L'œuvre De Walter Savage Landor

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L'œuvre De Walter Savage Landor 1.(1.1 VIt E 1)K WALTEH SAVAGE LAM)()H 1MEKKE VlTOliX Ancien élève de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure Maître de Conférences à la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences humaines de Montpellier L'ŒUVRE DE WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR Ouvrage publié avec le concours du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique PU ESSE S UNIVERSITAIRES DE FRANCE 108, BOULEVARD SAINT-GERMAIN, PARIS Vie 1964 DEPOT LEGAL lre édition... 1er trimestre 1964 TOUS DROITS de traduction, de reproduction et d'adaptation réservés pour tous pays (c) 1964, Presses Universitaires de France A lu mémoire de mon frère Léon Ancien élève de l'École Normale Supérieure Agrégé des Lettres (1936,1961) Préface Je dois beaucoup au professeur Louis Landré. Après avoir guidé mes débuts d'angliciste, il m'a orienté vers le sujet de cette thèse, dont il a suivi et dirigé l'élaboration. Pour son aide, et pour le soutien moral qu'il m'a toujours apporté, qu'il trouve au seuil de cet ouvrage l'expression de ma profonde gratitude. Je voudrais également adresser ici mes remerciements à un autre de mes premiers maîtres, le professeur Albert Farmer, qui a dirigé ma thèse complémentaire — et avec lui aux autres professeurs de l'Institut d'Anglais de la Sorbonne, au milieu de qui j'ai travaillé comme assistant pendant cinq ans, et qui m'ont donné leurs encouragements et leurs conseils. Je tiens à remercier aussi : le C.N.R.S., le British Council, et les Rela- tions Culturelles dont le concours m'a permis des séjours en Angleterre — le personnel efficace et courtois de la British Museum Library, où j'ai fait l'essentiel de ma documentation — la direction de la National Portrait Gallery de Londres, qui a autorisé la reproduction ici d'un buste et d'un portrait de W. S. Landor — la bibliothèque de l'Université de Chi- cago et la John Rylands Library de Manchester pour des micro- films de lettres inédites — le professeur James Lee Harlan dont la col- lection de lettres inédites (maintenant déposée à la Huntingdon Library) m'a été ouverte — les bibliothèques des Universités du Minnesota, de la North Carolina et de Washington pour les microfilms de dissertations non publiées (relevées dans ma bibliographie) — enfin, le professeur R. H. Super et M. Malcolm Elwin, dont les livres récents sur Landor m'ont été précieux. Cet ouvrage est publié grâce à une subvention du C.N.R.S. et avec le concours de la Société des Amis de l'Université de Montpellier. Certaines abréviations sont utilisées dans les notes et la bibliographie. Ce sont, pour les revues, MLN (Modern Language Notes), MLQ (Modern language Quarterly), PMLA (Publication of the Modern Language Associa- tion of America), St. Phil. (Studies in Philology), TLS (Times Literary Sup- plement). Pour les ouvrages le plus souvent mentionnés, W.W. (suivi de l'indication du volume et de la page) renvoie à l'édition en 16 volumes de The Works of Walter Savage Landor par T.E. Welby et S. Wheeler, et F (suivi des mêmes indications) à la biographie en 2 volume (1869) de J. Forster ; les mentions « Elwin » et « Super » (suivies de l'indication de la page) ren- voient respectivement à Landor, A Replevin et Walter Savage Landor de ces deux biographes. W. S. LANDOR à 53 ans Buste par John Gibson, 1828 National Portrait Gallery de Londres ERRATA P. 26, 1. 49 : Landor voulut le faire condamner... P. 33. 1. 28 : Pétrarque et Boccace. De retour à Clifton... P. 69. 1. 20: ils ressemblaient plus aux siens» (36). P. 73, 1. 31 : Flew shuddering from the royal feast accurst, P. 98, 1. 7 : Gefor et Crysaor, P. 105. 1. 18 : ...imprévisibles, il P. 138, 1. 18 Il abandonne l'Iliade ... P. 161. 1. 16 : there is tameness and sain,?ness ; and if often P. 176, 1. 3: thèmes et les personnages» (13). P. 189. 1. 25 : — seulement quelques principes dispersés P. 196, 1. 31 : ...il place l'Odyssée avant l'Iliade,., P. 253, 1. 35 : Il se place ainsi, consciemment P. 282, 1. 35 : force, et présentés, de façon surprenante, par... P. 306, 1. 37: ...de «la grande machine de l'Univers» (11). P. 314, 1. 32 : n'est pas une religion respectable... P. 355, 1. 32: mais Périclès, plus perspicace, s'exerce... P. 366, note 72 : MLsceïlanies, 1886... P. 382. 1. 44: ...le travail de documentation fait par Southey.... P., 408. 1. 19, 20 : ...la question est de savoir... P. 414, 1. 24 : met aux postes importants : P. 470. 1. 12, 13: L'inspiration humanitaire (331). La sensibilité (332). Introduction Avant d'aborder l'œuvre de Landor, il peut être utile de se demander quel en fut le destin, et ce qu'il en reste. L'expérience (en ce cas une série d'expériences multipliées par les lois de la conversation polie) montre qu'aujourd'hui, pour un Anglais cultivé, le nom de Landor évoque d'abord sa poésie lyrique brève, quelques vers, toujours les mêmes, qui sont de toutes les anthologies (1) : l'élégie sur Rose Aylmer, et ce quatrain d'anniversaire que l'auteur appela « Dernières Paroles d'un Vieux Philosophe > : I strove with none, for none was worth my strife : Nature I loved, and next to Nature, Art : I warm'd both hands before the fire of life ; It sinks ; and I am ready to depart (2). Dans une des nouvelles de Somerset Maugham, The Door of Opportunity, on retrouve le deuxième vers de ce quatrain, par lequel Anne traduit sa détermination de ne pas laisser la vulgarité du milieu qui l'entoure étouffer sa passion pour la vie de l'esprit et pour l'art. Et tout ce bref poème reparaît, déformé mais reconnaissable, dans les « Conversations de Pursewarden avec Frère Ane », où il reçoit de Lawrence Durrell l'in- contestable sanction de la popularité qu'est la parodie (3). A ces vers se relient d'ordinaire quelques anecdotes sur les querelles de Landor, peut- être le souvenir de la caricature souriante dessinée par Dickens dans Bleak House, avec le personnage de Boythorn : ainsi naît l'image d'un homme dont l'humeur batailleuse forme avec l'idéal de sérénité qu'il affiche un contraste ironique — contraste au demeurant fondé sur une interprétation inexacte du strove with none, où Landor met sa fierté, en grande partie justifiée, de s'être tenu à l'écart des mesquines rivalités littéraires. Le reste de sa poésie est resté dans l'obscurité. T. S. Eliot fait bien au passage l'éloge mesuré de « l'un des plus beaux poètes de la 1. Notamment l'Oxford Book of English Verse, et le Pelican Book of English Verse. L'élégie sur Rose Aylmer est citée p. 165. 2. Dying Speech of an Old Philosopher. W.W. XV 226. 3. Somerset Maugham, The Door of Opportunity, Modern Short Stories, World's Classics, serie 1, p. 126. It Nature he loved and next to nature nudes, He strove with every woman worth the strife, Warming both cheeks before the fire of life, And fell, doing battle with a million prudes ». Lawrence Durrell, Clea, Faber 1960, p. 136. première partie du XIXme siècle : Landor ...l'auteur d'au moins un long roème qui mérite d'être lu plus qu'il ne l'est ...un magnifique sous- - produit de l'histoire littéraire (4). Mais cet éloge n 'a entraîné aucune ré-évaluation de la part de la nouvelle critique. Peu de gens ont lu l'admirable Count Julian : et si Gebir garde encore sa réputation peu atti- rante d'œuvre qui compte parmi les plus obscures de la langue anglaise, rares sont les spécialistes qui l'ont parcouru en entier de sommets en fondrières. La prose a dans son ensemble mieux résisté au temps. Il reste souvent d'elle le souvenir de quelques Conversations Imaginaires, graves ou plai- santes. Le respect dont on les entoure, dû aux grandes œuvres classiques, ne s'accompagne pas souvent du désir passionné de les relire: mais elles ont toujours gardé quelques admirateurs enthousiastes. Aux noms qu'on verra passer, ceux de Wordsworth, Southey, Carlyle, Emerson, Dickens, Browning, Swinburne, d'autres plus récents peuvent s'ajouter. George Gissing écrit : « Je suis plongé dans Landor. Il y a des passages merveil- leux (et il cite le début du célèbre fragment dit par Esope, qui sera analysé plus loin)... Voilà de la prose parfaite > (5). George Moore porte une admiration extravagante, et délibérément subjective, au dernier des- cendant d'une grande famille après lequel tout est décadence — l'appelant de façon répétée « le plus grand écrivain de langue anglaise », le plaçant à côté ou au-dessus de Shakespeare (6). Parmi nos contemporains, E. M. Forster met sans doute plus qu'une pointe d'ironie à en faire l'auteur de chevet de son jeune esthète Tibby, qui tourmenté par le rhume des foins ne rassemble assez de force pour trouver la vie digne d'être vécue qu'en pensant à Walter Savage Landor dont sa sœur lui a promis de lire à haute voix les Imaginary Conversations (7). Mais c'est avec enthousiasme que Bonamy Dobrée fait la louange d'une prose dont la « flexibilité vigoureuse... alliée à la douceur séduisante >, dont la science dans « l'utilisation des sonorités et l'espacement des accents > rappelle l'art de la prose de théâtre chez un Congreve (8). Ces voix sont pourtant celles de ce qui fut toujours une minorité. On ne peut parler de crise de popularité pour Landor. En 1844 déjà, dans A New Spirit of the Age, où Richard Hengist Horne passait en revue les écrivains représentatifs de son temps, il occupait une place à part, à l'écart des autres : « M.
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