&RPSXWHU9LUXV
7RSLFV &RYHUHG
ͻͻͻͻͻŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ sŝƌƵƐ DĂůǁĂƌĞ ͲŵĂŝů sŝƌƵƐ ZĂŶƐŽŵǁĂƌĞ sŝƌƵƐ ŶƚŝǀŝƌƵƐ WƌŽŐƌĂŵ ͻ WƌĞĐĂƵƚŝŽŶƐ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ŽŵƉƵƚĞƌsŝƌƵƐ
&RPSXWHU9LUXV s/Zh^ ƐƚĂŶĚƐ ĨŽƌ sŝƚĂů /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ hŶĚĞƌ ^ĞŝnjĞ͘ sŝƌƵƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂƚĞůLJ ƚŽ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ ĐƌŝƚŝĐĂů ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĂƚĂ͘ ǀŝƌƵƐ ĐĂŶ ďĂĚůLJ ĂĨĨĞĐƚ Žƌ ŝŶĨĞĐƚ LJŽƵƌ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ LJŽƵƌ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŶ ĂůƚĞƌ ŝƚƐ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ͘ŶŐ KŶĐĞ ĂǀŝƌƵƐŝƐŝŶLJŽƵƌĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ͕LJŽƵƌĨŝůĞƐĂŶĚŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŶŐƐLJƐƚĞŵŵĂLJŐĞƚĞŵŵĂLJ ĚĂŵĂŐĞĚ͘
ŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ǀŝƌƵƐĞƐ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ďLJ ĐŚĂŶĐĞ͘ dŚĞŚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƌ ŽĨ ĂĂ ǀŝǀŝƌƵƐ͕ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĂƐ Ă ǀŝƌƵƐ ĂƵƚŚŽƌ͕ ŝŶƚĞŶƚŝŽŶĂůůLJ ǁƌŝƚĞƐ Ă ǀŝƌƵƐ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŵŽƚŝǀĞ ƚŽ ĚĂĚĂŵĂŐĞĚĂƚĂĚĂŵĂŐĞ ĚĂƚĂ Žƌ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ ƌĞƐŝĚŝŶŐ ŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ͘tƌŝƚŝŶŐĂǀŝƌƵƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƵƐƵĂůůLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƐŝŐŶŝƐƵĂůůLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚƉƌŽŐĂůůLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƐŝŐŶ ĨŝĐĂŶƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝŶŐƐŬŝůůƐ͘ sĞƌLJĨĞǁǀŝƌƵƐĞƐĂƌĞŚĂƌŵůĞƐƐ͘dŚĞLJĚŝƐƉůĂLJŽŶůLJĂƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞƐƐĂƐƉůĂLJŽŶůLJĂƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞƐƐĂŐĞ͘ůLJĂƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞƐƐĂŐŐĞ͘ƵƚŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞǀŝƌƵƐĞƐĂƌĞ ǀĞƌLJ ŚĂƌŵĨƵů͘ dŚĞLJ ĚĞƐƚƌŽLJ ĚĂƚĂ Žƌƌ ĞǀĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƚŝƌĞ ŚĂƌĚ ĚŝƐŬ͘P sŝƌƵƐĞƐ ĂƚƚĂĐŚ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ĨŝůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽǀĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŵŵ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝƐŬ ƚŽ ĚŝƐŬ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ǀŝǀŝƌƵƐĞƐ ĂƚƚĂĐŚ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ ƚŽ Ă ĨŝůĞ ĂŶĚ ůŝĞ ĚŽƌŵĂŶƚ͘ Ƶƚ ǁŚĞŶ Ă ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĂŝŶ ĚĂƚĞ Žƌ ĞǀĞŶƚ ŽĐĐƵƌƐ͕ƚŚĞLJŐĞƚƚƌŝŐŐĞƌĞĚĂŶĚďĞĐŽŵĞƐŽĐĐƵƌƵƌ ĂĐƚŝǀĞ͘ KŶĞ ƐƵĐŚ ŶŽƚŽƌŝŽƵƐ ǀŝƌƵƐ ŝƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ &ƌŝĚĂLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ϭϭϯƚŚ sŝƌƵƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ĐĂůůĞĚ :ĞƌƵƐĂůĞŵ sŝƌƵƐ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ǁĂƐ ĨŝƌƐƚƐƚ ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ :ĞƌƵƐĂůĞŵ ŝŶ ϭϵϴϳ͘ /ƚ ŐĞƚƐ ĂĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ĞǀĞƌLJ&ƌŝĚĂLJƚŚĂƚŽĐĐƵƌƐŽŶƚŚĞϭϯƚŚŽĨĂŵŽŶƚŚ͘ƌƐŽŶƚŚĞϭϯƚŚŽĨĂŵŽŶƚŚ͘
7<3(62)9,586(6 &ŝůĞ/ŶĨĞĐƚŽƌ͗ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚŵŽƐƚ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ƚLJƉĞ ŽĨ ǀŝƌƵƐ͘ /ƚ ĂĚĚƐ ǀŝƌƵƐ ĐŽĚĞ ƚŽƚŚĞ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌƉƌŽŐƌĂƉƌŽŐ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝŶŐ ĐŽĚĞ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ĨŝůĞƐ͘ ^Ž͕ ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ PMP ,73/$1(7 3(7$%<7( ŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ŝƐ ĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚ͕ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ĨŝůĞƐ ĂůƐŽ ŐĞƚ ŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚ͘ dŚŝƐ ǀŝƌƵƐ ĐĂŶ ĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƌƌĞǀĞƌƐŝďůĞ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ ƚŽ ĨŝůĞƐ ďLJ ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚůLJ ĚĞƐƚƌŽLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͘ ŽŽƚ^ĞĐƚŽƌsŝƌƵƐ͗ dŚŝƐ ǀŝƌƵƐ ĂƚƚĂĐŚĞƐ ŝƚƐĞůĨ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƚ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐŬ͘ dŚŝƐ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐŬ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƐƚĂƌƚͲƵƉ ŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĨŝůĞͲĂůůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ ƚĂďůĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŬĞƉƚ͘ dŚŝƐ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŝƐ ƌĞĂĚ ĂŶĚ ůŽĂĚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵĞŵŽƌLJ ĞǀĞƌLJ ƚŝŵĞƚŚĞĚŝƐŬŝƐƚĞĚ͘ ǀŝĚĞŶƚůLJ͕ƚŚŝƐǀŝƌƵƐŝƐĂůƐŽǀĞƌLJĚĂŶŐĞƌŽƵƐ͘ džĞĐƵƚĂďůĞ&ŝůĞsŝƌƵƐ͗ dŚŝƐ ǀŝƌƵƐ ƐƚŽƌĞƐ ŝƚƐĞůĨ ŝŶ ĂŶ ĞdžĞĐƵƚĂďůĞ ĨŝůĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĨĞĐƚƐ ŽƚŚĞƌĨŝůĞƐĞĂĐŚ ƚŝŵĞƚŚĞĨŝůĞŝƐƌƵŶŽƌĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚ͘ DĂĐƌŽsŝƌƵƐ͗ dŚŝƐ ǀŝƌƵƐ ŝŶĨĞĐƚƐ ĨŝůĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ƵƐŝŶŐ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ Žƌ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶ ŵĂĐƌŽƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŵŝŶŝͲƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ ŵĂŬĞ ŝƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ĂƵƚŽŵĂƚĞ ƐĞƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶƐ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ϱ ƐŝŶŐůĞ ĂĐƚŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞďLJ ƐĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞƌ ĨƌŽŵ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĐĂƌƌLJ ƚŚĞŵ ŽƵƚ ŽŶĞͲďLJͲŽŶĞ͘ (;$03/(62)9,586(6 tŽƌŵ͗ tŽƌŵŝƐ Ă ŚĂƌŵůĞƐƐ ǀŝƌƵƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŝŵƉůLJ ƌĞƉůŝĐĂƚĞƐ ŝƚƐĞůĨ͘ Ƶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŽŶŐ ƌƵŶ͕ ŝƚ ƚĂŬĞƐ ŽǀĞƌ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶƚƵĂůůLJ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ ƵƐĞůĞƐƐ͘ tŽƌŵƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ ƚƌĂǀĞů ĨƌŽŵ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƚŽƐLJƐƚĞŵǀĞƌLJĞĂƐŝůLJ͘ dƌŽũĂŶ ,ŽƌƐĞ͗ dƌŽũĂŶ ŚŽƌƐĞ͕ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ 'ƌĞĞŬ ŵLJƚŚŽůŽŐLJ͕ ǁĂƐ Ă ŚƵŐĞ ŚŽůůŽǁ ǁŽŽĚĞŶ ŚŽƌƐĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŬƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚŝĚ Ă ƐĞůĞĐƚ ĨŽƌĐĞ ŽĨ ŵĞŶ ŝŶƐŝĚĞ͘ dŚĞLJ ƵƐĞ ƚŚŝƐ ŚŽƌƐĞ ƚŽ ŐĂŝŶ ĨƌŝĞŶĚůLJĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞŝŶƚŽdƌŽLJĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞdƌŽũĂŶtĂƌ͘ /Ŷ ĐŽŵƉƵƚŝŶŐ͕ dƌŽũĂŶ ŚŽƌƐĞ ǀŝƌƵƐ ĐŽŵĞƐ ĂƐ Ă ĨƌŝĞŶĚůLJ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ;ĂƐ Ă ŐĂŵĞ͕ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕ ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͖ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ǀĞƌLJ ĚĂŶŐĞƌŽƵƐ ĂƐ ŝƚ ĚĞƐƚƌŽLJƐ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ĚĂƚĂ ŽŶ LJŽƵƌ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘ dƌŽũĂŶ ŚŽƌƐĞƐ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ƌĞƉůŝĐĂƚĞ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ ďƵƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ǀĞƌLJ ĚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚŝǀĞ͘ dŚĞ dƌŽũĂŶ ŚŽƌƐĞ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƐƉƌĞĂĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ă ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ǁĂLJƐ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶŵĞĂŶƐŽĨŝŶĨĞĐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƚƚĂĐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĂŝů͘ŝŽŶ ZŽŽƚŬŝƚ͗ ZŽŽƚŬŝƚ ŝƐ Ă ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ƚŚĂƚ ŚŝĚĞƐ ŝŶĂ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌĐŽŵƉƵƚĞĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĂůůŽǁƐ ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ƌĞŵŽƚĞ ůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ ƚŽ ƚĂŬĞ ĨƵůů ĐŽŶƚƌŽůŶƚƌŽů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵĐŽĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ͘ KŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ZŽŽƚŬŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ZŽŽƚŬŝƚ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŽƌĐĂŶĞdžĞĐƵƚĞƉƌŽŐƌƌ ĐĂŶ ĞdžĞĐƵƚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ͕ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƐĞƚƚŝŶŐƐ͕ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐĨŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĞŵŽƚĞĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ͘ĞƐƐĨŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĞŵŽƚĞĐŽŵĞƐƐĨŝůĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĞŵ ^ǁĞĞƉĞƌ͗ ^ǁĞĞƉĞƌ ŝƐ Ă ĨĂŬĞ ĂŶƚŝǀŝƌƵƐ͕ǀŝƌƵƐ͕ƌƵƐ͕ ĂůƐŽ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĂƐ ƌŽŐƵĞ͘͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ŝŶ ƐƵĐŚ Ă ǁĂLJ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚ ůŽŽŬƐ ůŝŬĞŝŬĞ ĂŶ ĂŶƚŝǀŝƌƵƐ ƐŽĨƚǁĂƌĞƐŽĨƚǁĂƌ ďƵƚ͕ďƵ ŝŶ ƌĞĂůŝƚLJ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ Ă ǀŝƌƵƐ͘ WĞŽƉůĞ ĚŽǁŶůŽĂĚĚ ŝƚ ƵŶŝŶƚĞŶƚŝŽŶĂůůLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƐǁĞĞƉĞƌ ǀŝƌƵƐ ĞŶƚĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌĂŶĚĐŚĂŶŐĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĨĐŚĂŶŐĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĨŝůĞƐ͕ďƌŽǁƐŝŶŐŝůĞƐ͕ďƌŽǁƐŝůĞƐ͕ďƌŽǁƐŝŶŐĂĐƚŝǀŝƚLJ͕ĞƚĐ͘ ^ůĞĞƉĞƌ͗ dŚĞƐůĞĞƉĞƌĞƌǀŝƌƵƐŝƐŬŶŽǁŶƚŽƐƚĞĂůLJŽƵƌǀŝƌƵƐŝƐŬŶŽǁŶƚŽƐƚĞĂůLJŽƵƌƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĂŶĚĨŝŶĂŶĐŝĂůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶƐŝƐŬŶŽǁŶƚŽƐƚĞĂůLJŽƵƌ ͘ dŚŝƐ ǀŝƌƵƐƌƵƐ ŝƐ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞĚ ƚŽ ƚĂƌŐĞƚƚĂƌŐƚĂƌŐĞƚ ůĂƌŐĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ŽŶůLJ͘ dŚŝƐ ǀŝƌƵƐ ŚĂƐ ŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚŵŝůůŝŽŶƐŽĨŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƐƐŽĨĂƌ͘ƚĞĚŵŝůůŝŽŶƐŽĨŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƐƐŽĨĂ ůĂďĂŵĂ͗ ůĂďĂŵĂĂďĂŵĂĂďĂŵ ŝƐĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌǀŝƌƵƐǁŝƐĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌǀŝƌƵƐǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĨĞĐƚƐĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌǀŝƌƵƐǁ ĞdžĞĐƵƚĂďůĞ;͘ĞdžĞͿĨŝůĞƐ͘dŚĞǀŝƌƵƐŝƐ ůŽĂĚĞĚĚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵĞŵŽƌLJ ďLJďLJ ĞdžĞĐƵƚŝŶŐ ĂŶ ŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŶ ĂĨĨĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌŵƉƵƚĞƌŵƉƵƚĞƌ ƌƵŶƚŝŵĞ ŽŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ͕ ĐŽƌƌƵƉƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ Žƌ ŽǀĞƌůĂLJ ĨŝůĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ǀŝƌƵƐ ŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƚĞƐŝƉƵůĂƚĞƐŝƉƵůĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ &ŝůĞ ůůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ dĂďůĞ ĂŶĚ ƐǁĂƉƐ ĨŝůĞŶĂŵĞƐ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ĨŝůĞƐ ŐĞƚůŽƐƚƐůŽǁůLJ͘ǁůLJ͘PMP >ŽŐŝĐŽŵď͗ůŽŐŝĐ ďŽŵď ŝƐ Ă ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ͕ Žƌ ƉŽƌƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ůŝĞƐ ĚŽƌŵĂŶƚ ƵŶƚŝůĂƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐƉŝĞĐĞŽĨƉƌŽŐƌĂŵůŽŐŝĐŝƐĂĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐǁĂLJ͕ĂůŽŐŝĐďŽŵď ŝƐ ǀĞƌLJ ĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐ ƚŽ Ă ƌĞĂůͲǁŽƌůĚ ůĂŶĚ ŵŝŶĞ͘ dŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ĂĐƚŝǀĂƚŽƌ ĨŽƌ Ă ůŽŐŝĐ ďŽŵď ŝƐ Ă ĚĂƚĞ͘ dŚĞ ůŽŐŝĐ ďŽŵď ĐŚĞĐŬƐ ƚŚĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĚĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚŚŝŶŐ ƵŶƚŝů Ă ƉƌĞͲƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞĚ ĚĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŝŵĞ ŝƐ ƌĞĂĐŚĞĚ͘ ƚ ƚŚĂƚ ƉŽŝŶƚ͕ƚŚĞůŽŐŝĐďŽŵďĂĐƚŝǀĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĞdžĞĐƵƚĞƐŝƚƐĐŽĚĞ͘ ŚƌŝƐƚŵĂƐsŝƌƵƐ͗ ŚƌŝƐƚŵĂƐ ǀŝƌƵƐ ŝƐ ĂŶ ĞŵĂŝů ǁŽƌŵ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƉƌĞĂĚƐ ǀŝĂ ĞŵĂŝů ĂƐ Ă ƐŵĂůů͕ ĞdžĞĐƵƚĂďůĞ ĨŝůĞ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ŶĂŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ǁŽƌŵ ŝƐ ƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ĐŽƉLJŝŶŐ ŝƚƐĞůĨ ŽŶƚŽ ůŽĐĂů ĂŶĚ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬĞĚ ĚƌŝǀĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ 30 38%/,6+(56 /7' 397 ĞŵĂŝůŝŶŐ ŝƚƐĞůĨ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĂƚƚĂĐŚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ĂŶLJ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ͘ /ƚ ĐŽƵůĚ ďƌĞĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ Ŭ ĂŶĚ ĨŝůĞƐ ƐƚŽƌĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚ ŵĂĐŚŝŶĞ͘ /ŶĨĞĐƚĞĚĞŵĂŝů ϲ ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐ ĂƌƌŝǀĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵďũĞĐƚ ͞DĞƌƌLJ ŚƌŝƐƚŵĂƐ͊͟ ĂŶĚ ďŽĚLJ ͞,ĂƉƉLJ ,ŽůŝĚĂLJƐ͊͘͟ dŚĞ ĂƚƚĂĐŚŵĞŶƚ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŶĂŵĞ ͞ƉŽƐƚĐĂƌĚ͟ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďLJ ĂŶ ĞdžĞĐƵƚĂďůĞĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ͘ ĚǁĂƌĞ͗ĚǁĂƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ƚŚĂƚ ĚŝƐƉůĂLJƐ ĂŶ ƵŶǁĂŶƚĞĚ ĂĚǀĞƌƚŝƐĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ Ă ďĂŶŶĞƌ͕ ƉŽƉͲƵƉ ǁŝŶĚŽǁ ŽŶ ǁĞď ƉĂŐĞƐ͕ ĞŵĂŝů ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐ͕ Žƌ ŽŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ /ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘/ĨLJŽƵĐůŝĐŬŽŶƚŚĞĂĚǀĞƌƚŝƐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƐŽŵĞƚŝŵĞƐŝƚǁŝůůƚĂŬĞ LJŽƵƚŽĂǀŝƌƵƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚƐŝƚĞ͕ĂŶĚǀŝƌƵƐǁŝůůŝŶƐƚĂůůŽŶLJŽƵƌĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ͘ ^ƉLJǁĂƌĞ͗ ƐƉLJǁĂƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ƉůĂĐĞĚ ŽŶ Ă ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ Žƌ ŵŽďŝůĞ ĚĞǀŝĐĞ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞƌ͛Ɛ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƐĞĐƌĞƚůLJ ĐŽůůĞĐƚƐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŶ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞƐ Žƌ ƐĞŶĚƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ƚŽ ƐŽŵĞ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ƐŽƵƌĐĞǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞƵƐĞƌŝƐŽŶůŝŶĞ͘ 6285&(62)9,586(6 sŝƌƵƐĞƐĂƌĞĂĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚŽŶLJŽƵƌĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌŝŶŵĂŶLJĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚǁĂLJƐ͗ ͲD/>͗ ͲŵĂŝů ǀŝƌƵƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƐƉƌĞĂĚ ďLJ ĨŝůĞƐ ĂƚƚĂĐŚĞĚ ƚŽ ĞͲŵĂŝů ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐ͘ zŽƵ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ŐĞƚ ĂŶ ĞͲ ŵĂŝů ǀŝƌƵƐ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐ ŽŶůLJ ƚĞdžƚ͘ tŚĞŶ LJŽƵ ŽƉĞŶ ĂŶ ĞͲŵĂŝů ĂƚƚĂĐŚŵĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐ Ă ǀŝƌƵƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ǀŝƌƵƐ ƐƉƌĞĂĚƐ ƚŽ LJŽƵƌ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ͘ /Ĩ LJŽƵ ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƚƚĂĐŚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƐǁŝůůĂůƐŽŐĞƚĂĨĨĞĐƚĞĚǁŚĞŶƚŚĞLJŽƉĞŶƚƉĞŶ ŚĞĂƚƚĂĐŚŵĞŶƚ͘ /Ed ZE dKtE>K͗ dŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ůŽƚ ŽĨ ƐƚƵĨĨ ƚŽ ĚŽǁŶůŽĂĚůŽĂĚĨƌŽŵ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ /ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ͘ Ƶƚ ŝĨ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ŝŶƚŚĞƐƚƵĨĨ͕LJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽĚŽǁŶůŽĂĚ͕ŝƐŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚďLJǀŝƌƵƐ͕ƚŚĞŶƌƵƐ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞǀŝƌƵƌƵƐ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞǀƚŚĞǀŝƌƵƐĐŽŵĞƐƚŽLJŽƵƌĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘ EŽǁ ǀŝƌƵƐ ƌĞƉůŝĐĂƚĞƐ ŝƚƐĞůĨ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĨĞĐƚƐ ŽƚŚĞƌŚĞƌĨŝůĞƐŽŶLJŽƵƌĐŽŵƉĞƌĨŝůĞƐŽŶLJŽƵƌ ĨŝůĞƐŽŶLJŽƵƌĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ͘dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐŝĨLJŽƵƌ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌŝƐŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚďLJǀŝƌƵƐƚŚĞŶǁŚĂƚĞǀĞƌĨŝůĞLJŽƵƐŚĂƌĞǁŝƚŚĞLJŽƵƐŚĂƌĞǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌƐĐŽƵĞLJŽƵƐŚĂƌĞǁŝƚŚŽŽƚŚĞƌƐĐŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƚŚĞǀŝƌƵƐ͘ /^dZ/hd/KE K& ^K&dtZ ͗ /Ĩ LJŽƵƌ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƉƵƚĞƌƵƚĞƌŝƐǀŝƌƵƐͲŝŶĨĞĐ ŝƐ ǀŝƌƵƐͲŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ LJŽLJŽƵ ĐŽƉLJ Ă ƐŽĨƚǁĂƌĞ ŽŶ Ă Žƌ ƉĞŶĚƌŝǀĞ ƚŽ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ͕Ğ͕ ƚŚĞ ǀŝƌƵƐ ŽĨ LJŽƵƌ ĐŽŵƉĐŽŵĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƵƚĞƌ ŵŝŐŚƚ ĂůƐŽ ŐĞƚ ĐŽƉŝĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ Žƌ ƉĞŶĚƌŝǀĞ͘ dŚĞ ƉĞƌƐŽŶ͕ ǁŚŽŽ ŝŶƐƚĂůůƐ ƚŚŝƐŚŝƐ ƐŽĨƚǁĂƌĞ ŽŶP ŚŝŚŝƐŚŝƐ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ͕ ƵŶŬŶŽǁŝŶŐůLJ ŐĞƚƐ ŚŝƐĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞǀŝƌƵƐ͘ 0DOZDUH DĂůǁĂƌĞ ;ƐŚŽƌƚ ĨŽƌ ŵĂůŝĐŝŽƵƐŝĐŝŽƵƐ ƐŽĨƚǁĂƌĞͿ ŝƐ Ă ƚĞƌŵ ƵƐƵƐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ǀŝƌƵƐĞƐ͕ ǁŽƌŵƐ͕ ƚƌŽũĂŶ ŚŽƌƐĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌŽŽƚŬŝƚƐ͘/ƚ ŝƐ Ă ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ƚŚĂƚ ĂĐƚƐ ǁǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ Ă ƵƐĞƌ͛Ɛ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂƚĞůLJ ĂůƚĞƌƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ ^ŽŵĞ^Žŵ ĐŽƌƌƵƉƚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƌƐŽƌǀŝƌƵƐ ĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ ǁƌŝƚĞ ŵĂůǁĂƌĞ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŶƚĞƐƚŝƚƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞŝƚĐĂŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝƚƐƉĂLJůŽĂĚ͘ĞŝƚĐĂŶĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝƚƐƉĂĞŝƚĐĂŶĚ ƉĂLJůŽĂĚŝƐĂĚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚŝǀĞĞǀĞŶƚĂƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ŝƐŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌ͘ DĂůǁĂƌĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌƐŝƚƐƉĂLJůŽĂĚŽŶĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌŝŶĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨǁĂLJƐŶĂĐŽŵƉŶĂĐŽŵ ͗ PMP ,73/$1(7 3(7$%<7( ;ϭͿ tŚĞŶĂƵƐĞƌŽƉĞŶƐĂŶŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚĨŝůĞ ;ϮͿ tŚĞŶĂƵƐĞƌƌƵŶƐĂŶŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ;ϯͿ tŚĞŶĂƵƐĞƌƚƐƚŚĞĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌǁŝƚŚŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚŽƌƉĞŶĚƌŝǀĞ ;ϰͿ tŚĞŶĂƵƐĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƐĂŶƵŶƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƚŽĂŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ;ϱͿ ŽǁŶůŽĂĚŝŶŐĂŶŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚĨŝůĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ
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ϭϯ CLASS VII SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE Textbook: IT Planet PETABYTE CHAPTER - 1 COMPUTER VIRUS General Instructions: 1. Exercise to be done in the book. 2. Assignment questions to be done in a ruled sheet. 3. Youtube links are for further explanation of the chapter. Youtube Links: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6H-P7slHC3U • https://youtu.be/bie_OuiifLc • https://youtu.be/JO6aG1BCwOo
INTRODUCTION
A virus is a computer program, which is capable of affecting your computer data badly by corrupting or destroying them. A computer virus is a malicious software program loaded onto a user's computer without the user's knowledge and performs malicious actions. It can self- replicate, inserting itself onto other programs or files, infecting them in the process. Not all computer viruses are destructive though.
Full form-VITAL INFORMATION RESOURCES UNDER SEIZE Virus Author---programmer of the virus who intentionally writes a virus program with a motive to damage data in computers. The Jerusalem virus had several effects on a computer’s operating system, loaded programs and files. The virus was known to erase various programs on set days, most commonly on Friday the 13th of any month.
1. File infectors --- These viruses attach themselves to program files. When the program is loaded, the virus is loaded as well. 2. Boot Sector---A boot sector virus is a malware that infects the computer storage sector where startup files are found ie. the boot sector of the disk.
3. Executable file virus---infects executable files to cause permanent damage or make them unusable. A file-infecting virus overwrites code or inserts infected code into an executable file. 4. Macro Virus---These viruses specifically target macro language commands in applications like Microsoft Word and other programs. In Word, macros are saved sequences for commands that are embedded in the documents.
EXAMPLES OF VIRUS--- Worm-- A worm is a type of malicious software that replicates while moving across computers, leaving copies of itself in the memory of each computer in its path. Trojan Horse--A Trojan horse virus is a seemingly benign program that when activated, causes harm to a computer system. It comes as a friendly program but is very dangerous as it destroys all the data on the system. Rootkit---A rootkit is a software used by a hacker to gain constant administrator-level access to a computer or network. Rootkits can completely deactivate or destroy the anti-malware software installed in an infected computer, thus making a rootkit attack difficult to track and eliminate. Sweeper--Virus Sweeper is a program that when it is installed starts to perform actions such as scanning your computer without your permission. Virus Sweeper's scan is fake as the results are made-up. Sleeper---The sleeper virus exploits private information stored in a computer. It generally steals personal and financial information from private and corporate networks. Alabama--When a file infected with Alabama is executed, the virus becomes memory resident. It infects executable files. Logic Bomb---A logic bomb is a piece of code inserted into an operating system or software application that implements a malicious function after a certain amount of time, or specific conditions are met. Christmas Virus--- spreads via email. Generally, it comes with a message…merry Christmas Adware--is a program installed without a user's consent or knowledge during the installation of another program. Much like spyware, adware tracks individuals Internet activities and habits to help companies advertise more efficiently. Spyware---Spyware is a term used to describe a program designed to gather information about a user's activity secretly. Spyware can capture information like Web browsing habits, e-mail messages, usernames and passwords, and credit card information. If left unchecked, the software can transmit this data to another person's computer over the Internet. SOURCES OF VIRUSES • Email--- Spread by files attached to e-mail messages. • Internet Download--- If downloaded stuff is infected by a virus, it infects the computer also. • Distribution of Software--- if the software in CD or pen drive is copied from an infected computer and then distributed to others, it spreads.
MALWARE
Short for "malicious software," malware refers to software programs designed to damage or do other unwanted actions on a computer system. PAYLOAD--- destructive event a program is intended to deliver. How is payload delivered? • Opening infected file • Running infected program • Booting with infected pen drive • Connect unprotected comp to a network • Downloading infected file from the Internet SYMPTOMS OF MALWARE/VIRUS: • Your computer is slowing down • Annoying ads are displayed • Computer Crashes • Pop-up messages • Internet traffic suspiciously increases • Your browser homepage changed without your input • Unusual messages show unexpectedly • Your security solution is disabled • Your friends say they receive strange messages from you • Unfamiliar icons are displayed on your desktop • Unusual error messages
EFFECTS OF MALWARE/VIRUSES • Malware causes your connection to slow down. • Malware causes your computer to slow down; badly written code can cause your computer to crash. • Malware can cause your computer to display error messages continually. • Malware could cause your computer to be incapable of shutting down or restarting as it keeps certain processes active. • Malware could be used for identity theft to gather personal information or data from your computer. • Malware can hijack your browser to redirect you to sites for its purposes. • Malware can infect your computer. • Malware could send emails you did not write.
EMAIL-VIRUS
Email viruses are spread by the files attached to the email messages. SPREADING OF EMAIL-VIRUS--- It spreads when someone opens an email attachment that contains a virus. If this attachment is forwarded, other computers will also get affected when the attachment is opened.
RANSOMWARE VIRUS
Ransomware is a form of malware that encrypts a victim's files. The attacker then demands a ransom from the victim to restore access to the data upon payment. Users are shown instructions on how to pay a fee to get the decryption key. HOW IT WORKS---through email attachment, the infected website you visit. PREVENTING RANSOMWARE ATTACKS--- • Keep your operating system patched and up-to-date. • Don't install software unless you know exactly what it is and what it does. • Install antivirus software, which detects malicious programs like ransomware as they arrive, • And, of course, back up your files, frequently and automatically.
ANTIVIRUS PROGRAM
It is a software utility designed to protect your computer or network against computer viruses. VIRUS DEFINITION/SIGNATURE A virus signature is the fingerprint of a virus. It is a set of unique data, or bits of code, that allows it to be identified. Antivirus software uses a virus signature to find a virus in a computer file system, allowing to detect, quarantine, and remove the virus FEATURES OF ANTIVIRUS--- • Automatic update----prompts to download updated virus signatures • Automatic scan attachments, files • Alerts about new viruses and virus hoax. Virus hoax warns users of nonexistent virus and tells to delete a file. WORKING OF ANTIVIRUS---- • attempts to remove the infection. • Quarantines (a separate area that holds infected file until infection can be removed) the infected file. POPULAR ANTIVIRUS PROGRAMS • Norton protects from viruses and internet threats • Mcafee delivers complete virus protection and Internet security • Kaspersky protection from the latest online threats • AVG protection from harmful downloads and spyware • Totalav protection from viruses, malware, spyware and ransomware • Quick heal protection from viruses, spyware and malware
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST VIRUS
1. Don't start your computer when there is a USB (thumb) drive or another type of removable media in a port or driver, especially if that media came from someone you don't know or trust 100%.
2. Think twice before opening any attachment that comes in an email. Ask yourself, "Do I know the sender?" If the answer is "yes," are you sure their email address is correct? Were you expecting the attachment?
3. If you receive an email from a stranger, delete it without opening the email. If there's an attachment, do not open the attachment under any circumstances!
4. If you receive an email with an attachment from someone you do know—but that you weren't expecting—inspect it closely. Check the spelling of the sender's name and examine the message carefully for spelling errors, which is often a tipoff that it's not genuine.
5. Make sure you have an antivirus program running on your computer and keep it updated. It will identify and remove viruses in your memory, storage media and any incoming files. Most importantly, an antivirus program automatically scans files you download from the Internet, email attachments and open files.
6. Keep your guard up! Some websites publish lists of the latest known virus alerts and virus hoaxes. 1 Computer Virus
A. Tick [ü] the correct answer. 1. c. 2. a. 3. a. 4. b. 5. a. B. Write ‘T’ for True and ‘F’ for False statements. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. F
C. Fill in the blanks. 1. Vital Information Resources Under Seize 2. Virus Author 3. E-mail 4. Trojan Horse 5. Virus definition
D. Define the following. 1. Rootkit: It is a program that hides in a computer and allows someone from a remote location to take full control of the computer. 2. Logic Bomb: A logic bomb is a program, or portion of a program, which lies dormant until a specific piece of program logic is activated. 3. Virus Signature: A virus signature, also called a virus definition, is a known specific pattern of virus code.
E. Differentiate between the following. 1. Adware: It is a program that displays an unwanted advertisement in a banner, pop-up window on web pages, e-mail messages, or on other Internet services. Spyware : A program placed on a computer or mobile device without the user’s knowledge that secretly collects information about the user and then communicates the same information to some outside source while the user is online.
9 F. Answer in 1-2 sentences. 1. A computer virus is a program which is created deliberately to damage critical information and data. 2. An antivirus program protects a computer against virus, identifying and removing any computer virus found in the memory, storage media, or incoming files.
G. Answer Briefly.
1. This virus attaches itself to the boot sector of the disk. The infected code runs when the system is booted from that infected disk and it will infect at BIOS level. 2. Viruses are activated on our computer in many different ways such as when we open an e-mail attachment that contains a virus, when something we downloaded from the Internet is infected by virus or when a virus-infected software is installed in our computer via CD or pen drive. 3. E-mail viruses are spread by the files attached to e-mail messages. When we open an e-mail attachment that contains a virus, the virus spreads to our computer. If we forward the attachment to other people, their computers will also be affected when they open the attachment. 4. Ransomware is a virus that restricts access to our computer system and demands a ransom (money) to be paid in order to remove the restriction. 5. i. Do not start a computer with removable media inserted in the drives or plugged in the ports. ii. Install an antivirus program on all your computers. Update the software and the virus signature files regularly.
H. Application Based Question. The e-mail attachment might have a virus in it that made the computer slow and created trouble in running apps.
10 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
1. Define the following:
a) Virus author
b) Computer virus
c) Malware
d) Payload
e) Logic Bomb
2. Write the difference between File infector and Boot Sector virus.
3. Explain the different sources of viruses.
4. Give the full form of VIRUS.
5. Which virus gets activated every Friday which occurs on the 13th of a month?
6. How does E-mail virus spread?
7. Name some popular antivirus software programs.
8. How can a virus affect a computer system?
9. What measures can you take to prevent a Ransomware attack?
10. Why do we use antivirus program?
11. Which virus comes as a friendly program?
12. Write three precautions that should be taken to prevent computer virus.