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World Bank Document IPP370 World Bank-China Public Disclosure Authorized Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project -SEAP Report on the Social Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized (Final version) Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared for Forestry Department of Shandong Province June, 2009 Public Disclosure Authorized Major Abbreviations and Acronyms CIAD Center for Integrated Agricultural Development FGI Focus Group Interview HH Household M&E Monitoring and Evaluation OP Operational Policies, World Bank PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal SEAP Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project SA Social Assessment SWOT Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat TOR Terms of Reference WB World Bank 1 ha= 15 Chinese Mu 1 USD=6.8 Chinese Yuan RMB 1 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 15 2. PROCEDURES AND METHODOLOGY OF THE SOCIAL ASSESSMENT ........................... 17 3 MAJOR FINDINGS OF SA ............................................................................................................. 20 3.1 PROTECTION FOREST PLANTATIONS IN SALINE COASTAL AREAS .................................................. 22 3.1.1 Afforestation Activities proposed in the Pre-Feasibility Report ............................................ 22 3.1.2 Analysis of Impacts and resource use restrictions caused by the SEAP Project.................... 24 3.1.3 Social Risk Analysis .............................................................................................................. 27 3.2 RE-VEGETATION IN DEGRADED MOUNTAINOUS AREAS ................................................................. 30 3.2.1 Proposed Project Activities in Central Hilly and Mountainous Region ................................ 30 3.2.2 Major Findings in Zhucheng County .................................................................................... 31 3.2.3 Findings in Xintai County ..................................................................................................... 41 4. CONCLUSIONS MADE BY THE SA SURVEY TEAM .............................................................. 45 4.1 VERIFICATION ON THE INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT................................................................... 45 4.2 ETHNIC MINORITY ........................................................................................................................ 45 4.3 FARMER’S BEHAVIOR TO THE SEAP PROJECT ACTIVITIES ............................................................. 46 4.4 FOREST LAND TENURE AND PLANTATION MANAGEMENT PATTERN ................................................. 46 4.5 POTENTIAL SOCIAL RISK ............................................................................................................... 47 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DESIGNING THE SEAP PROJECT ......................................... 49 5.1 PARTICIPATORY CONSULTATION WITH THE COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS ....................................... 49 5.2 ENSURING THE PARTICIPATION AND BENEFIT OF WOMEN................................................................ 50 5.3 THE PARTICIPATION AND BENEFIT OF THE POOR HOUSEHOLDS ....................................................... 51 6. ANNEX .............................................................................................................................................. 54 6.1 ITINERARY OF THE SA SURVEY ...................................................................................................... 54 6.2 DATA COLLECTED FROM SA .......................................................................................................... 54 2 执行摘要 1. 概述 山东生态造林项目(SEAP)的社会评估是该项目准备活动的重要组成部分。此次社会评估 调查在选取的 4 个社评试点县进行,基层调查的时间从 2008 年 8 月 16 日开始至 8 月 28 日结束。此次社会评估由中国农业大学国际农村发展中心(CIAD) 的社评小组、山东省林业 局、山东省林科院、省林业监测规划院和试点县林业局的有关技术人员共同完成。 选取了新泰市和诸城市代表中部山区项目县、东营市代表沿海盐碱地区项目县,作为社 会评估的试点县,又分别从每个县中选取了两个试点乡镇和 4 个村作为社评的试点村。每个 村中,做了 4 个小组访谈,三个县共作了 48 个小组访谈,共 401 个农户代表参与了访谈。 社会评估调查中,采用了小组访谈、关键人物访谈、参与式打分排序、参与式社区资源 踏查、绘制社区资源图、农户访谈等一系列参与式方法。此外,调查小组还收集了一些来自 县级和乡镇层面的社会经济方面的数据和资料,作为社评的二手资料。 2. 社评的主要发现 (一) 非自愿搬迁 通过回顾预可行性研究报告的结论和分析试点县社会评估调查中收集的社会经济方面的数 据发现,该造林项目没有大型的土木工程建设内容和需征用土地的基础设施建设内容。 因 此,在所有生态造林的项目县,均不存在《世行政策保障条款 OP 4.12》所涉及非自愿搬迁 问题。 但是,项目造林活动和后期管护将限制部分农户对现有土地资源的使用,进而造成 对农户收入的短期影响,这种资源使用限制可被定义为“广义的非自愿搬迁”而触及政策保 障条款 OP4.12。因此,项目应该通过和社区中的利益相关者进行平等的磋商和谈判来制定 项目实施对农民使用土地的限制和生计影响的对策。 (二) 少数民族 生态造林项目区的少数民族人口很少,因此,项目将不会对为数很少的少数民族人口 产生影响。通过对县级的社会经济数据表的分析和在互联网上检索到的县级的统计数据,社 会评估小组估测了所有项目县的少数民族人口的数量和比例。结果表明,所有的项目县只有 为数很少的少数民族人口,占县里总人口的比例很低,只有 0.1%到 1.5%。此外,这些少数 民族人口没有聚集地,主要是散居,并比较好地融入了他们所在的社区。 在项目区内没有 独立的少数民族社区。 (三) 农户对生态造林项目活动的态度 在对农户的小组访谈中发现,所有被访谈的农户都意识到,通过项目和政府的支持进行 荒山、荒滩和荒地的生态造林对恢复植被,控制水土流失,保护社区的生态系统具有重要作 用。但是,他们也希望通过参与项目带来一定的经济收益,因此他们希望栽植既能有生态保 护功能, 同时又能给他们带来一定经济收益的生态经济林。这 是通过在农户访谈中打分排序 得出的调查结论。 (四) 林地权属和林地管理模式 项目造林总面积 65972.6 公顷。项目选择的造林用地大部分为集体所有的盐碱地和退化 的荒山荒地。在总造林面积中有 63551.1 公顷为集体林地,占 96.3%。集体林地中 33077.4 公顷,已经承包给了个体农户、联户和股份制经营实体,占项目中集体林地 52.0%,30473.7 公顷的土地仍然在村集体管理之下。 3 生态造林项目中的主要利益相关者: 大多数拥有生态造林项目土地使用权的农户; 村干部和有兴趣承包尚未承包到户,但已经被选择为生态造林项目用地的农户,或有兴 趣承包村集体造林地抚育管理的农户; 对项目感兴趣的联户; 以上的几类利益相关者不仅是参与式磋商的主要对象,同时也是造林项目签约的主要对象。 (五) 可能存在的社会风险 因为很多被选出来造林的土地都是集体所有或已经承包到户的荒山和荒地,所以不会与 农作物的种植产生土地资源利用的冲突。在造林的主要地区被选择造林的土地中有超过 90%的都是荒山、海边盐碱地。这些土地目前没有被农户和社区集约化的使用,因此,通 过与利益相关者的谈判和磋商(如和村干部、村民代表以及承包了土地或在 20 世纪 90 年 代末通过拍卖获得土地使用权的单个农户),可以避免集体土地和个人承包土地上的生态造 林的社会风险。 事实上,生态造林和栽植后的生态林的抚育不会在短期内对村庄和单个农户带来明显经 济收益,但当农户决策参加项目时他们更所关心的是预期的经济收益。 为了确保生态林的 生态保护功能和造林后保护表层土壤,造林项目里要采取一些保护措施,这些措施可能会限 制农户土地的使用并对土地承包者产生后续的影响。 三、对生态造林项目设计的建议 1.与社区利益相关者的参与式磋商 社会评估小组建议在项目设计和实施过程中开展系统的参与式权益人磋商。 参与式磋 商的主要步骤如下: (1) 社区和农户的动员,保证社区和农户了解项目并自愿申请参加项目; (2) 识别参与项目的农户和不同类型利益相关者 (3) 就造林的树种、造林的模式、造林的后期管护和相关利益群体进行谈判和磋商 (4) 与相关利益群体和村干部进行造林土地上进行现场设计和核实 (5) 安排与参与项目的农户、联户和村委会(未承包到户的集体造林地)签订参与合同 建议在磋商中采用以下几种参与式农村评估的方法: (1) 社区关键人物访谈:村干部, 自然村主任,和村民代表作为磋商的对象; (2) 在林业项目设计人员和林业技术人员主持和辅导下进行村民小组访谈; (3) 由林业技术人员辅导小型村级造林规划研讨会; (4) 进行社区资源的断面踏查和绘制资源图,以便更好的确认土地权属、识别土地资源 的问题和选择项目点; 在参与式磋商中可以采用下面的几种参与式工具: (1) 利益相关者分析,通过利益相关者分析来识别谁是该造林干预活动的潜在受益者; (2) 农户贫富状况排序; 4 (3) 问题分析,问题分析可以帮助我们分析土地退化的情况和找到解决方案; (4) 参与式打分排序,请求农户对被建议的造林树种和方式进行打分排序; (5) 矩阵分析,通过构建矩阵来分析造林产生的社会影响和协调矛盾的对策; 在项目设计和核实项目干预内容的过程中,来自省级和县级林业局的林业官员和技术人 员应该是这些参与式磋商工具的主要使用者。 2.确保妇女的参与和受益 为了确保妇女的参与,女子组的访谈应该是小组访谈的关键部分。妇女参与研讨会和 磋商会的人数不得少于所有参与者人数的 1/4。妇女应该参与树种多样性选择的磋商、造林 种类的讨论和后期的抚育模式等等。 女子组小组访谈的结果应该同男子组小组访谈的结果进行对照,在设计项目活动中妇 女的建议和要求应该给予优先考虑。 作为农村主要劳动力,保证妇女在项目中的参与和受益必须作为贯穿项目整个执行周 期, 包括在育苗、栽植、后期抚育、技术培训和技术服务中的参与和受益。项目提供的技 术培训,至少应该有 50%的妇女参与。应该通过在项目逻辑框架项目绩效指标来保证妇女 的参与(参照附在项目设计文件里的逻辑框架)。 3.贫困户的参与和受益 在项目设计和实施中对小农户和贫困户的边缘化可能会在社区内部引起某些社会风险。 因此社会评小组建议在社区层面采取如下项目干预活动,来确保贫困农户的参与和对他们的 赋权: 社区调查和小组访谈: 贫困户也应该包含在农户贫富程度打分排序和社会影响分析 内,在进行小组访谈时应该进行专门针对贫困户的小组访谈; 贫困户也要参与到项目活动在集体林地上造林时选择造林区域、树种多样性、造林的 种类的讨论和磋商中来,磋商和谈判的内容要关注以下几个方面: 如何让小农户和贫困户参与到项目活动中来; 怎样帮助小农户和贫困户成立合作组织或是协会,因为通过合作组织或协会这样 的形式农民能以团体的身份更好的参与到生态造林项目中来; 如何将造好的林地承包给贫困户进行后续的抚育; 如何帮助贫困户和所在的项目村签订林地抚育合同; 如何确保贫困农户直接参与到造林、种苗的生产和直接提供苗木,作为劳动力得 到工资补贴; 为了避免项目实施后大的土地承包户和未承包集体林地的小规模农户之间收入差别的 继续扩大,在项目设计阶段,必须在参与式规划协调小组的参与下,进行参与项目的 大户和不参与项目的小户之间的磋商。磋商的主要产出是保证低收入农户能够从项目 中受益的利益分享机制。作为村级项目的实施协调主体,利益从承包集体林地的大户 到小户的转移的媒介和监督主体,村委会也应参与磋商。 应该邀请贫困的农户来参加由生态造林项目组织的技术培训和提高生态保护意识的培 训中来; 5 应该鼓励贫困的农户成立自己的合作组织、协会或是林业合作社,并提供技术和资金 方面的支持以帮助他们进行农民组织的能力建设; 在村里项目实施小组中贫困户应该有他们自己的代表来表达他们的意见; 4.降低资源使用限制影响的对应措施1 生态造林项目实施有可能限制已经承包了造林地的农户和部分未承土地集体土地的部分家 畜养殖农户对土地资源的使用,建议通过磋商,采取如下措施,降低或消除对他们的不利影 响: - 在磋商中,告知已经承包了预选造林地的农户会限制他们的家畜放牧,并和农户共同制 定应对措施 - 在县农业局或畜牧局的参与下,鼓励农户将现有的放牧饲养方式转变成圈养; - 在山地或荒地资源比较充裕的地区,安排替代的放牧地; - 安排部分土地种植饲草饲料,降低对天然放牧的依赖; 5. 社会影响和农户参与的监测评价 (1) 建立社会效益监测评价体系 为保证一般农户、低收入户和妇女在项目中的参与和受益,要在县级和乡镇和村级建立项目 的社会影响监测体系,作为项目整体效果监测评价体系的一部分。在山东生态造林项目中, 要建立自下而上、参与式监测评价机制。社区和农户在监测评价中的参与是参与式监测评价 体系的主要特征。 具体步骤建议如下: a) 通过开放式农户访谈和问卷、记录收集试点农户的效果信息; b) 开展小组访谈(包括女性小组),知情人访谈,合作社代表访谈,为项目绩效, 受益,收益打分 c) 在县级、乡镇级开展机构访谈,收集绩效信息 d) 分析收集到的定量和定性信息,得出影响和绩效结论,撰写报告并于有关部门, 层次分享监测评价信息 1 参见《政策保障框架》 6 (2 ) 受益人参与和受益监测指标 为保证目标群体的参与和受益,建议开发保证受益人参与并从项目受益的监测指标并将其纳 入山东生态林造林项目的监测评价体系。建议考虑以下指标: a) 参加山东生态造林项目参与式磋商和项目规划行政村数量和参与磋商的农户 数量;参与磋商的农户中有 20% 是低收入户或贫困户。 b) 项目村中至少 50% 以上受到资源使用限制的农户参与了资源使用限制补偿机 制的磋商; c) 签约参加项目的农户数量; 其中低收入户或贫困户占 XX %; d) 妇女的参与和受益监测指标: (i) 妇女在参加磋商的农户代表中占 40%;(ii) 在 参与造林,后期抚育的劳动力中,妇女占 30-40%;项目支持的技术培训班中, 至少有 50%的妇女参加 (3) 社会影响监测评价的实施 a) 项目设计阶段的参与式磋商与规划效果的监测:村级规划阶段的参与式磋商效 果的监测评价应由省级和县级项目办负责; b) 项目实施阶段的监测评价:项目实施后农户参与项目情况、受益情况和社会效 果的监测评估原则上应和项目实施中的绩效监测评价同时进行。一般来讲,项 目实施中的参与和社会效果的数据收集应该是动态的、连贯的。乡镇林业站应 负责社会影响动态数据的收集; c) 根据收集到的数据,每半年对项目社会影响做一次评估。评估结果和结论应作 为半年和年度进展报告的组成部分。县项目办负责撰写项目效果的监测评价报 告,并报送省项目办; SEAP Report on the Social Assessment Executive Summary The Social Assessment-SA for Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project-SEAP is one the important project preparation component. The SA survey was conducted from 16 to 28 August 2008 in four selected SA pilot Counties. The SA survey was jointly conducted by a consultant team of Center for Integrated Agricultural Development-CIAD, China Agricultural University, and the forestry officials from Shandong Forestry Department, Shandong Forestry Survey and Designing Academy and the SA pilot counties. Four SA pilot counties, Xintai County and Zhucheng County representing project counties in mountainous region and Dongying City representing the saline coastal region, have been selected as SA pilot counties. In each pilot county, two pilot townships and 4 villages were selected for conducting SA, 4 focus group interviews were held in each pilot village. So, totally, 48 focus group interviews were carried out and 401 interviewees representing their HHs attended the focus group interviews. Participatory methods, i.e. group interview, key informant interview, participatory scoring and ranking, participatory
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