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Enhancing Bioavailable Phosphorous in Soil i ECO-BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON BUMBLEBEE (BOMBUS HAEMORRHOIDALIS SMITH) FROM NORTHERN PAKISTAN IN RELATION TO CROP POLLINATION UMER AYYAZ ASLAM SHEIKH 03-arid-196 Department of Entomology Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan 2016 ECO-BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON BUMBLEBEE (BOMBUS HAEMORRHOIDALIS SMITH) FROM NORTHERN PAKISTAN IN RELATION TO CROP POLLINATION by UMER AYYAZ ASLAM SHEIKH (03-arid-196) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology Department of Entomology Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan 2016 ii iii IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST GRACIOUS, THE MERCIFUL iv I dedicate This Humble Task, Fruit of My Thoughts and Study To My Mother v CONTENTS Page List of Tables xiii List of Figures xvi Acknowledgments xxii ABSTRACT xxiv 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 14 3.1 STUDY AREAS 14 3.2 COLLECTION OF INDIGENOUS BUMBLEBEE, BOMBUS 15 HAEMORRHOIDALIS SMITH 3.2.1 Relative Abundance of Indigenous Bumblebee Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith In Comparison With Other Pollinators 20 and Species Diversity Indices 3.2.2 Foraging Floral Range of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith 22 3.3 NEST SEEKING PREFERENCE OF INDIGENOUS BUMBLEBEE, BOMBUS HAEMORRHOIDALIS SMITH 22 SPECIES 3.3.1 Landscape Types 23 3.3.2 Habitat Types 23 3.3.3 Patch Transact Types 24 3.3.4 Observation of Queens 25 3.4 BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF BOMBUS HAEMORRHOIDALIS 25 vi SMITH UNDER CONTROLLED LABORATORY CONDITIONS AND SEASONAL BIOLOGICAL VARIATION OF LOCAL BUMBLEBEE, BOMBUS HAEMORRHOIDALIS SMITH WORKERS, MALES AND QUEENS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS 3.4.1 Biological Studies of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions 26 3.4.1.1 Collections of queens 26 3.4.1.2 Rearing under controlled laboratory conditions 27 3.4.1.3 Life history parameters of indigenous bumblebee, B. 28 haemorrhoidalis 3.4.2 Seasonal Biological Variation of Indigenous Bumblebee, 28 Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith Workers, Males and Queens under Field Conditions 3.5 POLLINATION EFFECIENCY OF INDIGENOUS 29 BUMBLEBEE, BOMBUS HAEMORRHOIDALIS SMITH IN COMPARISON WITH EUROPEAN BUMBLEBEE, BOMBUS TERRESTRIS L. AND THEIR FORAGING BEHAVIOR ON TOMATO CROP UNDER GREENHOUSE CONTROLLED CONDITIONS 3.5.1 Greenhouse Conditions 29 3.5.2 Pollinations Treatments 30 3.5.3 Bumblebee Visitation Time and Trafficking 31 3.5.4 Qualitative and Quantitative Parameter Of Tomato Fruit 33 vii 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 33 4.1 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF BOMBUS 33 HAEMORRHOIDALIS IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER INSECT POLLINATORS AND ITS FORAGING FLORAL HOST RANGE 4.1.1 Pollinators Species Composition Belonging to Different Insect 33 Orders during Two Years (2012 and 2013) 4.1.2 Relative Abundance of Bombus haemorrhoidalis in 33 Comparison with Other Insect Pollinators 4.1.2.1 Relative abundance of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith in 36 comparison with other insect pollinators at sub-locations of Rawalpindi/Islamabad 4.1.2.2 Relative abundance of Bombus haemorrhoidalis smith in 36 comparison with other insect pollinators at sub-locations of Rawalakot 4.1.2.3 Relative abundance of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith in 37 comparison with other insect pollinators at Sub-locations of Naran Kaghan Valley 4.1.2.4 Comparison of relative abundance of Bombus haemorrhoidalis 38 Smith in comparison with other insect pollinators in Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley 4.1.3 Comparison of Diversity Indices at Rawalpindi/Islamabad, 38 Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan of different insect pollinators 4.1.3.1 Comparison of diversity indices of different sub-locations of 38 viii Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley during the year 2012 4.1.3.2 Comparison of diversity indices of different locations of 39 Rawalpindi/ Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley during the year 2013 4.1.3.3 Overall comparison of diversity indices of different locations 39 of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley during the years 2012 and 2013 4.1.3.4 Comparison of diversity indices of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, 44 Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley during the year 2012 4.1.3.5 Comparison of diversity indices of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, 44 Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley during the year 2013 4.1.3.6 Overall comparison of diversity indices of 44 Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley during the years 2012 and 2013 4.1.4 Floral Host Range Of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith During 49 Years 2012 and 2013 4.1.4.1 Floral host range of Bombus haemorrhoidalis smith from 49 Rawalpindi/Islamabad during the years 2012 and 2013 4.1.4.2 Floral host range of Bombus haemorrhoidalis smith from 50 Rawalakot during the years 2012 and 2013 4.1.4.3 Floral host range of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith from 50 Naran Kaghan valley during both years (2012 and 2013) 4.1.5 Monthly Abundance of Bombus haemorrhoidalis in 51 ix Rawalpindi/ Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley 4.1.5.1 Monthly abundance of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith at 51 Rawalpindi/ Islamabad 4.1.5.2 Monthly abundance of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith at 51 Rawalakot 4.1.5.3 Monthly abundance of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith at 55 Naran Kaghan Valley 4.2 NEST SEEKING PREFERENCE OF LOCAL INDIGNEOUS 70 BUMBLEBEE, BOMBUS HAEMORRHOIDALIS SMITH SPECIES 4.2.1 Habitat Selection of Queens for Nesting at 71 Rawalpindi/Islamabad 4.2.2 Habitat Selection of Queens for Nesting at Rawalakot 71 4.2.3 Habitat Selection of Queens for Nesting at Naran Kaghan 72 4.2.4 Comparison of Different Landscape and Habitat Type 72 4.3 BIOLOGY OF BOMBUS HAEMORRHOIDALIS UNDER 86 CONTROLLED LABORATORY AND SEASONAL BIOLOGICAL VARIATION OF DIFFERENT CASTES IN FIELD CONDITIONS 4.3.1 Biological Events in Collected Queens from 86 Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan 4.3.2 Biology of Bombus haemorrhoidalis under Controlled 86 Laboratory Conditions 4.3.3 Seasonal Biological Variations of Bombus haemorrhoidalis 89 x Workers, Male and Daughter Queens 4.3.3.1 Seasonal biological variations of Bombus haemorrhoidalis 96 worker, male and daughter queens at sub-locations of Rawalpindi/Islamabad 4.3.3.2 Seasonal biological variations of Bombus haemorrhoidalis 96 workers, male and daughter queens at sub-locations of Rawalakot 4.3.3.3 Seasonal biological variations of Bombus haemorrhoidalis 97 workers, male and daughter queens at sub-locations of Naran Kaghan Valley 4.4 POLLINATION EFFICIENCY OF INDIGENOUS 110 BUMBLEBEE, BOMBUS HAEMORRHOIDALIS SMITH IN COMPARISON WITH EUROPEAN BUMBLEBEE, BOMBUS TERRESTRIS L. AND THEIR FORAGING BEHAVIOR ON TOMATO CROP UNDER GREENHOUSE CONTROLLED CONDITIONS 4.4.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Two Bumblebee 111 Species with Manual and Self Pollination of Tomato (Grandella) flowers under Greenhouse Conditions 4.4.2 Foraging behavior of both bumblebee species on tomato 113 flowers under greenhouse controlled conditions 4.4.2.1 Interaction between different observation weeks and times for 113 Bombus haemorrhoidalis and Bombus terrestris workers foraging for greenhouse tomato pollination xi 4.4.2.2 Time spent by Bombus terrestris and Bombus haemorrhoidalis 113 on tomato flower during the foraging of pollens SUMMARY 123 LITERATURE CITED 126 xii LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page 3.1 Global Positions of Study locations and sub-locations 16 4.1.1 Relative abundance of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith in 40 comparison with other pollinators in different locations of Rawalpindi/Islamabad 4.1.2 Relative abundance of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith in 41 comparison with other insect pollinators at sub-locations of Rawalakot 4.1.3 Relative abundance of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith in 42 comparison with other insect pollinators at sub-locations of Naran Kaghan Valley 4.1.4 Comparative relative abundance of B. haemorrhoidalis Smith 43 in comparison with other Insect pollinators in Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan 4.1.5 Comparison of diversity indices of different locations of 45 Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley during the year 2012 4.1.6 Comparison of diversity indices of different locations of 46 Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley during the year 2013 4.1.7 Overall Comparison of diversity indices of different locations 47 of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley during the year 2012-2013 xiii 4.1.8 Comparison of diversity indices of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, 48 Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley during the year 2012 4.1.9 Comparison of diversity indices of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, 48 Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley during the year 2013 4.1.10 Overall Comparison of diversity indices of 48 Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran Kaghan Valley during the year 2012-2013 4.1.11 Floral host range of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith form 52 Rawalpindi/Islamabad 4.1.12 Floral host Plants of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith form 53 Rawalakot 4.1.13 Floral host plants of Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith form 54 Naran Kaghan Valley 4.2.1 Comparison of different habitat types 83 4.2.2 Comparison of different landscape types 83 4.3.1 Biological events observed in collected queens under controlled 88 laboratory conditions 4.4.1 Qualitative and quantitative comparison of two bumblebee 112 species pollination, manual pollination and self pollination of tomato cultivar (Grandella) under hydroponic conditions 4.4.2 Interaction between different observation weeks and times for 115 Bombus haemorrhoidalis and Bombus terrestris incoming trafficking
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