled ‗An open Letter to the (Reuters Reporters 2011). Another Federal Government‘ in which he suicide attack occurred in the United threatened the government by urging Nation‘s headquarters Abuja, in August them to respond within forty days with 2011; of which many people were killed the view to a resolution between the and more than sixty persons injured. The government and the group. If not, then then spokesman of the group, Abu Qaqa ‗jihad‘ operation will begin in the claimed that the group were responsible country that only Allah can stop. of that attack [14]. Consequently, after forty days, In January 2012, the sect coordinated ultimatum elapsed and government did another series of deadly bomb attacks in not respond to the situation which Kano the largest commercial city in according to some analysts, the group northern Nigeria. The attacks resulted in members started preparing strategies the death of more than 180 people and plans for war. After this incident, the including many security personnel and leaders of the sect continued preaching civilians and that was believed to be of Jihad and army confrontation. among the highest death in a single day The Violent Phase of Boko Haram since, the group began its violent According to [12], the Nigerian army on hostility in July 2009 (Human Rights 28 day of July 2009, launched an Watch 2012). The attacks by the group offensive attack on the sect leader, escalated more in 2013, as a result, of Muhammad Yusuf‘s compound and the Federal Government declaring state of nearby mosque used by the members in emergency in three most affected states Borno state capital of Maiduguri. That of the region in May 2013. Thus, adding violence between Boko Haram and to existing ones that have been declared Nigerian security forces, claimed the in some parts of Borno and Yobe in late lives of over 1000 people with about 700 2011 [15]. persons killed in Maiduguri Borno State

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. The sect, in April 2014 adopted a new worshippers, killed more than 100 tactics of kidnapping female students people and more than 200 persons and women in the north-eastern part of injured [20]. In a related incidence, Boko the country. On April 14th 2014, sect Haram carried out one of their deadliest kidnapped 276, students from massacre in the town of Baga in Borno Government Girls Secondary School state; of which more than 2000 people Chibok. And as a result of this, the were killed. The Amnesty International United Nation Security Council described the attack as the worst in the committee blacklisted the group on 22nd history of the group. May 2014 into the world terrorist groups The Nigerian Military later recaptured [16]. Between 2013 and 2014, more than , the historic town of Borno state 5000 people have been killed in Boko on 27th March 2015. Gwoza had been Haram violence. United Nation and previously captured by Boko Haram in Nigerian officials also reported that more August 2014 and was declared an Islamic than six million Nigerians have already headquarters by the group whose leader been affected, while more than 300,000 declared their Islamic displaced from their residence. And at Caliphate. Strategically, Even the Sambisa least not less than 2000 persons were forest where the insurgents‘ main camps killed in the first half of 2014 [17]. are is located and where the kidnapped Furthermore, the threats posed by Boko Chibok girls were then taken to, is Haram is recently began to undermine located in Gwoza local government area the existence of Nigeria as one cooperate [21]. territory. On August 24th 2014, Shekau, Today, the world has witnessed an the sect leader declared some areas unprecedented rise in the activities of under the sect‘s control, as the New Islamic extremist groups across the Caliphate that would be governed continent. Boko Haram, like other according to strict Islamic codes (Sahara extremist groups, has engaged in Reporters 2014). Allegations was raised guerrilla warfare against the Nigerian that the kidnapped school girls by Boko government and people. The sect, who Haram in early 2014, were been used as started as a domestic religious group, suicide bombers. This comes up after has rapidly grown into an organized series of female suicide bombings in the insurgent group, threatening the ancient city of Kano during and after Eid- establishment of the Nigerian state and el-Fitr (Sallah Festival); of which the issue its neighbours in the Lake Chad Basin. of the ten-year-old girl, wearing an The activities of the group have claimed explosive device caught in Katsina State many lives of innocent civilians, seems to justify the claims [18]. damaged properties, and created tension [19] Further, recorded the group‘s within Nigeria. The devastated effect of another deadly attack on Kano Central the Boko Haram insurgency on the Mosque in November 2014. When population has generated mixed feelings, members of the group set off three concerns, and has triggered international suicide bombers and fired on condemnation.

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The Table Below Is The Litany Of Boko Haram Attacks In Nigeria 2009-2015. Dates Incidence Casualties On July 26-29, 2009 2009 Marked the beginning of Almost 1,000 people were killed boko haram insurgence in in a clash between Nigeria Nigeria military forces and boko haram On 30th July 2009 The execution of Mohammed And the emergence of Abubaka yusuf, accredited funding shakau now took over the leather boko haram sect Nigeria leadership of the sect. by the Nigerian soldiers. On 7th September, 2010 Marked the Bauchi prison break Of which 5 people were killed and 721 inn mates escaped from the prison. On 11 October, 2010. Maiduguri police station were While three persons were bombed injured. On 31th December, 2010. An attack in mammy market That killed 11 persons. Mogadishu army barracks, Abuja On 29th, may 2011. Marked the explosions in Abuja During the swearing in of and Bauchi president Goodluck Jonatan as the new president that killed 15 persons

On 16th June 2011. Marked the failed bombing of In this 2 casualties were the Abuja police headquarters registered, the suicide bomber which was the registered first and traffic police man suicide bombing in Nigeria. On 4th august, 2011. The Damaturu Attack 100 to 150 persons were killed. On 22-23rd December 2011. The Damaturu clash between 68 persons were killed of which boko haram and the Nigerian 50 among them were militants army On 25th December 2011 Registered the St. Theresa‘s That claimed 46 persons. catholic church madalla bombing. On 21th January 2012 Marked the Kano multiple blast. Of which 185 persons fear death. On 29th April 2012 Marked the attack on Bayero Of which 13 Christian, 1 non- University, Kano teaching staff and two professors were killed. On the 17th June 2012. Marked the Kaduna church That claimed 19 persons. bombing On the 7th day of august, Marked the Deeper life church That claimed 19 souls 2012. shootings On the 25th day of December Marked the Maiduguri and the That claimed 27 Christian lives. 2012. church shootings in Patiskum. On the 1st January 2013, The Nigerian military raid. That claimed 13 lives of boko haram sect. On the 18th day of march Marked the Kano Bus bombing. That claimed almost 65 lives. 2013. On the 16th day of April 2013. Recorded the Borno State‘s Baga That claimed 187 lives. Massacre. On the 6th day of July 2013. Marked the Shooting That claimed over 42 lives. On the 12th day of august Recorded the attack on That claimed 56 lives. 2013. Maiduguri Mosque On the 12th day of September The boko haram ambush that That claimed the lives of the 2013. Nigerian 40 gallant soldiers. From 12-18, day of September The Nigerian soldiers lunched That led to the death of 150 2013. an offensive attack against the boko haram members and 16 boko haram sect. soldiers died on the attack. On the 19th day of September Recorded the Benisheik‘s attack Of which 16 persons were killed. 2013. by the boko haram. On the 29th day September Registered the Guiba College That claimed the lives of over 50 2013. Massacre of (yobe state) students. By October 2013. The air force raid on the boko Which claimed the lives of 101

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. harams boko haram sect. On the 29th day of October Marked the Damaturu raid. That claimed the lives of about 2013. 128 persons. Of which 95 of them were militants while 23 of them are solders and 8 police men as well as 2 innocent civilians. On 26th January 2014. Registered an attack on the Of which 138 sect members were north eastern. killed. On the 14th day of February Marked the in Borno Of which 121 Christians were 2014. state massacre. killed. Records also have it that on Registered the Izuhe attack by That killed 106 persons. the 15th day of February 2014. the boko haram sect. And on the 25th day of that Marked the attack on federal Of which 59 student were same February 2014. government collage by the boko butchered in that attack. haram. On 14th day of march 2014. Recorded the Giwa army Facilities were recaptured barracks attack in Maiduguri detainees were executed the where boko haram detainees military. were freed from detention. 0n the 14th day of April 2014. Registered the Abuja twin blast That took over 88 lives. On the 15th day of April 2014. The boko haram sect struck The 276 chibok school girls was chibok school in Borno state. kidnapped by the boko haram sect. On the 1st day of May 2014. The Abuja car bomb blast. That claimed the life of 19 innocent persons. On the 5th day of May 2014. Marked the GamboruNgala of That claimed at least 300 Borno State attack. innocent lives. Another remarkable event That marked the jos bomb blast. That claimed the lives of at least took place on the 20th day of 118 innocent villagers. May 2014. 0n the 27th day of May 2014. Marked the BuniYadi in Yobe That claimed the lives of 49 State attack. securities personnel and 9 innocent civilians. On 1st June 2014. Marked the Adamawa State Mubi 0f which 40 persons were killed. bombing. On the second June 2014. Mark the Gwoza Massacre. That claimed the lives of 200 Christian innocent soul in Borno state. On 20th day of June 2014. Marked the Borno State attack. That claimed the lives of 70 innocent civilians of which 91 women and children were kidnapped by the boko harams. Another remarkable events of Marked the central middle belt That claimed about 171 lives. Of 23-25th June 2014. attack. innocent persons. On the 26th day of July 2014. Marked the military raid on the Of which over 100 boko haram boko haram sect. members were killed. On 24th November 2014. Marked kano bombing and the That led to the killing of over gun battle. 120 Muslims as well as the MohammedSanusi II On the 13th day of December Marked the Gumsuri kidnapping This clamed about 35 lives and 2014, in Borno State. 185 persons were kidnapped. On the 28-29th December Marked the occurance of a failed That led to the death of about 85 2014, boko haram offensive attack. innocent civilians, 94 boko haram fighters and two Cameroonian soldiers. On the 3-7th January 2015, Marked the Baga massacre That claimed at least 2000 lives. which led to the raze of the Most remarkable is the 7,300 boko haram in Borno state. refugee flee the state, 1000 of them were trapped in kangala near lake chad. On the 12th day sof January Marked the failed Kangala raid Clamed one Cameroonian soldier 2015, in Cameroon. and about 143 to 300 boko

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. haram fighters. On the 18th January 2015, Recorded the attack on the That claimed 3 lives and about villages in the northern 80 persons kidnapped. Cameroon by the boko haram. On the 25th January 2015, The boko haram offensive Claimed the lives of 8 civilians attack against Nigerian forces in and about 53 sect members with Maiduguri. unknown numbers of soldiers. On the 29th January 2015, The Nigerian forces in collaboration with the Chadian soldiers recaptured the nearby strategic town border of Michika. On the 31th January 2015, The African Unions Pledged to The Chadian forces have killed send 7,500 international over 120 boko haram fighter and soldiers to Nigerian and fighting lost 3 soldiers. in the northern Cameroon On the 6th February 2015, Marked the Niger raid by the This attack clamed 5 Nigerian boko haram in Bosso and Diffa soldiers and the government town recorded the first time the claimed to have killed 109 boko boko haram sect attacked the haram members. country. On the 12th February 2015, Marked the invade of the An undisclosed scores of the sambisa forest by the allied boko harams group were killed. forces of Nigeria, Niger chad and Cameroon On the 13th February 2015. Ngouboua in chad was attacked Number of casualties unknown. On the 21th February, 2015. The Nigerian soldiers Number of casualties unknown. recaptured Baga town that fall to the sect on 3rd January. On the 24th day of February, The Chadian boko haram sect That claimed, lives of over 200 2015, clashed with soldiers in boko haram fighters one Garambu. chardian soldier wounded. On the 9 & 18th march 2015, Marked the recapturing of Number of casualties unknown. MalamFatouri and Damasak in north eastern Nigeria by the Chadian and Nigerian forces The boko haram sect was dislodged On the 16 June 2015, Marked the twin suicide bomb That claimed the lives of over 24 blast in chard capital targeting persons and more than 100 their headquarters and police persons wounded. academy. On 22nd June 2015, Marked the Maiduguri Mosque That claimed over 30 lives, their bombing by two female suicide target is the crowded mosque on bombers the Ramadan‘s day. On the 1-2nd July, Marked the multiple mosque That claimed 48 lives on the 1st, massacre, and 17 wounded in the attack. While 97 people mostly men were killed, on the 2nd; a number of women and young girls were killed in their homes. On the 6th July 2015, Marked the Jos bomb attack. Of which 44 persons were killed. Source: Extracted and Re-arranged from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Boko_Haram_insurgeny. Retrieved on 16th July, 2015.

It was based on this out listed pogroms as well as the current economic predicament that the multinational joint H The Multinational Military Force Has 2. military taskforce was formed with the Achieved The Objectives Or The sole mandate to combat and eradicate Mandate Of Creating It. this common regional menace.

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. Having gone through the statistical Peace and Security Council, with African survey on the topic above, it is now Union representing the Lake Chad Basin pertinent to conclude our findings to plan on how to mitigate this act of through the following results gathered terrorism taking place in this insurgency from the data inferences; analysed and host nations and restore back the logically conclude as follows that: territories taken by the sect and restore In other to efficiently facilitate thiswar it back to the authorities of local nations. against Boko Haram insurgency by the In doing this! The need for Morden MNJTF within the Lake Chad Basin essential weaponry is required to execute Regions, there is a need to multilaterally this mission. contribute and equip the troops with the Below are the contributions of Troops, necessaryMorden military gadget and Military Equipment and Financial Support midgets suitable for combatting made by Member Countries to the insurgency. In doing this! The nations Multinational Joint Task Force in their involved in this MNJTF came together war against Boko Haram Insurgency. under the umbrella of the United Nations

Number of Troops, Financial/Military Equipment Contributed By Member Countries To The Mnjtf In Their War Against Insurgency Within The Lake Chad Basin: S/N Countries Troops Finances Equipment

1 Benin Republic 750 $1million Utility vans, light Hilux vans, patrol vans, motorbikes etc. 2 Cameroon 2650 $4million 1tactical vehicles, 4 motorbikes, patrol vans light Hilux vans, armoured tanks 3 Chad 3000 $4million 4 motor bikes, 2 tactical vehicles, armoured tanks, patrol vansutility vehicles, etc. 4 Niger 1000 $1.5million 5 motorbikes, patrol vans, utility vans scout tanks etc. 5 Nigeria 3700 $100million tactical vehicles, motorbikes, Hilux vans, unmanned ground antitank land mines and IED removal, main Battle Tanks patrol vans, scout armoured tank surveillance plane, fighter jets etc. 6 EU None $41million Communication equipment 7 France/Switzerla 500 $150million Surveillance equipment nd French Trainers 8 United Kingdom 120 $6.5million Intelligence gathering trainers 9 United States 200 $5million Cessna C-208 military trainers surveillance plans and 30 military vehicles, 5 armoured landmines dictator, jets. 10 Others None $20million 129 units of the latest generation night vision equipment (turkey), radio signal equipment (AU support team) HF voice programming, data transmissions Mobil radio installations, and surveillance equipment, IED and land mines dictation equipment. Source: compiled by the researcher, data generated from online reports of mnjtf portal and http//venturesafrica.com/mnjtf-and-the-never-ending boko-haram-attacks/

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. Below Are Also the Budgetary Allocations for Security in Nigeria from 2009-2016: YEAR AMOUNT(N) 1. 2009 N732,542,311,744.00 2. 2010 N836,016,733,836.00 3. 2011 N1,080,894,801,178.00 4. 2012 N1,154,857,159,110.00 5. 2013 N1,178,832,576,309.00 6. 2014 N1,174,897,477,334.00 7. 2015 N2,145,668,332,141.00 8. 2016 N3,224,446,431,228.00 9. 2017 N3,324,246,331,128.00 10. Total N15,528,558,228,860.00 Source: Compiled By the Researcher from the Budget Estimates of the Federal Ministry of Finance 2017. Military Operations In Lake Chad Basin counter-terrorism, special Operation Restore Order I, Ii, And Iii reconnaissance, information operation, The first Joint Task Force operation management and training personnel on aimed at the Boko Haram was code associated equipment in close quarter named Operation Restore Order I. It was combat, urban warfare, intelligence formed on 12, June 2011. Later in the operation, amphibious operation, year, Operation Restore Order II and III demolition, explosive breaching, tactical were launched to provide security communication and civil-military against Boko Haram in Bauchi and Yobe relations were increased. states respectively. The mandate of the Moreover, the act of restoring law and task force was to restore order in the order in trouble spots itself was part of North-Eastern part of Nigeria and Borno the training given to the troops. The State in particular. The task force was spokesperson of the JTF, Operation composed of a force of 3,872 personnel restore order explained the further drawn from the Nigerian Armed Forces, challenges encountered by the operation Nigerian Police Force, Department of when he said that: Fighting in built-up State Security, Nigerian Customs Service, areas is tasking, cumbersome and Nigeria Immigration Service and Defence hazardous. There is limited view of space Intelligence Agency. In the composition and fire, visibility and manoeuvrability is and mandate of the task force lie the limited and ambush attrition losses are endemic problems of command and high. We were on patrol in Maiduguri control, logistics, welfare and the which aimed at fishing out suspected inherent danger of fighting in built-up members of Boko Haram and to recover areas, or what is often referred to in the arms, ammunition and explosives. It was military as urban warfare or operations then I had a clear perception of how [22]. difficult and dangerous it is for troops to It is more likely that the Nigerian Army‘s fight in built-up areas [23]. first major encounter with urban warfare The case of Borno was particularly at home was in the Niger Delta, South difficult and compounded by so many East kidnapping saga, Maiduguri and factors, including religious and cultural. some states in the North-Eastern Nigeria. Some of the terrorists hid in mosques, This is because, initially, it was obvious planted Improvised Explosive Devices that the military and security agencies (IEDs) by the sides of the mosques or were not adequately improvised to tackle inside churches, hid on rooftops, planted contemporary security challenges, IEDs on routes they knew were used by particularly as it affect terrorism. the military, and will shot through However, the military gradually began to loopholes and that is very difficult for improve on their previous strategy and the troops to combat them. tactics, partly because training in the They clearly seemed to be conscious of Nigerian Army in particular is not the military vehicle columns and fashioned to combating current and exhibited dexterity at flame throwing. emerging terrorist challenges. Their They also had Rocket Propelled Grenades efforts were now aimed at training and (RPGs), General Purpose Machine Guns re- training Nigerian Army on anti or and Alexander Kalashnikov (AK 47) rifles

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. in their inventory. Boko Haram Defence Staff, Admiral Ola Sa‘ad Ibrahim, insurgents also made use of buildings as was directed to restore law and order in they provided them with good sniping the affected states. In line with the posts, while alleys, refuse dumps and directives; the troops made up of men of sand filled streets were ideal for booby- the Armed Forces, the Police and other traps. The nature of Maiduguri houses security agencies were deployed under built close to each other with strong operation BOYONA to secure the nation‘s gates, tall walls serves as a barrier for the borders and assert the territorial terrorists and a fort onto itself. integrity. There are also religious and cultural Appraisal of Multinational Joint Task taboos where most of the houses were Force (MNJTF) locked with Ba Shiga (No Entry) However it is easier to form this kind of inscription and terrorist could easily security community than to make it mask himself with Abaya, a long flowing work. The fact remains that, the MNJTF gown that covers the entire body to would have performed better if some of escape from the military. As the military the factors working against the group tactically moved round the city, they were not there. These problems can be could not see the men hiding inside the broken into two categories: the internal houses, behind the walls or rooftops. All and external. The internal problems are efforts to insert the hard skin fighting the factors making it difficult for the vehicles could not hit the terrorists; member states of the MNJTF to work moreover, collateral damage could not be together peacefully. The external factors eliminated when used, and so the idea are the problems coming from outside was jettisoned. But not after some the immediate environment of the collateral damage had been incurred [24]. security operation, of which the MNJTF This challenge was later overcome when cannot underrate. The first internal the JTF began to approach the targeted factor is that of trust between Nigeria areas from all flanks. The JTF then and Cameroon as well as between Nigeria understood that they needed to ―mouse and Chad. hole‖ through each or most of the houses The MNJTF is mandated to deal with suspected of harbouring Boko Haram cross-border security issues within Lake terrorists and rooted them out in close Chad region and conduct ‗operations combat; this yielded a good results. aimed at preventing the expansion of Many obvious (because they were caught Boko Haram, as well as other terrorist with weapons) and suspected terrorists groups and eliminating their presence‘ were arrested and thousands of assorted (The Guardian Newspaper, 2015). It also ammunition and some arms and aims at facilitating ‗the conduct of joint quantities of IEDs were recovered. patrols and other types of operations at According to a military personnel in the the borders of the affected countries‘, to North-East, ―saving grace lies on the tackle the insurgency on its national organizational, quality and discipline of territory while regional and international the troops. Despite obvious danger, the partners, within or outside MNJTF troops remain solidly, organised and framework, secure border areas to nationalistic‖ in Operation Restore Order prevent Boko Haram from further spilling I, II and III of which a laudable success over into neighbouring countries (The were achieved. Guardian Newspaper, 2015; Interviews, Following the formation of Operation 2016). To a respondent‘s view, this BOYONA; and the continued escalation of development is the most audacious violence and wanton destruction of lives African response to the ten years old and property in the North Eastern part of insurgency in Nigeria that has claimed the country by the Boko Haram thousands of lives, disrupt socio- insurgents, the then President and economic activities within the north east Commander-in-Chief of the Nigerian part of Nigeria and traumatised the Armed Forces, Dr, whole region. The collective securities declared state of emergency in Borno, through MNJTF in the region have really Yobe and Adamawa states on May 14, curtailed the upsurge of insurgency and 2013. Consequently, the then Chief of

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. has promoted friendly relationship and seeking forgiveness and to be between the affected nations. reintegrated into the society [25]. The MNJTF, really assisted in counter- insurgency within the region, for Yes! The Multinational Joint Task Force instance, the military rescued one of the has made a laudable success in their war missing 279 girls of Government Girls against Insurgency in Lake Chad basin Secondary School, ChibokBorno State. regions, but this success is not without a This marked a success in the search for price; in every war of necessity there are the missing students abducted by Boko always irredeemable casualties and Haram sect. sacrifices to be made for the success and The Troops also struck Sambisa forest, unity of every great nation. And the case killed 15 Boko Haram insurgents and of these insurgency affected nations is rescued 41 captives. Then it was not exceptional the both parties (MNJTF reported that thetroops has in the last and Boko Haram) have loss quit a number three months, destroyed many Boko troops. But does this war worth it? Haram‘s camps, arrested and killed many George Kennedy said and I quote ―A time of the insurgents; of which Hundreds of to time a tree of liberty is watered with them surrendered denouncing the sect the blood of patriots and tyrants.‖

Below are the Table Showing the Number of Troops Sent by Member Countries of MNJTF and Number of Casualties from 2009 - 2016.

Year No of soldiers deployed Total Casualties Male Female Total Wounded Died Number of Boko Haram Death 2009 102252 183 102435 29 43 “

2010 120523 212 120725 25 32 “

2011 140802 212 141014 40 22 50

2012 131225 156 131381 13 102 “

2013 164147 174 164321 31 50 359

2014 184115 273 184388 56 45 337

2015 252426 411 252837 44 62 482

2016 192115 126 192241 28 21 400

2017 11150 130 11280 50 5 500

Therefore, from 2009-2018 the total number of military troops or personnel sent to fight the war against Boko Haram insurgency are  Number of Male = 1314885 personnel.  Number of Female = 2077 personnel.  Total troops = 1316962 personnel.  Number of persons wounded = 316 persons.  Number of military troops =567 persons. Source: compiled by the researcher from the Defence Intelligence Agency Bulletin Digest 2016.

Analytically, with a critical look at the the terrorism ravaging this region as table above shows that the number of realised by the defence bulletin; shows military personnel involve in fighting that the figures in 2013 and 2015 has

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. the highest number of military troops deployed to this region by this period under review because of the intensive nature of the crisis. But the case of the 2015, is obvious that it is as a result of the electoral activities in Nigeria. In 2012, the result shows that many troops were lost in2018 that of 2012, may be as a result of poor military advancement (build up) to the kind of tactics the insurgency provides at that point in time; but that of 2018 was as a result that the Boko Haram has been dislodged from their known Sambisa forest to unknown destination. Now it is easier for them to locate the military camp than the military locating them, this made the MNJTF more prone to receive attacks than the insurgents [26]. Has The Multilateral Military CooperationLived up to their Expected Objective, which is to Regain Control of the Areas under Boko Haram Threat and Support Local Agencies in Maintaining State Authority and Provide Protection to the Civilian Populace? This question could be responded to in this way. (A) Are there challenges yes, are there achievement yes a laudable achievement.The multinational military cooperation has been able to clear all the Boko Haram strong holds such as the Sambisa forest and have been able to return about 100,000 hostages that was previously under the captives of Boko Haram and reintegrate them back to the communities. There was a time it was the military that goes to (Boko Haram) strong holds, I mean well defined insurgence locations to attack them; but now the revised is the case because they have been totally dislodged from their strategic location to unknown destinations. There was a time it was just only five or six (5 or 6) local government which were free from the Boko Haram insurgency control, but today the revise is the case. The blocked roads have been cleared for use, most of those roads that were initially put out of use because of insurgency explosions have been put into use once again [27].

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. Below are the Table Showing MNJTF Operations and Success in their war against the Boko Haram Insurgency within the Lake Chad Basin Region: S/N Operation Objectives Success Date deployed 1 Operation Lafiya The MNJTF is aimed at Since the beginning of this July 2015 Dole eliminating Boko operations in 2015, virtually all Haram (the name is the the territories hitherto under the umbrella that covers all Boko Haram have been recovered operations going on in and over 100,000 Boko Haram the northern part of hostages have been freed. The Nigeria) operation has successfully halt Boko Haram expansion, and sect surrenders in thousands repents to join the rehabilitation centres to be reintegrated into the society. It has also facilitated the return of civilians from internally displaced camp to their various villages 2 Operation Safe Initiative of the federal This cooperation has been hailed April 2016 Corridor government of Nigeria by both humanitarian agencies and adopted by all and the international parties fighting violent community. Through this extremism in the north program, over 3400, sect have east Nigeria including; repented, with more than 15,000 security and law others surrendering to gallant enforcement agencies troops of the MNJTF in 2016 multinational and when it was launched by the governmental defence headquarters. organisations. 3 Operation Rescue Operation deep inside The operation successfully November Final the sambisa forest rescued about 110 from 276 2016 aimed to rescureChibok school girls kidnapped by the girls and other Boko Haram sect on 14th April hostages abducted by 2014. Aside that, this operation the Boko Haram and rid has freed more hostages than the forest of the other operations put together. It remnants of is believed that more than insurgent‘s 150,000 hostages trapped in the inhabitations. interior villages and Lake Chad island have been freed through this operations. More so, the operation has helped to return thousands of internally displaced persons to their respective villages. 4 Operation Aimed at clearing the Cleaning the insurgents from April 2016. crackdown remnants of Boko camp zairo in Sambisa forest, Haram from their and villages like; Mandaka, different hideouts Lemu, Gatha, Uultauri, Kuru, Bulabili, Ambiya Toro. Others includes Gol, Zindiya, Burbur, Mangusum, Talala, Ajigin, Doksa, Damasak, Gashigar-Giri 1-Giri 2 JabulamAbadam and mallamfattori Axis. 5 Operation Gama Aimed at ensuring that Succeeded in flushing the June 2016. Aiki the terrorists were reminants of Boko Haram from prevented from the general area of establishing another respojulynsibility, Blocking sanctuary and hideout fleeing member of the sect from in Lake Chad Region. Borno state border with Niger, Cameroon, and Lake chad

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. Islands. The operation has neutralised over 10,000 insurgents and recovered a large quantities of arms and ammunitions suicide vest, Hilox vans among others. 6 Operation Deep Aimed at dislodging This operation is one of the very July, 2017 Punch Boko Haram Terrorists first assault against Boko Haram from their hideout. within Sambisa forest. The operation has successfully liberated the following communities from the grips of insurgency; Bara, Njibulwa village, MunaDalti, Talala/Ajigin, Ngoshe Boko hide- Pulka road, BulaJimbam, Waiyaram village, ChikinGudu, Monguno villages, and rescued over 30,000 hostages. 7 Operation deep Raiding the Sambisa This operation, a continuation of January, punch forest of Boko Haram deep punch I has rounded off 2018 hideouts and virtually all the Boko Haram assaulting on their enclaves and hideout deep inside spiritual home in Zerio the Sambisa forest especially it‘s camp. so called spiritual home in Alargarno. Source: compiled by the researcher with data generated from online newspaper reports:https:/theeagleoline.com.ng/mnjtf-operation-lafiya-dole-committed-to- stability- in-lake-chad-region/

To further buttress my points below are the litany of the free hostages from Boko Haram by the Multinational Joint Task Force.

List Of The Freed Hostages By The Multinational Military Joint Task Force 2015-2018 S/N LIBERATION FORCE 2015 2016 2017 1 Army Headquarters, special 450 733 500 forces Battalion 2 254 Task Force Battalion 300 190 640 3 143 Task Force Battalion 270 584 365 4 231 Battalion and Armed 868 159 557 Forces Strike Force (AFSF) 5 155 Task Force Battalion 120 430 320 6 Nigeria Cameroon Border 800 5000 11,650 Task Force 7 Total Received Sector 1 1000 2400 5000 8 112 Task Force Battalion 980 1200 2400 9 Total Received Sector 4 2300 4600 22,000 10 Total Received Sector 2 3000 2200 4500 11 7 Task Force Battalion 4500 1000 2500 12 Total Received Sector 3 22,000 50,000 1,11000 Sources: compiled by the researcher from the Data generated from the online newspaper report: https/www.the cable.ng/army-rescued-people-boko-haram-captives.

Reports also haves it that about 1,300 Defence Chiefs of Lake Chad Basin Boko Haram sect also surrendered Authority. But before this, the fire forces voluntarily to the MNJTF of 254 task of the ground and airtroops Multinational force Battalion under operation Lafiya Joint Task Force during Operation Gama Dole on January 2017, it was disclosed Aiki, that forece a massive defections when the Executive Secretary Lake Chad resulting to the surrender of about 1000 Basin Commission (LCBC), Engr. Sanusi Boko Haram sect. Reports also have it Abdullahi, in the meeting organised for that another 532 Boko Haram fighters

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. also surrendered to the Nigeria Military ammunitions to the Nigeria troops on Troops in Borno State, among the February 25th 2017 [28]. surrendered sect is Lawal Ibrahim who (http:www.channelstv.com/2017/02/25/ also surrendered his AK-47 rifle and 2 over-1300-boko-haram-members magazines containing 7.2mm live surrender-to-mnjtf/)

The Table below present the list of Surrendered Boko Haram sects from 2016-2018; 1 231 Battalion and Armed 240 310 300 Force Strike Force (AFSF). 2 155 Task Force Battalion 77 160 55 3 Nigeria-Cameroon Border 22 17 22 Task Force 4 254 Task Force Battalion 110 20 350 5 112 Task Force Battalion 40 540 140 6 Types of Weapon 12 AK-47 rifle 11 semi- 3, rocket Surrendered with six automatic hand launcher, 19 AK- magazines gun, 3 double 47 rifle, 12 Dane containing 159 barrel, 30 AK-47 gun, 5 double rounds of rifle, 14 barrel and 3 7.62mm (special Magazines shotgun ammunition, 9 containing 300 Dane) guns rounds of 7.65mm, ammunition, 7 local made pistol, and 8 Dane guns Source: compiled by the researcher with data generated from the cable onlinehttp://www.thecable.ng/

Furthermore, below are also the previously blocked roads now by reopened by MNJTF: S/N MAJOR HIGHWAYS KILOMITERS STATES 1 Maiduguri-Daboa-Biu road 187 Borno State 2 Maiduguri-Monguno-Baga road 157 Borno State 3 Maiduguri-Dikwa road 86 Borno State 4 The Maiduguri-Bama-Gwoza road 103 Borno State 5 Maiduguri-Mafa-Dikwa- 120 Borno State GamboruNgala road 6 The Trans-Saharan trade 972 Katsina, Kano, Kari, Highway Maiduguri andDikwa (Yobe and Borno). 7 and Bama roads, 85.06 Borno State 8 Gamboru-Ngala en-route 9.3 Borno State 9 Damaturu- BuniYadi-Biu road 76 Yobe State Source: compiled by the researcher from the Data gathered from http://dailypost.ng/2018/02/22/boko -haram-army-set-reopen-major-roads-borno/

Some of the populace that are from the years ago. Irrespective of the fact that we area whom initially because of the may not rule out some pocket of frequent attacks of the terrorists have insurgency attacks here and there not been coming home now comes! Drive completely, but that is the characteristics around with their cars and go back [29]. of insurgency, guerrilla warfare or Businesses return to their normal terrorism all time, anywhere, all day. activities which was not so five to six

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Regional organizations and groups with security functions and their website: Organisations year founded number of website url member nations African Union (AU) 2001 53 www.africa –union.org Southern Africa (Comesa) 1998 23 www.cen –sad.org states (cen Community Of - sad) Saharan East African Community 1999 3 www.eac.int (EAC) Economic And Monetary 1998 6 www.cemac.cf Economic Community Of 1975 15 www.ecwas.itlafrican states West African states (ecowas) Intergovernmental 1996 7 www.igad.org (IGAD) Authority Mano River Union 1973 3 Southern African 1992 14 Www. sadc.int Development America Andean 1969 5 www.comunidadandina.org Community Of Nations (Andean Pact) Caribbean Community 1973 15 Www.caricom. Org (CARICOM) Central American 1991 7 www.sgsica.org system (sica) Integration Latin American Integration 1980 12 www.aladi.org Association (Laia) 1991 4 www.mercosur. int (market) Mercosur (Southern Common) North American Free Trade 1994 3 www.nafta-sec-alena.org (agreement) (nafta) Organization Of American 1948 35 www.oas.org States Rio Groud 1987 19 ― Asia Australia, New 1951 3 ― Zealand United States (Anzus) Security Treaty Asia- 1989 21 www.apec.org Pacific Economic Cooperation (Apec) Association Of South East 1967 10 www.aseansec.org Asian (Asean) Nations Regional Forum 1994 25 www.aseansregionalforum.org (Arf) Asean Plus Three (Apt) 1997 13 www.aseasec.org/16580.htm Confrence On Interaction 1992 17 www.kazakhstanembassy.org And Confidence- Economic Cooperation 1985 10 wwwecosecrtariat.org Organisation ECO Pacific Community 1947 26 www.spc.org .nc Pacific Islands Forum 1971 16 www.forumsec. org.fj Shanghai Cooperation 2001 6 www.setsco.org (SCO) South Asian Association 1985 8 www.saarc-sec.org For Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Europe And Euro-Atlantic 1996 8 www.arctic-council.org Arctic Council 1993 3

Barents Euro- Arctic 1993 7 www.beac.st

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. Council (Beac) Organsation Of The Blac 1992 12 Www. baec-organisation.org Sea Economic Cooperation (Baec) Central European initiative 1989 17 www.ceinet.org ()CEI Collective security treaty 2003 6 organisation (CSTO) Commonwealth of 1991 11 www.cis.minsk.by independent states (CIS) Council of the baltiic sea 1992 11 www.cbss.st states (CBSS) Council of Europe 1949 46 www.coe.int European union (EU) 1951 25 Europa.eu.int North Atlantic Treaty 1949 26 www.nato.int organisation (NATO) Organisation of Euro- 1997 46 www.nato.int/issues/eapc Atlantic partnership council (EAPC) Nordic council 1952 5 www.norden.org Organisation for security 1973 55 www.osce.org and cooperation in Europe Stability Pact for South 1999 40 www.stabilitypact.org Eastern Europe Southeast 1996 12 www.secinet.info European Cooperative initiative (SECI) Visegrad Group (V4) 1991 4 www.viserradgroup.org Western European Union 1954 10 www.weu.int (WEU) Middle East Arab League 1945 22 www.arableagueonline.org Arab Maghreb Union 1989 5 www.maghrebarabe.org Council of Arab Economic 1964 10 www.caeu.org.eg Unity Gulf Cooperation Council 1981 6 www.gcc.sg.org (GCC) Organisation of the Islamic 1971 57 www.oci.org conference (OIC) SIPRI Yearbook 2006: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security.

Global Economic Integration and The It is argued, increasingly that the costs of Wider Security Agenda using force is more expensive than to Many of the newly or revived regional creates or shared interests [30]. institutions that have emerged since the This logic was one of the driving forces early 1990s primarily have an economic behind the early post-World War II outlook. this Regional economic process of European integration, and cooperation and integration can, similar dynamics are arguably at work in however, be regarded as having APEC, ASEAN and MERCOSUR; much of important security dimensions or the economic regionalism in the past two implications such as the issue of decades can also be seen as a self- ECOWAS free border use of its member protecting response with security citizen which has become a porous root implications to economic globalization; for Boko Haram and other pockets of by working together in regional groups arms trafficking. Economic cooperation [31], states can help to protect markets and integration may be driven by the and industries in their region, increase desire to reduce the likelihood of their competitiveness in the global political or military conflict between the economy and strengthen their hand in states involved; to enhance economic global economic forums (such as the interdependence between member states. World Trade Organization). Regionalism

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. is thus intimately linked with the wider employment, social security safety nets debate on globalization and neoliberal and so on [33]. It can also be argued that economics. Analysts has drawn a the more complex international distinction between open and closed interdependence and longer supply economic regionalism, with the first chains fostered by globalization increase being essentially compatible with the states‘ vulnerability to security setbacks liberalization of trade and finance as well not just on their own territories, but also as latter representing an alternative on those of suppliers and transit states. model that limits the free flow of trade This is a problem most often and finance [32]. ‗securitized‘ in the context of energy This discussion can also be translated supplies, but relevant in several other into ‗economic security‘, which in one dimensions as well. It is clear that, view benefits from market-driven regional institutions are significant economic growth. But on the opposite actors of the larger question of global view suffers from the damage done by economic security. competition to state comfort, RECOMMENDATIONS If Nigeria will strictly adhere to the to that basin, the whole world will following step as recommended by this be endangered because the area work, the case of Boko Haram has link to Europe from the Sahara insurgency, herdsmen/farmers crisis and desert and a link to the Middle issue of inflow and outflow of light arms East through the East Africa. through the porous border of this region Therefore, if Boko Haram is will be a thing of the past and the dream allowed to flourish there or gain of making Nigeria the 20 most developed strong hole of that area, Africa economy will be achieved [34]. As a will become a pussy. perfect panacea for all this scorching  Put the necessary dictating crisis posing security treat in this sub security gadgets in places to zone and all the necessary factors that regulate the inflow of light make up the definition of weapons through these porous counterinsurgency put in place; which borders of the countries and involves the military, paramilitary social, embark on public enlightenment educational psychological etc. campaign to create a spirit of insurgency will be eradicated [35]. And if national peace consciousness and you take cognisant of all that makes up develop; a common sense of unity counterinsurgency, the military is just among different ethnic groups in one among this mention factors. And if Nigeria and other nations. all this is put in place the insurgency in  Government should dislodge the West Africa will be a thing of the past. Boko Haram, by first seeking the There have been nowhere in the world I support and the interest of the quote ―nowhere have the military been people; this is ―people‘s war‖ able to single handily clear insurgency, some of the terrorist are our guerrilla warfare or terrorism alone‖, if it extended brother, what propels is possible, American would have been the military to fight is the able to do that in Vietnam, do that in protection of the territorial Afghanistan, and do that in Iraq even in integrity; but what propels the Somalia [36]. Therefore, to eradicate this, sect to fight is the ideology that the following steps prescribed by the was wrongly indoctrinated in researcher should be put in place: them. And ideology cannot be  The United Nations should take killed with bullet or rounds of up Lake Chad basin, develop the riffles. This will be done through area to give the people sense of respecting the right and belonging, build a strong world addressing the need of the military base around there, since people. Making the people the sub region is located in a very understand that the government strategic part of the world. And if feel the pain of the people and are terrorism is allowed to gain access genuinely committed to the cause

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. of solving it; then the people will  My prayer is that, West Africans want to assist the government should not only retain but expand with the necessary information this current multilateral military they need to defeat terrorism.In joint taskforce to cover all the doing that, all the conditions West Africa as a standby military involve in the definitions of forces to man the porous borders counterinsurgency should be and protect the territorial involve not just the military. integrities of this member  TheWest African economy nations. This will help in the issue including that of (Nigeria) should of Unemployment which must be be diversified to dislodge the seriously curtailed through this existing mono exportation process andby enhancing the system, where the chief exporting capacity of private sectors in commodity in Nigeria is crude oil creating the much needed jobs to and minor other agricultural raw engage our unemployed graduates materials. And now that the price been produced in the society; this of petroleum has crashed in the I think Constant supply of international market it then affect electricity will no doubt boost and our budget negatively. Nigeria increase such productivities. In should move from import driven doing this, act of crime and economy to export driven smuggle of hard drugs/inflow of economy which we have what it light weapon will be completely takes to do if, the leaders are put under control. genuinely committed. With  Equip the security agencies with exportation of finished products necessary sophisticated weapons, our economy will be bailed from good remunerations and adequate this current economic quagmire. Training to boost the securities  Act of diverting money made for morals. It is an aberration to hear the purchasing of ammunitions to that terrorist groups are more be used in fighting the enemies of equipped with the modern the country into individual coffers security gargets/weaponry than is a treasonable offence more national security agencies saddle dreadful than the terrorists with the role of securing lives and themselves. Another issues is properties as well as safeguarding diverting the money mapped out the territorial integrity of a for the construction of public sovereign state. utilities or for controlling natural  In other to meet the current disaster into personal use. trends in global security system,  Efforts should be geared towards creating a formidable regional reprioritizing government military integration and retraining expenditures to alleviate the our officers must be done on sufferings of the people. The regular basis. measures should include the  Discipline must be instilled at all creation of jobs and other welfare levels of our workforce. Re- packages for the unemployed organization of the security youths who are source of manure agencies to take them through a for insurgency. new military orientation is hereby  The anti-graft war should not only advised;in this new modern era, be intensified against every People must be more security person found wanting, conscious, share vital information irrespective of whose pond the and intelligence with the police fish belongs. Stiff law that will and other security agencies. This make it possible for any person insurgency should be a wakeup caught in corrupt act be thrown to call for all. Security issues, should jail and as well forfeit all that he involve all, not just for the or she illegally acquired government; specifically in the

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. area of information and intelligent  The necessity to address poverty gatherings. and provide employment  Moreover, efforts should be made opportunities by the government more in the area of crime is another suggestion. The prevention than defense. government should devote their Furthermore, the government efforts at delivering the dividends should increase the size of of democracy to the people. For security agencies, empower and instance, it has been revealed by motivate them very well; above all Dr. Yemi Kale (Statistician General enhance neighborhood watch. of the Fed [operation ) that North  Enthrone Good governance: I West and North East geo-political share in Oluwarotimi (2012), zones recorded the highest opinion that good governance is poverty rate in Nigeria with 77.7% the panacea for the insecurity and 76.3% respectively (Nigerian challenge in Nigeriavis a vis, in Tribune, 14 February, 2012:1-2) West Africa. She opines that the effort should be made to address war against insecurity would be that. won only by raising standards of  Finally the evaluation of the governance. That is, cultivating country‘s domestic and foreign the culture of good governance policies as a means of combating where the government is the peril of domestic terrorism be responsible and accountable to also stressed. In regard to the people. In her view, security domestic policy, there should be a engagement cannot be separated political re-orientation where from good governance. security would be seen as  Nations like Nigerian, should everyone‘s business; everyone has shorn all form of marginalization a role to play in the promotion of and this born to rule syndrome. national security. While strict It‘s clear that, each region in measures be carry out to Nigeria or geopolitical zones identified sponsors of the compliments each other in terrorist‘s sect as well as different forms; What the North identifying the ‗bad eggs‘ within lacks in access to sea, the south the military that is leaking provides. The North wields almost intelligence secrets to the sect. 78 percent of Nigeria‘s land which  Since terrorism is a global supports most of Nigeria‘s common enemy therefore, there agriculture (food, cash crops and should be a coalition in fighting it livestock). The south-west‘s too. The world should terrain supports both domestic unanimously join effort to sweep and international commerce and out all form of terrorism from the provides an import/export rout, face of the earth to give man the the South-South and some parts of required lasting peace for human the South-East wield Nigeria‘s oil cooperate existence through good wealth. This calls for symbiotic governance. relationship by the zones CONCLUSION This work has identified Boko Haram growth of West Africa. Therefore, it is a insurgency as a perfect manifestation of laudable approach to form the domestic terrorism ravaging the regional multinational military joint taskforce by economy.Farmers deserted their the economic community of west African residence, investors both domestic and state (ECOWAS) to unanimously combat foreign relocating to nearby safe the current insurgency within the lake countries. Thus taking the tax that would chad basin of which is no doubt has an have been used in developing Nigeria to traceable link with al-Qaida and ISIS. other counties and feeding us with that We are of the view that, the fight be same finished goods. It has brought a demilitarised and other formidable setback to the economic counterinsurgency approach be

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. intensified.The military will do their social amenities that can make life part, but it‘s left to the civil society to meaningful to the people. If governments reach out to the people and disabuse in this sub region take advantage of the their already indoctrinated ideology vast human and material resources, both through public enlightenment campaign. military and non-military, financial and Making them understand the need of social, the Lake Chad Basin will become a seizing hostility and embrace peace citadel of hope. andtranquillity which will in no doubt This menace, if not urgently curbed, bring progress back to the region. presents a great threat not only to the Government should disarm the people‘s stability, peace and security of these ideology with transparency and good nations but portends great danger to the governance that care for the sub-region. people.There have been nowhere in the The Boko Haram offensive acts, is world I quote ―nowhere have the military already having a social-economic impact alone been able to single handily clear on the Nigerian economy, and there is insurgency, guerrilla warfare or the need for the government to increase terrorism‖.If it is possible, American its effort to stabilize the region; would have been able to do that in Protection of right and needs of Women, Vietnam, do that in Afghanistan, and do children and youths should be the core that in Iraq even in Somalia. Therefore, to objective of Nigerian national interest. eradicate this, the following steps Government should create a holistic prescribed by the researcher should be empowerment through vocational put in place; it is people‘s war, what trainings, with mosque, churches, and propel the military fighting is the NGOs being used in making this dream a protection of the nation‘s territorial success. integrity but what propelled the An improved intelligence gathering is insurgency, terrorist or guerrilla warfare required to curb the occurrence of future to fight is ideology and ideology cannot violence. What Nigeria has been be stopped with bullet and riffles alone. witnessing are the consequences of lack The economy of the Lake Chad Basin has of standby working national intelligence been adversely affected by the Boko agency in Nigeria, which have failed to Haram insurgency; insecurity has been recognize that contemporary system heightened in the sub region as the demands more reliable and timely Islamists scaled up their deadly attacks intelligence information than guns and in the area. The insurgency has armoured personnel carriers; hampered the once thriving economy In view of the popular claim that and peaceful coexistence of the people of unscrupulous extremists from Chad and the area. It has significantly changed the Niger constituted the members of Boko financial structure of the region because, Haram sect. if that be, then Federal so much has been committed to fighting Government must strengthen our the insurgency. The sub region has Immigration service to tighten our however improved on their cooperation massive porous borders and co-operate to enhance the security in the area with with the government of other the formation of the MNJTF to fight the neighbouring nations like Niger, insurgents. There is need to improve on Cameroon and Chad to checkmate the mutual intelligence that would build illicit inflow of goods and services within trust among the governments of the sub Nigerian borders. region andefficiently improve the lives of There is no gainsaying that, the the people. There is the need for an persistence of Boko Haram terrorist inclusive dialogue that will involve all organization has done greater harm to clans and ethnic groups on security and the state of Nigeria economy. The states stability in the sub region. The Lake Chad where conflict occurs have had their Basin nations, especially Nigeria, need to economies and social life disrupted and do more to ensure good life for its dislocated, that has resulted to the influx people. Winning the war against Boko of internally displaced persons (IDPs) Haram insurgency therefore requires both in the region and neighbouring more than military action but providing countries. It is also a threat to security of

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http://www.inosr.net/inosr-arts-and-humanities/ Ugwuja et al INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 5(1): 21-45, 2019. life, property and dis-investments of only a first aid measure. The long term local and foreign companies with solution is good governance with a continuous capital flight and loss of robust institutional framework that will confidence in the economy. ensure prudent and effective Today, Nigeria is facing a lots of management of resources to better the challenges ranging from poor lives of its citizenry. infrastructural facility, poverty and the America has been with terrorism for the youth unemployment which have a very past 30 years but none has course them close link with the Boko Haram source of such pain it caused Nigeria and the recruitment.Our leaders are looting region as the case may be; because of billion from government account, but their application of the right strategy. We people are undertaking suicide bombing hereby proffer the use of smart power in mission for just mere fifty thousand fighting this terrorism. Smart power: naira (#50,000). This call is been put in involves the strategic use of diplomacy, place to redirect Nigerian from persuasions, capacity building and the addressing symptom rather than the root projection of power /influence in a way cause of problems. Its worthy of note that is more cost effective, result that, the Constant deployment of oriented and have more political and security personnel to sustain peace is social legitimacy REFERENCES 1. Abimbola, A. (2010).The Boko Mediterranean Quarterly 18(3): 39- Haram Uprising and Islamic 55. Revivalism in Nigeria. Africa 10. Asogwa F.C. (1999), Spectrum. 45(2): 95-108. Understanding International 2. Adabre, J. (2012). Public Agenda Relations: Vougasen Ltd. (Accra) Ghana: Fulani Herdsmen 11. David G. (2006). Run Riot in Upper East. Counterinsurgency Warfare: 3. Adams G.R. and Schvanveldt Theory and Practice Westport, CT: (1985). Understanding Research Praeger, p. 53. Methods. Longman, New York. 12. David K. (2009). The Accidental 4. Adebajo, A. (2002). Liberia‘s Civil Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in War: Nigeria, ECOMOG and the Midst of a Big One London: Regional Security in West Africa. Hurst, pp. 30-2, 35, 38. London: Lynne Rienner. 13. Essagha, A.E., A.N. Agu and A. 5. Adedeji, A. (1999). Chukwuma (1998). A Guide to Comprehending and Mastering Research work, immaculate African Conflicts. London: Zed publications Ltd, Enugu. Books. 14. Ghauri, P.et al (1995). Researcher 6. Adeshina, A. (2002). The Reversed Methods in Business Studies:A Victory: Story of Nigerian Military Practical Guide, Prentice Hall, Intervention in Sierra Leone. London. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational 15. Neuman, W.L. (1994). Social Books Nigeria PLC. Research Methods Qualitative and 7. Adeyemi, S. (2003) ―West African QuantitativeApproaches. Allyn Leaders Agree on Deployment to and Vacon, Massachusetts. Liberia.‖ Jane‘s Defense Weekly. 16. Nwana, O.C. (1981). Introduction August. of Education Research, 8. Allan, K. (2013). The Social Lens: Heinemann Educational, Books An Invitation to Social and Ltd, Ibadan. Sociological Theory. 3rd ed. 17. Singleton, R. (1988). Approaches Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE to Social Research, Oxford Publications. University Press, New York. 9. Anyu, J. (2007). The International 18. Smith, N.C. and Dainty P. (1991). Court of Justice and Border- The Management Research Conflict Resolution in Africa: The Handbook, Routledge, London. Bakassi Peninsula Conflict.

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