Learning center: Efficient management of food production systems under water and land constraints Israel Delegation to The CSD-16 United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development NYC, May 2008 1

State of Israel The Ministry of National Infrastructures Water Authority DroughtDrought andand WaterWater ManagementManagement - TheThe IsraeliIsraeli ExperienceExperience

Michael Zaide Water Authority

CSD16 May 2008 2

1 Israel – General Data

Middle East, Semi arid area Established 1948 (this year-60th birthday) Area: 20,770 km2 Regime: Democracy population 7.2 millions. Minorities 20% GDP 31,800 US$/Cap Agriculture 2% of the GDP Soon a member of the OECD

3

Outline Background

Water Crises

Change of Policy

Principles of management and planning

Lessons from the Israeli experience

4

2 The Extent of Water Shortage

165 m3/y/capita – 33 % of “Shortage Red Line” by the UN definition

2020 – Domestic and Municipal needs only (~ 1000 MCM)

5

The Extent of Water Shortage

¾ Israel is situated at the edge of the desert. ¾ Within 200 Km rainfall drops from over 700 mm/year to 150 mm/year. ¾ Fluctuations in rainfall are very extreme. ¾ Series of drought years are a common Phenomena 6

3 Map of Aquifers in Israel

Kinneret basins Western Galilee Aquifer - 110 650 580

Carmel Aquifer - 25

Eastern basins ? 130 The Coastal Aquifer - 250 Mountain Aquifer - 320 Total annual potential production (average) – 1,555 MCM Negev Basin

70 TBS – 1355 Arava Basin TBS – 1285 2008: 970 (~76% ) 7

Replenishment Data 1932-2008

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Kinneret Mountain Aquifer Coastal Aquifer Western Gallilee

8

4 Replenishment Data 1932-2008

Replenishment Data Min : 601 Max: 3687 Average:1391 STD: 464 MCM

4000 3750 3500 3250 3000 2750 2500 2250

2000 מלמ "

1750 ש 1500 MCM 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 1932 1937 1942 1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 שנהYear

9

Climate Change

Source: Roger Braithwaite, University of Manchester (UK) 10

5 Projections of Future Changes in Climate

¾ Decrease in precipitation quantities. ¾ longer intermissions between rain events. ¾ Increase in uncertainty of annual replenishment volume of natural water resources. 11

Water Demand per Sectors 2007

Industry 114 MCM Potable (6%) 565 MCM

Domestic 766 MCM (40%)

Agriculture Other 1180 MCM 615 (55%) MCM

12

6 Main National Water Supply System

Haifa

Netofa +2 00

+1 Tel Aviv 50 +1 00 +5 108” 0 Pipeline 0 -50

- Sea of 10 0 - 15 Galilee 0 - 20 0 S N

13

Wastewater Treatment in Israel:

¾ No. of large WWTP: 32

¾ Wastewater ~ 500 MCM/year

¾ 50% - secondary level

¾ 30% - tertiary level

The Jerusalem WWTP 2003

14

7 Water Crises

15

Lake Kinneret - Israel’s main surface water source Water level (1962 - 2006)

Level and Cl in Lake Kinneret 1969-2006

-208 300 -209 280 -210 260 -211 240 -212 220 -213 200 Salinity (m g/LCl) Lake Level (m-214 ASL) 180 -215 160 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06

16

8 17

Water Volume in the TBS MCM

M C M

18

9 17200 Ramat-HaSharon Aquifer Sensitive Areas 136 133 135 VOCs ( g/L) 132 9.2 TCE m 0.5 1,2-DCA 1999 - 2001 129 134 17000 131 8.5 THM130 0.1 TCE 128 650 TCE 0.9 1,2-DCA 127 River 126 arkon Hayarkon Park 0.2 TCE Hay 16800 125 I 0.5 1,2-DCA Petah Tikva 70 76 124 68 56.1 1,1-DCE71 85 5.3 TCE 0.31 EDB 31.8 PCE 16600 1.1 1,2-DCA59 2.1 1,2-DCA 45 53 55 1.3 1,2-DCA 60 82 123 0.2 1,1-DCE47 50 91.838.4 PCE PCE Tel Aviv 2.2 1,2-DCA 0.2 1,2-DCA81 122 37 0.06 TCE 2132 CCl4 33 40 1.9 1,2-DCA2.5 TCE 1.3 1,2-DCA Azrieli 197 TCE 38 2.4 1,2-DCA 1.5 1,2-DCA 34 80 Center Magen 0.3 1,2-DCA 25 16400 23 118119120 21 27.6 1,1-DCE 1.5 261,2-DCA 24 2.4 1,2-DCA 1.8 CCl4 121 77 30 1,1-DCE224 THM 1.4 1,2-DCA 17 116 78 13 84 1 TCE 17 1,1-DCE 0.54 CHCl311 113 1 10 0.11 CHCl3 23 PCE117 22.6 TCE IV 8.2 TCE 115 73 0.2 1,2-DCE 0.1 1,2-DCE 83 0.8 TCE 1140.1 PCE 7.8 TCE 25.3 PCE 79 18 62 TCE 111 0.5 TCE 7.8 TCE 16200 1.8 1,2-DCA 1.7 PCE 112 110 Ay alon 11.1 1,1-DCE 109 II2.6 THM R iver 16.2 1.1-DCE Safari Park 108 16000 S Hiria 5 THM105 ha 102 103 f 106 ir N 1 1,2-DCA 15 TCE 104III 107 im 1.3 TCE R 97 5.1 TCE 0.15 PCE Bat 99 iv 98 e 100 101 r 96 3 1,1-DCE Yam 910.5 1,2-DCA 15800 0.4 1,2-DCA 0.24 TCE 0.4 1,2-DCA90 93 TRANSIENT DATA 94 89 2392 TCE 95 IN 90 WELLS 86 87 22 TCE 0.6 CCl4 - 0.8 1,2-DCA 88 0.4 1,2-DCA 84 TCE VOCs detected 2 km 5.2 TCE in 82% of wells 15600 12600 12800 13000 13200 13400 13600 13800

19

Water Crises

The main reasons:

¾ Consecutive years of drought in the region.

¾ Increased demand by population growth.

¾ Stretching the renewable water sources to the limit.

¾ Quality Deterioration of the natural sources.

¾ Lack of regulation tools.

20

10 What has been done to cope with the water crises ?

21

Water Authority

• Establishing the Water Authority (2007) • Centralizing water management authorities from all ministries including the setting tariffs • Management the hole coarse of the water cycle.

22

11 Demand Management

23

Domestic Tariffs

Old New Model Model

Two tariffs: Tariff 1. First 3 MCM/month- Average cost charged to the (“resultant cost”) municipality 2. The rest- marginal cost

Tariffs charge to 3 progressive tariffs Two tariffs the Consumer:

Agriculture Tariff also has being changed and was linked to the average 24 cost (desalination cost included).

12 Using Economic Instruments for Sustainable Natural Water Resources Levels of Progressive Extraction Levies Israeli Delegation Israeli Delegation Israeli Delegation

Cents per 48.3 c.m. Conservation – – – Australia 19 Australia 19 Australia 19 Levy Preventive Levy Variable Cost - - - 222007 March 222007 March 222007 March Incentive Levy

Constant Cost

Variable Cost Variable Cost 1000 hrs. Recommended Production Winter 25

Changing Planning Concepts

26

13 Potable Water Demand 2002-2010 MCM/ YEAR

Domestic Industry Agriculture Nature Other Total 2008 766 85 454 7 130 1442 2020 985 93 350 50 208 1686

Annual demand growth rate of 20 MCM/YEAR

27

Sustainable Development Approach

“Walking on the Edge” Policy

Adoption of sustainable approach to water resources management and development both for quantity & quality

28

14 New Policy - Sustainable Approach

1. Restoring the reliability of the water supply system. 2. Recognition of Nature’s right to water. 3. Rehabilitation of contaminated parts of the Coastal Aquifer. 4. Reclamation of wastewater. 5. Reduction of salinity in reclaimed wastewater. 6. Financial and technical water savings mechanisms. 7. Manufacturing water as one of the ways of promoting peace in the region.

29

Probability Analysis Natural Storage Rehabilitation

• Ensemble פילוג האוגר מעל הקו אדום בסוף השנה [מלמ"ק] Forecasting עבור כל הסדרות 3000 • Storage volume 2004 & yearly change 2500

2000 • Operational ערך 2006

] extraction

שווה

מלמ

1500 או "

ק [ • Water loss גדול

2008 מ

- 1000 • Deficits 500 2010 • Desalination 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Benefit- cost • שכיחות - % analysis 30

15 Probability Analysis Water Supply Shortage יתרת המים השפירים בחקלאות (מלמ"ק) התפלה - 230 מלמ"ק בשנה, הסתברות למצב קיצוני : 10% 500

400

300

200

100

0

-100

-200 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

- Supply according to demand needed - The capability to supply the water in average (Expectancy) - Safety interval (for desired probability) - Red line 31

Risk Management Climate change : 10-20% water redundancy due to bilateral agreements Water quality deterioration Water Security Water demand (Standard of living)

“Uncertainty factor” (0.85) in natural replenishment Building scenarios Building scenarios Implementing stringent limitations for water reliability standards 32

16 Development Program

33

Rehabilitation of the Coastal Aquifer

34

17 Reuse of All Sewage Effluents

Effluents Supply systems Shafdan Water Project (SAT)

Zfat Sorek 2 Recharge Area Carmiel Reuse ofAco 500 MCM/Year in Yavne2015 4 Recharge Area(340 today)

Kishon Ashdod Kfar Tavor

Afula Tanach Gat (East) Ashkelon Hadera Heletz Sewage effluentsMain Effluent Pipe for Agriculture –

Yarkon Reclamation System 50% of allocations in 2010 Lahich Tel-Aviv Safariya Dvir Nesher Lahav Ayalon-Latrun Ashdod New, stringent standards for Tkuma Hefez Haim Ashkelon Adulam Pithat Shalom effluentZohar quality (37 parameters) Ber-Sheva 35

Brackish Water Desalination

2015 ~ 50 MCM/Year

Beer Sheva Protection Belt – “Heletz” Desalination

Beer Sheva Protection Belt – Cost ~ 35“Tkuma” US Desalination cent/m3

20 MCM Mishor Rotem Nationwide AlignmentWater Supply for Brine Disposal Systems

36

18 Development of Sea Water Desalination Plants

( 125) Hadera Israeli Delegation Israeli Delegation Israeli Delegation Construction phase. Production at 10/09

505 – – – Pre tendering stage 405 Australia 19 Australia 19 Australia 19 305 (100) 280 Full production Sorek 160 Since 9/07 130 145 - - - 222007 March

222007 March 100 222007 March ( 60) Palmachim 36 (100) 0 Pre tendering stage/ Ashdod Financial Agreement 5 6 8 9 1 2 3 00 00 01 01 01 ( 120) 2004 2 200 2007 2 200 2010 2 2 2 Ashkelon Full production Since 12/05 37

World Bank R/O Cost Evaluation

38

19 Desalinated Sea Water Cost Range

160 SMALL SWRO DESALINATION PLANTS 150 140 Malta Palmachim, 130 Eilat Haifa bay 120

Larnaca 3 Trinidad 110 100 90 cent/m 80 70 60 LARGE SWRO DESALINATION PLANTS Ashkelon 50 40 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 YEAR

Source: ADAN 39

Manufactured Water 2002 - 2015 MCM/Year

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sea water 140 160 280 300 400 500 700 700 desalination Brackish 11 15 22 31 37 43 47 51 water desal. Water import ------Additional amounts of 151 175 302 331 437 543 747 751 potable water Treated waste 340 355 370 385 400 415 430 445 water

40% of total supply will be manufactured by 2010

40

20 National Master Plan Water Development Plan: required investments 2002 – 2010 (2015) (Million US $) • Desalination 1,600 • Sewage treatment & reuse systems 1,000 • Water supply systems 600 • Renovation & Improvements 800 TOTAL 4,000

41

Some Lessons from the Israeli experience…

• A drought is a crisis but its also an opportunity for reforms.

• Water reliability is a policy. However, a plan should be prepared for a low probability scenario.

• Incorporating demand management measures has contributed to water consumption reduction.

• Reclamation is the best way to increase affordable water supply for agriculture.

• Desalination in large plants reduce costs effectively.

42

21 Some Lessons from the Israeli experience…

• Integrated system management should take into account and enable high level of mobilization for water.

• In order to prevent low levels of salinity in reclaimed water, desalinated water should be supplied as primary use (for domestic use).

• Enhancing private sector 2.1 Production per 2.02 1.98 involvement has proven 1.9 Water Unit 1.91 successful, however the state 1.7 1.66 1.64 1.59 always needs to take 1.5 1.47 1.56 1.55 1.43 responsibility for risks involved. 1.38 1.3 1.31 1.15 1.1 1.00 0.98 • Agriculture can become much 0.9

more efficient than expected. 0.7 Source: Israel Farmer’s Federation 0.5 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 200143 2002

Thank you !

Michael Zaide Water Authority, Planning Department [email protected]

44

22