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University of Groningen Brief Affairs Van Der Werf, Pieternella Elizabeth University of Groningen Brief affairs van der Werf, Pieternella Elizabeth IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2009 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): van der Werf, P. E. (2009). Brief affairs: Narrative strategies in female adultery stories by Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton. [S.n.]. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 28-09-2021 Brief Affairs Narrative Strategies in Female Adultery Stories by Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton Els van der Werf Front cover illustration: Egon Schiele, Wally in roter Bluse mit erhobenen Knien [Wally in a red blouse with raised knees], 1913. Cover design: Pablo ter Borg, 2009 Printed by: GrafiMedia, Groningen © Els van der Werf ISBN: 978-90-367-3718-0 RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN BRIEF AFFAIRS Narrative Strategies in Female Adultery Stories by Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton Proefschrift ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Letteren aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. F. Zwarts, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 12 maart 2009 om 16.15 uur door Pieternella Elizabeth van der Werf geboren op 8 april 1957 te Rotterdam Promotores: Prof. dr. H.E. Wilcox Prof. dr. E.J. Korthals Altes Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. J.T.J. Bak Prof. dr. W.J. Overton Prof. dr. W. Wende Preface i Preface The writing of this thesis was not a brief affair. When I first started thinking about doing a PhD, in the autumn of 1997, I only knew that, for years, I had been fascinated by the nineteenth-century novel of female adultery and that I admired the work of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton. What followed was a long journey of discovery, during which I became acquainted with a wealth of literature from a wide variety of countries about women who, in an adulterous affair, try to find the excitement and happiness that their marriages do not offer them. A large amount of critical study on the subject of adultery in literature had already been done. What could I hope to contribute to this? Peter von Matt, in his book Liebesverrrat: Die Treulosen in der Literatur [Betrayal of Love: The Unfaithful in Literature ], issues a warning to those who aspire to get to the bottom of this literary topic. Wer sich an die Aufgabe macht, die Treulosen in der Literatur zu untersuchen, dem Liebesverrat in alten und neuen Geschichten nachzuspüren, tut gut daran, von Anfang an klarzustellen, daβ er diesem Vorhaben nicht gewachsen ist. So erspart er den Leserinnen und Lesern eine Enttäuschung, die unausweichlich eintreten würde, hätte er die Erwartung zugelassen, hier würde nun am Beispiel der Literatur durchsichtig gemacht, welche Kräfte hinter dem allgemeinen Unglück jener Menschen wirksam sind, die auf den Willen, unbedingt glücklich zu sein, noch nicht verzichtet haben. 1 [Whoever takes up the task of investigating the unfaithful in literature, of tracing infidelity as told in old and new stories, does well to confess, right from the start, that he is not up to the task. In this way he saves the readers a disappointment, which would have been inevitable if he had allowed them to expect that the examples taken from literature would make transparent which forces cause the general unhappiness of those who have not yet given up the determination to be happy at all cost.] A sobering thought! Von Matt’s book is one of several comprehensive studies of the representation of infidelity in literature as a reflection of human psychology and social structures. He takes an all-encompassing view of adulterous and 1 Peter von Matt, Liebesverrrat: Die Treulosen in der Literatur (1989; München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 2004) 17. The translation is my own. ii Brief Affairs betrayed wives and unfaithful and cuckolded husbands. My approach, I felt, would have to be less panoptic. I discovered that, apart from the many turn-of-the-century novels on female adultery, there were also many short stories from that period about women who succumb to their adulterous desires. I moreover realized that Edith Wharton was an important contributor to this type of short story, as was her contemporary Kate Chopin, whose novel The Awakening had already come to be recognized as the most striking American contribution to literature on a topic which was predominantly associated with European, particularly French, novels. The combination appeared to be very promising: I was convinced that I had found my research niche. The limited time that I had available to work on my research meant that I only gradually determined what my leading hypotheses were and that finding satisfactory answers to my questions was a slow process, which nevertheless continued to yield fascinating insights. I have often been both pleasantly surprised and quietly amused by what I found in books, libraries and on that invaluable source of information that is available to researchers nowadays: the internet. I confess that I developed a rather curious habit in dealing with new sources of information. Whenever I picked up a book, for example, which I had not consulted before, I would start by checking the index for the entry ‘adultery,’ and if that was not listed, I would look for a synonym, like ‘illicit love.’ My heart would always make a small leap when I actually found such an entry, for it held the promise of an interesting reference to a female adultery novel or short story that I did not know yet, or a new analytical approach, or new insights into the application of the motif. One day I came across a hefty book entitled The Oxford Companion to Women’s Writing in the United States .2 The title was very promising, in view of my interest in Chopin and Wharton. The index listed ‘adultery,’ referring to pages 646-648. Full of anticipation I turned to the pages indicated, only to find that I had been referred to an entry entitled ‘The other woman’! To my surprise, the interpretation of the term adultery was linked only to works of fiction about adulterous husbands and their wives’ response to the intrusion into their marriages by another woman. The entry also listed several short stories by American women writers on this topic. 3 Kate Chopin had her own entry, which discussed The Awakening , referring to it as a celebration of women’s sexual awakening and emphasizing its wider theme, that of the search for woman’s true self. In the entry on Edith Wharton, her adulterous affair with Morton Fullerton was discussed, under the heading ‘Romantic Love,’ but no mention was made of her recurrent use of adultery in her fiction. What was I to make of this? Was it just an unfortunate oversight on the part of the editors (all women!) not to acknowledge a long tradition of literary writing on female adultery and the contribution of American women writers to this 2 The Oxford Companion to Women’s Writing in the United States , eds. in chief Cathy N. Davidson and Linda Wagner-Martin (New York, [etc.]: Oxford University Press, 1995). 3 A number of these short stories were collected in: Susan Koppelman, ed., The Other Woman: Stories of Two Women and a Man (Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press, 1984). Preface iii tradition? Had they , if only unconsciously, joined the nineteenth-century ‘conspiracy of silence,’ which discouraged any public mentioning of women’s adulterous desires and transgressive affairs? Or did this omission signal a gendered approach to women’s literature, which sought to de-emphasize the role of women as the transgressor in an adulterous affair? It seemed, at any rate, to underline the generally accepted assumption that female adultery was, for a variety of reasons, not a topic which nineteenth- and early twentieth- century Anglo-American writers were expected to address. With this study, I hope to contribute to the reader’s insight into the representation of female adultery in late nineteenth- and early twentieth- century literature and into the way in which the short story form influenced the employment of this motif. Chopin’s and Wharton’s repeated use of the topic, despite its controversial status, strongly informed my reading of their female adultery stories and led me to hypothesize that it formed an important aspect of their authorial self-construction. I hope that this study nuances the interpretation of the lives and letters of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton. And last, but certainly not least, I hope that it will whet the reader’s appetite for all those novels and short stories about ‘naughty’ women that I have had so much fun reading and rereading. Projects like these are highly solitary undertakings. Since I expected to progress slowly, I kept relatively quiet about it until I became confident that I would finish it. Many thanks to everybody who knew what I was spending so much of my time on, but thankfully did not ask how the work was progressing every time I ran into them.
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