Introduction 1. for Examples of These Types of Media Stories, See Joseph Berger, “Interfaith Marriages Stir Mixed Feelings, T

Notes

Introduction 1. For examples of these types of media stories, see Joseph Berger, “Interfaith Marriages Stir Mixed Feelings,” The New York Times (Aug. 4, 2010), http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/04 /us/04interfaith.html?_r=1, accessed Aug. 4, 2010; Marion L. Usher, “Chelsea Clinton and Marc Mezvinsky: Religion and Interfaith Marriage,” The Washington Post , (Aug. 4, 2010), http:// newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/guestvoices/2010/07 /chelsea_clinton_and_marc_mezvinsky_religion_and_interfaith _marriage.html?hpid=talkbox1, accessed Aug. 10, 2010. 2. These observations are based upon a cursory analysis of blogs from people commenting on the news regarding the Clinton-Mezvinsky marriage. 3. See Richard Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 1–22. 4. See Alex B. Leeman, “Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions,” Indiana Law Journal (Spring 2009): 743–771. 5. See Dana Lee Robert, Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009); Hugh McLeod, ed., World Christianities (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006). 6. I use the term “religious intermarriage” broadly and generically to refer to interreligious, interfaith, mixed, and/or exogamous marriage—terms widely used to refer to the phenomenon of marriage between individuals who identify with different religious beliefs and practices. 7. Maurice Fishberg, Jews, Race, and Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Translation Publishers, 2006, c.1911), 221; Paul R. Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-Century America (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 165. 174 NOTES

8. James A. Brundage, Sex, Law, and Marriage in the Middle Ages (Brookfield, VT: Variorum/Ashgate Publishing Company, 1993), 26–27. 9. Milton L. Barron, People Who Intermarry (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1946), 43. 10. Of the 27 percent of mixed marriages, only 4 percent are non-Christians married to non-Christians. Eight percent refused to say their own religion or their spouse’s religion. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic (2008) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Feb. 2008), http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed Sept. 12, 2009. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid., 2, 36–38; Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar, Principle Investigators, “American Religious Identification Survey, 2008,” (ARIS 2008) Trinity College , 3–7, http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris. org, accessed Dec. 15, 2009; Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Many Americans Mix Multiple Faiths (2009) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Dec. 2009); Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Faith in Flux (2009) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, April 2009), http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed June 12, 2010; Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Many Americans Say Other Faiths Can Lead to Eternal Life ( 2008 ) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Dec. 18, 2008). All Pew Forum reports can be accessed at http://pewforum.org. 13. Lamin Sanneh, Disciples of All Nations: Pillars of World Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). 14. Jeannine Hill Fletcher, Monopoly on Salvation? A Feminist Approach to Religious Pluralism (New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc., 2005), 99. 15. Peter Phan, Being Religious Interreligiously: Asian Perspectives on Interfaith Dialogue (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2004), 61. 16. Catherine Cornille, ed., Many Mansions? Multiple Religious Belonging and Christian Identity (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002). 17. Robert Wuthnow, After Heaven: Spirituality in America Since the 1950s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 2. 18. Ibid., 7, 51. 19. Robert Wuthnow, America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 126. 20. Wade Clark Roof, Spiritual Marketplace: Baby Boomers and the Remaking of American Religion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 34–35. 21. Ibid., 41–42, 74. 22. Ibid., 93. 23. Ibid., 47, 75. NOTES 175

24. Wuthnow, America and the Challenges , 10–11. 25. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), 512. 26. For examples on Jewish intermarriage, see Ronnie Friedland and Edmund Case, eds., The Guide to Jewish Interfaith Family Life (Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2001); Andrea King, If I’m Jewish and You’re Christian, What Are the Kids? A Parenting Guide for Interfaith Families (New York: UAHC Press, 1993); Judy Petsonk and Jim Remsen, The Intermarriage Handbook: A Guide for Jews and Christians (New York: William Morrow, 1988). For examples on Catholic intermarriage, see United States Council of Catholic Bishops, “Jewish-Catholic Dialogue Examines Mixed Marriages and Social Pressures on Marriage Today,” USSCB News Release, Oct. 22, 2010, http://www.usccb.org/comm/archinves/2010/10–184.shtml, accessed Dec. 2, 2010; Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Dialogue, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, The Challenge of Catholic-Muslim Marriage: A Pastoral Resource (Washington, DC: USCCB Office of Publishing and Promotion Services, 2011); Michael G. Lawler, Marriage and the Catholic Church: Disputed Questions (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 2002); John Borelli, “Pastoral Care for Interfaith Couples–A Beginning,” New Theology Review 6, no. 3 (Aug. 1993): 30–42. 27. For articles on Muslim intermarriage, see Leeman, “Interfaith Marriage in Islam,” 743–771 and Denise Al-Johar, “Muslim Marriages in America: Reflecting New Identities,” The Muslim World 95, no. 4 (Oct. 2005): 557–574; Rita George Tvrtkovic, “When Muslims and Christians Marry,” America (Sept. 10, 2001): 11–14. Although focused on Muslim intermarriage in India, Senegal, and Turkey, the following book provides interest- ing context to the American situation: Abdullahi A. An-Na’im, ed., Inter-Religious Marriages Among Muslims: Negotiating Religious and Social Identity in Family and Community (New Delhi, India: Global Media Publications, 2005). For an illuminating analysis of Hindu marriage in the United States, see Gail Hinich Sutherland, “The Wedding Pavilion: Performing, Recreating, and Regendering Hindu Identity in Houston,” International Journal of Hindu Studies 7, no. 1/3 (Feb. 2003): 117–146. 28. Ruby Jo Reeves Kennedy, “Single or Triple Melting-Pot? Intermarriage Trends in New Haven, 1870–1940,” The American Journal of Sociology 49, no. 4 (Jan. 1944): 331–339. 29. For examples, see August B. Hollingshead, “Cultural Factors in the Selection of Marriage Mates,” American Sociological Review 15, no. 5 (Oct. 1950): 619–662; Judson T. Landis, “Religiousness, Family Relationships, and Family Values in Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish Families,” Marriage and Family Living 22, no. 4 (Nov. 1960): 341–347; Ruth Shonle Cavan, “Interreligious Marriage: 176 NOTES

Official Religious Policies and Individual Mate Choice in the United States,” International Journal of Sociology of the Family (Mar. 1971): 83–93; Allan L. McCutcheon, “Denominations and Religious Intermarriage: Trends among White Americans in the Twentieth Century,” Review of Religious Research 29, no. 3 (Mar. 1988): 213–227; Evelyn L. Lehrer, “Religious Intermarriage in the United States: Determinants and Trends,” Social Science Research 27, no. 3 (Sept. 1, 1998): 245–263. 30. Jane Kaplan, Interfaith Families: Personal Stories of Jewish-Christian Intermarriage (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004); Nora Lester Murad, “The Politics of Mothering in a ‘Mixed’ Family: An Autoethnographic Exploration,” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 12 (2005): 479–503; Mark Furlong and Abe W. Ata, “Observing Different Faiths, Learning About Ourselves: Practice with Inter-married Muslims and Christians,” Australian Social Work 59, no. 3 (Sept. 2006): 250–264; Egon Mayer, Love and Tradition: Marriage between Jews and Christians (New York: Plenum Press, 1985). 31. See Barry A. Kosmin, Egon Mayer, and Ariela Keysar, Principal Investigators, “American Religious Identification Survey, 2001” (New York: The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 2001), 29; Kosmin and Keysar, ARIS 2008. 32. See Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic (2008) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Feb. 2008), http:// religions.pewforum.org, accessed Sept. 12, 2009. 33. Wuthnow, America and the Challenges , 259–285; Kate McCarthy, Interfaith Encounters in America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 126–168. 34. See John Witte Jr., From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and the Law in the Western Tradition (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1997); Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr., eds., Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006); Don S. Browning and David A. Clairmont (eds.), American Religions and the Family: How Faith Traditions Cope with Modernization and Democracy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007). 35. John Witte Jr. and Robert M. Kingdon, Sex, Marriage, and Family in John Calvin’s Geneva: Courtship, Engagement, and Marriage (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005). 36. Anne C. Rose, Beloved Strangers: Interfaith Families in Nineteenth-Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001). 37. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004). NOTES 177

38. Before 1959 and the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), the “Catholic Church considered the search for Christian unity mainly . . . a matter of bringing back to the fold those who had wandered away.” Edward Idris Cardinal Cassidy, Ecumenism and Interreligious Dialogue: Unitatis Redintegratio, Nostra Aetate (New York: Paulist Press, 2005), 3. 39. Michael G. Lawler refers to these marriages as “inter-church marriages.” Michael G. Lawler, Marriage and the Catholic Church: Disputed Questions (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 2002), 119. 40. See Code of Canon Law, 1917 versus Code of Canon Law 1983. Also, see Lawler, Marriage and the Catholic Church , 118–121. 41. Erika B. Seamon and Chester Gillis, eds. “A Leap of Faith: Interreligious Marriage in America.” Berkley Center Report (Washington, DC: Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs, Georgetown University, 2008). 42. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic (2008) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Feb. 2008), 34–35, http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed Sept. 12, 2009; Gregory A. Smith, interview by Erika B. Seamon, Mixed Marriage Data from Pew U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, via phone on Jan. 13, 2009. 43. Jane I. Smith, “Islam and the Family in North America,” in American Religions and the Family: How Faith Traditions Cope with Modernization and Democracy , ed. Don S. Browning and David A. Clairmont (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 215. 44. Common sociological metrics for one’s level of religiosity include how often one prays, how often one attends church or religious services, and how well one’s theological beliefs align with a religious tradition. See Kosmin and Keysar, ARIS 2008, 8–10, Trinity College , http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org, accessed Dec. 15, 2009; Pew Research Center, “Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream,” 21–28, released May 22, 2007; Bertelsmann Stiftung, “Religion Monitor 2008 USA: Overview of Religious Attitudes and Practices,” 8, www.religionsmonitor.dc, accessed Dec. 15, 2009. 45. S e e B a r n e y G . G l a s e r a n d A n s e l m L . S t r a u s s , The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (Chicago: Aldine, 1967); Juliet Corbin and Anselm L. Strauss, Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Productions, 1990); Barney G. Glaser, Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis: Emergence vs. Forcing (Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press, 1992); Ian Dey, Grounding Grounded Theory: Guidelines for Qualitative Inquiry (San Diego: Academic Press, 1999); Frederick J. Wertz, Kathy Charmaz, Linda M. McMullen, Ruthellen Josselson, 178 NOTES

Rosemarie Anderson, and Emalina McSpadden, Five Ways of Doing Qualitative Analysis: Phenomenological Psychology, Grounded Theory, Discourse Analysis, Narrative Research, and Intuitive Inquiry (New York: Guildford Press, 2011).

1 Seeds of Liberation: Theological and Legal Doors Open in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 1. John Witte Jr., From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and the Law in the Western Tradition (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1997). 2. Historian Harold Berman regards the effects of the Papal Revolution as ushering in the first modern age and the first modern legal system. Harold J. Berman, Faith and Order: the Reconciliation of Law and Religion (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1993), 26. Berman credits the analysis of this fundamental break in history to the pio- neering work of German historian and social philosopher Eugen F. Rosenstock-Huessey. See Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983). 3. “Pope Gregory VII’s revolutionary document of 1075, Dictates of the Pope ( Dictatus papae ), declared for the first time the independence of the Roman church from secular rulers and the supremacy of the papal curia over all ecclesiastical courts.” Berman, Law and Revolution , 94–99. This is also discussed in Berman, Faith and Order , 191. 4. Berman, Faith and Order , 87. 5. James A. Brundage, Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 223. 6. Ibid., 223. 7. Berman, Faith and Order , 43. For details on Gratian’s Decretum Gratiani and ensuing systemization of canon law, see Chapter 6 , “Sex and Marriage in the Decretum of Gratian,” Brundage, Law, Sex, and Christian Society, 229–255; Stanley Chodorow, Christian Political Theory and Church Politics in the Mid-Twelfth Century: The Ecclesiology of Gratian’s Decretum (Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972), 255–259; Stephan Kuttner, “The Father of the Science of Canon Law,” Jurist 1 (Jan. 1941): 2–19. 8. Berman, Faith and Order , 193. 9. Biblical references in this paragraph are from the Revised Standard Version (RSV). The analysis is adapted from the discussion in Luke Timothy Johnson and Mark D. Jordan, “Christianity,” in Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 97. NOTES 179

10. Saint Augustine, “On the Good of Marriage (De bono conjugali ),” trans. Roy J. Deferrari, in Saint Augustine: Treatises on Marriage and Other Subjects (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1955), 12–14, 17–19, and 21–26. 11. Michael G. Lawler, “Marriage as Covenant in the Catholic Tradition,” in Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective , ed. John Witte Jr. and Eliza Ellison (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005), 76. 12. Ibid., 77. For the history of the definition of sacrament, see Michael G. Lawler, Symbol and Sacrament: A Contemporary Sacramental Theology (Omaha: Creighton University Press, 1995), 29–34. 13. Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution II: The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the Western Legal Tradition (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 29. 14. Baptism was the hallmark of who could marry whom validly and legally. Even those who did not nominally identify as Christians, but were baptized, could enter into valid marriages. Marriages between orthodox Christians and heretics, or between the faith- ful and the excommunicated were recognized as valid. However, a marriage between a baptized person and a Jew was not recognized. Charles George Crump, The Legacy of the Middle Ages (New York: Oxford University Press, 1932), 346. 15. For specific information on the sacraments, see Catechism of the Catholic Church (Washington, DC: United States Catholic Conference, 2000). 16. In Summa contra Gentiles , “On the Sacrament of Matrimony,” Thomas Aquinas writes, “[I]n this sacrament a grace is conferred on those marrying.” Thomas Aquinas, Summa contra Gentiles , book 4, Salvation , trans. by C. J. O’Neil (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1975), Chapter 78. Also see Theodore Mackin, Marriage in the Catholic Church: What is Marriage? (New York: Paulist Press, 1982), 20–22, 31–33, 332–333. 17. Thomas Aquinas, Summa contra Gentiles , book 4, Salvation , trans. by C. J. O’Neil (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1975), Chapter 78 . Also see Theodore Mackin, Marriage in the Catholic Church: Divorce and Remarriage (New York: Paulist Press, 1984), 224–365. 18. The church uses the word “impediment” to refer to all obstacles to marriage whether obstacles stemming from divine prohibitions or ecclesiastical and civil prohibitions. “Prohibitive” impediments may render a marriage illegal (against canon law) but still valid. However, “diriment” impediments render a marriage illegal and invalid. Diriment impediments are meant to protect the sacrament of marriage. Religious intermarriage between a baptized and a nonbaptized person is a “diriment impediment.” Catholic Online , s.v. “Disparity of Worship,” www.catholic.org, accessed June 3, 2010. 180 NOTES

19. Maurice Fishberg, Jews, Race, and Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Translation Publishers, 2006, c.1911), 221; Paul R. Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-Century America (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 165. 20. James A. Brundage, Sex, Law, and Marriage in the Middle Ages (Brookfield, VT: Variorum/Ashgate Publishing Company, 1993), Chapter XIII, “Intermarriage Between Christians and Jews in Medieval Canon Law,” 37, no. 27. 21. Ibid., 30–31. See Table 1: “Jewish-Christian Sexual Relations in Gratian’s Decretum ” and Table 2: “Jewish-Christian Sexual Relations in the Quinque Compilationes Antiquae and the Liber Extra .” 22. This was “the golden age of Spanish Jewry, the happiest and most fruitful period in medieval Hebrew history.” Will Durant, The Story of Civilization, vol. 4, The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization—Christian, Islamic, and Judaic—from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325–1300 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1950), 372, 386. 23. Ibid., 374. 24. Ibid., 386–387. 25. Brundage, Sex, Law and Marriage , 26. 26. Ibid., 26–27. 27. Durant, Age of Faith , 732–734. 28. Brundage, Sex, Law, and Marriage , 26–27; Durant, Age of Faith , 387. 29. Durant, Age of Faith , 387. 30. Brundage, Sex, Law, and Marriage , 31–32. For more insight on concerns regarding impurity, see James A. Brundage, “‘Allas! That Evere Lover Was Synne’: Sex and Medieval Canon Law,” Catholic Historical Review 72 (1986): 1–13. 31. R. H. Helmholz, Marriage Litigation in Medieval England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974), 27. 32. Brundage, Sex, Law and Marriage , 28; Spickard, Mixed Blood , 165–167. 33. Berman, Faith and Order , 87. For more information on Luther’s conceptions of church and state, see William A. Mueller, Church and State in Luther and Calvin: A Comparative Study (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1954); F. Edward Cranz, An Essay on the Development of Luther’s Thoughts on Justice, Law, and Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959); and Karl H. Hertz, Two Kingdoms and One World (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1976). 34. Berman, Faith and Order , 105. 35. Martin Luther, The Estate of Marriage (1522), from Luther’s Works: American Edition , 65 vols., trans. and ed. Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehman (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1955–1986), 45:11–49; quoted in Martin Luther’s Basic Theological Writings , NOTES 181

2nd ed., ed. Timothy F. Lull, foreword by Jaroslav Pelikan (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005), 158. 36. See Saint Augustine, City of God (New York: Modern Library, 1950). Catholic theologian Michael G. Lawler describes Augustine’s analysis of two cities in “Marriage as Covenant in the Catholic Tradition,” 78. 37. Heinrich Bornkamm, “Luther’s Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms in the Context of His Theology,” Evangelical Lutheran Church in America: Archive , http://archive.elca.org/ScriptLib/dcs/jle /jle_download/article_bornnkamm_heinrich.pdf, accessed Feb. 25, 2010, 11. Emphasis added. 38. Berman, Faith and Order , 87. 39. It is important to note, however, that Luther’s thinking later in his life “led to a contamination of the original distinction between the spiritual and worldly regiments.” This also affected his view of Jews and most likely his views on religious intermarriage. As church historian Christopher Strohm explains, “In his later years, Luther was also not able to see his fundamental earlier ideas become reality with regard to the Jews.” Christopher Strohm, “Calvin and Religious Tolerance,” in John Calvin’s Impact on Church and Society, 1509– 2009, ed. Martin Ernst Hirzel and Martin Sallmann (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009), 181. 40. Witte, From Sacrament , 49. 41. Luther, Estate of Marriage , 147. 42. Ibid., 152. 43. Ibid. 44. Ibid. In regard to this passage, it is helpful to note that for Luther, “the world and the masses are and always will be un-Christian, even if they are all baptized and Christian in name.” His conten- tion was that true Christians “are few and far between (as the say- ing is).” Martin Luther, Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Be Obeyed (1523), from Luther’s Works, American Edition , 65 vols., trans. and ed. Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehman (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1955–1986), 45:91; quoted in Martin Luther’s Basic Theological Writings , 2nd ed., ed. Timothy F. Lull, foreword by Jaroslav Pelikan (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005), 437. 45. Martin Luther, Estate of Marriage , 158. 46. Just as Luther’s clear distinctions between the spiritual and earthly spheres began to erode later in his life (see earlier footnote), so did his apparent openness towards the Jews. In 1543 (21 years after he wrote The Estate of Marriage ), he expressed fiercely malevolent views toward the Jews. Most ecclesiastical and political authorities at the time did not follow through on his recommendations. In On The Jews and Their Lies (1543), Luther writes the following: “Since they [the Jews] live among us, we dare not tolerate their 182 NOTES

conduct, now that we are aware of their lying and reviling and blas- pheming. If we do, we become sharers in their lies, cursing, and blasphemy.” He goes on to suggest that their houses be destroyed, they be assigned to manual labor, and their synagogues be burned. He concludes this particular essay by clarifying that the Jews are “surely possessed by all devils.” Luther’s Works: American Edition , 65 vols., trans. and ed. Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehman (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1955–1986), 47:121–305; quoted in Martin Luther’s Basic Theological Writings , 2nd ed., ed. Timothy F. Lull, foreword by Jaroslav Pelikan (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005), 25–32. 47. “It is particularly notable that no public ceremony was required to make a marriage valid and indissoluble. Such a ceremony, preceded by publication of banns, was necessary to render a marriage fully licit. The parties sinned by marrying without publication of banns and blessing by a priest. They rendered themselves liable to the spiritual penalties of penance. And the court records produce cases where men and women were punished for failing to secure solemnization, or at least ordered to do so under threat of ecclesiastical censure. But this failure did not affect the question of the validity of the marriage.” Helmholz, Marriage Litigation , 27. 48. James Turner Johnson, “Marriage as Covenant in Early Protestant Thought: Its Development and Implications,” in Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective , ed. John Witte Jr. and Eliza Ellison (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005), 127. 49. See Martin Luther, That Parents Should neither Compel nor Hinder the Marriage of Their Children, and That Children Should Not Become Engaged without Their Parents’ Consent (1524), from Luther’s Works, American Edition , 65 vols., trans. and ed. Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehman (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1955–1986), 45:385–386. 50. Johnson, “Marriage as Covenant in Early Protestant Thought,” 129. 51. Many early editions of Institutes of the Christian Religion , Calvin’s seminal text, focus on tolerance of other religions (i.e., opponents of the true religion). However, in later editions of Institutes , these references were removed. According to the analysis of Christoph Strohm, “[t]his is an indication of how Calvin’s new responsibili- ties as a church leader—similarly to Luther—led to a problematic modification of the Reformation’s distinction between the tasks and means of the spiritual and worldly regiments.” In reaction to various threats that challenged what he deemed to be true religion, Calvin sought unity. This meant that “there was no room for plurality and individual religiosity.” Strohm, “Calvin and Religious Tolerance,” 183–185. 52. Berman, Faith and Order , 105. NOTES 183

53. For more information on the influence of Calvinism in the United States, see Thomas J. Davis, ed., John Calvin’s American Legacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010); David Hall, The Genevan Reformation and the American Founding (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2003). For information on the influence of Calvin’s views on marriage, see John Demos, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970); Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Family: Religious and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth-Century New England (New York: Harper & Row, 1966). 54. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion , 1541 French Edition, trans. by Elsie Anne McKee (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009), 613. 55. There are three main sources that contain Calvin’s writings: Institutes of the Christian Religion (Institutes), Calvin’s Commentaries (Comm.), and select sermons and letters from Ioannis Calvini opera quae supersunt omnia (CO). To identify relevant primary sources, I frequently, but not exclusively, reference the archival work and translations collected by Robert M. Kingdon, a historian of the Reformation period, and his collaborators. They use the following sources for Calvin’s primary documents: Institutes of the Christian Religion (1936), trans. by Ford Lewis Battles (Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975); Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559), ed. John T. McNeill, trans. Ford Lewis Battles (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1960); Ioannis Calvini Institutio Religionis Christianae (Basel, 1536) in CO; Calvin’s Commentaries , 47 vols. (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1843–1859); G. Baum et al., eds., Ioannis Calvini opera quae supersunt omnia (Brunsvigae: C.A. Schwetschke et filium, 1892). Kingdon and his collaborators have mined relevant cases and documents on Calvin, translated them into English, and created an archive with these documents that has resulted in the 21-volume, Registers of the Consistory of Geneva in the Time of Calvin , trans. M. Wallace McDonald (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2000). For analysis of many of the marriage documents, I also rely upon Sex, Marriage, and Family in John Calvin’s Geneva: Courtship, Engagement, and Marriage , edited by John Witte Jr. and Robert M. Kingdon (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005) and the chapter “Marriage as Covenant in the Calvinist Tradition,” by John Witte Jr. in From Sacrament . Unless otherwise noted, when I cite one of Calvin’s writings, I reference the primary documents in Institutes (Institutes), Commentaries (Comm.), or Ioannis Calvini opera quae supersunt omnia (CO). 56. Comm. Mal. 2:14. 57. Comm. Lev. 19:29; Serm. Deut. 5:16; Comm. 1 Cor. 7:36, 38; Serm. 1 Cor. 7:36–38; Comm. Eph. 6:1–3. 184 NOTES

58. Johnson, “Marriage as Covenant in Early Protestant Thought,” 129; Eric Fuchs, Sexual Desire and Love: Origins and History of the Christian Ethic of Sexuality and Marriage , trans. by Marsha Daigle (Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: J. Clarke, 1983), 143, n. 36. 59. Institutes (1559), book 2, Chapter 8 .6–10. Serm. Deut. 5:18, 5:21, 21:15–17. 60. Institutes (1559), book 2, Chapter 7 .12. 61. Serm. Deut. 21: 10–14 in CO 27:654–657; Letter to Lelio Sozzini (Dec. 7, 1549) in CO, 13:487. 62. Letter to Lelio Sozzini (June, 1549) in CO 13:307–308. 63. Serm. Deut. 21:10–14 (1555) in CO 27:654–657. 64. Comm. Harm. Law Exod. 34:11–16 (1563) (no CO listed). See John Witte Jr. and Robert M. Kingdon, Sex, Marriage, and Family in John Calvin’s Geneva: Courtship, Engagement, and Marriage (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005), 358. 65. Serm. Deut. 21:10–14 (1555) in CO 27: 654–57. 66. Letter to Lelio Sozzini (Dec. 7, 1549) in CO 13:484–487. 67. Letter to Lelio Sozzini (Dec. 7, 1549) in CO 13:484–487. 68. Letter to Lelio Sozzini (June, 1549) in CO 13:307–8. 69. For a comparison of the views on the church and law for these reformers, see William A. Mueller, Church and State in Luther and Calvin: A Comparative Study (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1954). 70. Robert M. Kingdon, Adultery and Divorce in Calvin’s Geneva (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 16. The Ecclesiastical Ordinance established this framework and the relationship between the Consistory and the Small Council. Unlike the Roman Catholic Church model of ecclesiastical authority over civil matters in marriage, the Consistory was limited to dealing with spiritual issues alone. Marriage was not solely a spiritual matter; it was “mixed up with politics” as well, according to the Ordinance . Jean-François Bergier and Robert M. Kingdon, eds., Registres de la compagnie des pasteurs de Genève au temps de Calvin , 2 vols. (Geneva: Droz, 1964), 1:9–13; quoted in Witte, From Sacrament , 82. 71. Excommunication was controversial in Protestant communities due to the association with Roman Catholic courts. For details on this controversy, see Kingdon, Adultery and Divorce , 18–30. 72. John Witte Jr. and Robert M. Kingdon, Sex, Marriage, and Family in John Calvin’s Geneva: Courtship, Engagement, and Marriage (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005), 355. 73. Kingdon, Adultery and Divorce ,18. 74. Case of Ami Andrion de la Rive and Daughter François (1547) in Robert M. Kingdon, ed., Registers of the Consistory of Geneva in the Time of Calvin , trans. M. Wallace McDonald (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2000), 375. NOTES 185

75. Comm. 1 Cor. 7:12–16 (1546) in CO 49: 411–415 (adapted from Calvin’s New Testament Commentaries ), trans. by T. H. L. Parker (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1971). 76. Milton L. Barron, People Who Intermarry (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1946), 42. 77. James C. Spalding, ed., The Reformation of the Ecclesiastical Laws of England, 1552 (Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1992), 94. 78. Ibid., 99. 79. A. G. Dickens, The English Reformation (New York: Schocken Books, 1964), 244–254; Ralph A. Houlbrooke, Church Courts and the People during the English Reformation, 1520–1570 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 16–19. 80. “Form of Solemnization of Matrimony,” in John E. Booty, ed., The Book of Common Prayer, 1559: The Elizabethan Prayer Book (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1976), 290–291. 81. Ronald A. Marchant, The Puritans and the Church Courts in the Diocese of York, 1560–1642 (London: Longmans, 1960), 1–25. For the primary texts of the laws, see Richard Burn (Chancellor of the Diocese of Carlisle, and Vicar of Orton in the County of Westmorland), Ecclesiastical Law , 6th ed., vols. 1–4, notes and references by Simon Fraser, Esq. Barrister at Law (London, 1797), 3:232–274 in Eighteenth Century Collections Online, Gale, Georgetown University, http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&contentSet=ECCOArticles&type=multipage&tabID=T 001&prodId=ECCO&docId=CW3319193490&source=gale&use rGroupName=wash43584&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE, accessed July 13, 2010. 82. Barron, People Who Intermarry , 43. 83. Ibid. For insight on the 1753 Marriage Act, see Christopher Lasch, Women and the Common Life: Love, Marriage, and Feminism , ed. by Elizabeth Lash-Quinn (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997), 39–66; Lawrence Stone, Road to Divorce: England 1530–1987 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 96–128; R. B. Outhwaite, Clandestine Marriage in England, 1500–1850 (Rio Grande, OH: Hambledon Press, 1995). 84. Susan Dwyer Amussen addresses the practical reasons for this model in An Ordered Society: Gender and Class in Early Modern England (Columbia University Press, 1993), 104–105. John Witte Jr. addresses the theological reasons through analysis of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century writings by English theologians including, but not limited to, Thomas Becon, Martin Bucer, William Perkins, Robert Cleaver, William Gouge, and Daniel Roberts. Witte, From Sacrament , 167–168, 174. For an analysis of the debate royalists and parliamentarians had on the interrelationship between 186 NOTES

the hierarchy of marriage and the social structure of England, see Mary Lyndon Shanley, “Marriage Contract and Social Contract in Seventeenth Century English Political Thought,” The Western Political Quarterly 32, no. 1 (Mar. 1979): 79–91. 85. For details on this controversy, see Stone, Road to Divorce, 139–366. 86. Lancelot Andrewes, Against Second Marriage After Sentence of Divorce with a Former Match, the Party Then Living (c. 1610), reprinted in James Bliss, ed., Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology (Oxford: J.H. Parker, 1854), 2:233–234; quoted in Witte, From Sacrament , 175. 87. Milton addressed his concerns to Parliament from 1643–1646. John Milton, The Complete Prose Works of John Milton , ed. Don M. Wolfe (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1959), 2:260. Other relevant pages on religious intermarriage include 2:251–252, 259–260, 589–591, 630–631. 88. Ibid., 2:291–592. 89. Milton L. Barron, “The Church, the State, and Intermarriage,” in The Blending American: Patterns of Intermarriage , ed. Milton L. Barron (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1972), 70. 90. Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution (New York: Viking Press, 1972), 109; Barron, People Who Intermarry , 43; William Lecky, Democracy and Liberty, vol. 2 (New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1899), 174. 91. Witte, From Sacrament , 177. 92. Hill, The World Turned , 252. 93. Ibid., 247, 253–260. 94. Ole Peter Grell, Jonathan I. Israel, and Nicholas Tyacke, eds., From Persecution to Toleration (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 153. 95. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government , ed. Peter Laslett (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), II:86–87. For an analysis of the different interpretations of Locke’s views on the relationship between men and women in marriage, as told through the biblical story of Adam and Eve, see A. John Simmons, The Lockean Theory of Rights (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 170–175. 96. Locke writes, “For every Man’s Children being by Nature as free as himself, or any of his Ancestors ever were, may, whilst they are in that Freedom, choose what Society they will join themselves to, what Common-wealth they will put themselves under.” Locke, Two Treatises , II:73. For further analysis see Simmons, The Lockean Theory of Rights , 216–221. 97. Locke, Two Treatises , II:77. 98. Locke was perhaps influenced by Grotius’s “impious hypothesis.” For an explanation and analysis of this, see Brian Tierney, The Idea of Natural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law and Church Law 1150–1652 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997), 319. NOTES 187

99. There has been a scholarly debate on the influence of Locke in the United States. For an analysis of different views and a compel- ling argument as to how “the British colonists . . . were living the Lockean Enlightenment as a matter of daily experience,” see Jerome Huyler, Locke in America: The Moral Philosophy of the Founding Era (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 208. 100. For a thorough analysis of Calvinist and Anglican influences early American marriage laws, see George Elliot Howard, A History of Matrimonial Institutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1904), 2:388–497. 101. Native Americans, blacks, and Asians would continue to face racial restrictions on intermarriage. For Catholic and Jewish immigrants, disestablishment opened the legal door to religious intermarriage but did very little initially to open the social door. 102. Three examples of Locke’s influence can be seen in the early (prerevolutionary) sermons of Elisha Williams, a prominent seventeenth-century congregational minister and legislator, the Declaration of Independence (1776) written by founder Thomas Jefferson, and the Memorial and Remonstrance (1785) written by founder James Madison. See Elisha Williams “The Essential Rights and Liberties of Protestants, 1744,” in Political Sermons of the American Founding Era: 1730–1805 , vol. 1, 2nd ed., ed. Ellis Sandoz (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998), 1–12; Thomas Jefferson, “Declaration of Independence: Right to Institute New Government” (1776), Library of Congress, http://www .loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jeffdec.html, accessed July 1, 2010; James Madison, “To the Honorable the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia, A Memorial and Remonstrance (1785),” in Robert S. Alley, The Constitution and Religion: Leading Supreme Court Cases on Church and State (New York: Prometheus Books, 1999), 29–34. 103. Alley, The Constitution and Religion , 29, 31. 104. Ronald D. Rotunda, ed., Modern Constitutional Law Cases and Notes, 7th ed. (St. Paul, MN: Thomson West, 2003), lxiv. Emphasis added. 105. For example, for Jewish communities, marriage and divorce had historically fallen under the jurisdiction of Jewish law; as I have mentioned, it was not uncommon in medieval Europe for Jews to have arrangements where they could escape canonical and other civil laws. However, in the United States, with disestablishment, marriage and divorce laws came under the domain of the state. Although the Jewish community had severe penalties for religious intermarriage, these penalties were not enforced civilly. Michael S. Berger, “Judaism,” in Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 66. 188 NOTES

106. Hans W. Baade, “The Form of Marriage in Spanish North America,” Cornell Law Review 61 (1975): 84; John Witte Jr., “An Apt and Cheerful Conversation on Marriage,” Emory University School of Law, Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series , no. 5–17: 8. 107. José Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 20–25. Also see Niklas Luhmann, Religious Dogmatics and the Evolution of Societies (New York: E. Mellen Press, 1984). 108. Ibid., 25–39, 40–66. 109. Ibid., 61. Casanova is following a model defined by Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 3–12. 110. Charles E. Curran, “The Role of the Laity in the Thought of John Courtney Murray,” in John Courtney Murray and the Growth of Tradition, ed. J. Leon Hooper, and Todd David Whitmore (Kansas City: Sheed and Ward, 1996), 241–261; J. Leon Hooper, The Ethics of Discourse: The Social Philosophy of John Courtney Murray (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1986), 82–120. 111. Peter L. Berger, “Pluralism, Protestantization, and the Voluntary Principle,” in Democracy and the New Religious Pluralism , ed. Thomas Banchoff (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 24. 112. For detailed analyses on new religious movements, see George D. Chryssides and Margaret Z. Wilkins, eds., A Reader in New Religious Movements (New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006). 113. John M. Murrin, “Religion and Politics in America from the First Settlements to the Civil War,” in Religion and American Politics: From Colonial Period to the Present , 2nd ed., ed. Mark A. Noll and Luke E. Harlow (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 29.

2 An Era of Intra-religious Marriage: Societal Doors Begin to Open in the Nineteenth Century 1. Anne Bradstreet (1612–1672) was an English-American poet. This quotation is from “A Letter to her husband, absent upon publick employment.” Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson, The Puritans (New York: American Book Company, 1938), 573. 2. Quotations are from Ruth Shonl Cavan, “Concepts and Terminology in Interreligious Marriage,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 9, no. 4 (Winter 1970): 319. See also Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 72. In an early twentieth-century study, sociologist J. S. Slotkin argues that Jews who marry out are disor- ganized, demoralized (juvenile delinquents and adult lawbreakers), NOTES 189

and promiscuous, among other attributes. Slotkin frequently uses Negro analogies. By way of contrast, in a twenty-first-century study on the factors influencing the likelihood of religious intermarriage, sociologist Darren E. Sherkat concluded that higher levels of education increase the likelihood of religious intermarriage. J. S. Slotkin, “Jewish-Gentile Intermarriage in Chicago,” American Sociological Review 7, no. 1 (Feb. 1942): 34–39; Darren E. Sherkat, “Religious Intermarriage in the United States: Trends, Patterns, and Predictors,” Social Science Research 33 (2004): 606–625. 3. This is explored more fully in the next chapter. 4. Ernest van den Haag, “Love or Marriage,” in The Family: Its Structures and Functions , ed. Rose Laub Coser (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974), 139. 5. William G. McLoughlin, Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607–1977 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 98–140. 6. Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 192, 836; William R. Hutchinson, Religious Pluralism in America: The Contentious History of a Founding Ideal (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 59–83. 7. Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000). 8. A similar dynamic took place in the creation of the first common schools. The common schools were nonsectarian, yet students were to read from the King James Bible; the schools were essen- tially Protestant. Christopher J. Lucas, Our Western Educational Heritage (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc., 1972), 184–187, 486–493, 498–500, and 520–522; Neil G. McCluskey, S.J., “The New Secularity and the Requirements of Pluralism,” in Religion and Public Education , ed. Theodore R. Sizer (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 231–248. 9. Cott, Public Vows , 119, 197. 10. Alexis de Tocqueville, “Democracy in America,” in American Religions: A Documentary History, ed. R. Marie Griffith (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 248. 11. See Hugo G. Beigel, “Romantic Love,” American Sociological Review 16, no. 3 (June 1951): 326–334. 12. Ruth Shonl Cavan, “Interreligious Marriage: Official Religious Policies and Individual Mate Choice in the United States,” International Journal of Sociology of the Family (Mar. 1971): 83–84. 13. Pamela Haag, Consent: Sexual Rights and the Transformation of American Liberalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), 103. 14. Cott, Public Vows ,117. 15. Howe, What Hath God Wrought , 307. 190 NOTES

16. Carole Shammas, “Anglo-American Household Government in Comparative Perspective,” The William and Mary Quarterly 52, no. 1 (Jan. 1995): 111–115; Stephanie Coontz, The Social Origins of Private Life (New York: Verso, 1988), 41–72. 17. Coontz, The Social Origins , 51–52. 18. David F. Fowler, Northern Attitudes Towards Interracial Marriage: Legislation and Public Opinion in the Middle Atlantic and the States of Old Northwest, 1780–1950 (New York: Garland, 1987), appendix; in Cott, Public Vows , 237, n. 8. 19. Jedidiah Morse, Report to the Secretary of War . . . on Indian Affairs (New Haven, 1822), especially 12, 72–75, in Cott, Public Vows , 26–29. For a broader understanding of Indian policy, see Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984); William G. McLoughlin, Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986). 20. Howe, What Hath God Wrought , 30. 21. Thomas Jefferson, “To the Chiefs of the Wyandots, Ottawas,” Jan. 10, 1809; quoted in Albert Ellery Bergh, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson , vol. XVI (Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1905), 464, http://www.constitution.org /tj/jeff16.htm, accessed July 26, 2010. 22. Howe, What Hath God Wrought , 49. 23. Ibid., 30. 24. Shammas, “Anglo-American Household Government,” 111. 25. Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1878). 26. This statement is based upon commentary in the following articles: “Shall We Have a New Conflict with the Mormons?” New York Times , Jan. 27, 1870; C. C. Goodwin, “The Political Attitude of the Mormons,” North American Review , 132 (Jan. 1881); John Codman, “Mormonism,” The International Review , 11 (1881); quoted in Cott, Public Vows , 117. 27. Cott, Public Vows , 131. 28. United States of America Immigration Act of 1907 , Section II, on http://www.historycentral.com/documents/immigrationact.html , accessed July 26, 2010. Emphasis added. 29. For a brief analysis of polygamy in the Muslim scriptures, see Azizah al-Hibri and Raja’ M. El Habti, “Islam,” in Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 185–190. 30. Comm.-Gen. of Immigration to [the Secretary of State], April 14, 1910, and other correspondence, Jan.–Apr. 1910, and 1913–1914, US Bureau of Immigration files, National Archives RG 85, entry 9, box 151, file 52737/499, in Cott, 268, Public Vows , n. 22. 31. Haag, Consent , 101. NOTES 191

32. Ibid., 104. 33. Congress, Senate, Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration , 44th Cong., 2nd sess., Feb. 27, 1877, report no. 689, http://cprr.org/Museum/Chinese_Immigration.html, accessed July 26, 2010. Emphasis added. 34. Fowler, Northern Attitudes , appendix; in Cott, 269, Public Vows, n. 36. 35. Female missionaries worked in China, for example, to instill “Christian habits of romantic love,” even though Asian–non-Asian marriage was not legal. Haag, Consent , 109. 36. Quoted earlier in the chapter. Tocqueville, “Democracy in America,” 248. 37. Campbell J. Gibson and Emily Lennon, “Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850–1990,” Population Division Working Paper, no. 29, US Census Bureau , Feb. 1999, http://www.census.gov/population/www/document ation/twps0029/twps0029.html, accessed July 27, 2010. 38. Diana L. Eck, A New Religious America: How a “Christian Country” Has Become the World’s Most Religiously Diverse Nation (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2001), 6. 39. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 12–16. 40. George Washington clarified that “[i]t is now no more that toleration is spoken of as if it was the indulgence of one class of people that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights. For happily, the government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens, in giving it on all occasions their effectual support.” American Treasures of the Library of Congress , “To Bigotry No Sanction,” http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm006.html, accessed July 26, 2010. 41. Sarna, American Judaism: A History , 38. 42. Jonathan D. Sarna and Jonathan Golden, “The American Jewish Experience Through the Nineteenth Century: Immigration and Acculturation,” http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve /nineteen/nkeyinfo/judaism.htm, accessed Feb. 1, 2010. 43. Sarna, American Judaism: A History , xviii, 59, quotation on 60. 44. Ibid., 87–90. 45. In 1850 there were 22 Jewish synagogues, almost 60 percent of which were in New York and Pennsylvania. Uriah Zvi Engelman, “Jewish Statistics in the U.S. Census of Religious Bodies (1850– 1935),” Jewish Social Studies 9, no. 2 (Apr. 1947): 129; Sarna, American Judaism: A History , 73; Paul R. Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-Century America (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 168–170. 192 NOTES

46. Spickard, Mixed Blood , 170. 47. Sarna, American Judaism: A History , 108, 124, 132–134. 48. Daniel Walker Howe explains that “[l]argely because of its success in ministering to this immigrant constituency, the American Catholic Church grew (according to the best estimate) by 1850 to a million members, about the same as the Presbyterians. By comparison, the Methodists then counted 2.7 million and the Baptists 1.6 million. Not until after the Civil War did Roman Catholicism sur- pass Methodism to become the largest single denomination in the country.” Howe, What Hath God Wrought , 201. For an explanation of various statistics and the growth of the Catholic population, see Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776– 2005: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy , 2nd ed. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 117–155. 49. Julie Byrne, “Roman Catholics and Immigration in Nineteenth-Century America,” Nov. 2000, http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/nromcath.htm, accessed Feb. 1, 2010. 50. Howe, What Hath God Wrought , 826. 51. National organizations and secret societies formed to promote anti-Catholic sentiment, including but not limited to, the American Protective Association and the nativist secret society, the Know Nothings. Quotation from Julie Byrne, “Roman Catholics,” http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo /nromcath.htm, accessed Feb. 1, 2010. See also Howe, What Hath God Wrought , 826–827. 52. José Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), 170; William G. McLoughlin, Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform , 140–178. 53. McCluskey “The New Secularity,” 233. 54. Jay P. Dolan, The American Catholic Experience: A History from the Colonial Times to the Present , 2nd ed. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), 124; quoted in Chester Gillis, Roman Catholicism in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 59. 55. Gillis, Roman Catholicism , 64. 56. In 1870, the First Vatican Council declared the infallible teaching authority of the Roman pontiff. See the fourth chapter of The First Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ (July 18, 1870), http:// www.dailycatholic.org/history/20ecume3.htm, accessed July 26, 2010. 57. In his 1895 encyclical, Pope Leo XIII writes the following: “[I]t would be very erroneous to draw the conclusion that . . . it would be universally lawful or expedient for State and Church to be, as in America, dissevered and divorced . . . she [the Church] NOTES 193

would bring forth more abundant fruits if, in addition to liberty, she enjoyed the favor of the laws and the patronage of the public authority.” Pope Leo XIII, Longinqua (Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on Catholicism in the United States), Vatican, Jan. 6, 1895, http:// www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents /hf_l-xiii_enc_06011895_longinqua_en.html, accessed July 26, 2010, section 6. 58. Hutchinson, Religious Pluralism in America , 30–58. 59. Maurice Fishberg, Jews, Race, and Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Translation Publishers, 2006, c.1911), 195–196. “[I]n the beginning of the nineteenth century[,] intermarriages between Catholics and Protestants were comparatively rare in Europe and America [relative to the twentieth century]. It was only with the change of conditions characteristic of our age, with the spirit of toleration which has become dominant in some countries, that intermarriages have become more or less frequent in those countries.” Fishberg, Jews, Race, and Environment, 206. 60. Anne C. Rose, Beloved Strangers: Interfaith Families in Nineteenth-Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 47. 61. The study by Anne C. Rose in Beloved Strangers is particularly important to this analysis given the limited historical data on religious intermarriage in the nineteenth century. Where possible I cite Rose’s primary sources from archives and periodicals. Rose, Beloved Strangers , 62. 62. In the late twentieth century, there have been cases pertaining to divorce and child custody that raise the issue of whether religious contracts are enforceable by state law. Michael J. Broyde, “The Covenant-Contract Dialectic in Jewish Marriage and Divorce Law,” in Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective , ed. John Witte Jr. and Eliza Ellison (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing C omp a ny, 2 0 0 5), 63 – 67; A lb er t I. G ordon , Intermarriage: Interfaith, Interracial, Interethnic (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964), 158. 63. Historically, religious communities had reacted to their precarious situation in society by formally setting more stringent boundaries on religious intermarriage. For example, between the fifth and thir- teenth centuries, the Roman Catholic Church issued 14 decrees on religious intermarriage between Catholics and Jews. Historian Salo Baron concludes that these decrees were based upon a belief in the Middle Ages that because Jews were often economically more secure than the masses of Christians that religious intermarriage would result in conversions from Christianity to Judaism. Salo W. Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jews (New York: Columbia University Press, 1937), 2:54, in Milton L. Barron, People Who Intermarry (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1946), 35. 194 NOTES

64. Reference to religious intermarriage as an “epidemic” appeared in the Occident , a Jewish periodical, in 1866. Isaac Lesser, “Intermarriage,” Occident 2 (Mar. 1845): 586. In 1889, the Catholic bishop of Denver made the statement quoted above about religious intermarriage. Joseph Prosetus Machebeuef, Mixed Marriages (New York: Vatican Library, 1889), 3, 1, 6, box 1, folder 1, item 39, PDRP (Drop File, Printed), Notre Dame; quoted in Rose, Beloved Strangers , 223, n.7–8. 65. Milton L. Barron, ed., The Blending American: Patterns of Intermarriage (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1972), 53. 66. David Novak, “Jewish Marriage: Nature, Covenant, and Contract,” in Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective, ed. John Witte Jr. and Eliza Ellison (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005), 27, 31–32. 67. Michael S. Berger, “Judaism,” in Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 17. 68. Novak, “Jewish Marriage,” 36. 69. Ezra 9:1–2. For an analysis of Ezra, see Fishberg, Jews, Race, and Environment , 221. 70. Novak, “Jewish Marriage,” 38. Novak advises his readers to see B. Kiddushin 68b re Deut. 7:4 (according to Rabbi Simeon). 71. Ibid., 40. 72. Deut. 7:4; Novak, “Jewish Marriage,” 39, citing B. Kiddushin 68b. 73. Ibid. 74. Gordon, Intermarriage: Interfaith, Interracial, Interethnic , 178. 75. Ruth Shonl Cavan, The American Family , 4th ed. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1969), 216. 76. Dr. Finkelstein is quoted in Gordon, Intermarriage: Interfaith, Interracial, Interethnic , 178. 77. Fishberg, Jews, Race, and Environment , 209. 78. Gordon, Intermarriage: Interfaith, Interracial, Interethnic , 177. 79. Barron, Blending American , 55. 80. Fishberg, Jews, Race, and Environment , 203. 81. “Who is a Jew?” Israelite 36 (June 19, 1890): 5; quoted in Rose, Beloved Strangers ,57. 82. Barron, Blending American , 59. 83. Ibid., 59. 84. Mendel Silber, “Intermarriage,” Year Book of the Central Conference of American Rabbis , 1908, vol. XVIII, 270–271; quoted in Barron, People Who Intermarry , 25. 85. Berger, “Judaism,” 64–65; Fishberg, Jews, Race, and Environment, 222–223. 86. Goldwin Smith, Letter to the Nation , dated Feb. 25, 1881, reprinted in “Professor Goldwin Smith and the Jewish Question,” Israelite NOTES 195

27 (Mar. 18, 1881): 300; analysis and quotations from Smith’s letter are in Rose, Beloved Strangers , 60–61. 87. Sarna, American Judaism: A History ,74. 88. Ibid., 12, 74–75; Rose, Beloved Strangers , 65. The frequency of religious intermarriage had doubled relative to the colonial period. Malcolm H. Stern, “The Function of Genealogy in American Jewish History,” in Essays in Jewish History (Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1958), 85 and Jacob R. Marcus, The Colonial American Jew, 1492–1776 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970), 1232; quoted in Sarna, American Judaism: A History , 27. 89. Sarna, American Judaism: A History , 45. 90. Rose, Beloved Strangers , 37, 39. 91. Gordon, Intermarriage: Interfaith, Interracial, Interethnic , 154. 92. Pope Pius IX, Syllabus Errorum (Syllabus of Errors Condemned by Pius IX), Vatican, Dec. 8, 1864, http://www.papalencyclicals.net /Pius09/p9syll.htm, accessed July 27, 2010, no.71. 93. Gordon, Intermarriage: Interfaith, Interracial, Interethnic , 156. 94. Camilla J. Kari, Public Witness: The Pastoral Letters of the American Catholic Bishops (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2004), 15–16; “The Pastoral Letter of 1840,” Fourth Provincial Council of Baltimore (assembled on May 16, 1840, under the presidency of Archbishop Eccleston); quoted in Peter Guilday, ed., The National Pastorals of the American Hierarchy (1792–1919) (Washington, DC: National Catholic Welfare Council, 1923), 139. 95. Pope Leo XIII, Arcanum (Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on Christian Marriage), Vatican, Feb. 10, 1880, Jan. 1899, http:// www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents /hf_l-xiii_enc_10021880_arcanum_en.html, accessed Aug. 18, 2010, no. 43. 96. Joseph Prosetus Machebeuef, Mixed Marriages (New York: Vatican Library, 1889), 11, 12, box 1, folder 1, item 39, PDRP (Drop File, Printed), Notre Dame, quoted in Rose, Beloved Strangers , 52. For other formal church statements related to this issue, see Acta et Decreta , Third Plenary Council (1884), in Peter Guilday, A History of the Councils of Baltimore, 1791–1884 (New York: Arno Press, 1969), 238; John Purcell, The Pastoral of the Most Rev. Archbishop of Cincinnati, on Marriage, and Family Duties in General (Cincinnati: John P. Walsh, 1853), 7–9, box 1, folder 1, item 38, PDRP, Notre Dame; Pastoral Letter of the Right Reverend Michael Joseph O’Farrell, Bishop of Trenton, on Christian Marriage, 1882 (New York: Benzinger Brothers, 1883), 5–6, box 2, folder 107, PCLW (Clerical Writings, Printed), Notre Dame; quoted in Rose, Beloved Strangers , 224, n.13, 16, 17. 97. Gordon, Intermarriage: Interfaith, Interracial, Interethnic , 154. 98. Carlos Blanchard, The Canonical Causes for Matrimonial Dispensations , Regional Meeting, Canon Law Society of America, 196 NOTES

Denver Colorado, Sept. 25–26, 1951 (n.p., n.d.), 2–5, in Rose, Beloved Strangers , 224, n. 23. 99. Dispensation forms, for example, for the Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana, dated Aug. 21, 187[4?] and Feb. 11, 1888, may be found in box 2, folder 13, CAUD (Ernest Audran Papers), Notre Dame. Even earlier, the handwritten parish records of Notre Dame du Lac church, Notre Dame, Indiana, include a separate section for dispensations beginning in 1844, which suggests that the practice was already accepted. See “Liber Dispensationum ab Matrimonium Spectantium, 1844–57, Notre Dame du Lac Ecclesiae,” Baptismal, Burial, Marriage, and Dispensation Records, Sacred Heart Church, microfilm roll 1, MSHC, Notre Dame; quoted in Rose, Beloved Strangers , 225, n. 25. 100. Gordon, Intermarriage: Interfaith, Interracial, Interethnic , 155. 101. Ibid., 156–157. 102. Rose, Beloved Strangers , 148. 103. Howe, What Hath God Wrought , 190–191. 104. Rose, Beloved Strangers , 29. 105. Ibid., 107. 106. Gordon, Intermarriage: Interfaith, Interracial, Interethnic , 156. 107. Pastoral Letter of the Rt. Rev. Henry Joseph Richter, Bishop of Grand Rapids, on Mixed Marriages, rev. and rpt. (n.p., 1904–1916), 10, box 3, folder 20, PCLW, Notre Dame; Rt. Rev. Jos. Selinger, A Catechism on Pledges: Required for Dispensation for a Mixed Marriage (St. Louis: Central Bureau, Catholic Central Verein of America, 1930), 16, 27; quoted in Rose, Beloved Strangers , 49, 55, 225, n. 34–35. 108. Pope Leo XIII, Testem Benevolentiae Nostrae (Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII Concerning New Opinions, Virtue, Nature and Grace, with Regard to Americanism), Vatican, Jan. 22, 1899, http://www .papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13teste.htm, accessed July 30, 2010.

3 An Era of Interreligious Marriage: Societal Doors Open in the Twentieth Century 1. Specific studies reveal an increase in religious intermarriage during the time from 1870 to 1940, from 1957 to 1978, and from 1973 to 1994. For various studies used in this analysis that point to this increase, see Ruby Jo Reeves Kennedy, “Single or Triple Melting-Pot? Intermarriage Trends in New Haven, 1870–1940,” The American Journal of Sociology 49, no. 4 (Jan. 1944): 333; August B. Hollingshead, “Cultural Factors in the Selection of Marriage Mates,” American Sociological Review 15, no. 5 (Oct. 1950): 622; John L. Thomas, “The Factor of Religion in the Selection of Marriage Mates,” American Sociological Review 16, no. 4 (Aug. NOTES 197

1951): 488–489; Robert B. Hepps and Elaine Dorfman, “Interfaith Marriage and Social Participation,” Journal of Religion and Health 5, no. 4 (Oct. 1966): 324–325; US Bureau of the Census, “Religion Reported by the Civilian Population of the United States, March, 1957,” Current Population Reports: Population Characteristics , Series P-20, no. 79 (Feb. 2, 1958): 8, quoted in Hepps and Dorfman, “Interfaith Marriage,” 324; Alfred J. Prince, “A Study of 194 Cross-Religion Marriages,” The Family Life Coordinator 11, no. 1 (Jan. 1962): 3; Norval D. Glenn, “Interreligious Marriage in the United States: Patterns and Recent Trends,” Journal of Marriage and Family 44, no. 3 (Aug. 1982): 557; Thomas P. Monahan, “The Extent of Interdenominational Marriage in the United States,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 10, no. 2 (Summer 1971): 85–92; Darren E. Sherkat, “Religious Intermarriage in the United States: Trends, Patterns, and Predictors,” Social Science Research 33 (2004): 613; Barry A. Kosmin, Egon Mayer, and Ariela Keysar, Principal Investigators, “American Religious Identification Survey, 2001” (New York: The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 2001); Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic (2008) , (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Feb. 2008), http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed Sept. 12, 2009, 34–35; Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1988), 232–235. It is important to note that data on intermarriage rates are inconsistent and limited. Studies often employ different methods to account for conversion of the husband and/or wife. See Andrew M. Greeley, “Religious Intermarriage in a Denominational Society,” American Journal of Sociology 75, no. 6 (May 1970): 951; Paul H. Besanceney, “On Reporting Rates of Intermarriage,” The American Journal of Sociology 70, no. 6 (May 1965): 719; Allan L. McCutcheon, “Denominations and Religious Intermarriage: Trends among White Americans in the Twentieth Century,” Review of Religious Research 29, no. 3 (Mar. 1988): 214–215. Also, sociologists use different definitions and classifications, which hinder effective comparison. For example, all four of the following surveys use different method- ologies for determining the rates of intermarriage for their respec- tive communities: The National Jewish Population Survey (2000–01) (New York: United Jewish Communities, 2003), 16, http://www .jewishfederations.org/local_includes/downloads/4606.pdf, accessed Aug. 4, 2010; The National Jewish Population Survey ( 1990) (New York: Council of Jewish Federations, 1990), http://www .jewishdatabank.org/study.asp?sid=17977&tp=1,accessed Aug. 5, 2010; Official Catholic Directories , http://officialcatholicdirec- tory.com/, accessed Aug. 5, 2010; CARA Catholic Polls , Center for 198 NOTES

Applied Research in the Apostolate (Washington, DC: Georgetown University, 2000–2010). 2. Campbell J. Gibson and Emily Lennon, “Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850–1990,” Population Division Working Paper, no. 29. US Census Bureau , Feb. 1999, http://www.census.gov/population/www /documentation/twps0029/twps0029.html, accessed July 27, 2010. Gibson and Lennon cite US Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1997, Table 1, 25. 3. Joyce Bryant, “Immigration in the United States,” Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute , www.yale.edu/ynhti, accessed June 3, 2010, 4. 4. Diana L. Eck, A New Religious America: How a “Christian Country” Has Become the World’s Most Religiously Diverse Nation (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2001), 28. 5. Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 142–144, 165. 6. The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was founded in 1874. Their slogan was “Home Protection.” This “250,000 army . . . [was] undoubtedly, the nation’s most effective political action group in the last decades of the nineteenth century.” Daniel Okrent, Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition (New York: Scribner, 2010), 7–23, quotation on 16; Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in the Nineteenth-Century United States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 203–213. 7. Elizabeth Cady Stanton is quoted in Ginzberg, Women and the Work , 212–213. 8. Anne C. Rose, Beloved Strangers: Interfaith Families in Nineteenth-Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 160. 9. Ruth Shonl Cavan, “Interreligious Marriage: Official Religious Policies and Individual Mate Choice in the United States,” International Journal of Sociology of the Family (Mar. 1971): 93. 10. Hugo G. Beigel, “Romantic Love,” American Sociological Review 16, no. 3 (June 1951): 330. 11. Israel Zangwill, The Melting Pot: Drama in Four Acts (New York: Macmillan, 1932); quoted in William R. Hutchinson, Religious Pluralism in America: The Contentious History of a Founding Ideal (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003),190–191. 12. Ibid. 13. An early twentieth-century example is the 1907 encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis . In this encyclical, Pope Pius X speaks out against the increased focus on race that had been occupying the minds of many Americans and eugenics advocated during the early 1900s. Pope Pius IX, Pascendi Dominici Gregis (Encyclical of Pope Pius X NOTES 199

on the Doctrines of the Modernists), Vatican, Sept. 8, 1907, http:// www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_x/encyclicals/documents /hf_p-x_enc_19070908_pascendi-dominici-gregis_en.html, accessed July 22, 2010. 14. See Paul H. Besanceney, Interfaith Marriages: Who and Why (New Haven, CT: College and University Press, 1970), 117–118 for references to the 1917 Code of Canon Law. 15. Pius XI, Casti Connubii (Encyclical of Pope Pius XI on Christian Marriage), Vatican, Dec. 31, 1930, http://www .vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents /hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubiI_en.html, accessed July 21, 2010, sections 82, 84; Albert I. Gordon, Intermarriage: Interfaith, Interracial, Interethnic (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964), 155. 16. Milton L. Barron, ed., The Blending American: Patterns of Intermarriage (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1972), 68. 17. David O’Brien, American Catholics and Social Reform: The New Deal Years (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968); quoted in José Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 177. 18. Allan J. Lichtman, Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), 40. 19. Eck, New Religious America , 60. 20. Bryant, “Immigration in the United States,” 8. 21. The Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR) was founded in 1889. The 1909 statement on religious intermarriage is referenced frequently in the CCAR’s ensuing statements on the subject. See various statements at http://ccarnet.org/, accessed July 27, 2010. 22. Maurice Fishberg, Jews, Race, and Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Translation Publishers, 2006, c.1911), 222–223; Barron, Blending American , 59; Gordon, Intermarriage: Interfaith, Interracial, Interethnic , 185. 23. The statement read: “We, the undersigned, hereby pledge ourselves that in case children should be born of our marriage, we will, to the best of our knowledge and ability, rear them in the Jewish faith.” Pledges, including signatures of the couples, came from Congregation Beth El, Detroit, Nov. 5, 1914, Jan. 3, 1916, and Dec. 22, 1918, Small Collections 5402, AJA. Rose, Beloved Strangers, 132, 256, n. 47. 24. Kennedy, “Single or Triple Melting-Pot,” 331–339. 25. Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology (New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1956), 45–48. 26. Kennedy, “Single or Triple Melting Pot,” 332. 27. Ibid., 334. 200 NOTES

28. Ibid., Table 2 on 333. Sociologist August B. Hollingshead in 1950 evaluated the influence of ethnicity and religion, as well as race, age, and class on intermarriage. Like Kennedy, his study was also limited to New Haven. In 1948 and 1949, he interviewed over 500 couples and collected data from marriage licenses, family members, and other resources on an additional 1,457 couples. He concludes that race is the most predominant variable limiting marriage choice. However, after race, religion is the primary factor. Although his data was collected eight or nine years after Kennedy’s, his findings are directionally similar. He supports Kennedy’s triple melting pot theory. Hollingshead, “Cultural Factors,” 621–622. 29. Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew , 88. 30. Sa muel A . Muel ler, “T he New Tr iple Melt i ng Pot: Herberg R ev i sited ,” Review of Religious Research 13, no. 1 (Autumn, 1971): 19. 31. José Casanova, “Immigration and the New Religious Pluralism: A European Union/United States Comparison,” in Democracy and the New Religious Pluralism , ed. Thomas Banchoff (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 68. 32. Ibid., 69. 33. Mueller, “The New Triple Melting Pot,” 23–25; Geoffrey Kabaservice, “The Birth of a New Institution,” Yale Alumni Magazine (Dec. 1999), http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com /issues/99_12/admissions.html, accessed July 28, 2010; Michael J. Rosenfeld, The Age of Independence: Interracial Unions, Same-Sex Unions, and the Changing American Family (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007), 37–40. 34. Richard J. Ellis, To the Flag: An Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas, 2005); Knights of Columbus , “How the words ‘Under God’ came to be added to the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag,” http://www.kofc .org/un/eb/en/resources/pdf/pledgeAllegiance.pdf, accessed July 28, 2010. 35. Ruth Shonl Cavan, The American Family , 4th ed. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1969), 22. 36. Ibid., 23. 37. Cott, Public Vows , 187. 38. Ibid., 197. 39. Thomas, “The Factor of Religion,” 488. 40. Ibid. 41. Citing the Committee on Marriage and the Home of the Federal Council of Churches of Christ. “The Peril of Mixed Marriages,” Literary Digest , vol. CXIII (April 1932):19; quoted in Milton L. Barron, People Who Intermarry (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1946), 45. 42. This quotation is from the Messenger , a religious publication of the Lutheran Church that is cited in the following manual for Roman NOTES 201

Catholic priests and laymen. Honoratus Bonzelet, Mixed Marriages and Prenuptial Instructions (Milwaukee, 1942), 28–29; quoted in Barron, People Who Intermarry , 46, 363. 43. Besanceney, Interfaith Marriage , 118–119. 44. The National Jewish Population Survey (2000–2001) (New York: United Jewish Communities, 2003), http://www .jewishfederations.org/local_includes/downloads/4606.pdf, accessed Aug. 4, 2010, 16. See also Paul R. Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-Century America (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 190; Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 361; Lieberson and Waters, From Many Strands, 232–235. 45. “Religion Reported by the Civilian Population of the United States, March, 1958,” Current Population Reports: Population Characteristics , series 20, no. 79 (US Bureau of the Census, Feb. 2, 1958); quoted in Prince, “194 Cross-Religion Marriages,” 3. 46. Marshall Sklare, “Intermarriage and the Jewish Future,” Commentary (1964): 37, 47–48; quoted in Hepps and Dorfman, “Interfaith Marriage,” 324. 47. Charles H. Stember, Jews in the Mind of America (New York: Basic Books, 1966), 104–109. 48. Mueller, “The New Triple Melting Pot,” 21. 49. Andrew R. Baggaley, “Religious Influence on Wisconsin Voting, 1928–1960,” The American Political Science Review 56, no. 1 (Mar. 1962): 66–70; quoted in Mueller, “The New Triple Melting Pot,” 28. 50. Sarna, American Judaism: A History , 361. 51. The record low is based upon US Census data collected between 1850 and 2000. Gibson and Lennon, “Historical Census Statistics”; D i a n n e S c h m i d l e y, U n i t e d S t a t e s C e n s u s B u r e a u , C u r r e n t P o p u l a t i o n Reports, Series P23–206, Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2000 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2001), http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs /p23–206.pdf, accessed Aug. 4, 2010. 52. Gibson and Lennon, “Historical Census Statistics”; Stephen Prothero, ed., A Nation of Religions: The Politics of Pluralism in Multireligious America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 3–4. 53. Casanova, “New Religious Pluralism,” 71. 54. Robert Wuthnow, “Presidential Address 2003: The Challenge of Diversity,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 43, no. 2 (June 2004): 160. 55. Prothero, A Nation of Religions , 4. 56. Samuel Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 18. While 202 NOTES

scholars generally agree on the important demographic and sociological changes introduced to American religiosity by this new religious diversity, they disagree as to whether the changes have had a positive or negative effect on the nation. For example, while Samuel Huntington argues that the American identity will continue to erode if the nation does not make an effort to return to its Anglo and Protestant roots, Diana Eck argues that the nation’s strength lies in embracing religious diversity. Huntington, Who Are We? , 12, 19–20, 96; Eck, New Religious America , 6, 31, 47, 56. 57. Eck, New Religious America , 57; Casanova, “New Religious Pluralism,” 72. 58. Ronald Enroth, A Guide to New Religious Movements (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2005), 9. 59. James R. Lewis, ed., The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 16–38. 60. Wade Clark Roof, Spiritual Marketplace: Baby Boomers and the Remaking of American Religion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 93; Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey (2008) , 2, 36–38; Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar, Principal Investigators, “American Religious Identification Survey, 2008” (Hartford, CT: Trinity College, 2009), 3–7; Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Many Americans Mix Multiple Faiths (2009) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Dec. 2009) http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed June 12, 2010; Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Faith in Flux (2009) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Apr. 2009) http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed June 12, 2010. 61. Casanova, “New Religious Pluralism,” 72. Casanova cites Prothero, A Nation of Religions . 62. Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962); Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965); Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). 63. Casanova, Public Religions, 135–207. 64. James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1991), back cover. 65. Based upon US Census Bureau data summarized in “Historical Divorce Rate Statistics and Facts: United States,” http://divorce .lovetoknow.com/Historical_Divorce_Rate_Statistics, accessed June 3, 2010. 66. Ernest van den Haag, “Love or Marriage,” in The Family: Its Structures and Functions , ed. Rose Laub Coser (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974), 141. 67. John Witte Jr., From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and the Law in the Western Tradition (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1997), 195. 68. Ibid., 195. NOTES 203

69. Katherine Shaw Spaht, “The Modern American Covenant Marriage Movement: Its Origins and Its Future,” in Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective , ed. John Witte Jr. and Eliza Ellison (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005), 239–249. 70. Sherkat, “Religious Intermarriage,” 610. 71. For example, in one study, the author compared intermarriage for younger and older cohorts. The older cohort was born before 1930 (and therefore potentially married after 1950); the younger cohort was born after 1970 (and therefore potentially married after 1990). For Presbyterians and Episcopalians, there was a 15.6 percentage point increase in intermarriage from the older to the younger cohort. There was an 18.9 point increase for Methodists and a 24.7 point increase for Lutherans. In the study, these denominations were considered mainline Protestant. For conservative Christians the increase was relatively small; it was only a 3.8 point increase from the older to the younger cohort. Conservative Christians included 29 denominations ranging from Baptist to Evangelical Free Church to Pentecostal. McCutcheon, “Denominations and Religious Intermarriage,” 219. In this study, McCutcheon includes cross-Protestant denominational marriages in his statistics. These percentage point increases should be interpreted to reveal the relative willingness for mainline versus conservative Protestants to marry outside of their religious denomination. Many other sociological studies have confirmed that religious intermarriage has become much more prevalent in liberal or mainline denominations compared to conservative denominations. For example, in a 2004 study, the author concluded that Mainline Protestant groups have had significantly greater increases in intermarriage than conservative Christian groups throughout the twentieth century (Sherkat, “Religious Intermarriage,” 613). An analysis of the 1987–1988 National Survey of Families and Households also revealed that “there has been no perceptible change in the probabil- ity of marrying outside the religion for exclusivist Protestants,” yet religious intermarriage for “ecumenical Protestants” has increased significantly over the decades (Evelyn L. Lehrer, “Religious Intermarriage in the United States: Determinants and Trends,” Social Science Research 27, no. 3 (Sept. 1, 1998): 245). The 2008 U.S. Religious Landscape Survey also confirms this split. Within the Protestant family, Mainline Protestants are more likely than evangelicals or those associated with historically black churches to be in a mixed marriage (Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey (2008) , 34–35). 72. M. H. Reynolds, ed., “The Truth about the World Council of Churches,” FEA News and Views , Fundamental Evangelistic Association, http:// cnview.com/on_line_resources/world_council_of_churches.htm, accessed June 6, 2010. 204 NOTES

73. Mueller, “The New Triple Melting Pot,” 21. Mueller contributes this statement to the following studies: David M. Heer, “The Trend in Interfaith Marriages in Canada, 1922–1957,” American Sociological Review 27, no.2 (1962): 245–250; Paul Reiss, “The Trend in Interfaith Marriages,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 5 (1965): 64–67; Carol Wagner, “Religious Intermarriage in the United States and Canada,” Unpublished paper, Department of Sociology, Indiana University (1970). 74. Pope Paul VI, Lumen gentium (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church), no.8, Vatican, Nov. 21, 1964, http://www .vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents /vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html, accessed July 29, 2009; see Michael G. Lawler, Marriage and the Catholic Church: Disputed Questions (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 2002), 120. 75. John Mulhearn, S.J., “Interfaith Marriage and Adult Religious Practice,” Sociological Analysis 30, no. 1 (Spring 1969): 23; Cavan, The American Family , 216. 76. Pope Paul VI, Dignitatis humanae (Declaration on Religious Freedom on the Right of the Person and of Communities to Social and Civil Freedom in Matters Religious), no. 10, Vatican, Dec. 7, 1965, http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council /documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html, accessed Dec. 10, 2009. For the purposes of comparison, see Mirari Vos , an earlier statement on the church’s position on religious freedom. Pope Gregory XVI, Mirari Vos (Encyclical on Liberalism and Religious Indifferentism), Vatican, Aug. 15, 1832, http://www .papalencyclicals.net/Greg16/g16mirar.htm, accessed July 29, 2010. 77. Code of Canon Law: Latin-English Edition (Washington, DC: Canon Law Society of America, 1983), 409–411. 78. Lawler, Marriage and the Catholic Church , 411. 79. Pope Paul VI, Nostra aetate (Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions), no. 2, Vatican, Oct. 28, 1965, http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council /documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html, accessed Dec. 10, 2009. 80. See Alan Race, Christians and Religious Pluralism: Patterns in the Christian Theology of Religions (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1983). 81. Nostra aetate , no. 2. 82. Jules Isaac, The Teaching of Contempt: Christian Roots of Anti-Semitism , trans. Helen Weaver (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964); Idem , Jesus and Israel , ed. Claire Huchet Bishop, trans. Sally Gran (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971). 83. Edward Idris Cardinal Cassidy, Ecumenism and Interreligious Dialogue: Unitatis Redintegratio, Nostra Aetate (New York: Paulist Press, 2005), 125–224. NOTES 205

84 . The National Jewish Population Survey (2000–2001), 16. 85. The first quotation is a statement of Standard of Rabbinic Practice (1972). The second quotation is from a 1989 statement by Rabbi Jerome Epstein that is “reiterating the official Conservative stand.” Both are cited in Elliot Salo Schoenberg, “Intermarriage and Conservative Judaism: An Approach for the 1990s,” Conservative Judaism 43, no. 1 (Fall 1990): 13. 86. Ibid., 14–17. 87. Ibid., 14–15. 88. Ibid., 12–13. See also Rabbi Jerome M. Epstein, “Beyond Keruv to Edud,” The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism , http:// www.uscj.org/Beyond_Keruv_to_Edud6908.html, accessed Aug. 10, 2010. 89. Sarna, American Judaism: A History , 363. 90. Central Conference of American Rabbis , 38, “Patrilineal and Matrilineal Descent,” Oct. 1983; quoted in Michael S. Berger, “Judaism,” in Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 75. 91. Berger, “Judaism,” 73. 92. Central Conference of American Rabbis , 38, “Patrilineal and Matrilineal Descent,” Oct. 1983; quoted in Berger, “Judaism,” 74. 93. Sociologist Norval D. Glenn compared the US Census data from 1957 on religious intermarriage with the General Social Surveys (GSS) data collected between 1973 and 1978. Glenn concluded that there had been an increase in interreligious marriage for Protestants, Catholics, and Jews, over the two decades. Glenn, “Interreligious Marriage,” 557. In a separate study using GSS data from 1973 to 1994, Darren E. Sherkat found that religious intermarriage increased for the following religious groups: Liberal Protestants, Episcopalians, Moderate Protestants, Lutheran denominations of Protestants, as well as Catholic and Jewish groups. Baptists only increased slightly whereas Mormons and nondenominational [Christian] groups declined in the incidence of religious intermarriage from the older to the younger cohort. Sherkat, “Religious Intermarriage,” 613. 94. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey (2008) , 34–35. Pew includes in these figures respondents who indicate that they are living with a partner, even if they are not married.

4 Definitions and Parameters: Normative Boundaries among Religions and between the Religious and Secular 1. The exact wording is as follows: “We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus, and non-believers.” Barack Obama, “2009 Inaugural Address,” The White House Blog (Jan. 21, 2009), http:// 206 NOTES

www.whitehouse.gov/blog/inaugural-address/,accessed Oct. 15, 2010. 2. Stephen Prothero, God Is Not One: The Eight Rival Religions that Run the World and Why Their Differences Matter (New York: HarperCollins, 2010). 3. See William Blake, All Religions are One (1795) cited in Prothero, God Is Not One , 2; John Hick, An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004); Paul Heck, Common Ground: Islam, Christianity, and Religious Pluralism (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2009). 4. See the Joint Committee of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Bishops in the United States, “Orthodox-Roman Catholic Marriages,” Origins: Catholic News Service Documentary Service 20, no. 25 (Nov. 29, 1990). For a recent article on ecumenical marriages, see Thomas Knieps-Port le Roi, “Interchurch Marriage—Conjugal and Ecclesial Communion in the Domestic Church,” Journal of Ecumenical Studies 44, no. 3 (Summer 2009). 5. See Kate McCarthy, Interfaith Encounters in America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007). 6. See John L. Esposito, Darrell J. Fasching, and Todd Lewis, World Religions Today (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Huston Smith, The World’s Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions , 50th anniversary ed. (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2009). 7. Harold Netland, Encountering Religious Pluralism: The Challenge to Christian Faith and Mission (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2001), 24. 8. Ibid., 26. 9. Kieran Scott and Michael Warren, Perspectives on Marriage: A Reader , 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 451. 10. Michael G. Lawler, Marriage and the Catholic Church: Disputed Questions (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 2002), 15. 11. Ibid. 12. Michel Meslin, “Baptism,” in Encyclopedia of Religion , 2nd ed., ed. Mircea Eliade (New York: Macmillan, 1987). 13. McCarthy, Interfaith Encounters , 130. 14. Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Dialogue, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, The Challenge of Catholic-Muslim Marriage: A Pastoral Resource (Washington, DC: USCCB Office of Publishing and Promotion Services, 2011). 15. Michael S. Kogan, “Toward a Pluralist Theology of Judaism,” in The Myth of Religious Superiority: A Multifaith Exploration , ed. Paul F. Knitter (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2005), 108. 16. Jacob Neusner, ed., World Religions in America , 4th ed. (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2009), 126. NOTES 207

17. Rodney Mariner, “Conversion to Judaism: A Tale of the Good, the Bad and the Ungrateful,” in Religious Conversion: Contemporary Practices and Controversies , ed. Christopher Lamb and M. Darrol Bryant (London: Cassell, 1999), 99. 18. Ibid., 100. 19. David Novak, “Jewish Marriage: Nature, Covenant, and Contract,” in Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective , ed. John Witte, Jr. and Eliza Ellison (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005), 26–27. Novak quotes Maimonides: Mishneh Torah , 12 vols., ed. S. Frankel (B’nai Brak: Shabse Frankel, 2001): Marriage, 1.1. 20. Ibid., 28. 21. David Novak defines it as “a sacrament, which is a relationship initi- ated and conducted before God in the presence of the representa- tives of the covenanted community.” Novak, “Jewish Marriage,” 31–32. Note that the word qiddushin is also used to mean betrothal. Kieran Scott and Michael Warren, Perspectives on Marriage: A Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 384. 22. George P. Monger, Marriage Customs of the World: From Henna to Honeymoons (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2004), 176–178. 23. Scott and Warren, Perspectives on Marriage (1993), 380. 24. McCarthy, Interfaith Encounters , 129. 25. Novak, “Jewish Marriage,” 40. 26. Scott and Warren, Perspectives on Marriage (1993), 398. 27. Dutton Yasin, “Conversion to Islam: The Qur’anic Paradigm,” in Religious Conversion: Contemporary Practices and Controversies , ed. Christopher Lamb and M. Darrol Bryant (London: Cassell, 1999), 153–154. 28. Neusner, World Religions in America , 145–146. 29. For a good explanation of the core theological concepts, see Smith, The World’s Religions , 235–242. 30. Ibid., 403. 31. Jane I. Smith, “Islam and the Family in North America,” in American Religions and the Family: How Faith Traditions Cope with Modernization and Democracy , ed. Don S. Browning and David A. Clairmont (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 212. 32. Scott and Warren, Perspectives on Marriage (1993), 404. 33. Azizah al-Hibri and Raja’ M. El Habiti, “Islam,” in Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 152. 34. Ibid., 166, 168. 35. Ibid., 166. 36. Alex B. Leeman, “Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions,” Indiana Law Journal (Spring 2009): 745. 208 NOTES

37. Ibid., 744. 38. Scott and Warren, Perspectives on Marriage (1993), 399. 39. Leeman, “Interfaith Marriage in Islam,” 757. 40. Ibid. 41. Qur’an 4:34 (Yusuf Ali English Translation). 42. Scott and Warren, Perspectives on Marriage (1993), 401; Abdullahi A. An-Na’im, ed., Inter-Religious Marriages Among Muslims: Negotiating Religious and Social Identity in Family and Community (New Delhi, India: Global Media Publications, 2005), 25; Leeman, “Interfaith Marriage in Islam,” 755. 43. Leeman, “Interfaith Marriage in Islam,” 762. For a further explanation of the intermarriage marriage restrictions on women, see An-Na’im, Inter-Religious Marriages Among Muslims , 28. 44. “A Christian woman who marries a Muslim man is not legally obliged to convert, but pressures from community to provide a home context in which children are not subjected to conflicting faith expectations and practices are high. Non-Muslim men who marry Muslim women are subject to even greater pressures.” Jane I. Smith, “Islam and the Family,” 215. 45. Yasin, “Conversion to Islam,” 153–154. 46. Ibid., 154. 47. Neusner, World Religions in America , 147–150. 48. Qur’an Sura 1 (Yusuf Ali English Translation). 49. Smith, The World’s Religions , 243. 50. See An-Na’im, Inter-Religious Marriages Among Muslims , 31. 51. Paul B. Courtright, “Hinduism,” in Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 228. 52. Ibid., 8. Also see, Ekta Singh, Caste System in India: A Historical Perspective (Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2005). 53. Brian K. Smith, Classifying the Universe: The Ancient Indian Varna System and the Origins of Caste (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 3, 14, 27. 54. Scott and Warren, Perspectives on Marriage (1993), 413. 55. For an explanation of the importance of this stage of life for all Hindus, regardless of class, see Scott and Warren, Perspectives on Marriage (1993), 412–413. 56. Edith Turner and Pamela R. Frese, “Marriage,” Encyclopedia of Religion , 2nd ed., ed. Mircea Eliade (New York: Macmillan, 1987). 57. Ralph W. Nicholas, “The Effectiveness of the Hindu Sacrament (Samsk āra ): Caste, Marriage, and Divorce in Bengali Culture,” in From the Margins of Hindu Marriage , ed. Lindsey Harlan and Paul B. Courtright (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 140. 58. Lindsey Harlan and Paul B. Courtright, eds., From the Margins of Hindu Marriage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 8. For a detailed explanation of traditional Hindu marriage rituals that NOTES 209

solidify the literal transformation of the woman, see Ariel Glucklich, The Sense of Adharma (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). 59. Gail Hinich Sutherland, “The Wedding Pavilion: Performing, Recreating, and Regendering Hindu Identity in Houston,” International Journal of Hindu Studies 7, no. 1/3 (Feb. 2003): 121. 60. For an analysis of 20 cross-cultural Hindu-English and Hindu-American marriages, see Mary Sissons Joshi and Meena Krishna, “English and North American Daughters-in-Law in the Hindu Joint Family,” in Cross-Cultural Marriage: Identity and Choice , ed. Rosemary Breger and Rosanna Hill (Oxford: Berg, 1998), 171–186. 61. Harlan and Courtright, From the Margins , 7. 62. Mattison Mines and Jayaraj Priyanka, “Hindus at the Edge: Self-Awareness among Adult Children of Interfaith Marriages in Chennai, South India,” International Journal of Hindu Studies 2, no. 2 (Aug. 1998): 227. 63. “One of the distinguishing marks of the Buddhist tradition is its emphasis on experience over belief. Buddhism never had a creed or a catechism until the American convert Henry Steel Olcott decided in the late-nineteenth century that any self-respecting religion needed both. This relative indifference toward religion’s doctrinal dimension is rooted in the Buddha’s celebrated refusal to specu- late.” Prothero, God Is Not One , 173. 64. Smith, The World’s Religions , 114. 65. For a concise explanation of anatman, see Charles S. Prebish and Damien Keown, Introducing Buddhism (New York: Routledge, 2006), 55–58; Merv Fowler, Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices (Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 1999), 37. 66. Prothero, God Is Not One , 172. 67. Ibid., 171. 68. Alan Cole, “Buddhism,” in Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 304. 69. Ibid., 307. 70. Ibid., 299–300. 71. U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic 2008, Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life , (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Feb. 2008) http://religions.pewforum. org, accessed Sept. 12, 2009. Note that only the Unaffiliated were higher. 72. See Smith, The World’s Religions , 99–112 for a clear explanation of the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. 73. Prothero, God Is Not One , 177. 74. Talal Asad, Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 4. Asad is discuss- ing Charles Taylor’s use of the phrase “imagined community,” 210 NOTES

originally coined by international studies scholar Benedict Anderson in Imagined Communities (1983). 75. José Casanova, “Rethinking Secularism: Secular, Secularizations, Secularism,” Immanent Frame, http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2007/10/25 /secular-secularizations-secularisms/, accessed Oct. 29, 2010. 76. José Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), 21. 77. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), 2. 78. José Casanova, “Immigration and the New Religious Pluralism: A European Union/United States Comparison,” in Democracy and the New Religious Pluralism , ed. Thomas Banchoff (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 72–73. 79. Casanova, Public Religions , 5–6. 80. “Culture wars” phraseology is borrowed from James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1991). 81. Cohabitation, single parenting, gay marriage, and gay parenting are only a few examples of the issues that conservative and progressive religious and political groups debate. See Allan Carlson, Conjugal America: On the Public Purposes of Marriage (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007); Michael J. Rosenfeld, The Age of Independence: Interracial Unions, Same-Sex Unions, and the Changing American Family (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007). 82. Warren S. Goldstein, “Secularization Patterns in the Old Paradigm,” Sociology of Religion 70, no. 2 (2009): 157–178. 83. Ibid., 166. Goldstein cites Peter L. Berger, The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (New York: Anchor Books, 1967) and Peter L. Berger, The Heretical Imperative: Contemporary Possibilities of Religious Affiliation (Garden City: Anchor Books, 1979). 84. Rodney Stark, “Secularization, R.I.P.,” Sociology of Religion 60 (Fall 1999): 252. 85. For up-to-date discourse on the secularization debate, see The Immanent Frame , http://blogs.ssrc.org. 86. Taylor, A Secular Age , 2. 87. Ibid., 3. 88. Loren D. Marks, “How Does Religion Influence Marriage? Christian, Jewish, Mormon, and Muslim Perspectives,” Marriage and Family Review 38, no. 1 (2005): 85–111. 89. Nathaniel M. Lambert and David C. Dollahite, “How Religiosity Helps Couples Prevent, Resolve, and Overcome Marital Conflict,” Family Relations 55, no. 4 (Oct. 2006): 439–449. 90. Marks, “How Does Religion Influence,” 104. 91. Ibid., 107. NOTES 211

92. Ibid., 93. 93. Ibid., 89. 94. Ibid., 105. 95. Ibid., 97. 96. Lambert and Dollahite, “How Religiosity Helps Couples,” 442.

5 Stories of Contemporary Intermarriages: Paradox and Ambiguity 1. Peter L. Berger, “Reflections on the Sociology of Religion Today,” Sociology of Religion 62, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 449. 2. Aliases are used to protect the privacy of the interviewees. 3. Interfaith Families Project, http://iffp.net/, accessed Oct. 12, 2010. 4. Kathleen is referring to the blessing or prayer that is said before a meal. “Hamotzi lechem min ha-aretz, we give thanks to God for br e ad . O u r vo ic e s r a i s e i n s ong toge t he r a s ou r j oy f u l pr aye r i s s a id .” http://www.iffp.net/documents/Programs/Cultivating%20 the%20Capacity%20for%20Joy10–07.pdf, accessed Oct. 12, 2010. 5. Corrine Glesne and Alan Peshkin, Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1992), 7. 6. In this study, I cannot measure happiness and satisfaction in a marriage. However, this is my general observation from the tenor of the interviews. Loren D. Marks provides the following rationale for her statement that the couples she interviewed were in successful and happy marriages: “It is probable that the participants were relatively happily married, based on their willingness to be interviewed in depth regarding their marriage and family relationships without compensation.” Loren D. Marks, “How Does Religion Influence Marriage? Christian, Jewish, Mormon, and Muslim Perspectives,” Marriage and Family Review 38, no. 1 (2005): 89. 7. John Borelli, “Pastoral Care for Interfaith couples—A Beginning,” New Theology Review 6, no. 3 (Aug. 1993): 40.

6 An Era of Interfaith Marriage: The Defiance of Boundaries 1. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), 512. 2. Erika B. Seamon, director, “Christian-Hindu Marriage Interview, No. 2,” phone interview by Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Undergraduate Fellows Project Team, Spring 2008. 3. Ibid., “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 12.” 4. Ibid., “Christian-Muslim Interview, No. 2.” 5. Ibid., “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 9.” 6. Ibid., “Christian-Muslim Interview, No. 4.” 212 NOTES

7. Ibid., “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 15.” 8. Ibid., “Christian-Buddhist Interview, No. 4.” 9. Ibid., “Christian-Buddhist Interview, No. 5.” 10. See John Hick, An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004); Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, An Introduction to the Theology of Religions: Biblical, Historical, and Contemporary Perspectives (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2003). 11. Seamon, “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 8.” 12. Ibid., “Christian-Hindu Interview, No. 3.” 13. Ibid., “Christian-Buddhist Interview, No. 4.” 14. Ibid., “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 11.” 15. Ibid., “Christian-Muslim Interview, No. 4.” 16. Ibid., “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 8.” 17. Ibid., “Christian-Muslim Interview, No. 10.” 18. Ibid., “Christian-Hindu Interview, No. 4.” 19. Ibid., “Christian-Muslim Interview, No. 4.” 20. Ibid., “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 8.” 21. Ibid., “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 13.” 22. Ibid., “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 12.” 23. “Welcome to the Dedication Ceremony,” June 26, 2010, document provided by a Catholic priest with whom I discussed the Dedication Ceremony on Oct. 1, 2010. 24. Ruth Shonle Cavan, “Concepts and Terminology in Interreligious Marriage,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 9, no. 4 (Winter 1970): 316; J. Milton Yinger, “On the Definition of Interfaith Marriage,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 7, no. 1 (Spring 1968): 104–107. 25. Nora Lester Murad, “The Politics of Mothering in a ‘Mixed’ Family: An Autoethnographic Exploration,” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 12 (2005): 484. 26. Rabbi Jerome M. Epstein, “Beyond Keruv to Edud,” The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism . http://www.uscj.org/Beyond _Keruv_to_Edud6908.html, accessed Aug. 10, 2010. 27. Charles Stewart, “Syncretism and Its Synonyms: Reflections on Cultural Mixture,” Diacritics 29, no. 3 (Autumn 1999): 40–62. For other insights on the types of debates that ensue over syncretism, see Charles Stewart and Rosalind Shaw, eds., Syncretism/ Antisyncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis (London and New York: Routledge, 1994) and Anita M. Leopold and Jeppe S. Jensen, eds., Syncretism in Religion: A Reader (New York: Routledge, 2005). 28. Joseph A. Edelheit, “An Indelicate Silence: Interfaith Marriage and the Jewish-Christian Dialogue” (D. Min. diss., University of Chicago, 2001), 4. NOTES 213

29. Arnold Jacob Wolf, “An Indelicate Silence,” Judaism 51, no. 2 (Spring 2002): 236. 30. Todd LeRoy Perreira, “Sasana Sakon and the New Asian American: Intermarriage and Identity at a Thai Buddhist Temple in Silicon Valley,” in Asian American Religions: The Making and Remaking of Borders and Boundaries , ed. Tony Carnes and Fenggang Yang (New York: New York University Press, 2004), 318. 31. Murad, “The Politics of Mothering,” 484. Murad cites Sindre Bangstad, “When Muslims Marry Non-Muslims: Marriage as Incorporation in a Cape Muslim Community,” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 15 (3), 2004: 349–364. 32. Ibid. 33. Third Bishops’ Institute of Theological Animation (BITA III), “Inter-Faith Marriages in the Pluralistic Context of Asia,” in For All the Peoples of Asia, Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences: Documents from 2002–2006 , vol. 4, ed., Franz-Josef Eilers (Manila, Philippines: Claretian Publications, 2007), 290. 34. Epstein, “Beyond Keruv to Edud,” 2. 35. These challenges and issues are explained further in Erika B. Seamon and Chester Gillis, eds., “A Leap of Faith: Interreligious Marriage in America,” Berkley Center Report (Washington, DC: Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs, Georgetown University, 2008), 5–8, 14–40. Also see, Susan Weidman Schneider, Intermarriage: The Challenge of Living with Differences Between Christians and Jews (New York: The Free Press, 1989); Egon Mayer, Love and Tradition: Marriage between Jews And Christians (New York: Plenum Press, 1985); John E. Mayer, Jewish-Gentile Courtships: An Exploratory Study of a Social Process (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980). 36. Seamon, “Christian-Muslim Interview, No. 2.” 37. Ibid., “Christian-Hindu Interview, No. 1.” 38. For a detailed example of how a Catholic woman and Jewish man have customized their Haggadah and shaped a Passover celebration that meets the needs of their family, see Cokie Roberts and Steve Roberts, Our Haggadah: Uniting Traditions for Interfaith Families (New York: HarperCollins, 2011). 39. Seamon, “Christian-Buddhist Interview, No. 4.” 40. Ibid., “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 8.” Emphasis added. 41. John Hick, An Interpretation of Religion , 233–251. 42. Seamon, “Christian-Muslim Interview, No. 4.” 43. Ibid., “Christian-Hindu Interview, No. 2.” 44. “Welcome to the Dedication Ceremony.” Emphasis added. 45. Ibid. Emphasis added. 46. Ibid. Emphasis added. 47. Seamon, “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 11.” 214 NOTES

48. Ibid., “Christian-Muslim Interview, No. 9.” 49. Ibid., “Christian-Buddhist Interview, No. 6.” 50. In a national 2001 study, divorce was estimated to be three times more likely in religious intermarriages. Barry A. Kosmin and Egon Mayer, Principle Investigators, “American Religious Identification Survey, 2001,” (ARIS 2001) The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , http://www.gc.cuny.edu /faculty/research_briefs/aris.pdf, accessed Dec. 15, 2009; quoted in Cathy Lyn Grossman, “Same House, Different Faiths,” USA Today (Dec. 5, 2002); For a related study on Jewish intermarriages, see Joshua G. Chinitz and Robert A. Brown, “Religious Homogamy, Marital Conflict, and Stability in Same-Faith and Interfaith Jewish Marriages,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40, no. 4 (Dec. 2001): 723–733. 51. Patrice E. Heller and Beatrice Wood, “The Influence of Religious and Ethnic Differences on Marital Intimacy: Intermarriage Versus Intramarriage,” Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 26, no. 2 (Apr. 2000): 241–242. 52. Ibid., 241. 53. Seamon, “Christian-Buddhist Interview, No. 4.” 54. Ibid., “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 14.” 55. Ibid., “Christian-Hindu Interview, No. 2.” 56. Ibid., “Christian-Buddhist Interview, No. 2.” 57. Ibid., “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 2.” 58. Ibid., “Christian-Hindu Interview, No. 8.” 59. Ibid., “Christian-Jewish Interview, No. 16.” 60. Jaroslav Pelikan, “Faith,” in Encyclopedia of Religion , 2nd ed., ed. Mircea Eliade (New York: Macmillan, 1987). 61. Loren D. Marks, “How Does Religion Influence Marriage? Christian, Jewish, Mormon, and Muslim Perspectives,” Marriage and Family Review 38, no. 1 (2005): 85–111; Nathaniel M. Lambert and David C. Dollahite, “How Religiosity Helps Couples Prevent, Resolve, and Overcome Marital Conflict,” Family Relations 55, no. 4 (Oct. 2006): 439–449.

7 Transforming Religion and Christianity The Emergence of Interfaith Space 1. “Welcome to the Dedication Ceremony,” June 26, 2010, document provided by a Catholic priest with whom I discussed the Dedication Ceremony on Oct. 1, 2010. 2. John Borelli, “Pastoral Care for Interfaith Couples—A Beginning,” New Theology Review 6, no. 3 (Aug. 1993): 34. 3. Rita George Tvrtkovic, “When Muslims and Christians Marry,” America (Sept. 10, 2001): 14. 4. Ibid. NOTES 215

5. John M. Buchanan, “Blessings,” Christian Century (Oct. 3, 2006): 3. 6. “Welcome to the Dedication Ceremony.” 7. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, “Jewish-Catholic Dialogue Examines Mixed Marriages and Social Pressures on Marriage Today,” USSCB News Release, Oct. 22, 2010, http:// www.usccb.org/comm/archinves/2010/10–184.shtml, accessed Dec. 2, 2010. 8. Leo XIII, Pope, Arcanum (Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on Christian Marriage), Vatican, Feb. 10, 1880, nbrs. 24 and 24, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents /hf_l-xiii_enc_10021880_arcanum_en.html, accessed Aug. 18, 2010. 9. Roman Catholic Diocese of Baton Rouge, Publications and Forms, www.diobr.org/documents. The reasons for a “disparity of cult” dispensation are worded slightly differently on different dispensation forms. For other examples, see the Archdiocese for the Military Services at www.milarch.org/resources/Forms and the Diocese of Honolulu at www.catholichawaii.org/filemgmt_data/files /Dispensation. 10. The Catholic spouse must promise something similar to the following to be granted a dispensation: “I reaffirm my faith in Jesus Christ and, with God’s help, intend to continue living that faith in the Catholic Church. I promise to do all in my power to share the faith I have received with our children by having them baptized and reared as Catholics.” United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, “Apostolic Letter on Mixed Marriages, Statement on the Implementation of the Apostolic Letter on Mixed Marriages.” National Conference of Catholic Bishops (Washington, DC: USCCB Office of Publishing and Promotion Services, 1971); quoted in Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Dialogue, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, The Challenge of Catholic-Muslim Marriage: A Pastoral Resource (Washington, DC: USCCB Office of Publishing and Promotion Services, 2011). 11. Los Angeles Roman Catholic Archdiocese, “Guidelines for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, Marriage in Islam and Roman Catholicism,” 1988: 55–58; quoted in Borelli, “Pastoral Care for Interfaith Couples,” 38. 12. Borelli, “Pastoral Care for Interfaith Couples,” 35. 13. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, “Jewish-Catholic Dialogue Examines Mixed Marriages.” 14. Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Dialogue, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, The Challenge of Catholic-Muslim Marriage: A Pastoral Resource (Washington, DC: USCCB Office of Publishing and Promotion Services, 2011). 15. World Council of Churches, “Religious Plurality and Christian Self-Understanding.” http://www.oikoumene.org/fileadmin/files/ wcc-main/documents/p2/fo_religiouspluralityandchristianself 216 NOTES

understanding.pdf, accessed Dec. 2, 2010. On the website displaying the document, there is indication that this is a provisional and unof- ficial text. 16. Presbyterian Church (USA), Interfaith Marriage: A Resource by Presbyterian Christians , Office of Ecumenical and Interfaith Relations (1992), http://store.pcusa.org/24392010; referenced at First Presbyterian Church of Waco, Texas, “Interfaith Marriage,” http://www.firstpreswaco.org/believe/interfaithmarriage.htm , accessed Dec. 2, 2010. 17. For a 2010 exchange of a congregant and an evangelical Baptist pastor on religious intermarriage, see http://en.allexperts.com/q /Baptists-954/2010/1/Interfaith-Marriages.htm, accessed Dec. 2, 2010. With rationale based upon 2 Corinthians 6:14–17, this pastor says that he does “not know of any Baptist church that would perform this marriage.” 18. Julie Aziz, “Intermarriage: A Model for the World,” Dovetail (Summer 2007): 6. 19. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, “Jewish-Catholic Dialogue Examines Mixed Marriages.” 20. Barbara Pash, “A Jewish Soul: Orthodox Outreach and Interfaith Families,” Interfaith Family.com , http://www.interfaithfamily.com/ news_and_opinion/synagogues_and_the_jewish_community/A _Jewish_Soul_Orthodox_Outreach_and_Interfaith_Families. shtml, accessed Dec. 15, 2010. 21. Elliot Salo Schoenberg, “Intermarriage and Conservative Judaism: An Approach for the 1990s,” Conservative Judaism 43, no. 1 (Fall 1990): 13–17. 22. Martha Moody Jacobs, “Interfaith ‘Inreach’ in a Conservative Setting,” Jewish Federation of Greater Dayton , http://www.jewishdayton.org/page.aspx?id=177135, accessed Apr. 6, 2009. 23. “Patrilineal and Matrilineal Descent,” Central Conference of American Rabbis (Oct. 1983); quoted in Michael S. Berger, “Judaism,” in Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 75. 24. Religion News Service, “Reform Rabbis More Open to Intermarriage,” Christian Century 9, no. 127. 25. Paul D. Numrich, “Immigrant American Religions and the Family,” in American Religions and the Family: How Faith Traditions Cope with Modernization and Democracy , ed. Don S. Browning and David A. Clairmont (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 27. 26. For insight on Muslim conversion, see Yasin Dutton, “Conversion to Islam: The Qur’anic Paradigm,” in Religious Conversion: Contemporary Practices and Controversies , ed. Christopher Lamb and M. Darrol Bryant (London: Cassell, 1999), 153–156. NOTES 217

27. Pew Research Center, Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream , released May 22, 2007, 34. 28. Denise Al-Johar, “Muslim Marriages in America: Reflecting New Identities,” The Muslim World 95, no. 4 (Oct. 2005): 557–558. 29. Nadine Naber, “Muslims First, Arab Second: A Strategic Politics of Race and Gender,” The Muslim World 95 (2005): 479; Zareena A. Grewal, “Marriage in Colour: Race, Religion and Spouse Selection in Four American Mosques,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 32, no. 2 (Feb. 2005): 324. 30. Al-Johar, “Muslim Marriages in America,” 567. 31. Ibid., 557–558. 32. Michelle Boorstein, “Muslims Try to Balance Traditions, U.S. Culture on Path to Marriage,” Washington Post (May 27, 2008): B5. 33. Ma rcia K . Herma nsen, “Two-Way Accu ltu rat ion: Muslim Women in America between Individual Choice (Liminality) and Community Affiliation (Communitas),” in The Muslims of America , ed. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 198. 34. Boorstein, “Muslims Try to Balance,” B5. 35. Alex B. Leeman, “Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions,” Indiana Law Journal (Spring 2009): 763. 36. Ibid., 763. 37. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic (2008) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Feb. 2008), 53, http:// religions.pewforum.org, accessed Sept. 12, 2009. 38. Satguru Bodhinatha Veylanswami, “Mom, Dad, Meet Elaine,” Hinduism Today (July–Sept. 2005): 10; Gail Hinich Sutherland, “The Wedding Pavilion: Performing, Recreating, and Regendering Hindu Identity in Houston,” International Journal of Hindu Studies 7, no. 1/3 (Feb. 2003): 137. 39. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey , 34; ARIS 2001 does not report data on Hindus, but confirms that Mormons are very unlikely to intermarry and Buddhists very likely. These findings are consistent with the Pew data. Barry A. Kosmin and Egon Mayer, Principle Investigators, “American Religious Identification Survey, 2001,” (ARIS 2001) The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , http://www.gc.cuny .edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris.pdf, accessed Dec. 15, 2009. 40. “Texas Youth Ponder Their Hindu Future,” Hinduism Today 14, no. 10 (Oct. 31, 1992): 16. One study estimates that 70 percent of Hindus marry non-Hindus. The details of this study are not clear and relative to the Pew results, this percentage is likely overstated. Sutherland, “The Wedding Pavilion,” 138. 41. Rohit Chopra and Jyoti Punwani, “Discovering the Other, Discovering the Self: Inter-religious Marriage among Muslims in 218 NOTES

the Greater Bombay Area, India,” in Inter-Religious Marriages among Muslims: Negotiating Religious and Social Identity in Family and Community , ed. Abdullahi A. An-Na’im (New Delhi, India: Global Media Publications, 2005), 72–74. 42. Rajagopal Ryali, “Matrimonials: A Variation of Arranged Marriages,” International Journal of Hindu Studies 2, no. 1 (Apr. 1998): 108. 43. Ibid., 111. 44. Ibid., 108–110, 112; Edward Wong, “Indian Marriage Traditions Change with the Times,” Gazette (June 12, 1996), A-41. 45. Ryali, “Matrimonials,” 113–114; Wong, “Indian Marriage Traditions,” A-41. 46. There are websites dedicated to Hindu matchmaking as well as sites for more general audiences that allow individuals to specify that they would like to meet a Hindu mate. Most of these sites are geared towards the couple themselves (e.g., “Choose: I am a man seeking a woman or I am a woman seeking a man” and not towards parents or family members arranging matches. However, in the feedback sections of the sites there are comments from parents who appear to have had success setting up their children via the web-based service. For examples, see Hindufaces.com, imatchup.com/Hindu.html, hinduconnections.com, platinum. match.com/online-dating/Georgia/Atlanta/hindu/singles.html, accessed Aug. 28, 2010. 47. Sutherland, “The Wedding Pavilion,” 125. 48. Ibid., 136. 49. Ralph W. Nicholas, “The Effectiveness of the Hindu Sacrament (Samsk āra ): Caste, Marriage, and Divorce in Bengali Culture,” in From the Margins of Hindu Marriage , ed. Lindsey Harlan and Paul B. Courtright (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 140; Also see Ariel Glucklich, The Sense of Adharma (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). 50. Sutherland, “The Wedding Pavilion,” 137. 51. Ibid., 126. 52. Ibid. 53. Martin E. Marty, “Embrace the New,” Christian Century (Dec. 13, 2000): 1319. 54. Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations, http://www .uua.org/visitors/index.shtml, accessed Dec. 8, 2010. Emphasis added. 55. Ibid. Emphasis added. 56. The Interfaith Family Project of the Greater Washington, DC Area, http://iffp.net/about/index.html, accessed Dec. 8, 2010. Emphasis added. 57. International Prayer for Peace, Washington, DC 2006, http:// www.santegidio.org/en/ecumenismo/uer/2006/washington /index_washington.htm, accessed Dec. 15, 2010. Emphasis added. NOTES 219

58. See http://www.pluralism.org/resources/tradition/?trad=6, accessed Dec. 8, 2010. 59. Interfaith Youth Corp, http://www.ifyc.org/about_core, accessed Dec. 8, 2010. Emphasis added. 60. Peter Phan, Being Religious Interreligiously: Asian Perspectives on Interfaith Dialogue (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2004), 60–61. Emphasis added. 61. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Many Americans Mix Multiple Faiths (2009) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Dec. 2009), 2, http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed June 12, 2010. 62. Jane Lampman, “Most U.S. Christians Define Own Theology,” The Christian Science Monitor (Jan. 14, 2009), http://www .printthis.clickability.com, accessed Jan. 15, 2009. 63. Laura R. Olson, “Who are the ‘Spiritual but Not Religious’?” The Immanent Frame (Aug. 4, 2010), http://blogs.ssrc.org, accessed Dec. 3, 2010. 64. “SSRC Forms Working Group on Spirituality, Political Engagement, and Public Life,” Immanent Frame (Sept. 25, 2009), http://www. ssrc.org/press-releases/view/921/, accessed Dec. 3, 2010; Ruth Braunstein, “Spirit Quest,” The Immanent Frame (Feb. 22, 2010), http://blogs.ssrc.org, accessed Dec. 3, 2010. 65. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Many Americans Say Other Faiths Can Lead to Eternal Life ( 2008) , Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Dec. 18, 2008, 2, http://religions. pewforum.org, accessed June 12, 2010. 66. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey , 7, 162. 67. Ibid., 7. 68. Christopher McKnight Nichols, “Shifting Drivers of Change,” The Immanent Frame (Dec. 21, 2009), http://blogs.ssrc.org, accessed Dec. 3, 2010. Nichols cites American Religious Identification Survey reports and an important study by Hout and Fischer. See ARIS 2001; Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar, Principle Investigators, “American Religious Identification Survey, 2008,” Trinity College , http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org, accessed Dec. 15, 2009; Michael Hout and Claude S. Fischer, “Why More Americans Have No Religious Preference: Politics and Generations,” American Sociological Review 67 (Apr. 2002): 165–190. 69. Erika B. Seamon, “Building an Innovation-Based Culture,” in The Product Development Management Association ToolBook 2 for New Product Development , ed. Paul Belliveau, Abbie Griffin, and Stephen M. Somermeyer (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004), 3–32. 70. Gavin D’Costa, Theology and Religious Pluralism: The Challenge of Other Religions (Oxford and New York: B. Blackwell, 1986), 4–5. 71. In 1983, Alan Race, an Anglican theologian, developed the three-part classification—pluralists, inclusivists, and exclusivists. 220 NOTES

See Alan Race, Christians and Religious Pluralism: Patterns in the Christian Theology of Religions (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1983). For further elaboration on alternative typologies and/ or in-depth analysis of competing theologies, see Paul F. Knitter, Introducing Theologies of Religions (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002); S. Mark Heim, Salvations: Truth and Difference in Religion (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1995); George A. Lindbeck, The Nature of Doctrine: Religion and Theology in a Postliberal Age (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1984); D’Costa, Theology and Religious Pluralism ; Gavin D’Costa, Christianity and World Religions: Disputed Questions in the Theology of Religions (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009); Chester Gillis, Pluralism: New Paradigm for Theology (Louvain: Peeters Press, 1998); J.A. DiNoia, The Diversity of Religions: A Christian Perspective (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1992); John Hick, An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004). 72. Hick, An Interpretation of Religion , 6. Emphasis added. 73. Phan, Being Religious Interreligiously , 60–61. 74. See Phan, Being Religious Interreligiously ; Catherine Cornille, ed., Many Mansions? Multiple Religious Belonging and Christian Identity (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002); Jeannine Hill Fletcher, Monopoly on Salvation? A Feminist Approach to Religious Pluralism (New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc., 2005). 75. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007). Selected Bibliography

Alba , Richard , and Victor Nee. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. Albanese, Catherine L. A Republic of Mind and Spirit: A Cultural History of American Metaphysical Religion . New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. Aldridge , Alan. Religion in the Contemporary World. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000. al-Hibri , Azizah and Raja ’ M. El Habti. “ Islam. ” In Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr., 150–225. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006 . Al-Johar, Denise. “Muslim Marriages in America: Reflecting New Identities.” The Muslim World 95, no. 4 (Oct. 2005 ): 557–574. Amussen , Susan Dwyer. An Ordered Society: Gender and Class in Early Modern England . Columbia University Press, 1993. Andrewes , Lancelot. Against Second Marriage After Sentence of Divorce with a Former Match, the Party Then Living (c. 1610 ). Reprinted in James Bliss, ed., Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology . Oxford: J. H. Parker, 1854; Q uote d i n Joh n W it te Jr., From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and the Law in the Western Tradition , 175. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1997. An-Na ’ im, Abdullahi A. , ed. Inter-Religious Marriages Among Muslims: Negotiating Religious and Social Identity in Family and Community . New Delhi, India: Global Media Publications, 2005 . Aquinas, Thomas. Summa contra Gentiles . Book 4, Salvation . Translated by C. J. O’Neil. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1975 . Asad, Talal . Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003 . Audi , Robert , and Nicholas Wolterstorff. Religion in the Public Square: The Place of Religious Convictions in Political Debate . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997. Augustine, Saint. City of God . New York: Modern Library, 1950 . 222 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

——— . “On the Good of Marriage (De bono conjugali).” Translated by Roy J. Deferrari. In Saint Augustine: Treatises on Marriage and Other Subjects . New York: Fathers of the Church, 1955 . Aziz , Julie . “Intermarriage: A Model for the World.” Dovetail 6 (Summer 2007): 5–6. Baade, Hans W. “The Form of Marriage in Spanish North America.” Cornell Law Review 61, no. 1 ( 1975 ): 1–89. Baggaley , Andrew R. “Religious Influence on Wisconsin Voting, 1928– 1960.” The American Political Science Review 56, no. 1 (Mar 1962 ): 66–70. Baker, Joseph O ’ Brian and Buster Smith . “None Too Simple: Examining Issues of Religious Nonbelief and Nonbelonging in the United States.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 48, no. 4 ( 2009 ): 719–733. ——— . “The Nones: Social Characteristics of the Religiously Unaffiliated.” Social Forces 87, no. 3 (Mar. 2009 ): 1251–1263. Banchoff , Thomas , ed. Democracy and the New Religious Pluralism . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Barron, Milton L. People Who Intermarry . Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1946 . ——— , ed. The Blending American: Patterns of Intermarriage . Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1972 . Beigel, Hugo G. “Romantic Love.” American Sociological Review 16, no. 3 (June 1951 ): 326–334. Bellah, Robert. “Civil Religion in America.” In American Civil Religion , eds. Russell E. Richey and Donald G. Jones, 21–44. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. Reprinted from “Civil Religion in America.” Daedalus – Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 96 ( 1967 ). ——— . “At Home and Not at Home: Religious Pluralism and Religious Truth.” Christian Century 112, no. 13 (Apr. 19, 1995 ): 423–429. Bellah, Robert N. , and Steven M. Tipton , eds. The Robert Bellah Reader . Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2006 . Berger, Michael S. “Judaism.” In Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr., 1–76. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006 . Berger, Peter L. “Pluralism, Protestantization, and the Voluntary Principle.” In Democracy and the New Religious Pluralism , ed. Thomas Banchoff, 19–30. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007 . ——— . “Reflections on the Sociology of Religion Today.” Sociology of Religion 62, no. 4 (Winter 2001 ): 443–454. ——— , ed. The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics . Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999 . ——— . The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion . New York: Anchor Books, 1967 . Bergier, Jean-François and Robert M. Kingdon , eds. Registres de la compagnie des pasteurs de Genève au temps de Calvin , 2 Vols. Geneva: Droz, 1964. In From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and the Law in the SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 223

Western Tradition , ed. John Witte Jr. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1997. Berman, Harold J. Faith and Order: the Reconciliation of Law and Religion . Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1993. ——— . Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983 . ——— . Law and Revolution II: The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the Western Legal Tradition . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003 . Bertelsmann Stiftung . “Religion Monitor 2008 USA: Overview of Religious Attitudes and Practices.” www.religionsmonitor.dc, accessed Sept. 12, 2009. Besanceney , Paul H. “Interfaith Marriages of Catholics in the Detroit Area.” Sociological Analysis 26, no. 1 (Spring 1965 ): 38–44. ——— . Interfaith Marriages: Who and Why . New Haven, CT: College and University Press, 1970 . ——— . “On Reporting Rates of Intermarriage.” The American Journal of Sociology 70, no. 6 (May 1965 ): 717–721. Bevan , Edwyn Robert . The Legacy of Israel . Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1927 . Bison , Alberto, Giorgio Topa , and Thierry Verdier . “Religious Intermarriage and Socialization in the United States.” Journal of Political Economy 112, no. 3 ( 2004): 615–640. Booty, John E. , ed. The Book of Common Prayer, 1559: The Elizabethan Prayer Book . Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1976 . Borelli, John. “Pastoral Care for Interfaith Couples—A Beginning.” New Theology Review 6, no. 3 (Aug. 1993 ): 30–42. Bornkamm, Heinrich. “Luther’s Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms in the Context of His Theology.” Evangelical Lutheran Church in America: Archive . http://archive.elca.org/ScriptLib/dcs/jle/jle_download/article_bornn kamm_heinrich.pdf, accessed Feb. 25, 2010 . Bouvier, John. Institutes of American Law . Philadelphia: Robert E. Peterson, 1851. Braunstein , Ruth. “Spirit Quest.” The Immanent Frame (Feb. 22, 2010). http://blogs.ssrc.org, accessed Dec. 3, 2010. Bremer, Francis J. Puritanism: A Very Short Introduction . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2009 . Browning , Don S. , and David A. Clairmont , eds. American Religions and the Family: How Faith Traditions Cope with Modernization and Democracy . New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. Browning , Don S., M. Christian Green , and John Witte Jr., eds. Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions . New York: Columbia University Press, 2006 . Bruce, Steve. Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis . New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. 224 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brundage , James A. “‘Allas! That Evere Lover Was Synne’: Sex and Medieval Canon Law.” Catholic Historical Review 72 (1986 ): 1–13. ——— . Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987 . ——— . Sex, Law, and Marriage in the Middle Ages . Brookfield, VT: Variorum/Ashgate Publishing Company, 1993. Bryant , Joyce. “Immigration in the United States.” Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute . www.yale.edu/ynhti, accessed June 3, 2010 . Bryant , M. Darrol , and Frank Flinn , eds. Interreligious Dialogue: Voices From a New Frontier . New York: Paragon House, 1989 . Broyde , Michael J . “The Covenant-Contract Dialectic in Jewish Marriage and Divorce Law.” In Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective , ed. John Witte Jr. and Eliza Ellison, 53–69. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005. Buchanan, John M. “Blessings.” Christian Century 123, no. 20 (Oct. 3, 2006): 3. Bumpass , Larry. “The Trend of Interfaith Marriage in the United States.” Social Biology 17, no. 4 (Dec. 1970 ): 253–259. Burn , Richard (Chancellor of the Diocese of Carlisle, and Vicar of Orton in the County of Westmorland). Ecclesiastical Law , 6th ed. Vols. 1–4. Notes and references by Simon Fraser, Esq. Barrister at Law. London, 1797. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. Georgetown University, http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&contentSet=ECCOArti cles&type=multipage&tabID=T001&prodId=ECCO&docId=CW3319 193490&source=gale&userGroupName=wash43584&version=1.0&doc Level=FASCIMILE, accessed July 13, 2010. Byrne, Julie . “Roman Catholics and Immigration in Nineteenth-Century America.” Nov. 2000 , http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve /nineteen/nkeyinfo/nromcath.htm, accessed Feb. 1, 2010. Calvin, John . Calvin’s Commentaries , 47 Vols. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1843–1859. ——— . Calvin’s New Testament Commentaries . Translated by T. H. L. Parker. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1971 . ——— . Institutes of the Christian Religion . Edited by John T. McNeill. Translated by Ford Lewis Battles. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1960 . ——— . Institutes of the Christian Religion . Translated and annotated by Ford Lewis Battles. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975 . ——— . Institutes of the Christian Religion . 1541 French Edition. Translated by Elsie Anne McKee. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009 . Campbell, David , and Morton Schoolman , eds. The New Pluralism: William Connolly and the Contemporary Global Condition . Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. Caporale , Rocco , and Antonio Grumelli , eds. The Culture of Unbelief: Studies and Proceedings from the First International Symposium on Belief Held at Rome, March 22–27, 1969 . Berkley: University of California Press, 1971 . SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 225

Carlin, David R. “Separating Civil from Religious Weddings.” Homiletic and Pastoral Review (Aug./Sept. 2006 ): 64–67. Carlson, Allan. Conjugal America: On the Public Purposes of Marriage . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007 . Carlson, Jeffrey. “Dual Belonging / Personal Journeys: Responses.” Buddhist-Christian Studies 23 ( 2003): 77–83. Carpenter , Don. “Baptists—Interfaith Marriages.” All Experts: Baptists Q&A (Jan. 27, 2010). http://en.allexperts.com/q/Baptists-954/2010/1 /Interfaith-Marriages.htm, accessed Dec. 2, 2010. Casanova, José . “Immigration and the New Religious Pluralism: A European Union/United States Comparison.” In Democracy and the New Religious Pluralism , ed. Thomas Banchoff, 59–83. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. ——— . Public Religions in the Modern World . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994 . ——— . “Public Religions Revisited.” In Religion Beyond a Concept , ed. Hent de Vries, 101–119. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008 . ——— . “Rethinking Secularism: Secular, Secularizations, Secularism.” Immanent Frame. http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2007/10/25/secular-secul arizations-secularisms/, accessed Oct. 29, 2010. Cassidy , Edward Idris Cardinal . Ecumenism and Interreligious Dialogue: Unitatis Redintegratio, Nostra Aetate . New York: Paulist Press, 2005. Catholic Church. Catechism of the Catholic Church . Washington, DC: United States Catholic Conference, 2000 . Cavan, Ruth Shonle . “Concepts and Terminology in Interreligious Marriage.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 9, no. 4 (Winter 1970 ): 311–320. ——— . “Interreligious Marriage: Official Religious Policies and Individual Mate Choice in the United States.” International Journal of Sociology of the Family (Mar. 1971 ): 83–93. ——— . “Jewish Student Attitudes toward Interreligious and Intra-Jewish Marriage.” American Journal of Sociology 76, no. 6 (May 1971 ): 1064–1071. ——— . The American Family , 4th ed. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1969 . Chakravarti , K.P. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 . Allahabad, India: Hind Publishing House, 1988 . Chancellor, Loren E. and Thomas P. Monahan. “Religious Preference and Interreligious Mixtures in Marriages and Divorces in Iowa.” The American Journal of Sociology 61, no. 3 (Nov. 1955): 233–239. Chaplin , Jonathan. “Rejecting Neutrality, Respecting Diversity: From ‘Liberal Pluralism’ to ‘Christian Pluralism.’” Christian Scholar’s Review 35, no. 2 (Winter 2006 ): 143–175. Chinitz, Joshua G. and Robert A. Brown. “Religious Homogamy, Marital Conflict, and Stability in Same-Faith and Interfaith Jewish Marriages.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40, no. 4 (Dec. 2001 ): 723–733. 226 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chodorow, Stanley. Christian Political Theory and Church Politics in the Mid-Twelfth Century: The Ecclesiology of Gratian’s Decretum . Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972 . Chopra, Rohit and Jyoti Punwani. “Discovering the Other, Discovering the Self: Inter-religious Marriage among Muslims in the Greater Bombay Area, India.” In Inter-Religious Marriages among Muslims: Negotiating Religious and Social Identity in Family and Community , ed. Abdullahi A. An-Na’im, 45–162. New Delhi, India: Global Media Publications, 2005. Chryssides, George D. and Margaret Z. Wilkins , eds. A Reader in New Religious Movements . New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006. Code of Canon Law: Latin-English Edition. Washington, DC: Canon Law Society of America, 1983 . Cole , Alan. “Buddhism.” In Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr., 299–366. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. Comfort , Marianne. “Two Faiths are Better than One.” U.S. Catholic (June 11, 2008). http://www.uscatholic.org/life/2008/06/two-faiths-are-better-none?page=0%2CI, accessed Apr. 6, 2009 . Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Dialogue , United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. The Challenge of Catholic-Muslim Marriage: A Pastoral Resource . Washington, DC: USCCB Office of Publishing and Promotion Services, 2011 . Connolly , William E. “Europe: A Minor Tradition.” In Powers of the Secular Modern: Talal Asad and His Interlocutors , eds. David Scott and Charles Hirschkind, 75–92. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. ——— . Pluralism . Durham: Duke University Press, 2005. Coontz , Stephanie. The Social Origins of Private Life . New York: Verso, 1988 . Copenhaver, Martin B. “Mixed Marriage: A Pastor and a Skeptic.” Christian Century 126, no. 14 (July 14, 2009 ): 22–27. Corbin, Juliet and Anselm L. Strauss. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques . Newbury Park, CA: Sage Productions, 1990 . Cornille , Catherine , ed. Many Mansions? Multiple Religious Belonging and Christian Identity . Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002 . Cosijns , Lucien F. Dialogue Among the Faith Communities . New York: Hamilton Books, 2008 . Cott , Nancy F. Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000 . Courtright, Paul B. “Hinduism.” In Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr., 226–298. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. Cranz, F. Edward. An Essay on the Development of Luther’s Thoughts on Justice, Law, and Society . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959 . SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 227

Croog , Sydney H. and James E. Teele. “Religious Identity and Church Attendance of Sons of Religious Intermarriages.” American Sociological Review 32, no. 1 (Feb. 1967 ): 93–103. Crump , Charles George. The Legacy of the Middle Ages . New York: Oxford University Press, 1932 . Curran , Charles E. “The Role of the Laity in the Thought of John Courtney Murray.” In John Courtney Murray and the Growth of Tradition , eds. J. Leon Hooper and Todd David Whitmore, 241–261. Kansas City: Sheed and Ward, 1996. Davis, Kingsley. “Intermarriage in Caste Societies.” American Anthropologist, New Series 43, no. 3 (July–Sept. 1941 ): 376–395. Davis, Thomas J. , ed. John Calvin’s American Legacy . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. D ’ Costa, Gavin. Christianity and World Religions: Disputed Questions in the Theology of Religions . Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009 . ——— . The Meeting of Religions and the Trinity . Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2000. ——— . Theology and Religious Pluralism: The Challenge of Other Religions . Oxford and New York: B. Blackwell, 1986 . Demos , John. A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony . New York: Oxford University Press, 1970 . Dey, Ian. Grounding Grounded Theory: Guidelines for Qualitative Inquiry . San Diego: Academic Press, 1999 . Diament , Nathan J. “Will the Future of American Jewry be Secured by Secularism or Faith?” Jewish Law Commentary: Examining Halacha, Jewish Issues and Secular Law . http://www.jlaw.com/Commentary /future.html, accessed Mar. 5, 2009 . Dickens, A.G. The English Reformation . New York: Schocken Books, 1964 . DiNoia , J.A. The Diversity of Religions: A Christian Perspective . Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1992 . Dolan, Jay P. The American Catholic Experience: A History from the Colonial Times to the Present , 2nd ed. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992 . “ Dovetail : National Resource Group for Interfaith Couples.” Mercury News (Jan. 25, 2003 ). Droogers , André . “Syncretism: The Problem of Definition, the Definition of the Problem.” In Dialogue and Syncretism: An Interdisciplinary Approach , ed. Jerald Gort, Hendrik Vroom, Rein Fernhout, and Anton Wessels, 7–25. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989. Dupuis , Jacques. Christianity and the Religions: From Confrontation to Dialogue . Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002 . ——— . Toward a Christian Theology of Religious Pluralism . Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1997 . Durant , Will. The Story of Civilization, Vol. 4. The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization—Christian, Islamic, and Judaic—from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325–1300 . New York: Simon and Schuster, 1950 . 228 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dutton , Yasin. “Conversion to Islam: The Qur’anic Paradigm.” In Religious Conversion: Contemporary Practices and Controversies , ed. Christopher Lamb and M. Darrol Bryant, 151–165. London: Cassell, 1999 . Eck , Diana L . A New Religious America: How a “Christian Country” Has Become the World’s Most Religiously Diverse Nation . San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2001 . ——— . “Prospects for Pluralism: Voice and Vision in the Study of Religion.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 75, no. 4 (Dec. 2007 ): 743–776. Edelheit , Joseph A. “An Indelicate Silence: Interfaith Marriage and the Jewish-Christian Dialogue.” D. Min. diss., University of Chicago, 2001 . Elazar, Daniel J . Covenant and Commonwealth: From Christian Separation Through the Protestant Reformation . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996. Engelman , Uriah Zvi. “Jewish Statistics in the U.S. Census of Religious Bodies (1850–1935).” Jewish Social Studies 9, no. 2 (Apr. 1947 ): 127–174. Enroth, Ronald. A Guide to New Religious Movements . Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2005. Epstein , Rabbi Jerome M. “Beyond Keruv to Edud.” The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism . http://www.uscj.org/Beyond_Keruv_to _Edud6908.html, accessed Aug. 10, 2010. Esposito , John L. , Darrell J. Fasching , and Todd Lewis. World Religions Today . New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 . Feldman , Noah. Divided by God . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005. Finke , Roger and Rodney Stark . The Churching of America, 1776–2005: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy , 2nd ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005. Finnäs, Fjalar and Richard O ’ Leary. “Choosing for the Children: The Affiliation of the Children of Minority-Majority Group Intermarriages.” European Sociological Review 19, no. 5 ( 2003): 483–499. Fishberg , Maurice. Jews, Race, and Environment . New Brunswick, NJ: Translation Publishers, 2006, c.1911. Flannery , Austin , ed. Vatican Council II Constitutions, Decrees, Declarations: A Completely Revised Translation in Inclusive Language . Northport, NY: Costello Publishing Company, 1996. Fletcher, Jeannine Hill. Monopoly on Salvation? A Feminist Approach to Religious Pluralism . New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc., 2005. Fowler, Merv. Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices . Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 1999 . Fredericks , James L. Buddhists and Christians: Through Comparative Theology to Solidarity . Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2004 . ——— . Faith Among Faiths: Christian Theology and Non-Christian Religions . New York: Paulist Press, 1999 . SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 229

Friedland , Ronnie , and Edmund Case , eds. The Guide to Jewish Interfaith Family Life . Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2001 . Friedman , Michelle L. , Myrna L. Friedlander , and David L. Blustein. “Toward an Understanding of Jewish Identity: A Phenomenological Study.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 52, no. 1 (2005 ): 77–83. Fuchs, Eric. Sexual Desire and Love: Origins and History of the Christian Ethic of Sexuality and Marriage . Translated by Marsha Daigle. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: J. Clarke, 1983 . Furlong , Mark and Abe W. Ata. “Observing Different Faiths, Learning About Ourselves: Practice with Inter-married Muslims and Christians.” Australian Social Work 59, no. 3 (Sept. 2006): 250–264. Geffen , Rela Mintz. “Intermarriage and Conversion in the United States.” Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia . Mar. 1, 2009 . Jewish Women’s Archive, http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article /intermarriage-and-conversion-in-united-states, July 29, 2010 . Gibson , Campbell J. and Emily Lennon. “Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850–1990.” Population Division Working Paper, no. 29. US Census Bureau , Feb. 1999. http:// www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029 /twps0029.html, accessed July 27, 2010. Gilgun, Jane F. “Hand into Glove: Grounded Theory, Deductive Qualitative Analysis and Social Work Research.” www.scribd.com/doc/19051756 /Grounded-Theory-Analytic-Induction-Social-Work-Research-2009, accessed Nov. 1, 2010 . (to appear in the book Qualitative Methods in Social Work , 2nd ed.) Gillis, Chester. Pluralism: New Paradigm for Theology . Louvain: Peeters Press, 1998 . ——— . Roman Catholicism in America . New York: Columbia University Press, 1999 . Glaser , Barney G. Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis: Emergence vs. Forcing . Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press, 1992 . Glaser , Barney G. , and Anselm L. Strauss. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research . Chicago: Aldine, 1967 . Glenn, Norval D. “Interreligious Marriage in the United States: Patterns and Recent Trends.” Journal of Marriage and Family 44, no. 3 (Aug. 1982 ): 555–566. Glesne , Corrine and Alan Peshkin . Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction . White Plains, NY: Longman, 1992 . Glucklich, Ariel. The Sense of Adharma . New York: Oxford University Press, 1994 . Goldstein, Sidney , and Calvin Goldscheider. Jewish Americans: Three Generations in a Jewish Community . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968 . Goldstein, Warren S. “Secularization Patterns in the Old Paradigm.” Sociology of Religion 70, no. 2 (2009 ): 157–178. Gordon , Albert I. Intermarriage: Interfaith, Interracial, Interethnic . Boston: Beacon Press, 1964 . 230 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gort , Jerald D. , Henry Jansen , and Hendrik M. Vroom , eds. Religions View Religions: Explorations in Pursuit of Understanding . New York: Rodopi, 2006 . Greeley , Andrew M. “Religious Intermarriage in a Denominational Society.” American Journal of Sociology 75, no. 6 (May 1970 ): 949–952. Gregory XVI , Pope. Mirari Vos (Encyclical on Liberalism and Religious Indifferentism). Vatican, Aug. 15, 1832 . http://www.papalencyclicals. net/Greg16/g16mirar.htm, accessed July 29, 2010. Grenz , Stanley J. “Commitment and Dialogue: Pannenberg on Christianity and the Religions.” Journal of Ecumenical Studies 26, no. 1 (1989 ): 196–210. Grell , Ole Peter , Jonathan I. Israel , and Nicholas Tyacke , eds. From Persecution to Toleration . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. Greven, Philip. The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977 . Grewal, Zareena A. “Marriage in Colour: Race, Religion and Spouse Selection in Four American Mosques.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 32, no. 2 (Feb. 2005 ): 323–345. Griffiths , Paul J. Problems of Religious Diversity . Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2001 . “ Grounded Theory : A Thumbnail Sketch.” Action Resource Resources . http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arp/grounded.html, accessed Nov. 1, 2010 . “ Growth of Interfaith Marriage .” Beliefnet (June 24, 2004 ). http://www. beliefnet.com/story/145/story_14584_1.html, accessed Apr. 6, 2009 . Guilday , Peter , ed. The National Pastorals of the American Hierarchy (1792–1919) . Washington, DC: National Catholic Welfare Council, 1923. Haag, Ernest van den . “Love or Marriage.” In The Family: Its Structures and Functions , ed. Rose Laub Coser, 134–142. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974 . Haag, Pamela . Consent: Sexual Rights and the Transformation of American Liberalism . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999 . Hall, David W. The Genevan Reformation and the American Founding . Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2003 . Harlan, Lindsey , and Paul B. Courtright , eds. From the Margins of Hindu Marriage . New York: Oxford University Press, 1995 . Harris, Marvin . “Caste, Class, and Minority.” Social Forces 37, no. 3 (Mar. 1959 ): 248–254. Harris, V. William , James P. Marshall , and Jay D. Schvaneveldt . “In the Eyes of God: How Attachment Theory Informs Historical and Contemporary Marriage and Religious Practices among Abrahamic Faiths.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 39, no. 2 (Spring 2008 ): 259–278. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 231

Hauerwas , Stanley . “The End of Religious Pluralism: A Tribute to David Burrell.” In Democracy and the New Religious Pluralism , ed. Thomas Banchoff, 283–300. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007 . Heaton, Tim B. “Religious Group Characteristics, Endogamy, and Interfaith Marriages.” Sociological Analysis 51, no. 4 ( 1990 ): 363–376. Heck , Paul. Common Ground: Islam, Christianity, and Religious Pluralism . Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2009 . Heer, David M. “The Trend of Interfaith Marriages in Canada: 1922–1957.” American Sociological Review 27, no. 2 (April 1962 ): 245–250. Heim , S. Mark. Salvations: Truth and Difference in Religion . Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1995 . Heller, Patrice E. and Beatrice Wood. “The Influence of Religious and Ethnic Differences on Marital Intimacy: Intermarriage Versus Intramarriage.” Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 26, no. 2 (Apr. 2000 ): 241–252. Helmholz, R. H. Marriage Litigation in Medieval England . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974 . Hepps , Robert B. , and Elaine Dorfman. “Interfaith Marriage and Social Participation.” Journal of Religion and Health 5, no. 4 (Oct. 1966 ): 324–333. Herberg, William. “America’s Civil Religion: What It Is and Whence It Comes.” In American Civil Religion , ed. Russell E. Richey and Donald G. Jones, 76–88. New York: Harper & Row, 1974 . ——— . Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology . New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1956 . Hermansen, Marcia K. “Two-Way Acculturation: Muslim Women in A merica between Individual Choice (Liminality) and Community Affiliation (Communitas).” In The Muslims of America , ed. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, 188–201. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991 . Hertz, Karl H. Two Kingdoms and One World . Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1976 . Hick, John. An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent . New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. Hill , Christopher. The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution . New York: Viking Press, 1972. “ History of the Jewish People : 1753 Naturalization Act (England).” http:// www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?id= 4182 , accessed Feb. 28, 2010. Hollingshead, August B. “Cultural Factors in the Selection of Marriage Mates.” American Sociological Review 15, no. 5 (Oct. 1950): 619–627. Hooper, J. Leon. The Ethics of Discourse: The Social Philosophy of John Courtney Murray . Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1986. Houlbrooke , Ralph A. Church Courts and the People During the English Reformation, 1520–1570 . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1979 . Hout, Michael , and Claude S. Fischer. “Unchurched Believers.” The Immanent Frame (Oct. 1, 2009 ). http://blogs.ssrc.org, accessed Dec. 3, 2010. 232 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

——— . “Why More Americans Have No Religious Preference: Politics and Generations.” American Sociological Review 67 (Apr. 2002 ): 165–190. Houten, Arthur Vanden . Review of Democracy and Tradition , by Jeffrey Stout. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 17, no. 2 (2005 ): 215–217. Howard , George Elliot. A History of Matrimonial Institutions , 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1904 . Howe , Daniel Walker. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007 . Huffer , Amanda. “Female Immigration as a Catalyst for Ritual Practice: A Social History of Hinduism in the United States.” The Journal of Hindu Studies 3, no. 2 ( 2010): 189–215. Hunter , James Davison. Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America . New York: Basic Books, 1991. Huntington , Samuel. Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004 . Hutchinson, William R. Religious Pluralism in America: The Contentious History of a Founding Ideal . New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. Huyler , Jerome. Locke in America: The Moral Philosophy of the Founding Era . Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1995 . Iannaccone , Laurence R. “Religious Practice: A Human Capital Approach.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 29, no. 3 (Sept. 1990 ): 297– 314. Interfaith Families Project. http://iffp.net/, accessed Oct. 12, 2010. Interfaith Legal Advisors ’ Network . “Interfaith Marriages and Civil Partnerships from a Roman Catholic Perspective.” Center for Law and Religion, The Law School, Cardiff University (June 16, 2008 ). www.law .cf.ac.uk/clr/networks/Marriage, accessed Apr. 6, 2009. Isaac, Jules . Jesus and Israel . Edited by Claire Huchet Bishop. Translated by Sally Gran. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971 . ——— . The Teaching of Contempt: Christian Roots of Anti-Semitism . Translated by Helen Weaver. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964. Israel , Jonathan I. “William III and Toleration.” In From Persecution to Tolerance, eds. Ole Peter Grell, Jonathan I. Israel, and Nicholas Tyacke, 129–170. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. Jacobs , Martha Moody. “Interfaith ‘Inreach’ in a Conservative Setting.” Jewish Federation of Greater Dayton . http://www.jewishdayton.org /page.aspx?id=177135, accessed Apr. 6, 2009 . James, William. A Pluralistic Universe . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977 . Johnson, Alan F. Review of God, Marriage, and Family: Rebuilding the Biblical Foundation , by Andreas Köstenberger with David W. Jones (Wheaton: Crossway, 2005). Journal of Evangelical Theological Society 50, no. 1 (Mar. 2007): 170–172. Johnson, James Turner. “Marriage As Covenant in Early Protestant Thought: Its Development and Implications.” In Covenant Marriage in SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 233

Comparative Perspective , ed. John Witte Jr. and Eliza Ellison, 124–152. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005. Johnson, Luke Timothy and Mark D. Jordan. “Christianity.” In Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions , ed. Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr., 77–149. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006 . The Joint Committee of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Bishops in the United States. “Orthodox-Roman Catholic Marriages.” Origins: Catholic News Service Documentary Service 20, no. 25 (Nov. 29, 1990 ). Joshi , Mary Sissons , and Meena Krishna. “English and North American Daughters-in-Law in the Hindu Joint Family.” In Cross-Cultural Marriage: Identity and Choice , ed. Rosemary Breger and Rosanna Hill, 171–192. Oxford: Berg, 1998 . Kabaservice, Geoffrey. “The Birth of a New Institution.” Yale Alumni Magazine (Dec. 1999 ). http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99 _12/admissions.html, accessed July 28, 2010. Kalmijn , Matthijs. “Shifting Boundaries: Trends in Religious and Educational Homogamy.” American Sociological Review 56, no. 6 (Dec. 1991): 786–800. Kaplan , Jane. Interfaith Families: Personal Stories of Jewish-Christian Intermarriage . Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004 . Kari , Camilla J. Public Witness: The Pastoral Letters of the American Catholic Bishops . Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2004 . Kärkkäinen , Veli-Matti. An Introduction to the Theology of Religions: Biblical, Historical, and Contemporary Perspectives . Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2003. Katz , Jacob. Exclusiveness and Tolerance: Jewish-Gentile Relations in Medieval and Modern Times . New York: Schocken Books, 1962 . Kennedy, Ruby Jo Reeves. “Single or Triple Melting-Pot? Intermarriage Trends in New Haven, 1870–1940.” The American Journal of Sociology 49, no. 4 (Jan. 1944 ): 331–339. Kerlin, Michael J. Review of Democracy and Tradition , by Jeffrey Stout. Theological Studies 66, no. 3 (Sept. 2005): 706. King , Andrea. If I’m Jewish and You’re Christian, What Are the Kids? A Parenting Guide for Interfaith Families . New York: UAHC Press, 1993. Kingdon, Robert M. Adultery and Divorce in Calvin’s Geneva . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995. ——— , General Editor. Registers of the Consistory of Geneva in the Time of Calvin, Vol. 1–3. Translated by M. Wallace McDonald. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2000. In Sex, Marriage, and Family in John Calvin’s Geneva: Courtship, Engagement, and Marriage , John Witte, Jr. and Robert M. Kingdon. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005. Kirkpatrick, David D. “The Conservative-Christian Big Thinker.” The New York Times (Dec. 20, 2009 ). http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/20 /magazine/20george-t.html?_r=1, accessed Jan. 4, 2010. 234 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Knitter , Paul F. Introducing Theologies of Religions . Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002. ——— . No Other Name? A Critical Survey of Christian Attitudes Toward the World Religions . Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1985 . ——— , ed. The Myth of Religious Superiority: A Multifaith Exploration . New York: Orbis Books, 2005. ——— . “Toward a Liberation Theology of Religions.” In The Myth of Christian Uniqueness: Toward a Pluralistic Theology of Religions , ed. John Hick and Paul F. Knitter, 178–200. Eugene, OR: Wiph and Stock Publishers, 1987. Kogan , Michael S. “Toward a Pluralist Theology of Judaism.” In The Myth of Religious Superiority: A Multifaith Exploration , ed. Paul F. Knitter, 105–118. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2005. Kosmin , Barry A. “The Changing Population Profile of American Jews, 1990 –2008.” Presented at the Fifteenth World Congress of Jewish Studies, Aug. 2009. Kosmin , Barry A. , and Ariela Keysar , Principle Investigators. “American Religious Identification Survey, 2008.” Trinity College . http://www .americanreligionsurvey-aris.org, accessed Dec. 15, 2009 . Kosmin , Barry A. , and Egon Mayer, Principle Investigators. “American Religious Identification Survey, 2001.” The Graduate Center of the City University of New York . http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty /research_briefs/aris.pdf, accessed Dec. 15, 2009 . Knieps-Port le Roi , Thomas. “Interchurch Marriage—Conjugal and Ecclesial Communion in the Domestic Church.” Journal of Ecumenical Studies 44, no. 3 (Summer 2009 ). Kulczycki , Andrzej , and Arun Peter Lobo. “Patterns, Determinants, and Implications of Intermarriage among Arab Americans.” Journal of Marriage and Family 64, no. 1 (Feb. 2002): 202–210. Küng, Hans. “Catholicism: The Freedom of Religions.” In Attitudes Toward Other Religions: Some Christian Interpretations , ed. Owen C. Thomas, 191–217. New York: Harper & Row, 1969 . Kurien , Prema. “Multiculturalism, Immigrant Religion, and Diasporic Nationalism: The Development of an American Hinduism.” Social Problems 51, no. 3 (Aug. 2004): 362–385. Kuttner , Stephan. “The Father of the Science of Canon Law.” Jurist 1, no. 1 (Jan. 1941 ): 2–19. Lambert , Nathaniel M. , and David C. Dollahite. “How Religiosity Helps Couples Prevent, Resolve, and Overcome Marital Conflict.” Family Relations 55, no. 4 (Oct. 2006): 439–449. Lambert , Yves. “Religion in Modernity as a New Axial Age: Secularization or New Religious Forms?” Sociology of Religion 60, no. 3 (Fall 1999 ): 303–333. Lampman , Jane. “Most U.S. Christians Define Own Theology.” The Christian Science Monitor (Jan. 14, 2009 ). http://www.printthis. clickability.com, accessed Jan. 15, 2009 . SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 235

Landis , Judson T. “Marriages of Mixed and Non-Mixed Religious Faith.” American Sociological Review 14, no. 3 (June 1949 ): 401–407. ——— . “Religiousness, Family Relationships, and Family Values in Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish Families.” Marriage and Family Living 22, no. 4 (Nov. 1960 ): 341–347. Lasch, Christopher . Women and the Common Life: Love, Marriage, and Feminism , ed. Elizabeth Lash-Quinn. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997. Laski, Harold Joseph. Authority in the Modern State . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1919 . Lawler , Michael G. Marriage and the Catholic Church: Disputed Questions . Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 2002 . ——— . “Marriage as Covenant in the Catholic Tradition.” In Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective , ed. John Witte Jr. and Eliza Ellison, 70–91. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005. ——— . Symbol and Sacrament: A Contemporary Sacramental Theology . Omaha: Creighton University Press, 1995. Lawrence, Ralph J. The Sacramental Interpretation of Ephesians 5:32 from Peter Lombard to the Council of Trent . Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1963 . Lecky, William. Democracy and Liberty , Vol. 2. New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1899. Leeman , Alex B. “Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions.” Indiana Law Journal (Spring 2009 ): 743–771. Lehrer, Evelyn L. “Religious Intermarriage in the United States: Determinants and Trends.” Social Science Research 27, no. 3 (Sept. 1, 1998): 245–263. Leo XIII, Pope. Arcanum (Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on Christian Marriage). Vatican, Feb. 10, 1880. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii /encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_10021880_arcanum_en.html, accessed Aug. 18, 2010. ——— . Longinqua (Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on Catholicism in the United States). Vatican, Jan. 6, 1895. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii /encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_06011895_longinqua_en.html, accessed July 26, 2010. ——— . Testem Benevolentiae Nostrae (Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII Concerning New Opinions, Virtue, Nature and Grace, with Regard to Americanism). Vatican, Jan. 22, 1899. http://www.papalencyclicals.net /Leo13/l13teste.htm, accessed July 30, 2010. Leopold , Anita M. , and Jeppe S. Jensen , eds. Syncretism in Religion: A Reader . New York: Routledge, 2005. Levitt , Peggy. God Needs No Passport: Immigrants and the Changing American Religious Landscape . New York: The New York Press, 2007. Lewis , James R. , ed. The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements . New York: Oxford University Press, 2008 . 236 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Lichtman, Allan J. Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928 . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979 . Lieberson , Stanley , and Mary C. Waters. From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America . New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1988 . Lindbeck, George A. The Nature of Doctrine: Religion and Theology in a Postliberal Age . Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1984 ). Lippy , Charles H. Pluralism Comes of Age: American Religious Culture in the 20th Century . Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2000 . Locke, Harvey J. , Georges Sabagh , and Mary Margaret Thomes. “Interfaith Marriages.” Social Problems 4, no. 4 (Apr. 1957 ): 329–333. Locke, John . A Letter Concerning Toleration . Edited and introduced by James H. Tully. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1983 . ——— . Two Treatises of Government , ed. Peter Laslett. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988 . Lucas , Christopher J. Our Western Educational Heritage . New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc., 1972. Luckman, Thomas. The Invisible Religion: The Problem of Religion in Modern Society . New York: Macmillan, 1967. Luhmann, Niklas. Religious Dogmatics and the Evolution of Societies . New York: E. Mellen Press, 1984 . Lund , Elizabeth. “At Holiday Time, Interfaith Couples Can Teach the Nation about Getting Along with Those of Different Religions.” The Christian Science Monitor (Dec. 19, 2001 ). http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1219 /p15s1-lihc.html, accessed Apr. 6, 2009 . Luther, Martin. Luther’s Works: American Edition , 65 Vols. Translated and edited by Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehman. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1955 –1986. Quoted in Timothy F. Lull, ed., Martin Luther’s Basic Theological Writings , 2nd ed. Foreword by Jaroslav Pelikan. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005. ——— . That Parents Should neither Compel nor Hinder the Marriage of Their Children, and That Children Should Not Become Engaged without Their Parents’ Consent ( 1524). Luther’s Works, American Edition, 55 Vols. St. Louis and Philadelphia: Concordia and Fortress, 1955–1986. Lydon, P. J. Ready Answers in Canon Law: A Practical Summary of the Code for the Parish Clergy, 3rd ed. New York: Benziger Brothers, 1948 . Machacek , David W. “The Problem of Pluralism.” Sociology of Religion 64, no. 2 (Summer 2003 ): 145–161. Mackin , Theodore. Marriage in the Catholic Church: Divorce and Remarriage. New York: Paulist Press, 1984 . ——— . Marriage in the Catholic Church: What is Marriage? New York: Paulist Press, 1982. Maclean, Mavis and John Eekelaar . “The Obligations and Expectations of Couples Within Families: Three Modes of Interaction.” Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 26, no. 2 (2004 ): 117–130. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 237

Marchant , Ronald A. The Puritans and the Church Courts in the Diocese of York, 1560–1642 . London: Longmans, 1960 . Marcson, Simon. “A Theory of Intermarriage and Assimilation.” Social Forces 29, no. 1 (Oct. 1950 –May 1951): 75–78. Mariner , Rodney. “Conversion to Judaism: A Tale of the Good, the Bad and the Ungrateful.” In Religious Conversion: Contemporary Practices and Controversies , ed. Christopher Lamb and M. Darrol Bryant, 89–101. London: Cassell, 1999 . Marks , Loren D. “How Does Religion Influence Marriage? Christian, Jewish, Mormon, and Muslim Perspectives.” Marriage and Family Review 38, no. 1 ( 2005): 85–111. Marks , Loren D. , and David C. Dollahite. “Religion, Relationships, and Responsible Fathering in Latter-Day Saint Families with Children with Special Needs.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 18 (2001 ): 625–650. Marshall, Martin N. “Sampling for Qualitative Research.” Family Practice 13, no. 6 ( 1996 ): 522–525. Martin, David. A General Theory of Secularization . New York: Harper & Row, 1978 . Marty , Martin E. “Embrace the New.” Christian Century 117, no. 35 (Dec. 13, 2000 ): 1319. Mayer , Egon. Love and Tradition: Marriage between Jews and Christians . New York: Plenum Press, 1985 . Mayer , John E. Jewish-Gentile Courtships: An Exploratory Study of a Social Process . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980 . McCarthy, Kate. Interfaith Encounters in America . New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007. ——— . “Pluralist Family Values: Domestic Strategies for Living with Religious Difference.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 612 (July 2007): 188–208. McCluskey , Neil G. “The New Secularity and the Requirements of Pluralism.” In Religion and Public Education , ed. Theodore R. Sizer, 231–248. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967 . McConnell, Michael W. “The Origins and Historical Understanding of Free Exercise of Religion.” Harvard Law Review 103, 1409 (May 1990): 1–83. McCutcheon , Allan L. “Denominations and Religious Intermarriage: Trends among White Americans in the Twentieth Century.” Review of Religious Research 29, no. 3 (Mar. 1988 ): 213–227. McGraw , Barbara A. Rediscovering America’s Sacred Ground: Public Religion and Pursuit of the Good in a Pluralistic America . Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003 . McGraw , Barbara A. , and Jo Renee Formicola. Taking Religious Pluralism Seriously: Spiritual Politics on America’s Sacred Ground. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2005. 238 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

McLoughlin , William G. Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986 . ——— . Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607–1977. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1978 . McNeill, John T. The History and Character of Calvinism . New York: Oxford University Press, 1954 . Mead, Sidney E. “The ‘Nation with the Soul of a Church.’” In American Civil Religion , ed. Russell E. Richey and Donald G. Jones, 45–75. New York: Harper & Row, 1974 . Mills, C. Wright. The Sociological Imagination . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959 . Milton, John . The Complete Prose Works of John Milton , ed. Don M. Wolfe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1959 . Mines , Mattison and Jayaraj Priyanka. “Hindus at the Edge: Self-Awareness among Adult Children of Interfaith Marriages in Chennai, South India.” International Journal of Hindu Studies 2, no. 2 (Aug. 1998 ): 223–248. Minor , Robert N. “Radhakrishnan as Advocate of the Class/Caste System as a Universal Religio-Social System.” International Journal of Hindu Studies 1, no. 2 (Aug. 1997): 386–400. Monahan , Thomas P. “The Extent of Interdenominational Marriage in the United States.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 10, no. 2 (Summer 1971 ): 85–92. Monger, George P. Marriage Customs of the World: From Henna to Honeymoons . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2004. Monter , E. William. Studies in Genevan Government, 1536–1605 . Geneva: Droz, 1964. Morgan , Edmund S. The Puritan Family: Religious and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth-Century New England . New York: Harper & Row, 1966. ——— . Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1965. Mosse , David. “South Indian Christians, Purity/Impurity, and the Caste System: Death Ritual in a Tamil Roman Catholic Community.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2, no. 3 (Sept. 1996 ): 461–483. Mueller , Samuel A. “The New Triple Melting Pot: Herberg Revisited.” Review of Religious Research 13, no. 1 (Autumn, 1971 ): 18–33. Mueller , William A. Church and State in Luther and Calvin: A Comparative Study . Nashville: Broadman Press, 1954 . Mulhearn , John, S.J. “Interfaith Marriage and Adult Religious Practice.” Sociological Analysis 30, no. 1 (Spring 1969 ): 23–31. Muñoz, Vincent Phillip . “George Washington on Religious Liberty.” The Review of Politics 65, no. 1 (Winter 2003 ): 11–36. ——— . “James Madison’s Principle of Religious Liberty.” The American Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (Feb. 2003): 17–33. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 239

Murad , Nora Lester. “The Politics of Mothering in a ‘Mixed’ Family: An Autoethnographic Exploration.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 12 ( 2005): 479–503. Murray , John Courtney. We Hold These Truths: Catholic Reflections on the American Proposition . New York: Sheed and Ward, 1960 . Murrin , John M. “Religion and Politics in America from the First Settlements to the Civil War.” In Religion and American Politics: From Colonial Period to the Present , 2nd ed., ed. Mark A. Noll and Luke E. Harlow, 23–46. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Musick , Marc , and John Wilson. “Religious Switching for Marriage Reasons.” Sociology of Religion 56, no. 3 ( 1995 ): 257–270. Naber , Nadine . “Muslims First, Arab Second: A Strategic Politics of Race and Gender.” The Muslim World 95, no. 4 (2005 ): 479–495. The National Jewish Population Survey (2000–2001). New York: United Jewish Communities, 2003 . http://www.jewishfederations.org/local_includes /downloads/4606.pdf, accessed Aug. 4, 2010. Nelson , Hart M. “The Religious Identification of Children of Interfaith Marriages.” Review of Religious Research 32, no. 2 (Dec. 1990 ): 122–134. Netland , Harold. Encountering Religious Pluralism: The Challenge to Christian Faith and Mission . Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2001 . Neusner , Jacob , ed. World Religions in America , 4th ed. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2009 . Nicholas, Ralph W. “The Effectiveness of the Hindu Sacrament (Samsk āra ): Caste, Marriage, and Divorce in Bengali Culture.” In From the Margins of Hindu Marriage , ed. Lindsey Harlan and Paul B. Courtright, 137–159. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995 . Nichols, Christopher McKnight. “Shifting Drivers of Change.” The Immanent Frame (Dec. 21, 2009). http://blogs.ssrc.org, accessed Dec. 3, 2010. Nicholson , Hugh. “The Reunification of Theology and Comparison in the New Comparative Theology.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 77, no. 3 (Sept. 2009 ): 609–647. Niebuhr, H. Richard. The Social Sources of Denominationalism . Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press, 1954 , c.1929. Norris, Pippa , and Ronald Inglehart. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. —— — . “Uneven Secularization in the United States and Western Europe.” In Democracy and the New Religious Pluralism , ed. Thomas Banchoff, 31–57. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007 . Novak, David. “Jewish Marriage: Nature, Covenant, and Contract.” In Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective , ed. John Witte, Jr. and Eliza Ellison, 26–52. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005. Numrich, Paul D. “Immigrant American Religions and the Family.” In American Religions and the Family: How Faith Traditions Cope with Modernization and Democracy , ed. Don S. Browning and David A. Clairmont, 20–34. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. 240 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Nussbaum, Martha C. Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America’s Tradition of Religious Equality . New York: Basic Books, 2008. ——— . “Radical Evil in Liberal Democracies: The Neglect of the Political Emotions.” In Democracy and the New Religious Pluralism , ed. Thomas Banchoff, 171–202. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007 . Okrent , Daniel. Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition . New York: Scribner, 2010 . Olson , Laura R. “Who are the ‘Spiritual but Not Religious’?” The Immanent Frame (Aug. 4, 2010). http://blogs.ssrc.org, accessed Dec. 3, 2010. Orsi, Robert A. , George Marsden, David W. Wills , Colleen McDannell. “Forum: The Decade Ahead in Scholarship.” Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 3, no. 1 (Winter 1993 ): 1–28. Outhwaite, R.B. Clandestine Marriage in England, 1500–1850 . Rio Grande, OH: Hambledon Press, 1995 . Pannikar, Raimundo. The Unknown Christ of Hinduism . Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1981 . Park , Jerry Z. , and Elaine Howard Ecklund. “Negotiating Continuity: Family and Religious Socialization for Second-Generation Asian Americans.” The Sociological Quarterly 48, no. 1 (Winter 2007 ): 93–118. Pash , Barbara. “A Jewish Soul: Orthodox Outreach and Interfaith Families.” Interfaith Family.com . http://www.interfaithfamily.com/news_and_opin- ion/synagogues_and_the_jewish_community/A_Jewish_Sou_Orthodox_ Outreach_and_Interfaith_Families.shtml, accessed Dec. 15, 2010 . Patel , Eboo , and Patrice Brodeur , eds. Building the Interfaith Youth Movement: Beyond Dialogue to Action. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2006 . Paul VI, Pope. Dignitatis humanae (Declaration on Religious Freedom on the Right of the Person and of Communities to Social and Civil Freedom in Matters Religious). Vatican, Dec. 7, 1965 . http://www .vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents /vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html, accessed Dec. 10, 2009. ——— . Ecclesiam suam (Encyclical of Pope Paul VI on the Church). Vatican, Aug. 6, 1964 . http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals /documents/hf_p-vi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam_en.html, accessed Dec. 10, 2009 . ——— . Gaudium et spes (Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World). Vatican, Dec. 7, 1965 . http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist _councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons _19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html, accessed Dec. 10, 2009 . ——— . Lumen gentium (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church). Vatican, Nov. 21, 1964. http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican _council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html, accessed July 29, 2009 . SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 241

——— . Nostra aetate (Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions). Vatican, Oct. 28, 1965 . http://www .vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents /vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html, accessed Dec. 10, 2009 . Perlmann, Joel. “Who’s a Jew in an Era of High Intermarriage? Surveys, Operational Definitions, and the Contemporary American Context.” Levy Economics Institute (July 31, 2007). Abstract. http://papers.ssrn. com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1016769, accessed April 7, 2009 . Perreira , Todd LeRoy. “Sasana Sakon and the New Asian American: Intermarriage and Identity at a Thai Buddhist Temple in Silicon Valley.” In Asian American Religions: The Making and Remaking of Borders and Boundaries , ed. Tony Carnes and Fenggang Yang, 313–337. New York: New York University Press, 2004. Peterson , Larry R. “Interfaith Marriage and Religious Commitment among Catholics.” Journal of Marriage and Family 48, no. 4 (Nov. 1986 ): 725–735. Petsonk , Judy , and Jim Remsen. The Intermarriage Handbook: A Guide for Jews and Christians . New York: William Morrow, 1988 . Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Changing Faiths: Latinos and the Transformation of American Religion (2007) . Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2007. http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed Sept. 12, 2009 . ——— . Faith in Flux (2009) . Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Apr. 2009. http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed June 12, 2010. ——— . Many Americans Mix Multiple Faiths (2009) . Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Dec. 2009. http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed June 12, 2010 . ——— . Many Americans Say Other Faiths Can Lead to Eternal Life (2008) . Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Dec. 18, 2008. http://religions. pewforum.org, accessed June 12, 2010 . ——— . Religiously Mixed Couples: Cupid’s Arrow Often Hits People of Different Faiths (2009) . Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Feb. 10, 2009. http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed Feb. 11, 2009 ——— . U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic (2008) . Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Feb. 2008. http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed Sept. 12, 2009 . Pew Research Center. “Marrying Out: One-in-Seven New U.S. Marriages is Interracial or Interethnic.” Released June 4, 2010, Revised June 15, 2010 . ——— . Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream . Released May 22, 2007 . Phan, Peter. Being Religious Interreligiously: Asian Perspectives on Interfaith Dialogue . Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2004 . Phillips , Rick. “Can Rising Rates of Church Participation be a Consequence of Secularization?” Sociology of Religion 65, no. 2 (2004 ): 139–153. 242 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Pius IX , Pope. Syllabus Errorum (Syllabus of Errors Condemned by Pius IX). Vatican, Dec. 8, 1864. http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius09 /p9syll. htm, accessed July 27, 2010. Pius X, Pope. Pascendi Dominici Gregis (Encyclical of Pope Pius X on the Doctrines of the Modernists). Vatican, Sept. 8, 1907. http:// www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_x/encyclicals/documents /hf_p-x_enc_19070908_pascendi-dominici-gregis_en.html, accessed July 22, 2010. Pius XI , Pope. Casti Connubii ( E n c y c l i c a l o f P o p e P i u s X I o n C h r i s t i a n M a r r i a g e) . Vatican, Dec. 31, 1930 . http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi /encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubiI_en.html, accessed July 21, 2010. Prebish , Charles S. “Family Life and Spiritual Kinship in American Buddhist Communities.” In American Religions and the Family: How Faith Traditions Cope with Modernization and Democracy , ed. Don S. Browning and David A. Clairmont, 185–196. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. Prebish , Charles S. , and Damien Keown. Introducing Buddhism . New York: Routledge, 2006 . Presbyterian Church (USA). Interfaith Marriage: A Resource by Presbyterian Christians . Office of Ecumenical and Interfaith Relations (1992 ), http:// store.pcusa.org/24392010; Referenced at First Presbyterian Church of Waco, Texas. “Interfaith Marriage.” http://www.firstpreswaco.org/ believe/interfaithmarriage.htm, accessed Dec. 2, 2010. Prince , Alfred J. “A Study of 194 Cross-Religion Marriages.” The Family Life Coordinator 11, no. 1 (Jan. 1962 ): 3–7. Prothero , Stephen. ed. A Nation of Religions: The Politics of Pluralism in Multireligious America . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006 . ——— . God Is Not One: The Eight Rival Religions that Run the World and Why Their Differences Matter . New York: HarperCollins, 2010 . Prucha , Francis Paul. The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984 . Race , Alan. Christians and Religious Pluralism: Patterns in the Christian Theology of Religions . Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1983 . Rahner , Karl. Anonymous Christians . Vol. 6, Theological Investigations . New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1982. Rawls , John. Political Liberalism . New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. Rebhun, Uzi. “Jewish Identification in Intermarriage: Does a Spouse’s Religion (Catholic vs. Protestant) Matter?” Sociology of Religion 60, no. 1 (Spring 1999 ): 71–88. Religion News Service. “ Reform Rabbis More Open to Intermarriage. ” Christian Century 9, no.127, (May 4, 2010): 19. Resnik , Reuben B. “Some Sociological Aspects of Intermarriage of Jew and Non-Jew.” Social Forces 12, no. 1 (Oct. 1933 ): 94–102. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 243

Reynolds , M. H. ed. “The Truth about the World Council of Churches.” FEA News and Views . Fundamental Evangelistic Association. http://cnview. com/on_line_resources/world_council_of_churches.htm, accessed June 6, 2010. Reynolds v. United States , 98 U.S. 145 (1878). Find Law, http://case- law.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=98&invol=145, accessed Mar. 8, 2010 . Richey , Russell E. , and Donald G. Jones , eds. American Civil Religion . New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1974 . Ritter , Alan , and Julia Conaway Bondanella , eds. Rousseau’s Political Writings . Translated by Julia Conaway Bondanella. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1988 . Roberts , Cokie and Steve Roberts . Our Haggadah: Uniting Traditions for Interfaith Families . New York: HarperCollins, 2011 . Roof, Wade Clark. Spiritual Marketplace: Baby Boomers and the Remaking of American Religion . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999 . Roof, Wade Clark , and Jackson Carroll . Bridging Divided Worlds: Generational Cultures in Congregations . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002. Rose, Anne C. Beloved Strangers: Interfaith Families in Nineteenth-Century America . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001 . Rosenbaum , Mary Heléne , and Stanley Ned Rosenbaum. Celebrating Our Differences: Living Two Faiths in One Marriage . Boston, KY: Ragged Edge Press and Black Bear Productions, Inc., 1994 . Rosenfeld, Michael J. “Racial, Educational and Religious Endogamy in the United States: A Comparative Historical Perspective.” Social Forces 87, no. 1 (Sept. 2008): 1–31. ——— . The Age of Independence: Interracial Unions, Same-Sex Unions, and the Changing American Family . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007. Rotunda , Ronald D. , ed. Modern Constitutional Law Cases and Notes, 7th ed. St. Paul, MN: Thomson West, 2003 . Ryali , Rajagopal . “Matrimonials: A Variation of Arranged Marriages.” International Journal of Hindu Studies 2, no. 1 (Apr. 1998 ): 107–115. Salisbury, W. Seward . “Religious Identity and Religious Behavior of the Sons and Daughters of Religious Intermarriage.” Review of Religious Research 11, no. 2 (Winter 1970 ): 128–135. Samartha, Stanley J. “Cross and Rainbow: Christ in a Multireligious Culture.” In Asian Faces of Jesus , ed. R.S. Sugirtharajah, 104–123. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1995 . Sandoz, Ellis. Political Sermons of the American Founding Era: 1730–1805 , Vol. 1, 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998 . Sanneh, Lamin. Disciples of All Nations: Pillars of World Christianity . New York: Oxford University Press, 2008 . Sarna , Jonathan D. American Judaism: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. 244 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sarna , Jonathan D. , and Jonathan Golden. “The A merican Jewish Experience Through the Nineteenth Century: Immigration and Acculturation.” http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo /judaism.htm, accessed Feb. 1, 2010 . Saunders, LaVell E. “The Gradient of Ecumenism and Opposition to Religious Intermarriage.” Review of Religious Research 17, no. 2 (Winter 1976 ): 107–119. Schmidley , Dianne. United States Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P23–206. Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2000 . Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2001 . http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p23–206.pdf, accessed Aug. 4, 2010. Schneider , Nathan . “Poll: 29% of Americans Say Religion ‘Out of Date.’” The Immanent Frame (Jan. 11, 2010 ). http://blogs.ssrc.org, accessed Dec. 3, 2010. Schneider , Susan Weidman. Intermarriage: The Challenge of Living with Differences Between Christians and Jews . New York: The Free Press, 1989 . Schoenberg , Elliot Salo. “Intermarriage and Conservative Judaism: An Approach for the 1990s.” Conservative Judaism 43, no. 1 (Fall 1990 ): 12–21. Scott, David , and Charles Hirschkind , eds. Powers of the Secular Modern: Talal Asad and His Interlocutors . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006 . Scott, Kieran , and Michael Warren . Perspectives on Marriage: A Reader . New York: Oxford University Press, 1993 . ———. Perspectives on Marriage: A Reader , 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001 . Seamon , Erika B. “Building an Innovation-Based Culture.” In The Product Development Management Association ToolBook 2 for New Product Development , ed. Paul Belliveau, Abbie Griffin, and Stephen M. Somermeyer, 3–32. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004. Seamon , Erika B. , and Chester Gillis , eds. “A Leap of Faith: Interreligious Marriage in America.” Berkley Center Report . Washington, DC: Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs, Georgetown University, 2008. Shammas, Carole. “Anglo-American Household Government in Comparative Perspective.” The William and Mary Quarterly 52, no. 1 (Jan. 1995 ): 104–144. Shanley , Mary Lyndon. “Marriage Contract and Social Contract in Seventeenth Century English Political Thought.” The Western Political Quarterly 32, no. 1 (Mar. 1979 ): 79–91. Sherkat , Darren E. “Religious Intermarriage in the United States: Trends, Patterns, and Predictors.” Social Science Research 33, no. 4 (Dec. 2004): 606–625. ——— . “Beyond Believing but Not Belonging.” The Immanent Frame (Feb. 17, 2010). http://blogs.ssrc.org, accessed Dec. 3, 2010. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 245

Shouler , James. A Treatise on the Law of Marriage, Divorce, Separation, and Domestic Relations , 6th ed. Albany, NY: Matthew Bender, 1921 . Shulman , Jeffrey. “Spiritual Custody: Relational Rights and Constitutional Commitments.” Journal of Law and Family Studies 7, no. 2 (2005 ): 317–349. Silverman LaDuca , Susan Rae. “Ma n ifestat ion of L oya lt y by Fam ily Members of Interfaith Marriage.” Temple University ( 1993 ). Dissertation AAT 9316499 Abstract. Simmons, A. John. The Lockean Theory of Rights . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992 . Singh , Ekta. Caste System in India: A Historical Perspective . Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2005. Sloan , Jillian. “Religion in an Individualistic Society.” Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge 2, no. 1 (Apr. 2003 ): 73–80. Slotkin, J. S. “Jewish-Gentile Intermarriage in Chicago.” American Sociological Review 7, no. 1 (Feb. 1942 ): 34–39. Smith , Brian K. Classifying the Universe: The Ancient Indian Varna System and the Origins of Caste . New York: Oxford University Press, 1994 . Smith , Goldwin. Letter to the Nation , dated Feb. 25, 1881 . Reprinted in “Professor Goldwin Smith and the Jewish Question.” Israelite 27 (Mar. 18, 1881): 300. Smith , Gregory A. Interview by Erika B. Seamon. Mixed Marriage Data from Pew U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. Via phone on Jan. 13, 2009 . Smith , Huston. The World’s Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions , 50th anniversary ed. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2009 . Smith , Jane I. “Islam and the Family in North America.” In American Religions and the Family: How Faith Traditions Cope with Modernization and Democracy , ed. Don S. Browning and David A. Clairmont, 211–224. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. Smith , Wilfred Cantwell. The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind . New York: New American Library, 1964. Sollors , Werner. Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture . New York: Oxford University Press, 1986 . Spaht, Katherine Shaw . “The Moder n A mer ica n C ovena nt Ma r r iage Movement: Its Origins and Its Future.” In Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective , ed. John Witte Jr. and Eliza Ellison, 239–264. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005 . Spalding, James C. , ed. The Reformation of the Ecclesiastical Laws of England, 1552 . Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1992 . Spickard , Paul R. Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-Century America . Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989 . “ SSRC Forms Working Group on Spirituality, Political Engagement, and Public Life. ” Immanent Frame (Sept. 25, 2009). http://www.ssrc.org /press-releases/view/921/, accessed Dec. 3, 2010 . 246 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Stark , Rodney and Roger Finke . Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion . Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Stark , Rodney. “Secularization, R.I.P.” Sociology of Religion 60, no. 3 (Fall 1999 ): 249–273. Stember, Charles H. Jews in the Mind of America . New York: Basic Books, 1966. Stepan , Alfred. Rethinking Military Politics . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988 . Stewart, Charles . “Syncretism and Its Synonyms: Reflections on Cultural Mixture.” Diacritics 29, no. 3 (Autumn 1999 ): 40–62. Stewart, Charles , and Rosalind Shaw , eds. Syncretism/Antisyncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis . London and New York: Routledge, 1994. Stone , Lawrence . Road to Divorce: England 1530–1987 . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990 . Stout, Jeffrey . Democracy and Tradition . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. ——— . Ethics After Babel: The Languages of Morals and Their Discontents . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001 . Strohm, Christopher . “Calvin and Religious Tolerance.” In John Calvin’s Impact on Church and Society, 1509–2009 , ed. Martin Ernst Hirzel and Martin Sallmann, 175–191. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009 . Sutherland , Gail Hinich . “The Wedding Pavilion: Performing, Recreating, and Regendering Hindu Identity in Houston.” International Journal of Hindu Studies 7, no. 1/3 (Feb. 2003): 117–146. Taylor, Charles . A Secular Age . Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007. “ Texas Youth Ponder Their Hindu Future .” Hinduism Today 14, no. 10 (Oct. 31, 1992 ): 16. Third Bishops ’ Institute of Theological Animation (BITA III) . “Inter-Faith Marriages in the Pluralistic Context of Asia.” In For All the Peoples of Asia, Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences: Documents from 2002–2006 , vol. 4, ed., Franz-Josef Eilers, 289–290. Manila, Philippines: Claretian Publications, 2007. “ Theologian: Interfaith Dialogue Must Face Up to Modernity. ” National Catholic Reporter (Dec. 6, 2010). http://ncronline.org/news/theologian -interfaith-dialogue-must-face-modernity, accessed Dec. 13, 2010. Thomas, John L. “The Factor of Religion in the Selection of Marriage Mates.” American Sociological Review 16, no. 4 (Aug. 1951 ): 487–491. Tierney , Brian. The Idea of Natural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law and Church Law 1150–1625. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997 . Tonkin , John. The Church and the Secular Order in Reformation Thought . New York: Columbia University Press, 1971 . SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 247

Tocqueville , Alexis de. Democracy in America . Translated by Henry Reeve. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1899. ——— . Democracy in America . In American Religions: A Documentary History , ed. R. Marie Griffith, 245–262. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Tracy, David. Dialogue with the Other: The Inter-religious Dialogue . Louvain: Peeters Press, 1990 . Trafford , Paul. “The Catholic Church and Inter-religious Marriages: Reflections on Pastoral Theology and Practice after Vatican II.” Essays in Christianity. http://www.chezpaul.org.uk/christian/MSt_essay3.htm, accessed Jan. 15, 2010. Tvrtkovic , Rita George. “When Muslims and Christians Marry.” America (Sept. 10, 2001 ): 11–14. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. “Jewish-Catholic Dialogue Examines Mixed Marriages and Social Pressures on Marriage Today.” USSCB News Release, Oct. 22, 2010. http://www.usccb.org/comm /archinves/2010/10–184.shtml, accessed Dec. 2, 2010 . US Congress. Senate. Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration . 44th Cong., 2nd sess., Feb. 27, 1877. Report no. 689. http://cprr.org/Museum/Chinese_Immigration.html, accessed July 26, 2010. Voas , David. “Intermarriage and the Demography of Secularization.” The British Journal of Sociology 54, no. 1 (Mar. 2003): 83–108. Warner , R. Stephen. A Church of Our Own: Disestablishment and Diversity in American Religion. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005 . Weakley, Sonya. “Interfaith Marriages Fairly Common in United States.” News Blaze (Aug. 13, 2008 ). http://newsblaze.com /story/20080813101051tsop.nb/topstory.html, accessed Apr. 6, 2009 . “Welcome to the Dedication Ceremony,” June 26, 2010. Document provided by a Catholic priest with whom I discussed the Dedication Ceremony on Oct. 1, 2010. Wentz , Richard E. The Culture of Religious Pluralism . Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998 . Wertz , Fredrick J. , Kathy Charmaz , Linda M. McMullen, Ruthellen Josselson , Rosemarie Anderson , and Emalina McSpadden . Five Ways of Doing Qualitative Analysis: Phenomenological Psychology, Grounded Theory, Discourse Analysis, Narrative Research, and Intuitive Inquiry . New York: Guildford Press, 2011 . Wilcox, W. Bradford. “Sacred Vows, Public Purposes: Religion, the Marriage Movement and Marriage Policy.” The Institute for the Advanced Study of Religion, Yale University (May 2002): 1–62. http://pewforum.org /uploadedfiles/Orphan_Migrated_Content/marriagepolicy.pdf, accessed July 21, 2010. Williams, Raymond Brady. Religions of Immigrants from India and Pakistan: New Treads in the American Tapestry . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988 . 248 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Williams, Robin M. American Society: A Sociological Interpretation . New York: Knoph, 1951 . Winter, J. Alan. “Consistency and Importance of Jewish Identity and One’s Own or One’s Child’s Intermarriage.” Review of Religious Research 44, no. 1 (Sept. 2002): 38–57. Witte , John , Jr. “An Apt and Cheerful Conversation on Marriage.” Emory University School of Law, Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series , no. 5–17: 1–24. ——— . From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and the Law in the Western Tradition . Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1997. Witte , John , Jr., and Robert M. Kingdon. Sex, Marriage, and Family in John Calvin’s Geneva: Courtship, Engagement, and Marriage . Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005 . Wolcott, Harry E. Writing Up Qualitative Research , 3rd ed. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, 2009 . Wolf , Arnold Jacob. “An Indelicate Silence.” Judaism 51, no. 2 (Spring 2002): 236–243. Wong , Edward. “Indian Marriage Traditions Change with the Times.” Gazette (June 12, 1996 ), A-41. World Council of Churches . “Religious Plurality and Christian Self- Understanding.” http://www.oikoumene.org/fileadmin/files/wcc-main /documents/p2/fo_religiouspluralityandchristianself-understanding. pdf, accessed Dec. 2, 2010. Wuthnow , Robert . After Heaven: Spirituality in America Since the 1950s . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. ——— . America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. ——— . “Presidential Address 2003: The Challenge of Diversity.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 43, no. 2 (June 2004): 159–170. ——— . The Restructuring of American Religion: Society And Faith Since World War II . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988 . Yamane, David. “Secularization on Trial: In Defense of a Neosecularization Paradigm.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religions 36, no. 1 ( 1997): 109–122. “ Years of Caste System Belie Indians ’ Shared Ancestry. ” New Scientist (Sept. 24, 2009 ). http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327274 .500-years-of-caste-system-belie-indians, accessed Aug. 25, 2010. Yeranian , Edward Alan. “Civil ‘I Do’s’ May Say a ‘Don’t’ in Lebanon.” The Christian Science Monitor (May 6, 1998 ). http://csmonitor. com/1998/0506/050698.intl.intl.4.html, accessed Apr. 6, 2009. Yinger, J. Milton. “A R e s e a rc h N ot e o n I nt e r f a it h M a r r i a g e S t at i s t ic s .” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 7, no. 1 (Spring 1968 ): 97–103. ——— . “On the Definition of Interfaith Marriage.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 7, no. 1 (Spring 1968 ): 104–107. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 249

Zaman, Saminaz. “Amrikan Shari’a: The Reconstruction of Islamic Family Law in the United States.” South Asia Research 28 ( 2008): 185–202. Zinnbaur , Brian J. , Kenneth I Pargament , Brenda Cole , Mark S. Rye , Eric M. Butter , Timothy G. Belavich , Kathleen M. Hipp , Allie B. Scott , and Jill L. Kadar . “Religion and Spirituality: Unfuzzying the Fuzzy.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 36, no. 4 (Dec. 1997): 549–564. Index

abominable marriages, 66 anatman, 106, 209n65 An Act for the Better Preventing of Andrewes, Bishop Lancelot, 35 Clandestine Marriage, 34 Anglican commonwealth model of African Americans, 138 marriage, 27, 32–7 black churches, 203n71 in the United States, 38, 46–7, 51 civil rights, 85 Anglo-Jewish Bible, 55–6 marriage prohibitions, 50, 54, An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed, 160 70, 187 annulment, 31 After Heaven: Spirituality in Calvin and, 31–2 America Since the 1950s Church of England and, 2, 34 (Wuthnow), 4 Luther and, 24 Against Second Marriage After Roman Catholic Church and, 24, Sentence of Divorce with a 33, 75 Former Match, the Party Then antenuptial agreements, 59, 68, Living (Andrewes), 35 193n62 Al Faruqi, Lois Lamyā Ibsen, 103 prenuptial, 81 Al-Johar, Denise, 159 antipolygamy laws, 52–3 America and the Challenges of anti-Semitism, 89 Religious Diversity (Wuthnow), in early twentieth-century 4, 8 America, 75–6 American Baptist Convention apostasy, 22, 65–7, 155 (Northern), 81–2 Aquinas, Thomas American Catholic Church, 85, on Four Books of Sentences, 19 108, 192 Summa contra Gentiles, 20, 179 American civil religion. see civil Summa Theologiae, 19 religion Arcanum (Leo XIII), 66, 155 American Judaism: A History ARIS. see American Religious (Sarna), 8 Information Survey (ARIS) American Religious Information arranged marriage, 52 Survey (ARIS), 7, 168 in Christianity, 33, 53 “American Way of Life,” in Hinduism, 105–6, 114, 78–9, 80 160–1 Americanism, 58, 63, 69 in Islam, 159 Americanization, 58, 84 in Judaism, 53 252 INDEX

Asians immigration to the United States, marriages to Caucasians, 54, 72 42, 83 as pagans, 54 likelihood of intermarriage, 217n39 prohibitions to marriage practices marriage in. see Buddhist in United States, 48, 54, 70, 72 marriage assimilation, 48, 52, 60 relation to American civil for Catholics, 66 religion, 54, 78 for Jews, 60–2 Buddhist-Christian marriage. see in late twentieth-century Christian-Buddhist marriage America, 84 Buddhist marriage atheism, 35, 79, 118–20, 128 and ethnicity, 107 literature on, 6 Baade, Hans W., 40 as a non-religious matter, 12, Bangstad, Sindre, 139 106, 131 baptism, 13, 19–20, 22, 30, 98–100, 117, 128, 135–7, 143, Cable Act (1922), 72 152–3, 170, 179n14 Calvin, John, 8–9, 23, 27–32 Baptist, 37, 81, 86, 99, 111, 119, inﬂ uence of, 27, 33–4, 38, 46–7, 192n48, 203n71, 205n93, 70, 99 216n17 Institutes of the Christian Bar/Bat Mitzvah, 102, 125 Religion, 28–9, 182n51 Barron, Milton L., 60 on marriage. see Calvinist Being Religious Interreligiously: covenantal model of marriage Asian Perspectives on Interfaith on moral law, 28–9 Dialogue (Phan), 4 on nonbelievers, 29–30 Beloved Strangers: Interfaith on oversight of marriage, 31–2 Families in Nineteenth-Century on Protestant-Catholic relations, 30 America (Rose), 8 on religious intermarriage, 27–30 Benevolent Empire, 49 Calvinism, 27–32 Berger, Michael S., 91 Calvinist covenantal model of Berger, Peter, 113 marriage, 17, 23, 26–32 Bill of Rights, 37, 39 and Puritans in the United States, B’nai Brith, 56 34, 38, 46–7, 99, 183n53, Book of Common Prayer, 33–4 187n100 Borelli, John, 129, 152 canon law, 10, 17–24, 33, 74, 88–9, Bradley, Joseph, 49 156, 177n40, 179n18 British-Irish marriages, 77 Catholic impediments to Brundage, James, 18 marriage under, 20, 24, 40, 65, Buddhism and Buddhists, 2, 10, 88, 179n18 12, 167 Catholic-Protestant marriages and baptism, 152 and, 88 deﬁ ned, 96, 106–7, 209n63 English impediments to marriage dialogue with, 87–8 under, 33 discrimination against, 54 Jews and, 20–2 Eightfold Path, 107 Luther and, 23 and God, 96, 106, 133 Muslims and, 22 INDEX 253

Casanova, José, 78–9, 83 Calvin on, 27–32 on meaning of “secular,” 108 canon law and. see canon law Public Religions in the Modern in the Spanish colonies, 40 World, 108 divorce and, 24, 35, 67 caste, 104–6, 161–2 in interviews, 131, 133, 137, 153 Casti Connubii, 74–5 Luther on, 23–7 Catherine of Aragon, 33 in papal statements, 155 Catholic Church. see Roman in the United States, 66, 109 Catholic Church Catholic Sacred Congregation for Catholic Directory, 81 the Propagation of the Catholic marriage, 17–22, 65–70, Faith, 67 99, 155–6 Catholics and Catholicism Catholic-Jewish marriages, 82, antenuptial agreements, 59, 81, 122–5 193n62 Council of Trent and, 22, assimilation of, 48, 66 26, 65–6 immigration of, 42, 54, 57–8, 72, dispensation, 10, 65–9, 74–5, 88, 192n48 156, 196n99, 215n9, 215n10 marriages of. see Catholic impediments to marriage, 20, 24, marriage 40, 65, 88, 179n18 numerus clausus policies and, with Protestants. see Catholic- 72, 79 Protestant marriages roles of priests in, 76 sacramental model. see Catholic social alienation of, 48 sacramental model of marriage “social Catholicism,” 75 Catholic-Protestant marriage, 8, 10, women, 66–9 80–2, 88–9 Caucasian-Asian marriages, 54 as abominable, 66 Cavan, Ruth Shonle, 50, 79–80, for Calvin, 30 137 characteristics of, 69 CCAR. see Central Conference of Council of Trent and, 22, 26 American Rabbis (CCAR) discouraged by Catholic Church, Central Conference of American 66–7 Rabbis (CCAR), 76, 90–1, in early twentieth-century 158, 199n21 America, 74–5, 77 Charles II, 36 as invalid, 66–7 Chinese Americans, 53–4, in mid-twentieth-century 72, 78 America, 78–83 Christian-Buddhist marriage, 3, in nineteenth-century America, 10–12, 125–8, 133–4, 139, 58–60, 65–70 145–6, 154 rates of, 81 Christian-Hindu marriage, 2, 10– after Vatican II, 88–9 12, 115–18, 128, 132, 134–5, warnings against, 81–2 139–40, 154–5, 166 Catholic sacramental model of Christian missionaries, 2, 3, 50, 65, marriage, 10, 17–22, 23, 99, 191n35 99–100 Christian morality, 27–9, 32, 49, Augustine on, 19 54, 79–80 254 INDEX

Christianity prohibitions against parameters of, 98–100 intermarriage, 2, 34 transformation of, early twenty- spiritual associations and, 33 ﬁ rst-century America, 151–71 circumcision, 102 Christianization City of God (Augustine), 23 of Jews, 64 civil governance of marriage, 31–2 of Native Americans, 51–2, 64 civil marriage, 36, 40, 47, 49, 54, of the United States, 48–9, 57, 63, 91, 156, 187n105 189n8 civil religion, 9, 71, 78–9, 83, 108, Christian-Jewish marriage, 10–11, 147, 158 118–20, 122–5, 134, 136, 163 civil righteousness, 28 with Catholics, 82 civil society, 9, 41 in Christendom, 20–2 clandestine marriage, 22, 26, 34–5, conversion of non-Jewish 62, 65, 182n47 partner, 62 Clinton, Chelsea, 1 as covenantal violation for Jews, Code of Canon Law. see canon law 60–1 Cold War, 79 as death for Jewish partner, 62 colonialism, 2, 50 Jewish prohibition against, 60–5 colonies, America, 27, 32, 34, 36, for Luther, 24–5, 181–2n46 38, 187n99 The Melting Pot and, 74 concordia, 41 in Napoleonic France, 64 Confucianists, discrimination with Protestants, 65, 82 against, 54 resources for, 146–7, 157 Congregation Kahal Kadosh as syncretism, 138 Yeshuat Israel, 55 Christian-Jewish relations Consent: Sexual Rights and the canon law and, 20–2 Transformation of American by the end of the nineteenth Liberalism (Haag), 53 century, 56–7 Consistory, annulment and, 31–2 Nostra Aetate and, 88–91 Constantine, 2, 20 universalism and, 57 contract, marriage as, 18, 36–8, “wall of separation” between 47, 71 Jews and Gentiles, 29–30 in Islam, 102–3, 160 Christian-Muslim marriage, 10–11, in late twentieth-century 120–2, 133, 139, 144, 152, America, 83, 85–7, 109 156, 208n44 Convention of the Lutheran Christian-Muslim relations Church-Missouri Synod, 81–2 canon law and, 22 “Conversion to Judaism: A Tale and Nostra Aetate, 88–9 of the Good, the Bad and the Christian-nonbeliever marriage, 24, Ungrateful” (Mariner), 100–1 29–30, 32, 36, 99 Coontz, Stephanie, 51 church of Christ, 88, 152 Cornille, Catherine, 170 Church of England, 33–6 Many Mansions? Multiple annulment and, 2, 34 Religious Belonging and divorce and, 35 Christian Identity, 4 INDEX 255

Corpus Juris Canonici, 18 disestablishment, 2, 9, 54 cosmopolitanism, 71 in the United States, 38–43, Cott, Nancy F., 50, 80 45, 48–9, 54–5, 187n101, Public Vows: A History of 187n105 Marriage and the Nation, 49 disparitas cultus, 20 Council of Elvira, 20 disparity of cult, 10, 88–9, 156 Council of Nicea, 98 dispensation, 10, 66, 156, 196n99, Council of Trent, 22, 26, 65, 66 215n10 covenant, marriage as, 28, 32, 35, for Catholic-Protestant marriages, 47, 71, 79–80 65–9, 74–5 in America, 38, 47, 49, 71, 79, 85 dissenter communities, 34 in the Anglican Church, 34–5 and marriage rights, 37, 39 in the Bible, 18–19 divorce, 40, 51, 114, 187n105, for Calvin, 27–32 193n62 in Christianity, 98–100, 131, Andrewes on, 35 133, 137, 153 Calvin on, 29, 31 in Islam, 103 Catholic, 67–8 in Judaism, 60–1, 100–1, 138, in early and mid-twentieth- 207n21 century America, 73, 79 as part of law in late twentieth- in late twentieth-century century America, 86–7 America, 85–6 creationism, 72 likelihood of in religious Cromwell, Oliver, 36 intermarriage, 145, 214n50 cultural exchanges, 3 Luther on, 24 culture wars, 85–7, 109, 210n80 Milton on, 35–6 Native American, 51 Daoists, 54–78 no-fault, 85–6 Declaration of Independence, Dolan, Jay P., 58 39, 49 Dollahite, David C., 110, 115, 148 Decretum Gratiani (Gratian), 18, Dovetail, 157, 168 20, 21 Dreyfus, Ellen Weinberg, 158 Dedication Ceremony, 136, 142–4, 152–3 early twentieth-century America, demographics, 7, 26, 201n56 72–8 denominationalism, 41–2 ecclesiastical governance of Deuteronomy, religious marriage, 17–8, 22, 28, 31–2, intermarriage and, 29, 60–1 179n18, 184n70 dialogue, 13, 41, 87–9, 167–9 Eck, Diana, 84, 201–2n56 differentiation, 41 ecumenical relations, 10, 87–8, 97 Diggers, 36 Edelheit, Joseph, 138 Dignitatis Humanae, 88 Edmonds Act, 53 diriment impediments to marriage, Eightfold Path, 106–7, 209n72 20, 179n18 “Embrace the New” (Marty), disafﬁ liation, 42, 55–6, 96, 115 163–4 Jewish, 56, 191–2n45 English model of marriage, 32 256 INDEX

English Reformation, 32–8 Four Noble Truths, 106, 107, Enlightenment, 32, 37–9, 50 209n72 Episcopal Church, warning against Fourth Council of the Lateran, 21–2 marriage to Catholics, 81–2 Fourth Provincial Council, 66 Episcopalian, 203n17, 205n93 free exercise clause, 39 Epstein, Jerome M., 138, 139, From Sacrament to Contract: 205n85 Marriage, Religion, and the establishment clause, 39 Law in the Western Tradition The Estate of Marriage (Luther), (Witte Jr.), 17 24–5 frontier marriages, 65 ethnicity, 72, 159, 200n28 in Buddhism, 107 Garcia, Sheila, 155 in Hinduism, 104, 163 General Assembly warning against in Judaism, 100 marriage to Catholics, 81–2 as diminishing in importance for General Social Surveys (GSS), 7, marriage choice, 77 209n72 eugenics movement, 72 generic marriage, 60 European immigrants to the United Georgetown University Berkley States, 48, 54, 72, 74, 79, Center for Religion, Peace, and 83–4 World Affairs, 10 evangelicalism, 48, 52, 72, 85 G.I. Bill, 79 religious intermarriage as, 59, Gillis, Chester, 10 193n62 Roman Catholicism in exclusivism America, 58 social, 48, 57, 73, 76 global society, United States as, 85 theological and religious, 5, 21, globalization, 3, 71 46–8, 61, 73, 79, 87, 89, 134, Glorious Revolution, 37 168–9, 203n71, 219n71 Glossa ordinaria (Teutonicus), 21 excommunication, 22, 31, 62, 75, go-betweens, 53 88, 184n71 God, as unifying force in interfaith Ezra, 61 marriages, 133–4 intermarriage as sacrilege, 61 God Is Not One (Prothero), 96, 209n63 faith Golden Rule, 25 in Jesus Christ, 98–9 grace, 18, 20, 23–4, 76 meaning of, 148–9 Augustine’s interpretation of, 19 and spirituality, 142 Lombard’s interpretation of, 19 Family Research Council, 86 shifts in interpretation of, 19 Felsenthal, Bernhard, 63 Gratian, 18, 20, 178n7 Finkelstein, Louis, 62 Great Awakenings, 42, 48, 55–6, First Amendment, 39 65, 68 First Communion, 136, 140 Greenberg, Blu, 101 Fishberg, Maurice, 62 Guatama, Siddhartha, 106 Fletcher, Jeannine Hill, 3, 170 Four Books of Sentences Haag, Ernest van der, 47 (Lombard), 19 Haag, Pamela, 53 INDEX 257 happiness as basis for marriage, religious, 3–6, 11–12, 60–1, 49–50, 79–80, 86, 211n6 100, 106, 113–15, 124, 128, Heller, Patrice, 145 137–40, 147, 165, 167–70 Henry VIII, 33 self, 51, 58, 105, 159 Herberg, William, 77, 78–9 idolatry, 2, 20, 31, 34–5, 60–1, 64 herem, 55, 62 IFFP. see Interfaith Families Project Hermansen, Marcia K., 159 (IFFP) Hick, John, 169 IFYC. see Interfaith Youth Core Hickian theology, 142 (IFYC) Hindu-Christian marriage. see immigration, 41–2, 53–8, 72, 75, Christian-Hindu marriage 83–4, 158 Hindu marriage, 105, 128, 131 Catholic, 57–8, 192n48 arranged, 105–6, 114, 160–1 European, 72 change in American Irish Catholic, 57 communities, 160–3 Jewish, 54–7, 75–6 intermarriage, 105 marriage as vehicle for, 72 literature on, 6, 175n27, 208n55, Immigration and Nationality Act 208n58, 209n60 (1965), 83 love marriages in, 106 inclusivism matchmaking sites, 218n46 social, 48 Hinduism and Hindus theological and religious, 48, 79, American civil religion and, 95 87, 89, 169, 219n71 caste in, 104–5 individualism, 59, 158 deﬁ ned, 96, 104–6, 167 Innocent IV, Pope, 21 dialogue with, 87–8 Institutes of the Christian Religion immigration to the United States, (Calvin), 28–9 42, 83 interfaith dialogue. see interreligious marriage in. see Hindu dialogue marriage Interfaith Encounters in America patrilineal descent in, 105 (2007) (McCarthy), 8 samskara, 105, 153 Interfaith Families Project (IFFP), Hinduism Today, 6–7 124–5, 128, 146–7, 154, 165, historical studies on religious 168 intermarriage, 8–9 interfaith marriage holidays, 6, 105, 117–19, 122, 127, as distinct from intra- and 146, 153–4 interreligious marriage, 71, Hoover, Herbert, 75 147–9, 151–71 Howe, Daniel Walker, 49, 52 shifts in religious communities Huckabee, Mike, 86 due to, 155–68 Huntington, Samuel J., 84, 201– used generically, 73, 119, 126, 2n56 133, 138, 144 hybrid religious identity, 4, 170 “Interfaith Marriage: A Resource by Presbyterian Christians,” 157 identity Interfaith Space, 13, 151, 163–71 America’s, 83–4, 201–2n56 Interfaith Union, 136, 146 Hindu women and, 162–3 Interfaith Youth Core (IFYC), 166 258 INDEX

“interfaithless” marriages, 138, 148 with Christians. see Christian- intermarriage, religious. see religious Jewish marriage intermarriage as covenant, 60, 61 International Convention of in early twentieth-century Disciples of Christ, 81–2 America, 76 International Prayer for Peace, 166 intermarriage and, 60–5, 90–1 interracial marriage, prohibitions laws against religious against, 50, 54 intermarriage, 59, 193nn62–3 interreligious dialogue, 13, 87–9, matchmaking, 53 167, 169 matrilineal descent and, 61 interreligious marriage for preservation of Jewish becoming interfaith, 147–8, 164 identity, 61–2 Buddhism and, 12 prohibitions against religious doors to, 48, 65 intermarriage, 60 an era of, 71–91 as public act, 60 intimacy, 111, 113, 129, 145 religious intermarriage rates, intra-religious marriage 82–3, 201n51 an era of, 45–70, 164 as sacrament, 60 in Ruby Jo Reeves Kennedy Jewish-Christian marriage. see study, 77–8 Christian-Jewish marriage Irish Catholic immigrants Jewish-Christian relations. see discrimination against, 57, Christian-Jewish relations 192n51 Jewish-Protestant relations, 8, 57 Roman Catholic Church and, Jews, 34 57–8 as Americans, 63–4, 75–6 Irish-British marriages, 77 assimilation and, 46–9, 58, 60, Isaac, Jules, 89 62, 74 Islam, 2, 11, 143, 153, 159 boundary or wall between canon law and, 22 gentiles and, 29, 61, 64, 82, conversion to, 104, 208n44 91, 102 marriage in. see Muslim marriage Christianization of, 64 parameters of, 102–4, 121 Conservative, 63, 76, 90 religious intermarriage in, 103–4 conversion of, 55–6 Sharia law, 2, 103, 104, 158–60 disafﬁ liation of, 56, 191–2n45 in early twentieth-century Japanese Americans, 53–4, 72, 78 America, 75–6 Jefferson, Thomas, 187n102 excommunication of, 55 on Native American George Washington and, 55, assimilation, 52 191n40 Jesus Christ, 134, 137, 142, 168–70 immigration of, 42, 53–7, 72, in Protestantism, 47–8 75–6 and religious boundaries, 96–9, in medieval Europe, 20–1 123, 127 in Napoleonic France, 64 “Jew Deal,” 76 numerus clausus policies and, 72, Jewish marriage, 60–5, 100–2 75–6, 79 INDEX 259

Orthodox, 56, 63, 76, 90 Lawler, Michael, 99, 177n39 patrilineal descent and, 90–1 “Leave it to Beaver,” 80 patriotism questioned, 64 Leeman, Alex B., 160 Reconstructionist, 90–1 Leo XIII, Pope Reform, 56, 61, 76, 90–1, 157 on Americanization, 69 role of the rabbinate for, 76 Arcanum, 66, 155 Second Great Awakening and, on church and state, 192–3n57 55–6 Lesser, Isaac, 55–6 social alienation of, 48 Lichtman, Allan J., 75 synagogues communities of, Lilly Project on Religion, Culture, 55–6, 65, 90, 100 and the Family, 8 unaffi liated, 91 literacy tests, 72 Johnson, James Turner, 26 literature on religious intermarriage, Johnson–Reed Act (1924), 72 6–9 Judaism Locke, John, 32, 37–9, Conservative, 1, 63, 76, 90, 101, 186n95–6 123, 138–9, 157 infl uence on founders of the conversion to, 100–1 United States, 32, 37–9, 71, defi ned, 100–2 187n99 as ethnicity, 100 Two Treatises on Government, 37 Orthodox, 56, 63, 76, 85, 90, Lombard, Peter, 19 101, 157 love Reconstructionist, 90–1, 101 as basis for marriage, 36, 38, Reform, 56, 61, 63, 76, 90, 101, 46–7, 49–50, 71, 73–4 108, 119, 146, 157–8 marriages in Hinduism, 106 in mid-twentieth-century Kaddish, 62 America, 79 Kennedy, Ruby Jo Reeves, 7 romantic, 49–50 “Single or Triple Melting-Pot? Loving v. Virginia, 50 Intermarriage Trends in New Luther, Martin, 23–7 Haven, 1870–1940,” 7, 77–8, on annulment, 24 80–1, 200n28 on canon law, 23 Keruv, 90 differences with Calvin, 29–32 Kingdon, Robert M., Sex, on divorce, 24 Marriage, and Family in John The Estate of Marriage, 24–5 Calvin’s Geneva: Courtship, excommunication of, 23 Engagement, and Marriage, 8 on Jews, 181–2n46 Knights of Columbus, 79 on oversight of marriage, 31 Kroloff, Charles, 157 on parental authority in marriage, 26 Lambert, Nathaniel M., 110, on religious intermarriage, 24–5, 115, 148 181n44 late twentieth-century America, Lutheran social model of marriage, 9–10, 38, 41–2, 70, 22–7 83–91, 140 Lutheranism, 22–7 260 INDEX

Madison, James, 39 for Muslims. see Muslim marriage Many Mansions? Multiple Religious nulliﬁ cation of, 65–6 Belonging and Christian oversight of, 31–2 Identity (Cornille), 4 parental consent to, 26 Mariner, Rodney, “Conversion to as pilgrimage, 99 Judaism: A Tale of the Good, Pius IX on, 66 the Bad and the Ungrateful,” property rights and, 60–1 100–1 as public matter, 35, 60 Marks, Loren D., 110, 211n6 purposes of, 34 marriage religious, 12, 97, 107–15, 131 as abominable, 66 as sacrament, 10, 17–22, 23, 60, in the American colonies, 32 99, 105, 155 Anglican commonwealth model as samskara, 105 of marriage, 27, 32–8 secular, 137–8 arranged, 33, 52–3, 105–6, 114, secularization of, 86–7 159–61 as social institution, 23–5, baptism and, 19–20, 179n14 79–80 for Buddhists. see Buddhist social stability and, 26, 79–80 marriage syncretistic, 137–9, 140, 144 Calvin on, 27–32 as vehicle for immigration, 72 for Catholics. see Catholic “Marriage in Islam and Roman marriage Catholicism,” 156 as channel of grace, 20 Marty, Martin E., 163–4 civil, 40, 54, 187n105 matchmakers, 53, 162 as contract, 37, 38, 71, 79–80, matrilineal descent, 51, 61 83, 85–6, 103 Matrimonii Sacramentum, 88 as covenant, 28, 32, 35, 47, 60–1, McCarthy, Kate, 8 71, 79–80, 99, 103 meditation, 107, 126, 146, 166 diriment impediments to, 20 The Melting Pot (Zangwill), 74, 77 in early twentieth-century melting pot, 74, 77–8, 81, 84–5, America, 72–8 200n28 and ethnicity, 77 Memorial and Remonstrance generic, 60 (Madison), 39 happiness as basis for, 79 Mezvinsky, Marc, 1 for Hindus. see Hindu marriage mid-twentieth-century America, “interfaithless,” 138 78–83 for Jews. see Jewish marriage migration, 3, 83–4 in late twentieth-century Milton, John, 35–6, 186n87 America, 83–91 missionaries, 2, 3, 50, 191n35 love as basis for, 36, 38, 46–7, mithaquan, 103 49–50, 71, 73–4, 79, 106 mitzvot, 100 Luther on, 23–5, 181n39, 181n44 Mohammed, Khaleel, 160 in mid-twentieth-century moksha, 105 America, 78–83 morality mixed, 10, 66–7, 74–5, 81, 88, Calvin and, 27–9 174n10, 203n71 Hindu marriage and, 105 INDEX 261

in public life, 49, 53–4, 79–80 legal prohibitions to marriage relativism and, 85 practices, 48, 187n101 spirituality and, 141 racism against, 50–1 Mormons nativism, 53, 57–8, 75, 192n51 and intermarriage, 70, 205n93, naturalist and contractual model of 211n6, 217n39 marriage, 38 legal prohibitions to marriage NCS. see National Council of practices, 48 Synagogues (NCS) polygamy and, 52–3 Netland, Harold, 98 Morse, Jedidiah, 51 New Deal as “Jew Deal,” 76 Mosaic Torah, 61 new religious movements (NRM), 84 Mueller, Samuel A., 82–3 nirvana, 106–7 multiple religious belonging, no-fault divorce, 85–6 3–6, 85 nonbeliever-Christian marriage. see Murad, Nora Lester, 137–8, 139 Christian-nonbeliever marriage Murray, John Courtney, 41 “nones,” 168 Murrin, John M., 42–3 Nostra Aetate, 88–9 Muslim-Christian marriage. see Novak, David, 61 Christian-Muslim marriage nullifi cation of marriages, 65–6 Muslim-Christian relations. see numerus clausus policies, 72, 75–6, Christian-Muslim relations 79 Muslim marriage, 2, 11, 17, 102–4, Numrich, Paul D., 158, 163 111, 156, 158–60, 163 for Calvin, 30 Offi ce of Indian Affairs, 51 challenges, 91, 158 with Christians. see Christian- Papal Revolution, 17–18, 24, Muslim marriage 178n2 freedom and, 140 parental authority in marriage, 26 literature on, 6, 175n26 parochial schools, 58 Muslims, 96, 102–4, 152–3 patrilineal descent, 90–1, 105, in American civil religion, 78, 95 153, 158 assimilation, 42 Perkins, Tony, 86 conversion, 11, 104, 208n44, Perreira, Todd LeRoy, 139 216n26 Pew Forum U.S. Religious discrimination, 53 Landscape Survey (2008), 7, identifi cation, 22, 159 91, 161, 168 immigration to the United States, Phan, Peter, 167, 170 11, 42, 83, 163 Being Religious Interreligiously: Asian Perspectives on Interfaith National Council of Synagogues Dialogue, 4 (NCS), 156 picture-order matches, 53 National Jewish Population piety, 110, 141–2 Survey, 82 Pius IX, Pope, 65–6 Native Americans, 50–2 Pius X, Pope, 198–9n13 Christianization of, 51–2, 64 Pius XII, Pope, 89 Jefferson on, 52 Pledge of Allegiance, 79 262 INDEX pluralism, 113, 129, 166 in late twentieth-century as religious diversity, 84, 113, America, 87 129, 139, 157, 182n51 spread of, 65 social, 5, 40, 166 women, 68 synagogue, 56 Prothero, Stephen, 84 theological and religious, 8, 48, on the Buddha, 106 64, 89, 134, 164, 169, 219n71 God Is Not One, 96 Pluralism Project, The, 166 proxy brides, 53 polygamy, 48, 51 Public Religions in the Modern antipolygamy laws, 52–3, 72 World (Casanova), 108 Mormons and, 52–3 Public Vows: A History of Muslims and, 53, 190n29 Marriage and the Nation Native Americans and, 48, 52 (Cott), 49 prayer, 134–5, 155 Puritans, 27, 34, 38 Prejudice and the Old Politics: The pursuit of happiness, 49, 59 Presidential Election of 1928 (Lichtman), 75 qiddushin, 60–1, 91, 101, 109, 114, prenuptial agreements. see 138, 153, 207n21 antenuptial agreements Quakers, 34, 37 Presbyterian Church, warning quoddam sacramentum, 19 against marriage to Catholics, Qur’an, 102–4, 160 81–2 as literal word of God, 102 priests, role of, 76, 132, 136 in Catholicism, 65–7 rabbinate, role of, 76, 199n23 in Hinduism, 118, 160, 162 racial intermarriage in the United Prohibition, 72–3 States, 47, 50–2, 54, 187n101 property rights, 60–1 racism prostitution, 53, 72 against African Americans, 50 Protectorate, 36 against Asians, 54, 78 Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay against Native Americans, 50–1 in American Religious Sociology dwindling in twentieth-century (Herberg), 77–9 America, 83 Protestant-Catholic marriages. see Reformation. see Protestant Catholic-Protestant marriages Reformation Protestant-Christian America, 48–54 Reformation of Ecclesiastical Law, Protestant Reformation, 9, 19, 33 22–4, 27, 32, 65, 99, 108, religious choice in the United 182n51 States, 42–3 Protestantism and Protestants religious communities, shifts in, evangelicals, 72 155–68 fundamentalism, 72 religious conversion, 1, 7, 11, 21–2, as hegemonic in America, 58–9, 25, 48, 50–1, 55, 62, 64–5, 65, 68, 72, 75, 78–9 67, 90, 100–1, 104, 107, 111, on intermarriage generally, 58–9, 123, 125–6, 133, 139, 156–8, 81–2, 87, 99, 156–7, 203n71, 163, 193n63, 197n1, 208n44, 205n93 216n26 INDEX 263 religious disaffi liation, 42, 115 establishment of, 18 religious diversity, 142–5, 164 Irish Catholic immigrants and, effects of, 113 57–8 in the United States, 41–2, 71, King Henry VIII and, 33 78, 84–5, 201–2n56 Protestant Reformation and, religious holidays. see holidays 22–4 religious identity in late twentieth- punishments for interreligious century America, 167–8 marriages, 75, 193n63 religious intermarriage shifts in views about barriers to, 9, 26, 46–8, 55, intermarriage, 41, 87–9, 97, 59–60, 83, 87, 140 139 complexity of, 2–3 Roman Catholicism in America as danger to Christians, 100 (Gillis), 58 defi ned, 173n6 romantic love, 47, 49–50, 74 as interfaith. see interfaith Roof, Wade Clark, 4–5 marriage Roosevelt, Theodore, 74 as interreligious. see interreligious Rose, Anne C., 8, 59, 147, marriage 193n61 as intra-religious. see intra- Beloved Strangers: Interfaith religious marriage Families in Nineteenth-Century literature on, 6–9 America, 8 as middle ground, 6, 131, 139, Russia, cultural diversity in, 52 140–7 prevalence of, 2, 45–6, 174n10 sacrament, marriage as, 131, 133, prohibitions against, 34, 60–1 137–8, 153 social barriers to, 9, 140–1 for Catholics. see Catholic stigma related to, 2, 174n10 sacramental model of traditional parameters for, 12 marriage undesirable deviant behavior, 45, Church of England on, 33, 35 188–9n2 for Hindus, 105 religious piety. see piety for Jews, 60, 207n21 religious self-identity, 3–6, 12, 115, in the United States, 49 177n44 sacrilege, intermarriage as, 61 Reynolds v. United States, 52–3 salvation, 22–4, 28, 39, 75, 98–9, Roman Catholic Church, 33 134, 168–70 annulment and, 24, 33 samskara, 105 apostasy and, 67 Sanhedrin, 64, 91 Casti Connubii, 74–5 Sanneh, Lamin, 3 Catherine of Aragon and, 33 Sarna, Jonathan D., 55–6, 83 Catholic-Protestant marriages American Judaism: A History, 8 discouraged by, 66–7 Scopes trial, 72 on Christian unity, 177n38 Second Great Awakening, 42, 48, compromise on interreligious 65, 68 marriages, 65–6 Jewish conversion and, 55–6 in early twenty-fi rst-century Second Vatican Council, 10, 67, America, 155–6 87–9, 156, 177n38 264 INDEX secular St. Augustine of Hippo, 19, 23, 25, boundaries between religion and, 181n36 107–11, 153, 154–5 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 73 defi nitions of, 108–11, 210n81 suffrage movement, 72–3 marriages categorized as, 137–8 Summa contra Gentiles (Aquinas), A Secular Age (Taylor), 110, 131 20 secular space, 97–8, 108–10, 144, Summa Theologiae (Aquinas), 19 148, 153, 164 Sutherland, Gail Hinich, 162–3 secularization, 5, 41, 108–10, 113, syncretism, marriages categorized 141, 170 as, 137–9, 140, 144 of marriage in late twentieth- century America, 86–7, 108 Talmudic law, 60–4 in the United States, 43, 85 Taylor, Charles, 6, 108, 110, 131, Sex, Marriage, and Family in 145, 209n74 John Calvin’s Geneva: Teutonicus, Johannes, 21 Courtship, Engagement, and theological exclusivism. see Marriage (Witte Jr. and exclusivism Kingdon), 8 Third Plenary Council of sexual revolution, 36 Baltimore, 58 shahada, 102, 104 Thomas, John T., 80–1 Sharia law, 2, 103, 104, 158 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 49, 50 Shiva, 157 on Christian morality, 54, 79 Silk Road, 1–2 Toleration Act, 37 Sinatra, Frank, 80 Torah, 61, 100–1 “Single or Triple Melting-Pot? Two Treatises on Government Intermarriage Trends in (Locke), 37 New Haven, 1870–1940” (Kennedy), 7, 77–8, 80–1, ummah, 102, 104, 145, 158 200n28 “unaffi liated,” 90–1, 168, 209n71 Small Council, 31–2, 184n70 Unitarian Universalist Church, 146, Smith, Al, 75, 82 165 Smith, Brian K., 104 United Front, 49 Smith, Goldwin, 64 United States Conference of Smith, Huston, 104 Catholic Bishops (USCCB), social alienation, 48 155–6 spiritual US Census, 7, 82 associations, 33 US Constitution and constitutional as distinct from religious, 113, principles, 39, 40, 52, 55, 86 115–7, 128, 131, 141–4, USCCB. see United States 148–9, 164, 167, 170 Conference of Catholic Bishops realm, 18, 21, 24, 31–2, 41, (USCCB) 181n39, 181n46, 182n51 Spiritual Marketplace: Baby Boomers Vatican II. see Second Vatican and the Remaking of American Council Religion (Roof), 4–5 voting rights for women, 72–3 INDEX 265

Waite, Chief Justice, 52–3 Sex, Marriage, and Family Washington, George, on the in John Calvin’s Geneva: protection of Jews, 55, 191n40 Courtship, Engagement, and WCC. see World Council of Marriage, 8 Churches (WCC) Wolf, Arnold Jacob, 138 wedding ceremonies, 1, 6, 13, 22, Wood, Beatrice, 145 63, 76–7, 99, 101, 105, 117, World Council of Churches (WCC), 123, 132–3, 137, 140, 144, 87, 157 153, 157, 162 Wuthnow, Robert, 5, 83–4 Who Are We? The Challenges to After Heaven: Spirituality in America’s National Identity America Since the 1950s, 4 (Huntington), 84, 201–2n56 America and the Challenges of William and Mary, 37 Religious Diversity, 4, 8 Winstanley, Gerrard, 36 Wise, Isaac, 63 xenophobia, 72 Witte Jr., John, 86 From Sacrament to Contract: yentas (matchmakers), 53 Marriage, Religion, and Yinger, J. Milton, 137 the Law in the Western Tradition, 17 Zangwill, Israel, 74, 77