DOCSLIB.ORG

Chromosome Numbers in Aconitum Sect. Cammarum (Ranuncu- Laceae) from the Carpathians

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chromosome Numbers in Aconitum Sect. Cammarum (Ranuncu- Laceae) from the Carpathians View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Jagiellonian Univeristy Repository CARYOLOGIA Vol. 64, no. 4: 446-452, 2011 Chromosome numbers in Aconitum sect. Cammarum (Ranuncu- laceae) from the Carpathians Ilnicki1 Tomasz and Józef Mitka2* 1Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Grodzka 52, 31-044 Kraków, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] 2Botanical Garden, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501 Kraków, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract — Chromosome numbers for four species and two nothospecies of the sect. Cammarum ser. Variegata, ser. Toxicum, and nothoser. Toxigata in the Carpathians amount to 2n = 16, and in one case to 2n = 32. For the nothospecies: A. ×gayeri Starmühl. and A. ×pawlowskii Mitka et Starmühl. chromosome numbers are given for the first time. According to the cytological evidence a new combination Aconitum degenii subsp. degenii var. intermedium (Zapał.) Mitka [=A. hebegynum non DC.] is proposed. Key words: Aconitum sect. Cammarum, chromosome numbers, hybridization, Linnaean taxonomy, Ranuncu- laceae. INTRODUCTION subgen. Aconitum is still far from being satisfac- torily understood (Luo et al. 2005). The reasons The genus Aconitum L. is circumscribed of taxonomic inconsistency include the high level within three subgenera: Aconitum, Lycoctonum of morphological variation due to morphologi- (DC.) Peterm. and a monospecific Gymnandrum cal plasticity and the notorious interspecific hy- (Stapf.) Rapaics (Liangqian and Kadota 2001). bridization (Kadota 1981; oh and ParK 1998), Additionally, some authors distinguish the sub- also between species of the different ploidy levels gen. Anthora DC. (Peterm.) (= Anisanthora Na- (zieLiński 1982a, b). kai) and subgen. Tangutica (W.T. Wang) Kadota The general taxonomy of sect. Aconitum in the (2001), though their rank in the Linnean system- Carpathians and the chromosome numbers were atics of the genus is not clear. In Europe, the taxo- given in our previous paper (iLnicKi and MitKa nomic treatment of subgen. Aconitum is clear: the 2009). Now, we report the chromosome numbers section Cammarum (Aconitum variegatum-Group for A. sect. Cammarum in the mountain range. sensu götz 1967) includes only diploid species, The Carpathians are the most important cen- and sect. Aconitum (A. napellus-group sensu tre of Aconitum evolution in Europe (Mucher Seitz 1969) possesses tetraploid species. The 1993; StarMühLer and MitKa 2001; MitKa 2003). species of the sect. Aconitum grow in open, high- The geomorphology of the mountain range is mountain alpine and subalpine zones, and of the linked with its geographical and geobotanical di- sect. Cammarum mainly in forest montane zones, vision into the Western, Eastern, and Southern sometimes having the status of the montane spe- Carpathians (KondracKi 1989; zeManeK 1991). cies descending to the lowlands (MitKa 2003). Especially, the Western Carpathians are isolated Opposite to Europe, the systematics of the Asian from the rest of the mountain range through the low situated the Beskid Niski (Low Beskyd Mts.) and the lowest lying in the Carpathian arch the Dukla Pass - 1000 m above the sea level. The geo- graphical isolation is accompanied by schizoen- demism in various genera in the Western Car- *Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] pathians (e.g. Mráz and SzeLąg 2004; roniKier et chroMoSoMe nuMberS in aconitum 447 al. 2008; tĕšiteL et al. 2009), including Aconitum. × A. variegatum subsp. variegatum) and A. ×gay- For example, in the Western Carpathians two eri (A. lasiocarpum × A. degenii). The present infraspecific taxa of Aconitum firmum Rchb., i.e. results could be helpful in the explaining of the A. f. subsp. moravicum Skalický and A. f. subsp. taxonomic relations among taxa of the sect. Cam- maninense (Skalický) Starmühl., and nothospe- marum. The results could also contribute to bet- cies A. ×pawlowskii (Pawł.) Mitka et Starmühl., ter understanding of evolutionary pathways in the are endemic to the region (StarMühLer and Mit- genus Aconitum. Ka 2001; MitKa 2003). All examined Aconitum subgen. Aconitum kary- otypes, �����������������������������������������both European and Asian,����������������� are highly asym- MATERIALS AND METHODS metric and always consist of two big and six small- er chromosomes (Shang and Li 1984; JoachiMiaK Aconitum specimens were collected in the et al. 1999; Yang 2001). The sect. Cammarum is field and transferred to the Botanical Garden of diploid with 2n = 16 (Seitz 1969; JoachiMiaK et al. the Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. The 1999). The results of studies on the sect. Camma- specimens used in the study are kept in the her- rum ser. Variegata, i.e. A. variegatum subsp. vari- barium of the Institute of Botany of the Jagiellon- egatum, and two other species of the sect. Camma- ian University KRA. rum ser. Toxicum: A. lasiocarpum and A. degenii, The method of staining of the chromosomes showed high similarity of their chromosome mor- is described in the paper by JoachiMiaK et al. phologies. The only difference concerned the sta- (1999). bility of the satellites. In A. variegatum three pairs The taxonomic system follows StarMühLer of NOR chromosomes (I, III and V) had the same (2001) and geographical names follow Kon- size of the satellites, but in the karyotype of the re- dracKi (1989). maining species the chromosomes of I and III pairs showed structural heterozygosity, i.e. only in one of the homologues of the pair the satellite was clearly RESULTS AND DISCUSSION visible (JoachiMiaK et al. 1999). In our previous study (JoachiMiaK et al. 1999) Aconitum sect. Cammarum DC. subsect. Cam- we also presented an accurate organization of the marum ser. Variegata Steinb. ex Starmühl. (2001). classical and C-banding karyotype of A. lasiocar- pum as well as the estimated content and distribu- Ser. Variegata is characterized by homozygos- tion of heterochromatin in A. variegatum subsp. ity of the largest pair of the chromosomes (no. 1) variegatum and A. degenii. The karyotype of the in the karyotype concerning the occurrence of examined specimens of A. variegatum was rich in satellites - JoachiMiaK et al. (1999). heterochromatin, in contrast to A. lasiocarpum and A. degenii, which were poor in this fraction. Aconitum variegatum L. (1753) We also stated the same structural heterozygos- Aconitum variegatum subsp. variegatum - ity of the NOR-chromosomes of I and III pairs 2n = 16 (Fig. 1A) of A. lasiocarpum and A. degenii in terms of the Locality: [Poland] Tylmanowa, Gorce Mts., size of heterochromatic segments neighbouring Western Carpathians, c. 520 m, 27.09.1999 J. with NOR on their shorter arms. These results Mitka (KRA). didn’t confirm götz’S (1967) hypothesis on the A subspecies endemic to Europe. It belongs hybridogenous origin of A. lasiocarpum, which to the European-temperate-montane group and could presumably arise in the effect of crossing to the Alpic-Central European distributional type between A. variegatum and A. degenii. On the (zaJąc and zaJąc 2009). It occurs in the Alps, other hand, the structural heterozygosity shows Pyrenees, northern Apennines, Sudetes, East- evolutionary lineage of A. lasiocarpum and A. de- ern and Western Carpathians. In the Western genii (JoachiMiaK et al. 1999), circumscribed in Carpathains it reaches the north-eastern limit of the ser. Toxicum (Mucher 1993). the geographical distribution along the Wisłoka In the present study, we examined eight taxa river in the Niski Beskyd (Poland). The ecological of the sect. Cammarum from the Carpathians: center of the species in the Western Carpathians A. variegatum subsp. variegatum, A. v. subsp. is in the Tatra Mts., where it can be found spo- nasutum, A. lasiocarpum subsp. lasiocarpum, A. radically up to 1500 m above the sea level. l. subsp. kotulae, A. degenii and A. toxicum and Apart from the Carpathians A. variegatum was two hybrid, i.e. A. × pawlowskii (A. lasiocarpum karyologically analyzed in Bulgaria by Koeva-to- 448 iLnicKi and MitKa dorovska (1992) and in Austria by Schafer and orientated tubers, thus it belongs to the sect. Cat- La cour (1934), and Seitz (1969). In each case enata Steinb. ex H. Riedl (1978). The taxonomic diploid number 2n = 16 was noted. For informa- position of A. nasutum from Asia Minor is also tion on karyology of the species in Europe see not known. According to the karyological data by SiMon et al. 1999. Diploid number of the chro- SiMon et al. (1999) three ploidy levels are to be mosomes (2n = 16) for typical representative of found in A. nasutum: 2n = 16, 28, 32. The diploid the species was confirmed - see Tab. 1. We found number of chromosomes was found in the Cau- homozygosity of the satellites on the two largest casus (tuMaJanov and beridze 1968) and Bosnia chromosomes of the subspecies A. variegatum and Herzegovina (Seitz 1969), aneuploid and subsp. variegatum (Fig. 1A, marked with asterisk). tetraploid number in Turkey (beYazogLu et al. 1994) and tetraploid number in the Alps (Seitz Aconitum variegatum subsp. nasutum (Fisch. et al. 1972) and the Big Caucasus (gagnidze et al. ex Rchb. em. Rupr.) Götz (1967) - 2n = 16 1985). The taxon needs taxonomic and nomen- Locality: [Romania] Cluj-Napoca, Fâget for- clatural revision. Diploid number of the chro- est, Transilvania, c. 540 m, 5.08.2007 J. Mitka mosomes (2n = 16) of the studied subspecies was (KRA). confirmed. In our studies on Aconitum variega- According to götz (1967) the subspecies tum subsp. nasutum, homozygosity of the largest occurs in Europe and in the Caucasus. In Eu- pair of the chromosomes in the karyotype con- rope it can be found in the Eastern Alps, East- cerning the occurrence of the satellites was noted. ern Carpathians (the Rodna, Cǎlimǎn-Harghita Mts.), Apuseni Mts., Banat, Transilvania, Balkan Aconitum sect. Cammarum DC. subsect. Cam- Mountains (the Velika Plazenica, Stara Planina, marum ser. Toxicum (Rchb.) Mucher (1993). Rila, Vitoša, Rodopes). Outside Europe in Asian Series Toxicum is morphologically character- part of Turkey (daviS 1965) and in the Caucasus ized by glandular hairs in the inflorescence, and (Luferov 2000).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Květy Nebo Větve Květenství • Téměř Vždy Bez Palistů (Drobné Úkrojky Čepele Na Bázi Listů U Krytosemenných Rostlin
    Ranunculaceae (pryskyřníkovité) Oddělení: Angiospermae (Magnoliophyta) Dvouděložné (Dicots) Bazální dvouděložné Řád: Ranunculales Čeleď: Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae – pryskyřníkovité Ranunculus acris • Převážně suchozemské byliny (pryskyřník prudký) • Listy až na výjimky střídavé nebo v přízemní růžici často členěné nebo složené • nebo lodyha bezlistá s výraznými metamorfovaný (přeměněný) listeny list, z jehož úžlabí vyrůstají listy střídavé květy nebo větve květenství • téměř vždy bez palistů (drobné úkrojky čepele na bázi listů u krytosemenných rostlin. Existují volné (přirostlé) k řapíku (vikve, violky, hrách), opadavé (jabloň), přeměněné v trny (trnovník akát) listeny • Časté alkaloidy list nebo glykosidy bezlistá lodyha Anemone nemorosa (sasanka hajní) www.zum.de/stueber/lindman/ Ranunculaceae – pryskyřníkovité •Květy: aktinomorfní i zygomorfní květní obaly nedokonale rozlišené, volné •Květenství: hroznovité nebo květy jednotlivé Anemone ranunculoides Aconitum variegatum (sasanka pryskyřníkovitá) (oměj pestrý) květ jednolivý aktinomorfní zygomorfní květ hroznovité květenství Ranunculaceae – pryskyřníkovité •Květy: oboupohlavné, zpravidla spirocyklické tyčinek mnoho gyneceum apokarpní (plodolistů často mnoho nebo redukce až na 1) svrchní •Plod: měchýřek, nažka nebo bobule Ranunculus bulbosus (pryskyřník hlíznatý) nažka koruna plodolisty kalich tyčinky Ranunculaceae – pryskyřníkovité Naši zástupci Ranunculus acris (pryskyřník prudký) Ranunculus repens (pryskyřník plazivý) Ranunculaceae – pryskyřníkovité Anemone ranunculoides Anemone
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Europe's Threatened Plants
    Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation By Suzanne Sharrock and Meirion Jones May 2009 Recommended citation: Sharrock, S. and Jones, M., 2009. Conserving Europe’s threatened plants: Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK ISBN 978-1-905164-30-1 Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK Design: John Morgan, [email protected] Acknowledgements The work of establishing a consolidated list of threatened Photo credits European plants was first initiated by Hugh Synge who developed the original database on which this report is based. All images are credited to BGCI with the exceptions of: We are most grateful to Hugh for providing this database to page 5, Nikos Krigas; page 8. Christophe Libert; page 10, BGCI and advising on further development of the list. The Pawel Kos; page 12 (upper), Nikos Krigas; page 14: James exacting task of inputting data from national Red Lists was Hitchmough; page 16 (lower), Jože Bavcon; page 17 (upper), carried out by Chris Cockel and without his dedicated work, the Nkos Krigas; page 20 (upper), Anca Sarbu; page 21, Nikos list would not have been completed. Thank you for your efforts Krigas; page 22 (upper) Simon Williams; page 22 (lower), RBG Chris. We are grateful to all the members of the European Kew; page 23 (upper), Jo Packet; page 23 (lower), Sandrine Botanic Gardens Consortium and other colleagues from Europe Godefroid; page 24 (upper) Jože Bavcon; page 24 (lower), Frank who provided essential advice, guidance and supplementary Scumacher; page 25 (upper) Michael Burkart; page 25, (lower) information on the species included in the database.
    [Show full text]
  • Tutela ZBORNÍK SLOVENSKÉHO MÚZEA OCHRANY PRÍRODY a JASKY N I a RST VA V LIPTOVSKOM MIKULÁŠI 11
    tutela ZBORNÍK SLOVENSKÉHO MÚZEA OCHRANY PRÍRODY A JASKY N I A RST VA V LIPTOVSKOM MIKULÁŠI 11 NATURAE 2007 1 O B S A H V E D E C K É Š T Ú D I E Jozef Šteffek – Patrícia Danková: Ekologické a ekosozologické vyhodnotenia tanatocenóz malakofauny z náplavov tokov Spišskej Magury ..................................................................... 5 Oto Majzlan: Chrobáky (Coleoptera) Šenkvického a Martinského lesa pri Senci .......... 27 Oto Majzlan: Letová aktivita nosáčikov (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) v NPR Bábsky Predseda redakčnej rady: les pri Nitre .................................................................................................................................... 43 doc. RNDr. Dana Šubová, CSc. Vladimír Straka – Oto Majzlan: Dvojkrídlovce (Diptera) troch lokalít v Chránenej krajinnej oblasti Strážovské vrchy .............................................................................................. 47 Michal Wiezik: Mravce (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) horských a vysokohorských biotopov južnej časti Kráľovohoľských Tatier ............................................................................................ 85 Redakčná rada: Jozef Školek: Sutinové spoločenstvá v NPR Mních ................................................................. 91 prof. RNDr. Peter Bitušík, CSc., RNDr. Miroslav Fulín, CSc., RNDr. Ľudovít Gaál, Stanislav Korenko: Pavúky (Arachnida, Araneae) východnej časti Kozích chrbtov .......... 103 prof. RNDr. Oto Majzlan, PhD., doc. RNDr. Ľubomír Panigaj, CSc., RNDr. Jozef Monika Hatinová – Kristina
    [Show full text]
  • ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 7Th Edition
    ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names th 7 Edition ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori Published by All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be The Internation Seed Testing Association (ISTA) reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted Zürichstr. 50, CH-8303 Bassersdorf, Switzerland in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior ©2020 International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) permission in writing from ISTA. ISBN 978-3-906549-77-4 ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 1st Edition 1966 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Prof P. A. Linehan 2nd Edition 1983 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. H. Pirson 3rd Edition 1988 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. W. A. Brandenburg 4th Edition 2001 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 5th Edition 2007 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 6th Edition 2013 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 7th Edition 2019 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori 2 7th Edition ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names Content Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Symbols and Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ISTA List of Stabilised Plant Names 7Th Edition
    ISTA List of Stabilised Plant Names 7th Edition ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair Dr. M. Schori Published by All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in Richtiarkade 18, CH- 8304 Wallisellen, Switzerland any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior ©2021 International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) permission in writing from ISTA. ISBN 978-3-906549-77-4 Valid from: 16.06.2021 ISTA List of Stabilised Plant Names 1st Edition 1966 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Prof P. A. Linehan 2nd Edition 1983 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. H. Pirson 3rd Edition 1988 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. W. A. Brandenburg 4th Edition 2001 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 5th Edition 2007 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 6th Edition 2013 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 7th Edition 2019 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori 7th Edition 2 ISTA List of Stabilised Plant Names Table of Contents A .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 B ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 C ...........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gymnaconitum, a New Genus of Ranunculaceae Endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
    TAXON 62 (4) • August 2013: 713–722 Wang & al. • Gymnaconitum, a new genus of Ranunculaceae Gymnaconitum, a new genus of Ranunculaceae endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Wei Wang,1 Yang Liu,2 Sheng-Xiang Yu,1 Tian-Gang Gao1 & Zhi-Duan Chen1 1 State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P.R. China 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3043, U.S.A. Author for correspondence: Wei Wang, [email protected] Abstract The monophyly of traditional Aconitum remains unresolved, owing to the controversial systematic position and taxonomic treatment of the monotypic, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau endemic A. subg. Gymnaconitum. In this study, we analyzed two datasets using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods: (1) two markers (ITS, trnL-F) of 285 Delphinieae species, and (2) six markers (ITS, trnL-F, trnH-psbA, trnK-matK, trnS-trnG, rbcL) of 32 Delphinieae species. All our analyses show that traditional Aconitum is not monophyletic and that subgenus Gymnaconitum and a broadly defined Delphinium form a clade. The SOWH tests also reject the inclusion of subgenus Gymnaconitum in traditional Aconitum. Subgenus Gymnaconitum markedly differs from other species of Aconitum and other genera of tribe Delphinieae in many non-molecular characters. By integrating lines of evidence from molecular phylogeny, divergence times, morphology, and karyology, we raise the mono- typic A. subg. Gymnaconitum to generic status. Keywords Aconitum; Delphinieae; Gymnaconitum; monophyly; phylogeny; Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; Ranunculaceae; SOWH test Supplementary Material The Electronic Supplement (Figs. S1–S8; Appendices S1, S2) and the alignment files are available in the Supplementary Data section of the online version of this article (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax).
    [Show full text]
  • Flora Mediterranea 26
    FLORA MEDITERRANEA 26 Published under the auspices of OPTIMA by the Herbarium Mediterraneum Panormitanum Palermo – 2016 FLORA MEDITERRANEA Edited on behalf of the International Foundation pro Herbario Mediterraneo by Francesco M. Raimondo, Werner Greuter & Gianniantonio Domina Editorial board G. Domina (Palermo), F. Garbari (Pisa), W. Greuter (Berlin), S. L. Jury (Reading), G. Kamari (Patras), P. Mazzola (Palermo), S. Pignatti (Roma), F. M. Raimondo (Palermo), C. Salmeri (Palermo), B. Valdés (Sevilla), G. Venturella (Palermo). Advisory Committee P. V. Arrigoni (Firenze) P. Küpfer (Neuchatel) H. M. Burdet (Genève) J. Mathez (Montpellier) A. Carapezza (Palermo) G. Moggi (Firenze) C. D. K. Cook (Zurich) E. Nardi (Firenze) R. Courtecuisse (Lille) P. L. Nimis (Trieste) V. Demoulin (Liège) D. Phitos (Patras) F. Ehrendorfer (Wien) L. Poldini (Trieste) M. Erben (Munchen) R. M. Ros Espín (Murcia) G. Giaccone (Catania) A. Strid (Copenhagen) V. H. Heywood (Reading) B. Zimmer (Berlin) Editorial Office Editorial assistance: A. M. Mannino Editorial secretariat: V. Spadaro & P. Campisi Layout & Tecnical editing: E. Di Gristina & F. La Sorte Design: V. Magro & L. C. Raimondo Redazione di "Flora Mediterranea" Herbarium Mediterraneum Panormitanum, Università di Palermo Via Lincoln, 2 I-90133 Palermo, Italy [email protected] Printed by Luxograph s.r.l., Piazza Bartolomeo da Messina, 2/E - Palermo Registration at Tribunale di Palermo, no. 27 of 12 July 1991 ISSN: 1120-4052 printed, 2240-4538 online DOI: 10.7320/FlMedit26.001 Copyright © by International Foundation pro Herbario Mediterraneo, Palermo Contents V. Hugonnot & L. Chavoutier: A modern record of one of the rarest European mosses, Ptychomitrium incurvum (Ptychomitriaceae), in Eastern Pyrenees, France . 5 P. Chène, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Aconitum Subgenus Aconitum in Europe
    Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Article ID: 8933 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.8933 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER in RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY OF PLANTS Publication History Received: 2020-01-08 Accepted: 2020-07-03 Phylogeny of Aconitum Subgenus Aconitum Published: 2020-10-08 in Europe Handling Editor Agnieszka Popiela, University of Szczecin, Poland; 1 2 3 Piotr Boroń , Ada Wróblewska , Bogusław Binkiewicz , https://orcid.org/0000-0001- 3* 9297-0538 Józef Mitka 1Department of Forest Pathology, Mycology and Tree Physiology, University of Agriculture in , Authors Contributions Krakow, 29 Listopada 46, Kraków, 31-425, Poland PB and AW conceived and 2Institute of Biology, Faculty Biology and Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego designed the analysis, performed 1J, Białystok, 15-245, Poland molecular analyses, and 3Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, 31-501, interpreted the data; BB Poland contributed to data analysis tools; JM performed the statistical *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected] analyses and drafted the manuscript Abstract Funding This work was funded by a Phylogenetic relations within Aconitum subgen. Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) in KBN/NCN grant (N303 814440) to Europe are still unclear. To infer the phylogeny of the nuclear (ITS) region and JM. chloroplast intergenic spacer trnL(UAG)-ndhF of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), Competing Interests we analyzed 64 accessions within this taxon, 58 from Europe and six from the No competing interests have Caucasus Mts. Nuclear ITS sequences were identical in 51 European and two been declared. Caucasian accessions, whereas the remaining sequences were unique. cpDNA sequences could be categorized into fve haplotypes, i.e., A–E, including a Copyright Notice European-Caucasian Aconitum haplotype B.
    [Show full text]
  • An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials This Page Intentionally Left Blank an Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials
    An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials This page intentionally left blank An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials W. George Schmid Timber Press Portland • Cambridge All photographs are by the author unless otherwise noted. Copyright © 2002 by W. George Schmid. All rights reserved. Published in 2002 by Timber Press, Inc. Timber Press The Haseltine Building 2 Station Road 133 S.W. Second Avenue, Suite 450 Swavesey Portland, Oregon 97204, U.S.A. Cambridge CB4 5QJ, U.K. ISBN 0-88192-549-7 Printed in Hong Kong Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schmid, Wolfram George. An encyclopedia of shade perennials / W. George Schmid. p. cm. ISBN 0-88192-549-7 1. Perennials—Encyclopedias. 2. Shade-tolerant plants—Encyclopedias. I. Title. SB434 .S297 2002 635.9′32′03—dc21 2002020456 I dedicate this book to the greatest treasure in my life, my family: Hildegarde, my wife, friend, and supporter for over half a century, and my children, Michael, Henry, Hildegarde, Wilhelmina, and Siegfried, who with their mates have given us ten grandchildren whose eyes not only see but also appreciate nature’s riches. Their combined love and encouragement made this book possible. This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword by Allan M. Armitage 9 Acknowledgments 10 Part 1. The Shady Garden 11 1. A Personal Outlook 13 2. Fated Shade 17 3. Practical Thoughts 27 4. Plants Assigned 45 Part 2. Perennials for the Shady Garden A–Z 55 Plant Sources 339 U.S. Department of Agriculture Hardiness Zone Map 342 Index of Plant Names 343 Color photographs follow page 176 7 This page intentionally left blank Foreword As I read George Schmid’s book, I am reminded that all gardeners are kindred in spirit and that— regardless of their roots or knowledge—the gardening they do and the gardens they create are always personal.
    [Show full text]
  • PERENNIAL PLANTS Plant Name Common Name Height Colour Bl Time Special Conditions Country S
    PERENNIAL PLANTS Plant Name Common Name Height Colour Bl Time Special Conditions Country S. Europe, NW Acanthus mollis Bear's Breeches to 5' (1.5m) white fls. with purple shaded bracts l summer z7 sun/pt.shade,well drained, moist good soil Africa Acanthus spinosus Bear's Breeches to 5' (150cm) white flowers with purple bracts lsp-msum z5 sun/pt.shade, good soil, tolerates dry heat Italy to W Turkey Aconitum Monkshood large dark blue flowers l summer z5 sun/part shade, cool moist fertile soil Aconitum Monkshood dark blue flowers l summer z5 sun/part shade, cool moist fertile soil Monkshood (all parts are Aconitum carmichaelii to 6' (190cm) violet or blue flowers l sp to fall z3 sun/pt.shade, cool, moist, fertile soil Russia poisonous) Monkshood (all parts are Aconitum carmichaelii 'Barker's Variety' to 6' (190cm) deep violet flowers early fall z3 sun/pt.shade, cool, moist, fertile soil poisonous) Aconitum 'Ivorine' (syn.A.septentrionale Monkshpood (all parts are to 36" (90cm) ivory flowers l spring z5 sun/pt.shade, cool, moist, fertile soil garden origin 'Ivorine') poisonous) Aconitum lycoctonum ssp.vulparia Monkshood (all parts are to 5' (1.5m) pale yellow flowered form sum/e fall z4 sun/pt.shade, cool, moist, fertile soil Europe (A.orientale of gardens) poisonous) Acorus gramineus 'Variegatus' Variegated Japanese Rush to 10" (25 cm) creamy white and green striped leaves summer z5 full sun, wet or very moist soil E Asia z4 shade/pt.sh.moist mod-fertile soil.Survives under Actaea erythrocarpa (syn. A.spicata var. rubra) 24" (60cm) racemes of white flowers,red berries late spring Euro.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Floral Spur Anatomy and Nectar Secretion in Four Representatives of Ranunculaceae
    Protoplasma (2015) 252:1587–1601 DOI 10.1007/s00709-015-0794-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Comparative floral spur anatomy and nectar secretion in four representatives of Ranunculaceae Sebastian Antoń & Magdalena Kamińska Received: 14 December 2014 /Accepted: 2 March 2015 /Published online: 15 March 2015 # The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Nectaries are common in Ranunculaceae. These se- related plant species, regardless of their geographical origin cretory structures, however, have not been studied in detail and phylogeny. despite their importance in plant-animal interactions, and data relating to the structure of nectary spurs, which are so charac- Keywords Cell ultrastructure . Cuticle micro-channels . teristic of several genera of this family, remain scarce. In order Holocrine secretion . Nectary structure . Morphology and to redress this imbalance, we sought, in the present paper, to anatomy . Secretory structures analyze the anatomical and ultrastructural organization of the nectary spurs of four representatives of Ranunculaceae, i.e., Aconitum lycoctonum L., Aquilegia vulgaris L., Consolida regalis Gray, and Delphinium elatum L. Nectary spurs were examined using light, fluorescence, scanning electron, and Introduction transmission electron microscopy. The floral nectaries of A. lycoctonum and A. vulgaris are situated at the apices of A significant number of angiosperms present floral rewards in the spurs, whereas in C. regalis and D. elatum, the nectary is the form of nectar (Faegri and van der Pijl 1979), an aqueous located along the floor surface of the spurs. Nectar in solution consisting mainly of carbohydrates, together with C. regalis and D. elatum is exuded through micro-channels other substances, such as amino acids, produced by special- in the cuticle, whereas in A.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
    University of Bath PHD Phytochemistry of norditerpenoid alkaloids Saensuk, Pilan Award date: 2007 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 Phytochemistry of norditerpenoid alkaloids Pilan Saensuk A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology September 2007 COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with its author. A copy of this thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and they must not copy it or use material from it except as permitted by law or with the consent of the author.
    [Show full text]