DOCSLIB.ORG

La France Au Bord De L'amerique (France on The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
La France Au Bord De L'amerique (France on The LA FRANCE AU BORD DE L’AMERIQUE (FRANCE ON THE EDGE OF AMERICA) SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY A THESIS IN History Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS By JEAN-CHARLES FOYER B.A. Washington University in St. Louis, 2010 Kansas City, Missouri 2019 © 2019 JEAN-CHARLES FOYER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED LA FRANCE AU BORD DE L‘AMERIQUE (FRANCE ON THE EDGE OF AMERICA) SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Jean-Charles Foyer, Candidate for the Master of Arts Degree University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2019 ABSTRACT Historians of Empire have overwhelmingly turned their attention to the study of peoples who, once oppressed by their imperial ruler, have achieved emancipation. Rarely do they examine the peoples who did not demand independence but, rather, willingly chose to remain linked to the ‘metropole.’ Saint Pierre et Miquelon provides a particular example of the later. Saint Pierre and Miquelon is a unique community, one of a handful of territories in the world where a small settler population is still under the control of a former colonial power. It is also the only French territory of this type. Better known ones include the British territories of the Falkland Islands or St Helena. Through a thorough investigation of historical currents and their impact on the people Saint Pierre et Miquelon, this study examines on how a transplanted group of people can develop a sense of national identity without having a nation state and how they can maintain an attachment to a 'metropole' that has long ago ceased to be a 'homeland.' It draws out the sources of this loyalty and underscores the challenges of balancing local and national identities in a territory that, despite its small size and far-flung position, did not remain unaffected by world events. iii APPROVAL PAGE The faculty listed below, appointed by the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, have examined a thesis titled “La France au bord de l’Amérique (France on the edge of America): Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Twentieth Century,” presented by Jean-Charles Foyer, candidate for the Master of Arts degree, and certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. Supervisory Committee Dennis Merrill, Ph.D., Committee Chair Department of History Diane Mutti-Burke, Ph.D. Department of History Brian Frehner, Ph.D. Department of History Nacer Khelouz, Ph.D. Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures iv CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .......................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................vii SECTIONS Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Background ................................................................................................................... 8 The Troubles of the Early Twentieth Century and Appearance of Annexationist movements .................................................................................................................... 14 World War II and the Christmas Liberation ................................................................. 23 Changing Times and the End of the Colonial Empire .................................................... 30 A Reluctant Overseas Department ................................................................................ 37 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 46 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 48 VITA ............................................................................................................................. 52 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Location of Saint Pierre and Miquelon ................................................................. 1 2. 16th Century Mappa Mundi , one of the first to show the islands .......................... 7 3. Fragment of an 18 th century English map showing “St Peter’s” and “Maguelon” . 9 4. Letter by Amédéé Berthier requesting annexation by the United States ............... 18 5. View of a demonstration in front of the Governor’s house................................... 21 6. View of a demonstration in front of the courthouse of St Pierre ........................... 21 7. St Pierrais soldiers during WWI .......................................................................... 22 8. Picture of Admiral Emile Muselier and fellow Free French officers .................... 26 9. Free French soldiers in St Pierre, 1942 ................................................................ 27 10. Photo of Admiral Muselier (seen on the right of the image) ............................... 30 11. President Charles de Gaulle greeting the population during his visit to St Pierre . 35 12. President De Gaulle with St Pierrais Officials .................................................... 37 13. President De Gaulle during his visit to St Pierre .................................................. 37 14. Fishing ship leaving St Pierre harbor ................................................................... 40 15. Fishing harbor of St Pierre .................................................................................. 43 16. View of the town of St Pierre ............................................................................. 45 17. View of the Modern-day town of Miquelon-Langlade ........................................ 45 18. A Bastille Day party in St Pierre in 2016 ............................................................ 47 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my advisor, Dr. Dennis Merrill, for guiding me, helping me, and putting up with me during the process that was getting this degree and writing this thesis. He helped me hone my subject, despite being slightly outside of his expertise, and always answered my many, many questions with precision and kindness despite occasional exasperation at me, and gave me extensive and invaluable constructive criticism on my writing as I’ve crafted this thesis. This would not have been possible without him. I would also like to thank all the faculty at UMKC, especially my committee members, Drs. Mutti-Burke, Frehner and Khelouz, all of whom I have had as teachers and who have helped me along the way in my writing and my learning, and have always been of great assistance and support to me. Furthermore, I would like to thank Dr. Payne, who was instrumental in creating the first, foundational draft of this work, and was very kind and encouraging throughout the process. Finally, I want to thank my family, especially my mother Julie and my sister Emilie, both of whom have read, and thoroughly commented upon, the various drafts of this thesis. I am also grateful to my friends, especially Sam, Alainna, Katie, Nikki, Rachel, Quinby, Leah, Sarah, and too many others to list, who not only served as extra pairs of eyes catching my occasional mistakes and acted as sounding boards, but also kept me sane and calmed me during my moments of panic. You are all wonderful. vii Introduction Figure 1: Location of Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1 Twenty miles off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada, lie a pair of small islands. With few resources and a sparse population of roughly 6000 people, they are relatively unremarkable other than for one thing: they belong to a country 4000 km away, France. St Pierre and Miquelon are a French Overseas Collectivity, one of the many territories France retains outside of Europe, however they are the only ones to remain from their original American holdings. Sole remnant of the once vast territory of New France, which encompassed much of Eastern Canada, they have stayed nearly constantly in French hands since the mid eighteenth century, throughout wars, economic woes, and the wider decolonization effort that swept the world in the mid twentieth century. In this last century, there have been many events that shook the territory. Despite this, the islanders have maintained an allegiance to France, while retaining their own distinct identity, what they 1 Map source : https://fr.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Saint-Pierre-et Miquelon#/media/File:Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon_in_France.svg. Accessed Sept. 12 2018 call a “St Pierrais character”, French people with an insular and self-reliant streak, with the inhabitants fighting for France in wars, cheering for it in athletics, enjoying croissants with their breakfast and baguette with their lunch. And yet, never forgetting that they are on a different continent, and thus feeling that they are their own special kind of French people, on the frontier of France, a last outpost of sorts, able to handle itself. In the words of resident Jean-Pierre Jezequel: “We’re French but far away, and we have our own ideas.”2 This can lead to the question of why they have chosen to maintain these ties, how they have done so while retaining their own identity, and the evidence that they continued to do so despite certain movements of contestation and outside forces. Major events in the twentieth century have shown the islanders’ desire that St Pierre and Miquelon remain, on their own terms, French. The twentieth
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List
    Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List FCC ITU-T Country Region Dialing FIPS Comments, including other 1 Code Plan Code names commonly used Abu Dhabi 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Aden 5 967 YE include with Yemen Admiralty Islands 7 675 PP include with Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch'p'go.) Afars and Assas 1 253 DJ Report as 'Djibouti' Afghanistan 2 93 AF Ajman 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area 9 44 AX include with United Kingdom Al Fujayrah 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Aland 9 358 FI Report as 'Finland' Albania 4 355 AL Alderney 9 44 GK Guernsey (Channel Islands) Algeria 1 213 AG Almahrah 5 967 YE include with Yemen Andaman Islands 2 91 IN include with India Andorra 9 376 AN Anegada Islands 3 1 VI include with Virgin Islands, British Angola 1 244 AO Anguilla 3 1 AV Dependent territory of United Kingdom Antarctica 10 672 AY Includes Scott & Casey U.S. bases Antigua 3 1 AC Report as 'Antigua and Barbuda' Antigua and Barbuda 3 1 AC Antipodes Islands 7 64 NZ include with New Zealand Argentina 8 54 AR Armenia 4 374 AM Aruba 3 297 AA Part of the Netherlands realm Ascension Island 1 247 SH Ashmore and Cartier Islands 7 61 AT include with Australia Atafu Atoll 7 690 TL include with New Zealand (Tokelau) Auckland Islands 7 64 NZ include with New Zealand Australia 7 61 AS Australian External Territories 7 672 AS include with Australia Austria 9 43 AU Azerbaijan 4 994 AJ Azores 9 351 PO include with Portugal Bahamas, The 3 1 BF Bahrain 5 973 BA Balearic Islands 9 34 SP include
    [Show full text]
  • The Partition of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands W
    Island Studies Journal , Vol. 7, No.1, 2012, pp. 135-146 REVIEW ESSAY The Partition of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands W. David McIntyre Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies Christchurch, New Zealand [email protected] ABSTRACT : This paper reviews the separation of the Ellice Islands from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, in the central Pacific, in 1975: one of the few agreed boundary changes that were made during decolonization. Under the name Tuvalu, the Ellice Group became the world’s fourth smallest state and gained independence in 1978. The Gilbert Islands, (including the Phoenix and Line Islands), became the Republic of Kiribati in 1979. A survey of the tortuous creation of the colony is followed by an analysis of the geographic, ethnic, language, religious, economic, and administrative differences between the groups. When, belatedly, the British began creating representative institutions, the largely Polynesian, Protestant, Ellice people realized they were doomed to permanent minority status while combined with the Micronesian, half-Catholic, Gilbertese. To protect their identity they demanded separation, and the British accepted this after a UN-observed referendum. Keywords: Foreign and Commonwealth Office; Gilbert and Ellis islands; independence; Kiribati; Tuvalu © 2012 Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada Context The age of imperialism saw most of the world divided up by colonial powers that drew arbitrary lines on maps to designate their properties. The age of decolonization involved the assumption of sovereign independence by these, often artificial, creations. Tuvalu, in the central Pacific, lying roughly half-way between Australia and Hawaii, is a rare exception.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Status and Development: the Implications for Australian Foreign Policy Towards the Pacific Islands
    Political Status and Development: The Implications for Australian Foreign Policy Towards the Pacific Islands STEWART FIRTH SSGM DISCUSSION PAPER 2013/6 Introduction Table 2: Pacific Islands Freely Associated Entities Nine in every 10 Pacific islanders live in the independent countries of the region — Fiji, Kiribati, Entity External State Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Federated States of Micronesia USA Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. The remaining tenth — almost a million people in all — live in the Republic of the Marshall Islands USA territories and freely associated states, where formal Republic of Palau USA connections with a metropolitan state offer access Cook Islands New Zealand to its resources and opportunities. In different ways, Niue New Zealand and with different levels of devolution of power to local governments, eight of the Pacific island entities in the Pacific community are territories Geoff Bertram points out, a large body of evidence of external states, and a further five Pacific island now supports the view that there is ‘a negative entities are freely associated with an external state. association between sovereign independence and present-day per-capita income, indicating that Table 1: Pacific Islands Territories while decolonization may have brought political and psychological gains, it retarded rather than Territory External State advanced the material prosperity of the decolonized American Samoa USA populations. The reasons are straightforward: Commonwealth of the USA small island jurisdictions which are sub-national Northern Mariana Islands (that is, retain constitutional links to metropolitan Guam USA powers) get more financial assistance per head, better access for migrant labour, and a wide range New Caledonia France of jurisdiction-related opportunities to capitalize on French Polynesia France non-sovereign status’ (Bertram 2007, 239–40).
    [Show full text]
  • The Position and the Role of Direct Democracy's Institutions in The
    SA 201 AR 2 - - A E d C v N a E n c R e E d F R N e Advanced Research in Scientific Areas 2012 O s C e a L r A c h U T i n R I S V c - i e s n a t e i r f i c A December, 3. - 7. 2012 The position and the role of direct democracy’s institutions in the political system of Principality of Andorra Marcin Łukaszewski Faculty of Political Science and Journalism Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poland [email protected] Abstract—The article is an attempt to answer the question about through a trilateral agreement, accession to the United Nations the role of institutions of direct democracy in Andorra. The and the Council of Europe, has changed this status. author points to a relatively unique situation in the modern European political systems that takes place in the Principality, The only forms of direct democracy in the Principality are where the number of referendums after the adoption of the currently referendum and popular legislative initiative. Before Constitution (which provides these institutions) is significantly 1993 the direct democracy was fulfilled in consultations carried smaller than the period prior to its adoption. The author also out by national referendums. In 1971 Andorrans expressed tries to answer the question about the reason for such poor use of support for the idea of equality in the electoral rights of direct democracy institutions in contemporary Andorra. women. In 1977 and 1978 Andorrans supported the plan of political and institutional reforms, which resulted in the great Andorra; direct democracy; referendum; citizens’ legislative reform in 1981.
    [Show full text]
  • The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories, New Labour, and the Strengthening of Metropolitan Control Caribbean Studies, Vol
    Caribbean Studies ISSN: 0008-6533 [email protected] Instituto de Estudios del Caribe Puerto Rico Clegg, Peter The UK caribbean overseas territories, new labour, and the strengthening of metropolitan control Caribbean Studies, vol. 34, núm. 1, enero-junio, 2006, pp. 131-161 Instituto de Estudios del Caribe San Juan, Puerto Rico Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=39211247005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative THE UK CARIBBEAN OVERSEAS TERRITORIES... 131 THE UK CARIBBEAN OVERSEAS TERRITORIES, NEW LABOUR, AND THE STRENGTHENING OF METROPOLITAN CONTROL Peter Clegg ABSTRACT The article analyses the complex and ever-evolving relationship between Britain and its Overseas Territories in the Caribbean. Links between Britain and its Territories have been shaped and determined by particular historical, constitutional, political and economic trends. For many years the relationship between the Territories and the UK was rather ad hoc—a situation that can be traced back to the compromises, fudges and deals char- acteristic of ‘pragmatic’ British colonial administration. More recently, however, there have been attempts by the Labour government in Britain to overcome the informal nature of the relationship and to develop a new partnership based on mutual obligations and responsibilities. The article describes the appli- cations of this more pro-active and coherent level of oversight and highlights how the principle of more forceful metropolitan control has taken hold. The article asserts that the Territories are now much more heavily integrated into the international system, having adopted either willingly or unwillingly a number of changes to their political, economic and social structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) (October 2011)
    Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) (October 2011) Caption: European Commission President José Manuel Barroso delivers his State of the Union speech pleading for the launch of a wide-ranging public debate for a major transformation of the European Union into a ‘federation of nation states’. Source: European Commission. Region level evaluation. Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT). Final Report. Volume II: Annexes, October 2011. 271 p. Copyright: European Union URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/overseas_countries_and_territories_oct_october_2011-en-6f7c0eed-6572-4c47-83da- 05d2ce024c45.html Publication date: 05/12/2013 1 / 272 05/12/2013 REGION LEVEL EVALUATION OVERSEAS COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES (OCT) Final Report Volume II: Annexes October 2011 Evaluation carried out on behalf of the Commission of the European Union 2 / 272 05/12/2013 3 / 272 05/12/2013 Consortium composed by ECO Consult, AGEG, APRI, Euronet, IRAM, NCG Leader of the Consortium: ECO Consult, Contact Person: Dietrich BUSACKER [email protected] Contract No EVA 2007/geo-acp This evaluation is mandated by The Joint Evaluation Unit for: EuropeAid Directorate General for Development and Directorate-General External Relations The opinions expressed in this document represent the views of the authors, which are not necessarily shared by the Commission of the European Union or by the authorities of the countries concerned The evaluation team was composed of: Mr. Gunnar Olesen (Team Leader), Mr. Max Hennion, Mr. Mark Q. Watson, Mr. Dolf Noppen, Mr. Seán J. Burke, Ms. Jutta Keilbach and Ms. Anne Beutling. 4 / 272 05/12/2013 5 / 272 05/12/2013 EVA 2007/geo-acp: Evaluation of the Commission of the EU’s cooperation with Overseas Countries and Territories ECO Consult – AGEG – APRI – Euronet – IRAM – NCG Table of Contents Page Annex I: Terms of Reference..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • When the Demos Shapes the Polis - the Use of Referendums in Settling Sovereignty Issues
    When the Demos Shapes the Polis - The Use of Referendums in Settling Sovereignty Issues. Gary Sussman, London School of Economics (LSE). Introduction This chapter is a survey of referendums dealing with questions of sovereignty. This unique category of referendum usage is characterized by the participation of the demos in determining the shape of the polis or the nature of its sovereignty. The very first recorded referendums, following the French Revolution, were sovereignty referendums. Though far from transparent and fair, these votes were strongly influenced by notions of self- determination and the idea that title to land could not be changed without the consent of those living on that land. Since then there have been over two hundred and forty sovereignty referendums. In the first part of this chapter I will briefly review referendum usage in general. This international analysis of 1094 referendums excludes the United States of America, where initiatives are extensively used by various states and Switzerland, which conducted 414 votes on the national level from 1866 to 1993. This comparative analysis of trends in referendum usage will provide both a sketch of the geographical distribution of use and a sense of use by issue. In the second section of this chapter I examine the history and origins of the sovereignty referendum and identify broad historical trends in its use. It will be demonstrated there have been several high tides in the use of sovereignty referendums and that these high tides are linked to high tides of nationalism, which have often followed the collapse of empires. Following this historical overview a basic typology of six sub-categories, describing sovereignty referendums will be suggested.
    [Show full text]
  • Dependent Territories (Status Updated 8 January 2016)
    Table 5: Dependent territories (Status updated 8 January 2016) Dependent territory Category Plan / Draft Submitted for Dep. Progress summary Next steps/needs Timeline enactment American Samoa 1 US Anguilla 1 GB Aruba 2 NL CITES legislation enacted Agreement between NL and Secretariat on revised legislative analysis, including possible Category 1 status Bailiwick of Guernsey 3 Yes Yes GB Comprehensive enabling and Guernsey’s CITES Ordinance pending implementing legislation drafted and enactment. Guernsey’s Scientific currently passing through Guernsey’s Authority will be appointed prior to its legislative process and will be enacted enactment. Ordinance, Once it has in the first quarter of 2016. been adopted and its SA appointed it will qualify for inclusion in Category 1. Bailiwick of Jersey 1 GB Bermuda 2 Timetable No GB Commitment to prepare draft legislation; Preparation of draft legislation submitted CITES workshop for OTs and CDs held on 7/01/16 earlier this year; draft text should soon be submitted to the Secretariat for comments British Indian Ocean Territory 1 GB British Virgin Islands 2 Timetable Yes GB Amended draft Trade in Endangered Comments from the Secretariat under submitted Species Act submitted to the Secretariat preparation. It was not possible to meet on 7/01/16 for comments on 1 Dec 2015, the deadline of the 17th December. requesting comments by the 17th. Cayman Islands (CIG) 2 Yes Yes GB The Cayman Islands Government (CIG) Submission of enacted legislation. CIG considers that its legislation, as will be happy to make any further amended, meets the 4 basic amendments to its CITES legislation, requirements of the Convention.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Record of the 492Nd Meeting
    Document:- A/CN.4/SR.492 Summary record of the 492nd meeting Topic: Law of Treaties Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:- 1959 , vol. I Downloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm) Copyright © United Nations 54 Yearbook of the International Law Commission code at all, since they concerned interpretation rather able to deal with the various questions in their proper than validity. The Drafting Committee might be asked context in the code rather than in a preliminary article. to look into that question. Paragraph 1 might better be placed at the end of the article, an arrangement The meeting rose at 6 p.m. which might perhaps meet the point raised by Mr. Verdross. 24. Mr. EL-KHOURI, referring to paragraph 3, 492nd MEETING thought that it would be desirable to mention in the treaty itself the authority by virtue of which a State Tuesday, 12 May 1959, at 9.45 a.m. claimed to be competent to conclude a treaty on behalf of a Chairman: Sir Gerald FITZMAURICE protected or semi-sovereign State or territory, such as a mandated territory; in the latter case, the interna- tional organization from which the mandate was held Law of treaties (A/CN.4/101) (continued) should be named. In the case of a protected State, it should be specified whether the representation was [Agenda item 3] arbitrary or by agreement between the protecting and the protected State. In order that a treaty made by the ARTICLE 16 (continued) protecting State on behalf of the protected State should 1.
    [Show full text]
  • State and Country Data Codes As of 12/1/2014
    State and Country Data Codes as of 12/1/2014 Press CTRL+F to prompt the search field. STATE AND COUNTRY DATA CODES TABLE OF CONTENTS 1--INTRODUCTION 2--U.S. STATE CODES 2.1 LIS, MAK, OLS, POB, PLC, AND RES FIELDS 2.2 RES FIELD CODE EXCEPTIONS FOR BOAT FILE RECORDS 3--U.S. TERRITORIAL POSSESSIONS LIS, MAK, OLS, POB, PLC, AND RES FIELD CODES FOR U.S. TERRITORIAL POSSESSIONS 4--INDIAN NATIONS LIS, MAK, OLS, POB, PLC, AND RES FIELD CODES FOR INDIAN NATIONS 5--CANADIAN PROVINCES LIS, MAK, OLS, POB, PLC, AND RES FIELD CODES FOR CANADIAN PROVINCES 6--MEXICAN STATES LIS, MAK, OLS, POB, PLC, AND RES FIELD CODES FOR MEXICAN STATES 7--COUNTRIES/DEPENDENCIES/TERRITORIES 7.1 CTZ, LIS, MAK, OLS, POB, PLC, AND RES FIELD CODES FOR COUNTRIES/DEPENDENCIES/TERRITORIES 7.2 CTZ, LIS, MAK, OLS, POB, PLC, AND RES FIELD CODES FOR COUNTRIES/DEPENDENCIES/TERRITORIES, INDIAN NATIONS, MEXICAN STATES, PROVINCES, STATES, AND U.S. TERRITORIAL POSSESSIONS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER BY CODE STATE AND COUNTRY DATA CODES SECTION 1--INTRODUCTION The appropriate code for the state, territorial possession, Indian nation, province, or country must be used in the Citizenship (CTZ), License State (LIS), Make (MAK), Operator's License State (OLS), Place of Birth (POB), Place of Crime (PLC), and Registration State (RES) Fields. SECTION 2--U.S. STATE CODES 2.1 LIS, MAK, OLS, POB, PLC, AND RES FIELDS State Code Alabama AL Alaska AK Arizona AZ Arkansas AR California CA* Colorado CO* Connecticut CT Delaware DE* District of Columbia DC Florida FL Georgia GA Hawaii HI* Idaho ID Illinois IL Indiana IN Iowa IA Kansas KS* Kentucky KY Louisiana LA Maine ME Maryland MD Massachusetts MA* Michigan MI* Minnesota MN Mississippi MS* Missouri MO Montana MT Nebraska NB Nevada NV New Hampshire NH New Jersey NJ New Mexico NM New York NY North Carolina NC North Dakota ND Ohio OH Oklahoma OK Oregon OR * This code should not be used in the Boat File RES Field.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Zealand Model of Free Association: What Does It Mean for New Zealand?
    607 THE NEW ZEALAND MODEL OF FREE ASSOCIATION: WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR NEW ZEALAND? Alison Quentin-Baxter* Using Professor Angelo's work in Tokelau as a starting point, Alison Quentin-Baxter examines the model of "free association" relationship that New Zealand has with the Cook Islands and with Niue, and was also to be the basis of Tokelauan self-government. She looks at both the legal and practical obligations that such relationships place on both parties, but particularly on New Zealand. The form of the model means the basis for New Zealand's obligations to an associated state are quite different from its provision of aid to other states. I INTRODUCTION It is an honour and a pleasure to contribute to this Special Issue of the VUW Law Review celebrating Professor Tony Angelo's 40 years as a leading member of the teaching staff of the Law Faculty. For the whole of that period he and I have been colleagues and friends. Reflecting our shared interests, my topic is New Zealand's role as a partner in the relationships of free association with the self-governing States of the Cook Islands and of Niue, and potentially a self-governing State of Tokelau, if it, too, should decide to move to a similar status and relationship with New Zealand. The free association with the Cook Islands has been in place since 1965, and that with Niue since 1974. Twice in the last three years, the people of Tokelau have hesitated on the brink of a similar relationship. Now, as they pause to catch their breath, it seems a good time to look at the New Zealand model of free association from the standpoint of this country's own constitutional law, as distinct from international law or the constitutional law of the associated State.
    [Show full text]
  • Ÿþe L E V E N T H R E P O R T O N S U C C E S S I O N O F S T a T E S I N R E S P E C T O F M a T T E R
    Document:- A/CN.4/322 and Corr.1 & Add.1 & 2 Eleventh report on succession of States in respect of matters other than treaties, by Mr. Mohamed Bedjaoui, Special Rapporteur - draft articles on succession in respect of State archives, with commentaries Topic: Succession of States in respect of matters other than treaties Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:- 1979, vol. II(1) Downloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm) Copyright © United Nations SUCCESSION OF STATES IN RESPECT OF MATTERS OTHER THAN TREATIES [Agenda item 3] DOCUMENT A/CN.4/322 AND ADD.l AND 2* Eleventh report on succession of States in respect of matters other than treaties, by Mr. Mohammed Bedjaoui, Special Rapporteur Draft articles on succession in respect of State archives, with commentaries [Original: French] [18,29 and 31 May 1979] CONTENTS Page Abbreviation 68 Explanatory note: italics in quotations 68 Paragraphs Introduction 1_5 68 Chapter I. STATE ARCHIVES IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND IN THE SUCCESSION OF STATES 6-91 71 A. Definition of archives affected by the succession of States 6-24 71 1. Content of the concept of archives 8-19 72 2. Definition of archives in the light of State practice in the matter of succession of States 20-24 74 B. The role of archives in the modern world 25-39 75 1. The "paper war" 25-32 75 2. The age of information 33-39 77 C. The claim to archives and the protection of the national cultural heritage 40-56 78 1.
    [Show full text]