Evaluation of Rootstocks: 2009 NC-140 Peach Rootstock Trial through Seven Growing Seasons Wesley R. Autio, James S. Krupa, Jon M. Clements, and Winfred P. Cowgill, Jr. Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Like all other temperate tree-fruit crops, peach peach-growing regions of the U.S. Some of these varieties are propagated by grafting. Seedlings rootstocks, however, are interesting for other rea- have long been the norm for rootstock, with most of sons, such as vigor control and effects on cropping the seeds coming from prescribed crosses. Lovell and fruit size. and Bailey are among the most common seedling As part of the 2009 NC-140 Peach Rootstock rootstocks used for in the Northeastern Trial, a planting of Redhaven on 15 rootstocks was U.S. The NC-140 Multi-State research committee established in the spring of 2009 at the University has evaluated peach rootstocks for 30 years. Some of Massachusetts Cold Spring Orchard Research of the new rootstocks in the NC-140 trials have & Education Center in Belchertown. See below for been clonally propagated and included genetics the genetics and origin of these rootstocks. Trees of peach and other species. The primary grew well in their fi rst seven seasons. It is impor- goal of NC-140 evaluations has been to fi nd peach tant to note that these trees experienced a heavy rootstocks with greater longevity, particularly un- snowstorm at the end of October 2011. Leaves der some of the disease pressures of the signifi cant were still present, and some scaffold breakage

Rootstocksincludedinthe2009NCͲ140PeachRootstockTrialplanted onMay6,2009 attheUMassColdSpring OrchardResearch&EducationCenter.

Rootstock Genetics Source Origin Lovel Peach California(1882selectiondryingcultivar) USAͲͲCA Guardian Peach USDA/ClemsonUniversity USAͲͲ SC HBOK10 Peach UniversityofCaliforniaDavis USAͲͲ CA HBOK32 Peach UniversityofCaliforniaDavis USAͲͲ CA KV010Ͳ123 Peach RalphScorza,USDAKearneysville USAͲͲ WV KV010Ͳ127 Peach RalphScorza,USDAKearneysville USAͲͲ WV Prunusamericana American Bailey'sNurseries USAͲͲ MN Penta EuropeanPlum IstitutoSperimentaleperlaFrutticoltura Italy Controller5 JapanesePlumxPeach UniversityofCaliforniaDavis USAͲͲ CA Krymsk86 MyrobolanPlumxPeach KrymskBreeding&ResearchStation Russia Krymsk1 NankingCherryxMyrobolanPlum KrymskBreeding&ResearchStation Russia

Bright'sHybrid#5 AlmondxPeach Bright'sNursery USAͲͲ CA Mirobac MyrobolanPlumxAlmond AgromilloraCatalana Spain Atlas PeachxAlmondxFloweringPlum Zaiger'sGenetics USAͲͲ CA Viking PeachxAlmondxFloweringPlum Zaiger'sGenetics USAͲͲ CA

HorƟ cultural News, Volume 96, Summer, 2016 1 Table1.Trunksize,rootsuckering,yield,yieldefficiency,andfruitsizein2015ofRedhavenpeach treesinthe2009NCͲ140PeachRootstockTrialattheUMassColdSpringOrchardResearch& EducationCenter,Belchertown,MA.AllvaluesareleastͲsquaresmeans,adjustedformissing subclassesandforcroploadinthecasefruitweight.z

TrunkcrossͲ Rootsuckers sectionalarea (no./tree, Yieldpertree Yieldefficiency Fruitweight Rootstock (cm2) 2009Ͳ15) (kg) (kg/cm2) (g) Atlas 180 abc 0.1 b 17 ab 0.10 bc 170 a BrightsHybrid5 159 bc 0.0 b 15 ab 0.09 bc 171 a Controller5 58 d 0.0 b 11 b 0.21 a 168 a Guardian 211 a 0.3 b 17 ab 0.08 c 178 a HBOK10 148 c 0.5 b 14 ab 0.10 bc 173 a HBOK32 144 c 0.3 b 18 ab 0.13 bc 165 a KV010Ͳ123 151 bc 0.5 b 18 ab 0.12 bc 175 a KV010Ͳ127 171 abc 1.5 b 16 ab 0.10 bc 174 a Krymsk1 82 d 3.8 b 12 b 0.16 ab 198 a Krymsk86 174 abc 0.0 b 16 ab 0.10 bc 175 a Lovell 186 ab 0.0 b 20 a 0.11 bc 177 a Mirobac 151 bc 3.3 b 17 ab 0.12 bc 162 a Prunusamericana 88 d 129.8 a 18 ab 0.22 a 171 a Penta 160 bc 9.4 b 14 ab 0.09 bc 178 a Viking 174 abc 0.0 b 16 ab 0.10 bc 198 a

zMeanswereseparatedwithincolumnsbyTukey'sHSD(P=0.05).

250 occurred. Where possible, scaffolds TrunkcrossͲsectionalarea(cm2) Cumulativeyieldpertree(kg) were pulled back and bolted into 200 place. All of these trees have grown and performed normally. The -

150 ing includes eight replications in a randomized-complete-block design.

100 Means from 2015 (seventh growing season) are included in Tables 1 and 2 and Figure 1. 50 At the end of the 2015 season, largest trees were on Guardian, 0 Lovell, Atlas, Viking, Krymsk 86, and KV010-127, and smallest trees were on Controller 5, Krymsk 1, and Prunus americana (Table 1, Figure Figure 1. Trunk cross-secƟ onal area (2015) and cumulaƟ ve yield per 1). Trees on Penta, Bright’s Hybrid tree (2011-15) of Red Haven trees in the MassachuseƩ s planƟ ng of the 5, KV010-123, Mirobac, HBOK 10, 2009 NC-140 Peach Rootstock Trial. and HBOK 32 were intermediate to

2 HorƟ cultural News, Volume 96, Summer, 2016 Penta, and Guard- Table2.Cumulativeyield,cumulativeyieldefficiency,andaveragefruitsizeof ian (Table 2). Fruit Redhavenpeachtreesinthe2009NCͲ140PeachRootstockTrialattheUMass size in 2015 and on ColdSpringOrchardResearch&EducationCenter,Belchertown,MA.All average (2011-15) valuesareleastͲsquaresmeans,adjustedformissingsubclasses.z was not different among rootstocks (Tables 1 and 2). Cumulativeyield Cumulativeyield Averagefruit Under North- pertree(2011Ͳ efficiency(2011Ͳ15, weight(2011Ͳ15, eastern conditions Rootstock 15,kg) kg/cm2) g) in this trial, most Atlas 109 a 0.62 d 188 a peach rootstocks BrightsHybrid5 105 a 0.66 d 181 a performed simi- Controller5 57 b 1.02 bc 172 a larly. It is interest- Guardian 121 a 0.59 d 190 a ing, however, to HBOK10 113 a 0.83 cd 182 a look more closely HBOK32 116 a 0.81 cd 179 a at the dwarfing KV010Ͳ123 117 a 0.78 cd 181 a rootstocks. In this KV010Ͳ127 119 a 0.71 cd 184 a trial, trees on Con- Krymsk1 103 a 1.32 ab 186 a troller 5, Krimsk 1, Krymsk86 100 a 0.59 d 180 a and P. americana Lovell 123 a 0.67 d 186 a were all substan- Mirobac 108 a 0.74 cd 176 a tially smaller than Prunusamericana 125 a 1.50 a 188 a trees on all other Penta 94 a 0.60 d 186 a rootstocks. Yield Viking 120 a 0.72 cd 184 a per tree was sig- nifi cantly lower in zMeanswereseparatedwithincolumnsbyTukey'sHSD(P=0.05). 2015 for those on Controller 5 and the two groups (Table 1, Figure 1). Substantially Krymsk 1 than trees on Lovell, but trees on P. more suckering occurred from trees on P. ameri- americana yielded similarly to those on Lovell. cana than from any other rootstock (Table 1). Cumulatively (2011-15), trees on Krymsk 1 and P. Greatest yields in 2015 were harvested from americana yielded similarly to trees on Lovell, but trees on Lovell, and the lowest yields were har- trees on Controller 5 yielded less. Yield effi ciency vested from those on Controller 5 and Krymsk 1, (yield per trunk size) in 2015 and cumulatively with all others intermediate in yield (Table 1). On was high for all three dwarf peach trees. Overall, a cumulative basis (2011-15), yield was similar Controller 5 results in trees of very low vigor which among most trees, except that yield from trees on appear weak in the fi eld. Yield per tree is low, Controller 5 was signifi cantly lower than all others but because of the small size, effi ciency is good. (Table 2, Figure 1). The most yield effi cient trees Trees on Krymsk 1 and P. americana, however, are in 2015 were on P. americana and Controller 5, and dwarf but produce a comparable levels per tree to the least effi cient trees were on Guardian (Table 1). the much more vigorous rootstocks. P. americana Cumulatively (2011-15), yield effi ciency was great- is a prolifi c producer of root suckers, which may est for trees on P. americana and lowest for trees limit its commercial value. on Bright’s Hybrid 5, Lovell, Atlas, Krymsk 86,

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