Pengembangan Potensi Sumberdaya Petani Melalui Penerapan Teknologi Partisipatif

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Pengembangan Potensi Sumberdaya Petani Melalui Penerapan Teknologi Partisipatif Seminar Nasional Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani Melalui Penerapan Teknologi Tepat Guna 2002 PENGEMBANGAN POTENSI SUMBERDAYA PETANI MELALUI PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI PARTISIPATIF Pantjar Simatupang1 dan Nizwar Syafa’at2 Kepala Pusat1 dan Kepala Bidang Program dan Evaluasi2, Puslitbang Sosial Ekonorni Pertanian, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian PENDAHULUAN 1. Pembangunan pertanian memasuki milenium ketiga dihadapkan kepada perubahan lingkungan strategis baik yang bersifat eksternal (globalisasi) maupun internal. Kemampuan produk pertanian domestik di pasar global menghadapi tantangan yang semakin komplek, karena landasan pembangunan ekonomi yang dibangun selama ini mengalami kemunduran akibat dari adanya krisis yang berkepanjangan. 2. Perubahan lingkungan strategis global ini mengarah kepada semakin kuatnya liberalisasi perdagangan dan membawa berbagai konsekuensi terhadap pasar komoditas pertanian Indonesia. Sementara itu tekanan internal, antara lain jumlah penduduk yang terus meningkat, mempengaruhi penawaran tenaga kerja dan permintaan terhadap produk pertanian serta meningkatnya tekanan terhadap sumberdaya pertanian, seperti antara lain sumberdaya lahan, sumberdaya air dan plasma nutfah. 3. Pemberlakuan UU No. 29/1999 dan UU No. 25/1999 memberikan implikasi yang sangat strategis yaitu ―pendaerahan‖ manajemen pembangunan termasuk di dalamnya pembangunan pertanian. Dengan memberikan hak, wewenang dan tanggung jawab kepada daerah, maka pembangunan mendatang harus sangat didasarkan kepada potensi dan peluang yang tersedia di masing-masing daerah. OIeh karena itu daerah harus lebih mampu memberdayakan dan melibatkan secara penuh komunitas dan unit-unit kelembagaan masyarakat yang ada di masing-masing wilayah yang bersangkutan. 4. Penerapan inovasi teknologi merupakan salah satu kunci utama dalam pemanfaatan sumberdaya petani yang terbatas sesuai kondisinya masing-masing. Dengan penerapan inovasi teknologi tepat guna diharapkan dapat dicapai peningkatan produksi, produktivitas, peningkatan efisiensi dan mutu produk yang selanjutnya akan membawa kepada peningkatan nilai tambah agribisnis bagi kesejahteraan masyarakat. Sistem agribisnis dimaksud mencakup empat subsistem utama, yaitu (1) subsistem hulu (pengadaan sarana); (2) subsistembudidaya pertanian (on-farm); (3) subsistem hilir (pengolahan hasil dan pemasaran); serta (4) subsistem pendukung (prasarana dan fasilitasi). Pengembangan setiap subsistem agribisnis memerlukan rekayasa don adopsi teknologi untuk meningkatkan produktivitas, efisiensi dan mutu produk, sehingga berdaya saing tinggi. Inovasi teknologi mutlak diperlukan dalarn pengembangan potensi sumberdaya petani bagi peningkatan kesejahteraan mereka. POTENSI SUMBERDAYA PETANI 1. Sumber Alam 5. Sumberdaya alam di bidang pertanian mencakup sumberdaya tanah, air, iklim, kelautan dan hayati. Diantara sumberdaya alam tersebut tanah dan air mendapat tekanan sangat berat akibat dari perubahan dinamika ekonomi. Dilain pihak sumberdaya kelautan dan hayati belum cukup dimanfaatkan secara optimal untuk peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Upaya menahan laju konversi lahan pertanian subur menjadi sangat penting, khususnya sawah beririgasi teknis, termasuk meningkatkan intensitas pemanfataan dan produktivitasnya secara lestari dengan merehabilitasi sarana pengairan, sehingga memungkinkan peningkatan intensitas tanam dan diversifikasi pertanian berskala luas. Konversi penggunaan untuk kegiatan luar sektor pertanian telah menekan penggunaan lahan untuk pertanian. 6. Indonesia diakui oleh dunia sebagai salah satu negara yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati yang sangat besar mencakup plasma nutfah tanaman pangan, hortikultura, tanaman industri, perkebunan, 1 Seminar Nasional Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani Melalui Penerapan Teknologi Tepat Guna 2002 perikanan dan peternakan. Namun demikian keanekaragaman hayati tersebut bersifat semu karena masih berupa potensi. Kemampuan untuk menggali, rnemanfaatkan dan mengembangkannya belum optimal. Melalui rekayasa teknologi, plasma nutfah dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan penyediaan pangan, sandang, papan dan farmasi serta produk bio-kimia lainnya. 7. Salah satu strategi dasar dalam pengembangan agribisnis yang merupakan program utama pembangunan pertanian adalah pemanfaatan dan perluasan spektrum pertanian yang bertitik tolak dari potensi dan keragaman sumberdaya alam serta kondisi sosial ekonomi, dengan tetap memperhatikan kelestarian sumberdaya dan lingkungannya. Pembangunan pertanian harus didasarkan atas potensi lahan yang keberhasilannya tergantung pada pilihan komoditas serta sistem usaha yang sesuai dengan karakteristik potensi tersebut. Berbagai langkah perlu diambil dalam rangka pengembangan sumberdaya alam secara optimal antara lain, adalah: a. Pengenalan sifat dan karakteristik lahan antara lain iklim, tanah, air, topografi, veqetasi dan penggunaan tanah; b. Menetapkan kesesuaian lahan dengan melakukan analisis kesesuaian antara kualitas dan karakteristik lahan dengan persyaratan penggunaan lahan; c. Menetapkan tingkat manajemen yang diperlukan untuk setiap penggunaan lahan. Berbagai tingkat pengelolaan diperlukan sesuai dengan sifat dan karakteristik lahan tersebut; d. Menilai kesesuaian lahan bagi pengembangan berbagai komoditas tanaman dan peternakan; e. Menentukan pilihan komoditas atau tipe penggunaan lahan tertentu yang secara fisik sesuai dan secara ekonomis menguntungkan. 2. Sumberdaya Sosial-Ekonomi 8. Pada periode tahun 1980-1998 angkatan kerja di Indonesia meningkat dari 51,2 juta menjadi 87,0 juta orang, atau peningkatan laju 4% per tahun. Sektor pertanian berperan besar dalam penyerapan angkatan kerja/kesempatan kerja tersebut. Dalam tahun 1980 kesempatan kerja di pertanian mencapai 27,3 juta orang (66,2% angkatan kerja) rnenjadi 33,5 juta orang (58,3% angkatan keja) di tahun 1998. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar penduduk desa masih menggantungkan hidupnya pada usaha pertanian. Kemampuan dalam penyerapan tenaga kerja yang besar tersebut menjadikan sektor pertanian sangat penting dan menonjol dalam perekonomian nasional. 9. Dari aspek kuantitas, sumberdaya manusia yang bekerja di pertanian lebih besar dibandingkan sektor lainnya. Namun secara kualitas, sebagian besar sumberdaya manusia tersebut dinilai rendah apabila diukur dengan tingkat pendidikannya. Dalam tahun 1998 sejumlah 14,34% tenaga kerja yang bekerja di pertanian tidak sekolah, 26,25% tidak tamat SD, 43% berpendidikan SD tamat, 10,38% berpendidikan SLTP, 4 SLTA dan sisanya yang pernah menempuh pendidikan tinggi hanya sekitar 0,30%. Kenyataan menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat pendidikan berkorelasi negatif dengan keinginan mereka bekeria di sektor pertanian, terutama dibidang budidaya pertanian. Upaya- upaya untuk menciptakan kondisi yang membuat citra usaha pertanian menjadi suatu sektor usaha yang prospektif dan nyaman, harus ditingkatkan untuk menarik SDM berpendidikan lebih tinggi berkiprah di pertanian. Salah satu kebijaksanaan yang harus ditempuh adalah dengan rnengembangkan agribisnis dengan kandungan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang tinggi. 10. SDM di pedesaan relatif besar berpotensi tinggi untuk membangun pedesaan dalam pengembangan agribisnis. SDM ini, terutama golongan muda cukup responsif terhadap sentuhan inovasi untuk meningkatkan profesionalisme mereka dalam mendukung pengembangan agribisnis yang berdaya saing tinggi. Budaya masyarakat pedesaan menghargai tata nilai yang mencirikan kemajuan, seperti kerja keras, rajin, hidup hemat dan daya empati tinggi. Hal ini merupakan salah satu potensi besar untuk dijadikan penggerak kemajuan agribisnis setempat. Solidaritas masyarakat pedesaan, terutama tingkat ―kampung‖ relatif sangat tinggi. Hal ini merupakan potensi besar untuk membangun agribisnis dengan basis kolektivitas masyarakat setempat. Nilai harmoni yang dijunjung tinggi oleh umumnya masyarakat pedesaan memberikan andil yang besar terhadap penguatan solidaritas seternpat. 11. Struktur masyarakat di tingkat bawah relatif egaliter. Hal ini merupakan basis yang kuat untuk menerapkan prinsip-prinsip obyektif dan rasional dalam rangka pengembangan kelompok-kelompok agribisnis di pedesaan. Kepemimpinan lokal umumnya didasarkan pada apresiasi masyarakat setempat dan faktor kepemimpinan ini masih sangat efektif untuk menggerakan masyarakat 2 Seminar Nasional Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani Melalui Penerapan Teknologi Tepat Guna 2002 pedesaan. Dengan semakin tingginya apresiasi pemimpin lokal terhadap inovasi di bidang agribisnis, peran pemimpin lokal ini akan memberikan andil yang besar terhadap pengembangan agribisnis di pedesaan. Potensi sumberdaya sosial dapat dijadikan penggerak kemajuan ekonomi pedesaan dan sekaligus penghela kesejahteraan (dan keadilan) masyarakat petani 12. Usaha agribisnis dipedesaan didominasi oleh usaha rumah tangga pertanian, yang sebagian besar niemiliki dan/atau menguasai lahan sempit dan berpendapatan rendah. Secara nasional 51% petani mengusahakan tanah lebih kecil dari 0,5 ha. Akses kepada permodalan juga sangat lemah, dan sebagal akibatnya usaha mereka tidak dapat berkembang, untuk memungkinkan dihasilkannya produk-produk berdaya saing tinggi dan selanjutnya memperoleh pendapatan yang layak. Usaha mereka pada umumnya bertitik berat kepada budidaya pertanian, sehingga kurang menikmati nilai tambah dari keseluruhan proses agnibisnis. MEMBANGUN AGRIBISNIS DI PEDESAAN 13. Agribisnis didefinisikan pertama kali oleh David dan Golberg (1957) sebagai berikut ―Agribusiness is the sum total of all operations involved in the manufacture
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