Invertebrates Sponges & Cnidarians Sponges

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Invertebrates Sponges & Cnidarians Sponges Kingdom: Animalia – Sub Phylym: Porifera (sponges) Simplest invertebrates Asymmetrical (no symmetry!) No tissues, gut or nerves How Do Sponges Eat? Filter feeders: feed on tiny plants and animals Water carries food into the sponge through pores (ostia) – Ostia: holes on the outside of the body Inside the sponge, collar cells remove food from the water – Collar cells: special cells that line the central cavity of the sponge; they digest food The water exits through an osculum – Osculum: hole at the top of the sponge Sponge Anatomy • Where does the water enter? • Where does the water exit? • What structure on the collar cells pushes the water up? Body Part Abilities If a part of a sponge is broken off, the missing part can regenerate, or grow back If a sponge is broken into pieces, new sponges could form from each piece If you force a sponge body through a strainer, the separated cells could come back together and reform the same sponge! Kinds of Sponges All are in the water (most in salt water) Come in different shapes/sizes Most sponges have a skeleton made of hard fibers called spicules Grouped by their type of skeleton – Barrel sponge – Tube Sponge – Finger Sponge – Vase Sponge Cnidarians Pronounced “nigh-dare-e-ins” Kingdom: Animalia – Sub Phylum: Cnidaria Invertebrates that have stinging cells More complex than sponges – Have complex tissues, a gut & simple nerves Include: jellyfish, hydrozoa, sea anemones and coral Two Body Forms Cnidarians have ONE of the two body forms: – Medusa: swim through the water – Polyp: attach to a surface Some change forms at different times in their life Special Cells All cnidarians have tentacles covered with stinging cells – Nematocysts: stinging cells that release spears into an organism when it brushes the tentacles Some can release poison Used for protection and to catch food Kinds of Cnidarians **We split them into four classes: Kingdom: Animalia Sub Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Anthozoa Cubozoa Hydrozoans Hydra, Portuguese Man-o’War Hydra are always polyps (attached) Live in fresh and salt water Many live in colonies Scyphozoans Jellyfish Catch other inverts and fish in tentacles Spend most of their life as a medusa Anthozoans Sea Anemones and Corals Spend their lives as polyps Often brightly colored Live in colonies Cubozoans Are square shaped when viewed from above Resemble true jellyfish Have well developed eyes Are one of the most deadliest animals in the ocean.

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Nitrogen-Fixing, Photosynthetic, Anaerobic Bacteria Associated with Pelagic Copepods
- AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Vol. 12: 105-113. 1997 Published April 10 , Aquat Microb Ecol Nitrogen-fixing, photosynthetic, anaerobic bacteria associated with pelagic copepods Lita M. Proctor Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-3048, USA ABSTRACT: Purple sulfur bacteria are photosynthetic, anaerobic microorganisms that fix carbon di- oxide using hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor; many are also nitrogen fixers. Because of the~r requirements for sulfide or orgamc carbon as electron donors in anoxygenic photosynthesis, these bac- teria are generally thought to be lim~tedto shallow, organic-nch, anoxic environments such as subtidal marine sediments. We report here the discovery of nitrogen-fixing, purple sulfur bactena associated with pelagic copepods from the Caribbean Sea. Anaerobic incubations of bacteria associated with fuU- gut and voided-gut copepods resulted in enrichments of purple/red-pigmented purple sulfur bacteria while anaerobic incubations of bacteria associated with fecal pellets did not yield any purple sulfur bacteria, suggesting that the photosynthetic anaerobes were specifically associated with copepods. Pigment analysis of the Caribbean Sea copepod-associated bacterial enrichments demonstrated that these bactena possess bacter~ochlorophylla and carotenoids in the okenone series, confirming that these bacteria are purple sulfur bacteria. Increases in acetylene reduction paralleled the growth of pur- ple sulfur bactena in the copepod ennchments, suggesting that the purple sulfur bacteria are active nitrogen fixers. The association of these bacteria with planktonic copepods suggests a previously unrecognized role for photosynthetic anaerobes in the marine S, N and C cycles, even in the aerobic water column of the open ocean. KEY WORDS: Manne purple sulfur bacterla .
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The Anti-Viral Applications of Marine Resources for COVID-19 Treatment: an Overview
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Examples of Sea Sponges
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Freshwater Sponge Hosts and Their Green Algae Symbionts
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This Article Was Published in an Elsevier Journal. the Attached Copy
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