Journal of Coastal Research iii-xiii Royal Palm Beach, Florida Summer 1998 .tll''''''" ~ EDITORIAL ~ Coastal and Port Engineering: Synergistic Disciplines from the Overarching Purview of Integrated Coastal Management The principle objectives of maritime engineering fall broad­ not included in these lists, especially those of importance only ly into two classifications: (1) transportation, and (2) recla­ to local economies. In contrast to the large numbers of small­ mation and conservancy. The first category includes works er ports that go unreported, Table 1 lists several hundred that are directed at providing facilities for the safe and eco­ ports of international and national significance. Although the nomical transfer of cargo and passengers between land ve­ list is far from complete, it serves to emphasize the point that hicles and ships; fishing ports for the landing and distribution there are numerous major port and harbor facilities around of the harvest of the sea; harbors of refuge for ships and small the world's coastline. The numbers of facilities, their size, and craft; and marinas for the mooring or laying up of small pri­ frequency of occurrence along coastal stretches bear consid­ vate craft. Reclamation and conservancy works, on the other eration from several points of view. It is thus perhaps worth hand, focus on protection of the land area from encroachment while to briefly summarize the important place of ports and by the sea, to the recovery and conversion of land use areas harbors in global and local economies. The figures in Table 2 occupied by the sea, and to the maintenance of river estuaries emphasize, by way of one example, the importance of port, as efficient means for the discharge of inland runoff. The civ­ harbor, and waterway commerce in the United States by ref­ il-engineering techniques used for either of these objectives erence to ton-miles and average tonnage hauled by type of are broadly similar, coming within the purview of coastal and traffic from 1996 to 1997. Table 3 summarizes U.S. water­ port engineering. Indeed, the realization ofboth objectives at borne foreign commerce for ports ranked by cargo value. the same time is frequently a feature of the same project. More complete summaries may be found in Waterborne Com­ With these goals of maritime engineering in mind, it is also merce of the United States (CaE, 1997). Although not com­ important to remember that construction in the coastal zone prehensive, Tables 1-3 illustrate the points that port and takes place with consequences to the often-fragile littoral en­ harbor installations around the world are numerous and that vironment. they are important to international, national, regional, and The presence of ports and harbors around the world brings local economies. Their mere presence impacts the littoral one to the staggering realization that these maritime works, zone and demands attention from coastal specialists. and the facilities associated with them, must number many The World Port Index (WPl) (Defense Mapping Agency Hy­ thousands of installations. Lloyd's Register of Shipping (Mari­ drographic-Topographic Center, 1986) provides useful ways time Guide 1998), for example, provides worldwide lists that for defining or categorizing ports by location, size, and type. locate over 14,500 'places of maritime significance.' These lo­ By definition, a harbor is any part of a body of water that is cations include ports, places of shipbuilding, marine machin­ sufficiently sheltered from wind, waves, and currents such ery manufacture and shiprepairing; places where ships are that it can be used by vessels for safe anchorage or the dis­ owned or managed; selected canals, rivers, offshore anchor­ charge and loading of cargo or passengers. A harbor is distin­ ages, roadsteads, gas/oil fields, straits and channels. Also in­ guished from a port in that it does not necessarily have fa­ cluded are locations of shipbreakers, pontoons, linkspans, cilities for the transfer of cargo that a port always has. Even and other docking installations (incl. dry docks). Although it though the two terms (i.e. port and harbor) are differentiated is difficult to obtain in a single document a global list of all from a technical point of view, in common parlance they are ports in the world, summaries of port facilities and statistics often used interchangeably in a broad sense without engi­ are compiled nationally and regionally by various govern­ neering connotations. The most important aspect of a harbor mental and proprietary sources. There is, for example, much is the amount of shelter it provides. Some, such as the har­ useful information compiled by the U.S. Army Corps of En­ bors of New York, Tampa, Seattle, and San Francisco (United gineers, American Association of Port Authorities, Associa­ States), and Sydney (Australia), are naturally sheltered from tion of British Ports, Maritime Information Systems, and so the open sea by narrow straits and land barriers. Harbors on. More information is becoming available in electronic for­ that have open exposures must be protected by engineering mat and some interesting sites on the World Wide Web in­ works such as breakwaters. On some open coasts, such as clude: Ports and Port Authorities (access.digex.net/r-rjeffrey/ Madras (India), building breakwaters has literally created Ports), The Seaports Infopage (seaportsinfo.com), and Mari­ harbors. time Global Net (rnglobal.com). Smaller ports are generally In addition to shelter from open water, one of the most iv Editorial Table 1. List of world ports registered with the Maritime Information Systems, Inc. and other selected ports and harbors. AFRICA Gabon Mohammedia Sudan Algeria Cap Lopez Safi Port Sudan Annaba (Ex Bone) Gamba Tangier Libreville Tanzania Arzew Mozambique Lucina Dar Es Salaam Bejaia (Ex Bougie) Beira M'bya Terminal Kilwa Kivinje Cherchell Chinde Nyanga Kilwa Masoko CoUo Inhambane Owendo Lindi Dellys Macuse Port Gentil Mtwara Ghazaouet Maputo Pangani Mostaganem Gambia Matola Samanga Oran Banjul Nacala Tanga Skikda (Ex PhilippeviUe) Pebane Ghana Zanzibar Tenes Pemba Saltpond Quelimane Angola Takoradi Togo Cabinda Tema Namibia Kpeme Lobito Luderitz Lone Guinea Luanda Walvis Bay Conakry Namibe Tunisia Port Kamsar Nigeria Ashtart Terminal Palanca Terminal Antan Terminal Porto Amboim Guinea-Bissau Bizerte Brass Soyo-Quinfuquena Terminal Bissau Gabes Burutu Sumbe La Goulette Nord (Halque) Kenya Calabar La Skhirra Lamu Brunei Darussalam Escravos Menzel Bourguiba Malindi Kuala Belait Forcados Rades/Tunis Mombasa Lumut Koko Sfax Muara Liberia Lagos Sousse Seria Buchanan Okrika Tunis Tanjong Salirong Cape Palmas Onne Port Harcourt Zaire Cape Verde Greenville Monrovia Sapele Ango-Ango Mindelo TincanILagos Banana Porot Grande Libya Warri Boma Abu Kammash Matadi Comoros Bingazi (Benghazi) Reunion Dzaoudzi Derna Pointe des Galets Moroni ASIA Es Sider Sao Tome and Principe Mutsamudu China Marsa Brega Santo Antonio Basuo Congo Marsa el Hariga Sao Tome Island Beihai Djeno Terminal Misurata Senegal Chiwan Pointe Noire Ras Lanuf Dakar Dalian Tobruk Cote D'ivoire (Ivory Cost) Lyndiane Fancheng Tripoli Abidjan M*bao Terminal Fuzhou Zawia Terminal (Azzawiya) Djibouti Guangzhou Zuara Seychelles Haikou Egypt Port Victoria Madagascar Abu Zenima Lianyungang Antsiranana Sierra Leone Adabiya Mawan Fort Dauphin (Toalagnaro) Freetown Ain Sukhna Nantong Majunga (Mahajanga) Pepel Damietta Ningbo Mananjary EI Dekheila Somalia Qindao Morondava Geisum Terminal Berbera Qinhuangdao Port Saint Louis Hamrawein Kismayu Quanzhou Tamatave (Toamasina) Hurghada Merca Rizhao Toamasina Mersa EI Hamra Mogadishu Sanya Tulear Port Said Shanghai South Africa Ras Gharib Mauritania Shantou Cape Town Ras Shukheir Nouadhibou Shanwei Durban Nouakchott Shekou Safaga East London Suez EI Suweis Tianjin Mossel Bay Wadi Feiran Morocco Wenshou Port Elizabeth Agadir Ziamen Port NoUoth Equatorial Guinea Casablanca Yangpu Bata Richards Bay Dakhla Yantian Cogo Saldanha Bay EI Jadida Yingkou Luba Simonstoen Essaouira Zhanjiang Eritrea Kenitra (Ex Port Lyautey) St. Helena Zhoushan Assab Laayoune (AI Aaiun) Georgetown Zhuhai-Gaolan Massawa Larache Jamestown Zhuhai-Jiuzhou Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 14, No.3, 1998 Editorial v Table 1. Continued . Hong Kong Gladstone INDONESIA Surabaya, Java Port of Hong Kong Cove Ampenan, Bali Susoh, Sumatra Hong Kong Shipping Directory Haypoint Arjuna, Java (duplicate) Tanjung Balai Port of Hobart Balikpapan, Kalimantan Tunjung Pandan, Belitung India Ipswich Balongan Terminal Tanjung PerakJSurabaya, Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust Kingscote Banjarmasin Tanjung Pinang, Riau Mumbai Port Trust Klein Point Bekapai Terminal Tanjung Prick Port of Bombay Port of Cochin Kurnell Belawan , Sumatra Tanjung Sekong, Jv Kwinana Bangkulu, Sumatra Tanjung Uban, Riau Port of Madras Port of Mangalore Launceston Benoa, Bali Tarakan, Kalimantan Lucinda Port of Mumbai Biak, Irian Jaya Tegal, Java Mackay Bima Terminal, Jv Teluk, BajurlPadang, Suma Port of Visakhapatnam Maryborough Bima, Sb Ternate, Halmahera Japan Melbourne Bitung, Sulawesi Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi Port of Kobe Milner Bay Blang Lancang, St Waingapu, Sumba Port of Nigata Mourilyan Bontang, Kl Kiribati Port of Osaka Newcastle Celukan Bawang, Bl Tarawa Port of Tokyo Perth Cigading, Jv Port of Yokohama Port Adelaide Cilacap, Java MIDDLE EAST Malaysia Port Alma Cinta, Java Iran Port of Bintulu Port Arthur Cirebon, Java Bandar-e Shahpur Port of Johor Port Augusta Dabo , Singkep Kherg Island Port of Klang Port Bonython Dumai, Sumatra Port