Notes Introduction 1. For examples of these types of media stories, see Joseph Berger, “Interfaith Marriages Stir Mixed Feelings,” The New York Times (Aug. 4, 2010), http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/04 /us/04interfaith.html?_r=1, accessed Aug. 4, 2010; Marion L. Usher, “Chelsea Clinton and Marc Mezvinsky: Religion and Interfaith Marriage,” The Washington Post , (Aug. 4, 2010), http:// newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/guestvoices/2010/07 /chelsea_clinton_and_marc_mezvinsky_religion_and_interfaith _marriage.html?hpid=talkbox1, accessed Aug. 10, 2010. 2. These observations are based upon a cursory analysis of blogs from people commenting on the news regarding the Clinton-Mezvinsky marriage. 3. See Richard Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 1–22. 4. See Alex B. Leeman, “Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions,” Indiana Law Journal (Spring 2009): 743–771. 5. See Dana Lee Robert, Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009); Hugh McLeod, ed., World Christianities (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006). 6. I use the term “religious intermarriage” broadly and generically to refer to interreligious, interfaith, mixed, and/or exogamous mar- riage—terms widely used to refer to the phenomenon of marriage between individuals who identify with different religious beliefs and practices. 7. Maurice Fishberg, Jews, Race, and Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Translation Publishers, 2006, c.1911), 221; Paul R. Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-Century America (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 165. 174 NOTES 8. James A. Brundage, Sex, Law, and Marriage in the Middle Ages (Brookfield, VT: Variorum/Ashgate Publishing Company, 1993), 26–27. 9. Milton L. Barron, People Who Intermarry (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1946), 43. 10. Of the 27 percent of mixed marriages, only 4 percent are non-Christians married to non-Christians. Eight percent refused to say their own religion or their spouse’s religion. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic (2008) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Feb. 2008), http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed Sept. 12, 2009. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid., 2, 36–38; Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar, Principle Investigators, “American Religious Identification Survey, 2008,” (ARIS 2008) Trinity College , 3–7, http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris. org, accessed Dec. 15, 2009; Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Many Americans Mix Multiple Faiths (2009) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Dec. 2009); Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Faith in Flux (2009) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, April 2009), http://religions.pewforum.org, accessed June 12, 2010; Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Many Americans Say Other Faiths Can Lead to Eternal Life ( 2008 ) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Dec. 18, 2008). All Pew Forum reports can be accessed at http://pewforum.org. 13. Lamin Sanneh, Disciples of All Nations: Pillars of World Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). 14. Jeannine Hill Fletcher, Monopoly on Salvation? A Feminist Approach to Religious Pluralism (New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc., 2005), 99. 15. Peter Phan, Being Religious Interreligiously: Asian Perspectives on Interfaith Dialogue (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2004), 61. 16. Catherine Cornille, ed., Many Mansions? Multiple Religious Belonging and Christian Identity (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002). 17. Robert Wuthnow, After Heaven: Spirituality in America Since the 1950s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 2. 18. Ibid., 7, 51. 19. Robert Wuthnow, America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 126. 20. Wade Clark Roof, Spiritual Marketplace: Baby Boomers and the Remaking of American Religion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 34–35. 21. Ibid., 41–42, 74. 22. Ibid., 93. 23. Ibid., 47, 75. NOTES 175 24. Wuthnow, America and the Challenges , 10–11. 25. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), 512. 26. For examples on Jewish intermarriage, see Ronnie Friedland and Edmund Case, eds., The Guide to Jewish Interfaith Family Life (Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2001); Andrea King, If I’m Jewish and You’re Christian, What Are the Kids? A Parenting Guide for Interfaith Families (New York: UAHC Press, 1993); Judy Petsonk and Jim Remsen, The Intermarriage Handbook: A Guide for Jews and Christians (New York: William Morrow, 1988). For exam- ples on Catholic intermarriage, see United States Council of Catholic Bishops, “Jewish-Catholic Dialogue Examines Mixed Marriages and Social Pressures on Marriage Today,” USSCB News Release, Oct. 22, 2010, http://www.usccb.org/comm/archinves/2010/10–184.shtml, accessed Dec. 2, 2010; Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Dialogue, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, The Challenge of Catholic-Muslim Marriage: A Pastoral Resource (Washington, DC: USCCB Office of Publishing and Promotion Services, 2011); Michael G. Lawler, Marriage and the Catholic Church: Disputed Questions (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 2002); John Borelli, “Pastoral Care for Interfaith Couples–A Beginning,” New Theology Review 6, no. 3 (Aug. 1993): 30–42. 27. For articles on Muslim intermarriage, see Leeman, “Interfaith Marriage in Islam,” 743–771 and Denise Al-Johar, “Muslim Marriages in America: Reflecting New Identities,” The Muslim World 95, no. 4 (Oct. 2005): 557–574; Rita George Tvrtkovic, “When Muslims and Christians Marry,” America (Sept. 10, 2001): 11–14. Although focused on Muslim intermarriage in India, Senegal, and Turkey, the following book provides interest- ing context to the American situation: Abdullahi A. An-Na’im, ed., Inter-Religious Marriages Among Muslims: Negotiating Religious and Social Identity in Family and Community (New Delhi, India: Global Media Publications, 2005). For an illuminating analysis of Hindu marriage in the United States, see Gail Hinich Sutherland, “The Wedding Pavilion: Performing, Recreating, and Regendering Hindu Identity in Houston,” International Journal of Hindu Studies 7, no. 1/3 (Feb. 2003): 117–146. 28. Ruby Jo Reeves Kennedy, “Single or Triple Melting-Pot? Intermarriage Trends in New Haven, 1870–1940,” The American Journal of Sociology 49, no. 4 (Jan. 1944): 331–339. 29. For examples, see August B. Hollingshead, “Cultural Factors in the Selection of Marriage Mates,” American Sociological Review 15, no. 5 (Oct. 1950): 619–662; Judson T. Landis, “Religiousness, Family Relationships, and Family Values in Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish Families,” Marriage and Family Living 22, no. 4 (Nov. 1960): 341–347; Ruth Shonle Cavan, “Interreligious Marriage: 176 NOTES Official Religious Policies and Individual Mate Choice in the United States,” International Journal of Sociology of the Family (Mar. 1971): 83–93; Allan L. McCutcheon, “Denominations and Religious Intermarriage: Trends among White Americans in the Twentieth Century,” Review of Religious Research 29, no. 3 (Mar. 1988): 213–227; Evelyn L. Lehrer, “Religious Intermarriage in the United States: Determinants and Trends,” Social Science Research 27, no. 3 (Sept. 1, 1998): 245–263. 30. Jane Kaplan, Interfaith Families: Personal Stories of Jewish-Christian Intermarriage (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004); Nora Lester Murad, “The Politics of Mothering in a ‘Mixed’ Family: An Autoethnographic Exploration,” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 12 (2005): 479–503; Mark Furlong and Abe W. Ata, “Observing Different Faiths, Learning About Ourselves: Practice with Inter-married Muslims and Christians,” Australian Social Work 59, no. 3 (Sept. 2006): 250–264; Egon Mayer, Love and Tradition: Marriage between Jews and Christians (New York: Plenum Press, 1985). 31. See Barry A. Kosmin, Egon Mayer, and Ariela Keysar, Principal Investigators, “American Religious Identification Survey, 2001” (New York: The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 2001), 29; Kosmin and Keysar, ARIS 2008. 32. See Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic (2008) (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Feb. 2008), http:// religions.pewforum.org, accessed Sept. 12, 2009. 33. Wuthnow, America and the Challenges , 259–285; Kate McCarthy, Interfaith Encounters in America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 126–168. 34. See John Witte Jr., From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and the Law in the Western Tradition (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1997); Don S. Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr., eds., Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006); Don S. Browning and David A. Clairmont (eds.), American Religions and the Family: How Faith Traditions Cope with Modernization and Democracy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007). 35. John Witte Jr. and Robert M. Kingdon, Sex, Marriage, and Family in John Calvin’s Geneva: Courtship, Engagement, and Marriage (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005). 36. Anne C. Rose, Beloved Strangers: Interfaith Families in Nineteenth-Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001). 37. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism: A History (New Haven: Yale