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The Partner-Specific Sexual Liking and Sexual Wanting Scale

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The Partner-Specific Sexual Liking and Sexual Wanting Scale Arch Sex Behav (2012) 41:467–476 DOI 10.1007/s10508-011-9785-6 ORIGINAL PAPER The Partner-Specific Sexual Liking and Sexual Wanting Scale: Psychometric Properties Tamar Krishnamurti • George Loewenstein Received: 9 March 2010 / Revised: 6 December 2010 / Accepted: 21 March 2011 / Published online: 1 July 2011 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 Abstract Inspired by research showing that wanting (one’s Keywords Sexual liking Á Sexual wanting Á motivation to engage in an activity) often diverges from liking Intimate relationships Á Scale development (one’s enjoyment of the activity), this article details the devel- opment and validation of a new measure to examine the dis- tinction between sexual wanting and liking within a relation- Introduction ship: the partner-specific sexual liking and wanting (PSSLW) scale. In Study 1, participants (N = 1145; 63% female) com- Logically, one might think that wanting to engage in an activity pleted items intended to measure PSSLW. Factor analysis sup- should be virtually indistinguishable from the liking of that activ- ported a 15-item two-factor solution that explained 64.7% of ity, i.e., how much we anticipate enjoying it. Yet, according to a the total variance. The partner-specific sexual liking (PSSL) provocative hypothesis advanced by Berridge (see Smith & Ber- subscale (Cronbach’s a = .93) and the partner-specific sexual ridge, 2007; Treit & Berridge, 1990;Wyvell&Berridge,2000), wanting (PSSW) subscale (Cronbach’s a = .87) showed good wanting and liking do not necessarily coincide. Indeed, a number internal validity. Test–retest reliability on a subsample (n = 30) of studies suggest that the experiences of liking and wanting are was high (Pearson’s r = .75). In Study 2, participants (N = 67; processed in overlapping, but somewhat distinct regions of the 71.6% female) completed the PSSLW scale and additional brain, strengthening the claim that, at least in some contexts, lik- measures of satisfaction and desire. Both scales displayed sat- ing and wanting should be represented as unique constructs (Pec- isfactory discriminant and convergent validity. In Study 3, parti- in˜a, Berridge, & Parker, 1997). cipants (N = 2589; 45.3% female) completed the PSSLW scale Deviations between wanting (the motivation to engage in an and answered questions about sexual behavior within their rela- activity) and liking (the enjoyment of the activity) have been tionships. The two subscales were distinctly correlated with observed in domains as diverse as alcohol consumption (Hobbs, measures of self-reported behavior. Moreover, confirmatory fac- Remington, & Glautier, 2005), smoking (Brauer, Cramblett, tor analysis (CFA) yielded a good-fit two-factor model, where Paxton,& Rose, 2001),druguse(Brauer& de Wit,1997; Breiter the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = .97, Tucker Lewis Index et al., 1997), and food consumption (Finlayson, King, & Blun- (TLI) = .96, and root mean square error of approximation dell, 2007). For example, Hobbs et al. (2005) administered var- (RMSEA) = .06. Data from these three studies suggested that ious alcoholic andnon-alcoholic beverages to heavyversus light PSSLW were distinct, measurable, and valid constructs that drinkers. Even though heavy drinkers displayed higher levels of have thepotentialtoenrich future studies of sexualexperience wanting alcohol, as manifested by higher levels of consumption, and behavior within sexual partnerships. there were no significant differences in ratings of enjoyment of the drinks. In research examining the distinction between liking and wanting food, no significant difference was found in the pleasantness rating of foods between obese and lean subjects, although obese subjects consumed significantly more calories & T. Krishnamurti ( ) Á G. Loewenstein (Cox, Perry, Moore, Vallis, & Mela, 1999). Other studies have Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA shown that palatability of food is not consistently correlated e-mail: [email protected] with intake (Lucas & Bellisle, 1987). While the domains in 123 468 Arch Sex Behav (2012) 41:467–476 which liking and wanting have been shown to differ are pri- Previous work on sexual quality has examined general marily areas of hedonic consumption, this distinction has not yet sexual satisfaction, which often encompasses (and confounds) been quantifiedin the highlyhedonic domainof sexual behavior. sexual frequency, sexual liking, and sexual wanting. Moreover, There are a variety of interesting patterns with respect to to the extent that prior scales have examined sexual wanting, sexual behavior that might be better understood by making a they tend to address sexual desire as an innate force that is not distinction between liking and wanting for sex. Specifically, specific to individual partners, but rather that motivates sexual gender differences in sexual initiation and reported enjoyment behavior more generally (Krafft-Ebing, 1886/1965). Here, we of sexual activity may be related to differences in levels of draw a distinction between, and seek to independently measure, sexual liking and sexual wanting between men and women. In partner-specific sexual liking (PSSL), which we define as the one study, sex was rated as the single activity, which produced hedonic experience specific to sexual interaction with a specific the greatest amount of happiness in women’s lives (Kahneman, partner, and partner-specific sexual liking (PSSW), which we Krueger, Schkade, Schwarz, & Stone,2004). Moreover, women define as the motivation to engage in sexual activity with that have a greater physiological capacity to enjoy sex than men do partner. (Baumeister, Catanese, & Vohs, 2001). Yet, women act as the Creating a scale that can measure sexual wanting for both sexual ‘‘gate keepers’’ within a relationship, determining when sexes is challenging because, as argued by Toates (2009), sexual and whether sexual contact will occur (Cohen & Shotland, wanting may operate somewhat differently in men and woman. 1996; Meston, Trapnell, & Gorzalka, 1998). This pattern of Toates found that women’s wanting may be more closely women limiting potentially highly enjoyable sexual contact, associated with deliberate and controlled processes. Men’s even after the eve of the feminist movement and more freely wanting, on the other hand, may be more closely associated with available contraceptives, could be explained if women ‘like’ sex automatic processes and thus less susceptible to factors like the more than men do, but ‘want’ it less. social context of a sexual interaction. Therefore, it was impor- In addition to gender differences, sexual frequency has been tant to ensure that our scale items did not have strong social or shown to be susceptible to influences of time, with patterns of cultural factors embedded in the text, which may influence decline in sexual frequency occurring with both age and rela- women’s positive and negative cognitions of those items. For tionship duration (Call, Sprecher, & Schwartz, 1995;Rao& example, both men and women have been shown to experience DeMaris, 1995). While some of this decrease may be due to comparable levels of sexual arousal in response to pornographic changes in health status or background variables (such as work material (Fisher & Byrne, 1978), yet social norms may make schedule), these variables cannot fully account for this decline women feel less comfortable actively seeking out pornographic (Greenblat, 1983). Whether the remaining diminishment in stimuli. As a result, items such as frequency of pornography use sexual activity over time together is due to a lack of enjoyment with one’s partner would serve as a poor measure for sexual or a lack of desire or both is not well understood. wanting and, consequently, we avoided including items in our Lastly, sexual frequency has been closely tied to happiness scale that could have a socially or culturally normative inter- across genders, with one study showing that increasing a per- pretation. son’s sexual activity from once a month to once a week would be In addition, while men and women can both recognize key approximately equivalent in terms of happiness to receiving a physiological indicators of their desire, such as genital arousal, pay increase of $50,000 (Blanchflower & Oswald, 2004). some researchers (e.g., Chivers, Rieger, Latty, & Bailey, 2004; However, studies that examine patterns of sexual frequency do Chivers, Seto, Lalumie`re,Laan,&Grimbos,2010;Laan& not generally distinguish between sexual liking and sexual Everaerd, 1995) have inferred from the lower correlation wanting. If sexual intercourse issohighlyvaluedasasourceof between self-report and the onset of these physiological indi- happiness, it is crucial to determine what aspects of intercourse cators amongst females, that women show a lack of awareness are actually impacting individuals. It may be the general of physical arousal relative to men. To account for this possi- wanting of sex and the carrying out of those desires that is bility, we included items in our wanting scale that were intended beneficial. Alternately, it may be the more subtle distinction of to capture both automatic physiological arousal responses, as liking the sex that we have, which has a positive impact on our well as more subjective assessments of desire. well-being. A similar challenge exists with respect to measuring sexual To understand changes in sexual initiation and frequency liking due to the common observation that men and women tend with age,
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