Við Erum Ekki Kennslubók Í Baráttunni Gegn Hryðjuverkum. Við Erum Sjónvarpsþáttur.“ Birtingarmynd Öryggisstefnu Bandaríkjanna Í Sjónvarpsþáttunum 24

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Við Erum Ekki Kennslubók Í Baráttunni Gegn Hryðjuverkum. Við Erum Sjónvarpsþáttur.“ Birtingarmynd Öryggisstefnu Bandaríkjanna Í Sjónvarpsþáttunum 24 „Við erum ekki kennslubók í baráttunni gegn hryðjuverkum. Við erum sjónvarpsþáttur.“ Birtingarmynd öryggisstefnu Bandaríkjanna í sjónvarpsþáttunum 24 Pétur Fannberg Víglundsson Lokaverkefni til MA-gráðu í alþjóðasamskiptum Félagsvísindasvið Febrúar 2013 „Við erum ekki kennslubók í baráttunni gegn hryðjuverkum. Við erum sjónvarpsþáttur.“ Birtingarmynd öryggisstefnu Bandaríkjanna í sjónvarpsþáttunum 24 Pétur Fannberg Víglundsson Lokaverkefni til MA-gráðu í alþjóðasamskiptum Leiðbeinendur: Silja Bára Ómarsdóttir og Jón Gunnar Ólafsson Stjórnmálafræðideild Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands Febrúar 2013 Ritgerð þessi er lokaverkefni til MA-gráðu í alþjóðasamskiptum og er óheimilt að afrita ritgerðina á nokkurn hátt nema með leyfi rétthafa. © Pétur Fannberg Víglundsson 2013 290683-5139 Reykjavík, Ísland 2013 Útdráttur Í þessari ritgerð er leitast við að varpa ljósi á þá mynd af öryggisstefnu Bandaríkjanna sem dregin er upp í sjónvarpsþáttunum 24 í kjölfar hryðjuverkaárásanna 11. september 2001 og hvernig hún er réttlætt þar. Notast er við orðræðugreiningu í anda Michel Foucault. Með henni er reynt að svara þeim spurningum hvort pyntingar séu réttlættar sem tól í baráttunni gegn hryðjuverkum, hvort sú ímynd sé dregin upp af múslimum að þeir séu hryðjuverkamenn og hvort sértækar aðgerðir gegn múslimum í þágu öryggis séu lögmætar. Kenningagrunnur ritgerðarinnar byggir á kenningum sem varða poppmenningu og öryggismál. Mótunarhyggja, póststrúktúralismi og póstmódernismi eru útskýrð í tengslum við poppmenninguna en sá hluti sem snýr að öryggismálum er byggður á raunhyggju og frjálslyndisstefnu. Til að grundvalla umræðuna enn betur er mismunandi nálgun á baráttuna gegn hryðjuverkum skilgreind út frá svokölluðum „10. september hugsun“ og „12. september hugsun“. Í þeim birtast fræðilegar nálganir raunhyggju og frjálslyndisstefnu gagnvart öryggishugtakinu. Orðræðugreining leiddi í ljós að í mörgum tilvikum eru pyntingar sýndar í jákvæðu ljósi, múslimar gerðir að hryðjuverkamönnum og sértækar öryggisaðferðir gegn múslimum notaðar í sjónvarpsþáttunum 24. Færð eru rök fyrir því að þar með sé réttlætt öryggisstefna Bandaríkjanna á tímabilinu eftir hryðjuverkaárásirnar 11. september 2001 þar til þættirnir voru teknir af dagsskrá árið 2010. Hins vegar tekur orðræðan miklum breytingum á milli þáttaraða og er hún yfirleitt í takt við þann tíðaranda sem ríkti á þeim tíma sem hver þáttaröð af 24 var frumsýnd í sjónvarpi. 3 Abstract The aim of this dissertation is to examine how the security policy of the United States of America after the terrorist attacks on 9/11 2001 is portrayed in the popular television series 24 and justified on the show. Foucaultian discourse analysis is utilized to clarify if torture is legitimized on the show, if and how muslims are portrayed as terrorist and whether security measures specifically aimed at muslims are justified. The theoretical framework is based on theories concerning pop culture and security issues. Constructivism, poststructuralism and postmodernism are outlined in regards to pop culture and the part concerning security issues is based on realism and liberalism. To extend the framework regarding the fight against terrorism the concepts of “September 10 thought” and “September 12 thought” are introduced. Within those concepts the different takes of realism and liberalism on the fight against terrorism can be found. The discourse analysis found that in many cases torture is shown in a positive light, muslims are portrayed as terrorists and security measures specifically aimed at muslims are frequently used. It is argued that the show justifies the security policy of the USA in timeframe between 9/11 and the time the show is cancelled in 2010. However it is also concluded that the discourse changes significantly between series of 24 in accordance to the zeitgeist of US society at the time of their original airing on television. 4 Formáli Ritgerð þessi er 30 ECTS eininga lokaritgerð til meistaraprófs í alþjóðasamskiptum við Stjórnmálafræðideild Félagsvísindasviðs Háskóla Íslands. Ritgerðin var unnin undir handleiðslu Silju Báru Ómarsdóttur, aðjúnkts við Stjórnmálafræðideild Háskóla Íslands og Jóns Gunnars Ólafssonar, kennara við sömu deild. Ég kann þeim bestu þakkir fyrir svör við spurningum, almennar leiðbeiningar, þolinmæði og skilning gagnvart aðstæðum mínum hverju sinni. Hugmyndin að ritgerð á borð við þessa varð einmitt til í áfanga sem þau kenndu vorið 2011 og í samtölum í kjölfar hans. Undirbúningur og skriftir hafa staðið nú með vinnu í meira en ár og hefur sú vinna öll átt sér stað í Reykjavík. Ég vil byrja á að þakka kærustunni minni henni Auði Ösp Valdimarsdóttur sem hefur sýnt mér ótrúlega þolinmæði og skilning síðan ég kynntist henni í lok árs 2011. Hún ásamt sonum hennar, Ríkarði Valdimar og Alexander Breka, hafa fært lífi mínu fyllingu og gleði sem veittu mér þann innblástur sem þurfti til að klára þessa ritgerð. Foreldrar mínir þau Hafdís Edda Stefánsdóttir og Víglundur Rúnar Pétursson eiga líka þakkir skildar fyrir allan þann stuðning sem þau hafa sýnt mér nú sem endra nær í lífinu sem og systir mín Ellen Ösp Víglundsdóttir sem las yfir og hjálpaði til stöku sinnum. Vinir mínir þau hjónin Ísak Sigurjón Bragason og Hildigunnur Þórsdóttir fá einnig miklar þakkir fyrir að lesa yfir og leiðrétta. Þau sem miklir áhugamenn um þættina 24 voru ávallt tilbúin í umræður um þættina sem oft á tíðum veittu mér ómetanlega innsýn inn í viðfangsefnið. Einnig las vinkona mín hún Anna Lilja Pétursdóttir yfir og kann ég henni bestu þakkir fyrir það. Að lokum vil ég þakka yfirmönnum og samstarfsfólki í Vínbúðinni Skútuvogi sem sýndu mér þolinmæði og sveigjanleika þegar ég þurfti. 5 Efnisyfirlit Útdráttur ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Formáli .................................................................................................................................................... 5 Efnisyfirlit .............................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Inngangur .......................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Bakgrunnur .................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Poppmenning ......................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Nýr heimur í kjölfar hryðjuverka .................................................................................. 18 2.3 24: Umdeildir sjónvarpsþættir ....................................................................................... 22 2.4 Samantekt ................................................................................................................................ 25 3. Fræðilegur grunnur .................................................................................................................... 27 3.1 Mótun sjálfsmyndar: Takmarkanir eðlishyggjunnar ............................................ 27 3.2 Póststrúktúralismi: Sjálfsveran í hlekkjum tungumálsins og tengsl valds og þekkingar ........................................................................................................................................ 31 3.3 Póstmódernismi og poppmenning: Heimur án dýptar ........................................ 34 3.5 Öryggishugtakið .................................................................................................................... 41 3.5.1 Öryggishugtakið innan raunhyggju ..................................................................... 44 3.5.2 Öryggishugtakið innan frjálslyndisstefnu ......................................................... 45 3.6 Pyntingar ................................................................................................................................. 48 3.7 Samantekt ................................................................................................................................ 51 4. Aðferðafræði .................................................................................................................................. 53 4.1. Orðræðugreining í anda Foucaults .............................................................................. 54 4.2 Verklag: Gagnrýnin orðræðugreining ......................................................................... 57 5. Orðræðugreining: Jack Bauer og baráttan gegn hryðjuverkum .............................. 61 5.1 Réttlæting pyntinga: “That's the problem with people like you George. You want results but you never want to get your hands dirty.“ ....................................... 62 5.2 Öðrun múslima sem ógn við öryggi Bandaríkjamanna og staðalímynd þeirra sem hryðjuverkamenn. ............................................................................................... 77 5.2.1. Ekki eru allir múslimar hryðjuverkamenn, en hver einasti þeirra gæti samt verið það. ......................................................................................................................... 77 5.2.2 Réttlæting aðgerða gegn múslimum. Þetta fólk verður að aðgreina frá öðrum til að koma í veg fyrir hryðjuverk ....................................................................
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