Dinamiche Dell'appropriazione Biblica in Dante E Cavalcanti

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Dinamiche Dell'appropriazione Biblica in Dante E Cavalcanti Nozze e vedovanza: dinamiche dell’appropriazione biblica in Dante e Cavalcanti PAOLA NASTI Universidad de Reading RIASSUNTO: Lo studio propone una nuova lettura del sonetto cavalcantiano Chi è questa che ven alla luce di un ripensamento delle modalità di ricezione e appropriazione del testo biblico tradotto dal poeta, ovvero Cant. 2, 9. Il testo del Cantico dei Cantici diede vita ad una delle tradizioni più fiorenti della spiritualità medievale, una tradizione che va esaminata e studiata qualora si vogliano comprendere le implicazioni della citazione cavalcantiana. Cant. 2, 9 fu uno dei versi centrali della liturgia dell’ Annunciazione. Riportando in superfice questa tradizione liturgica ed esegetica, lo studio intende provare la qualità parodica e poco ortodossa del dettato cavalcantiano, la cui strategia intertestuale rovescia e nega la fede nel mistero della Resurrezione. L’articolo propone poi un paragone con la Vita Nova, letta come riscrittura della fabula salomonica, e sottolinea la distanza che separa le esperienze poetiche intellettuali e spirituali dei due amici. Parole chiave: Dante, Cavalcanti, il Cantico dei Cantici, esegesi biblica, litugia mariana, Festa dell’Assunzione, La Passione di Cristo, epistemologia, escatologia. ABSTRACT: This study proposes a new reading of Cavalcanti’s Chi è questa che ven, and other texts of his “canzoniere” on the basis of a reassessment of his use/abuse of verses taken from the Song of Songs. The use of verses from this biblical text is evaluated in the light of meanings that it had acquired in the long- lived exegetical and liturgical tradition. Cavalcanti’s Chi è questa che ven is notoriously a translation of Cant. 2, 9. This verse was used for the celebration of one of the most important liturgical events: the Annunciation. Through references to the liturgical and the exegetical tradition of the Song of songs, my 71 Tenzone nº 7 2006 article tries to prove that Cavalcanti’s sonnet is, in fact, a disrespectful, if not heretical rewriting of this text and its tradition that denies the mistery of bodily Resurrection. The study goes on to show how, in contrast, Dante’s rewriting of the narrative of the Song of Songs, in the Vita Nova, accepts the “comic” nature of love made possible by the mystic union of Mary and Christ, the Incarnation. Key words: Dante, Cavalcanti, Song of Songs, biblical exegesis, Marian liturgy, Assumption, Passion of Christ, epistemology, escathology. Sexaginta sunt reginae, et octoginta concubinae, Et adolescentularum non est numerus. Una est columba mea, perfecta mea, Una est matris suae, electa genetrici suae. Viderunt eam filiae, et beatissimam praedicaverunt; Reginae et concubinae, et laudaverunt eam. Quae est ista quae progreditur quasi aurora consurgens, Pulchra ut luna, electa ut sol, Terribilis ut castrorum acies ordinata? (Cant. 6: 7-9)1 Questi antichi versi d’amore la cui origine si perde nelle mille e una notte di lontane terre d’Oriente2 affascinano da millenni i lettori della Bibbia con le loro malie erotiche ed amorose. A chi, invece, si intrattiene nei luoghi altrettanto rarefatti della letteratura medievale in lingua del si questi stessi metri portano indimenticabili eco di scenari danteschi e cavalcantiani, popolati di donne uniche e inattingibili, beate e splendenti come la bellissima sposa del Cantico dei Cantici, i cui attributi ispirarono, evidentemente, la traccia del leggiadrissimo sonetto “Chi è questa che ven” (Rime, IV) e del paragrafo VI della Vita nova.3 Su questi cantici amorosi e su queste autorevoli riscritture vorremo allora intrattenerci non solo perché le appropriazioni scritturali son sempre degne di nota, soprattutto quando, come in questo caso, rimbalzano da un “canzoniere” all’altro entrando a far parte del dialogo fra poeti;4 ma anche perché qui, il riuso biblico appare ulteriormente connotato dalla natura del testo preso in prestito: il Cantico dei Cantici appunto. Questo sconcertante libricino, audacemente erotico e sensuale è, infatti, uno 72 Paola NASTI Nozze e vedovanza: dinamiche dell’appropriazione biblica … dei più bei poemi d’amore mai scritti, uno dei più grandi inni al desiderio dei giovani amanti. Nonostante il linguaggio esplicito e le immagini “licenziose”, però, questo capolavoro dell’erotismo ha sempre rappresentato qualcosa di più che una semplice attrazione sensuale. La sua imprevedibile collocazione nel cuore dell’Antico Testamento, infatti, ha indotto gli esegeti ebrei prima e cristiani poi a trasformarlo nel più grande canto d’amor sacro e mistico. Sin dai tempi del Targum, dunque, il poemetto nuziale fu costantemente considerato come la testimonianza più autorevole del vincolo tra Dio e l’umanità, fra Cristo e la sua Chiesa, ma anche come il simbolo della crescita spirituale dell’anima che si unisce a Dio.5 Così inteso l’epitalamio esercitò un fascino d’eccezionale portata su mistici, teologi, poeti e artisti, penetrando insistentemente i territori della liturgia, dell’arte, della riflessione teologica e della scrittura. L’entità di questo straordinario potere modellizzante sta ora pian pian risalendo alla luce grazie ad un lento e meticoloso lavoro di archeologia delle fonti e restaurazione culturale, che sta cambiando il modo di intendere e percepire alcuni dei testi fondamentali della letteratura romanza delle origini che appaiono, di fatto, imbevuti di reminiscenze e riflessi del breve poemetto biblico attribuito in passato a Salomone.6 Nell’ambito della letteratura italiana però, al di là di alcuni importanti contributi sul ruolo della tradizione del Cantico nell’opera dantesca,7 poco sembra essersi smosso.8 Per concorrere dunque all’acquisizione di qualche altra tessera di questo mosaico tutto da comporre, il presente intervento intende riflettere proprio sulle strategie allusive dei due grandi poeti dell’evo medio, Cavalcanti e Dante, che, nel citare i versi su menzionati, intesero chiaramente confrontarsi con quel meraviglioso grumo d’immagini, parole e sentimenti che fu la tradizione dell’epitalamio di Salomone. Lo studio di questi casi tanto noti d’intertestualità biblica, contribuirà inoltre a riflettere sulle diverse attitudini dei due intellettuali verso la Scrittura, la Rivelazione, l’esegesi e la poesia, illuminando, sia pure tangenzialmente, alcuni dei possibili moventi del dissidio che allontanò irrimediabilmente gli amici.9 73 Tenzone nº 7 2006 Torniamo dunque ai versetti citati in apertura e in particolare al “quae est ista quae progreditur quasi aurora consurgens pulchra ut luna electa ut sol” (Cant. 6:9). Com’è noto, la ripresa cavalcantiana è esibita in posizione incipitaria, ma alla riscrittura di Cant. 6:9, il poeta aggiunse poi al v. 5 un’immagine derivata da un altro verso dello stesso capitolo del poema sacro: “averte oculos tuos a me quia ipsi me avolare fecerunt” [distogli gli occhi da me, poichè essi mi travolgono] (Cant. 6:4): Chi è questa che ven, ch’ogn’om la mira e fa tremar di chiaritate l’aere, e mena seco Amor, sì che parlare null'omo pote, ma ciascun sospira? O Deo, che sembra quando gli occhi gira! Dica l'Amor, ch’i’ no ’l savria contare: cotanto d’umiltà donna mi pare, che ogni altra inver di lei chiam'ira. Non si poria contar la sua piagenza ch’a lei s'inchina ogni gentil vertute, e la beltate per sua dea la mostra. Non fu sì alta già la mente nostra e non si pose ’n noi tanta salute, che propriamente n’aviam canoscenza. Di fronte a prestiti tanto ostentati è d’obbligo chiedersi che senso e che funzione essi abbiano nell’economia del testo. Bisogna cioè domandarsi se si tratti di puro “ornamento” oppure di corrispondenze sustanziali e ideologiche. La risposta giace, a mio parere, nei meandri della tradizione culturale legata al Cantico a cui abbiamo brevemente accennato. L’intertestualità biblica medievale, infatti, è un fenomeno complesso e stratificato che può essere inteso solo alla luce del pesante apparato esegetico, liturgico, iconografico e teologico che, inevitabilemente, corredava e filtrava la Scrittura. L’assioma è tanto più vero qualora si considerino le componenti del sistema che si sta qui discutendo: il Cantico, ovvero il libro della Bibbia più commentato dopo i Salmi, e Cavalcanti, il poeta più “loico” e raffinato dell’epoca.10 Per far luce, dunque, sul senso di questo caso di riscrittura e per valutare alcune 74 Paola NASTI Nozze e vedovanza: dinamiche dell’appropriazione biblica … delle connotazioni legate all’immagine della donna che incede come l’aurora che tanto affascinò il Cavalcanti, bisognerà allora soffermarsi innanzitutto sulla ricezione che questi versetti biblici ebbero nell’ambito della loro ricca tradizione esegetica antica e medievale. Nell’esegesi ecclesiologica, quella che cioè interpretava il testo come la storia del rapporto fra Dio e la Chiesa, la donna che illumina il mondo come l’alba è naturalmente l’ecclesia, che disperde il buio dell’ignoranza e del peccato, e, umilissima, segue i passi virtuosi del vero sole, il Cristo. Questo è infatti quanto scrivono due chiosatori illustri, Beda ed Onorio di Autun: Quae est ista quae progreditur, etc. Loquitur ergo haec conversa ad fidem Christi Synagoga, stupens Ecclesiam divina gratia tantisper esse sublimatam, ut nullis mundani imperii viribus valeat, cum sit ipsa humillima, superari. Quae progreditur, inquit, quia non uno in loco consistere, non parvo tempore passa est apparere, sed per totum orbem, suam fidem famamque extendere, per tota labentis saeculi tempora, pro corona vitae perpetuae certare non desistit. Progreditur autem, quasi aurora consurgens, quia veri jam luminis in ea ortus mundo post tenebras ignorantiae longe monstratur, admonentibus ejus praeconibus ac dicentibus quia nox praecessit, dies autem appropinquavit. Abjiciamus ergo opera tenebrarum, et induamus arma lucis, et caetera (Rom. XIII).11 E: Quae est ista quae progreditur quasi aurora consurgens: Id est, quam gloriosa est ista, tot virtutibus, tot donis glorificata, quae ex omnibus mundi partibus, fide, et opere, et praedicatione, ad Christum progreditur quasi aurora consurgens sub apostolis. Sicut enim aurora surgens, tenebras noctis depellit, solem mundo inducit, sic Ecclesia nascens, tenebras ignorantiae repulit et solem mundo dictis et exemplis induxit.
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