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Australia's Diaspora Advantage

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Australia's Diaspora Advantage Australia’s Diaspora Advantage: Realising the potential for building transnational business networks with Asia FINAL REPORT PROJECT AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF THE HUMANITIES AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ACADEMY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING SECURING EXPERT AUSTRALIA’S WORKING FUTURE GROUP Funded by the Professor Kam Louie FAHA FHKAH (Co-Chair) Australian Research Professor Fazal Rizvi FASSA (Co-Chair) Council and conducted Mr Kevin Hobgood-Brown by the four Learned Dr Marlene Kanga AM FTSE Academies through Professor Aibing Yu FAA FTSE the Australian Council of Learned Academies AUTHORS for the Australian Chief Scientist and the Professor Fazal Rizvi FASSA Commonwealth Science Professor Kam Louie FAHA FHKAH Council. Securing Dr Julia Evans Australia’s Future delivers evidence- PROJECT MANAGEMENT based research and Dr Julia Evans interdisciplinary Dr Kylie Brass findings to support Dr Yasmin Tambiah policy development in areas of importance to Australia’s future. © Australian Council of Learned Academies (ACOLA) ISBN 978-0-9943738-4-7 This work is copyright. All material published or otherwise created by Australian Council of Learned Academies (ACOLA) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. DATE OF PUBLICATION May 2016 PUBLISHER Australian Council of Learned Academies Level 1, 1 Bowen Crescent Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia Telephone: +61 (0)3 98640923 www.acola.org.au SUGGESTED CITATION Rizvi, F, Louie, K, and Evans, J (2016). Australia’s Diaspora Advantage: Realising the potential for building transnational business networks with Asia. Report for the Australian Council of Learned Academies, www.acola.org.au. REPORT DESIGN Lyrebird [email protected] b Australia’s Diaspora Advantage: Realising the potential for building transnational business networks with Asia ACOLA is the interface of the four Learned Academies: Australian Academy of the Humanities Australian Academy of Science Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering c Australia’s Learned Academies Australian Academy of the Humanities Australian Academy of Science The Australian Academy of the Humanities The Australian Academy of Science is a private advances knowledge of, and the pursuit of organisation established by Royal Charter in excellence in, the humanities in Australia. 1954. It comprises ~450 of Australia’s leading Established by Royal Charter in 1969, the scientists, elected for outstanding contributions Academy is an independent organisation of to the life sciences and physical sciences. The more than 500 elected scholars who are leaders Academy recognises and fosters science excellence and experts in the humanities disciplines. through awards to established and early career The Academy promotes the contribution of researchers, provides evidence-based advice the humanities disciplines for public good to assist public policy development, organises and to the national research and innovation scientific conferences, and publishes scientific system, including their critical role in the books and journals. The Academy represents interdisciplinary collaboration required to Australian science internationally, through its address societal challenges and opportunities. National Committees for Science, and fosters The Academy supports the next generation international scientific relations through of humanities researchers and teachers exchanges, events and meetings. The Academy through its grants programme, and provides promotes public awareness of science and its authoritative and independent advice to school education programs support and inspire governments, industry, the media and the primary and secondary teachers to bring inquiry- public on matters concerning the humanities. based science into classrooms around Australia. www.humanities.org.au www.science.org.au Working Together—ACOLA The Australian Council of Learned Academies (ACOLA) combines the strengths of the four Australian Learned Academies: Australian Academy of the Humanities, Australian Academy of Science, Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, and Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. d Academy of Social Sciences in Australia Australian Academy of The Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia Technology and Engineering (ASSA) promotes excellence in the social sciences in ATSE advocates for a future in which technological Australia and in their contribution to public policy. sciences and engineering and innovation contribute It coordinates the promotion of research, teaching significantly to Australia’s social, economic and advice in the social sciences, promote national and environmental wellbeing. The Academy is and international scholarly cooperation across empowered in its mission by some 800 Fellows disciplines and sectors, comment on national needs drawn from industry, academia, research institutes and priorities in the social sciences and provide advice and government, who represent the brightest to government on issues of national importance. and the best in technological sciences and Established in 1971, replacing its parent engineering in Australia. Through engagement body the Social Science Research Council of by our Fellows, the Academy provides robust, Australia, itself founded in 1942, the academy independent and trusted evidence-based advice is an independent, interdisciplinary body of on technological issues of national importance. We elected Fellows. The Fellows are elected by their do this via activities including policy submissions, peers for their distinguished achievements workshops, symposia, conferences parliamentary and exceptional contributions made to the briefings, international exchanges and visits and social sciences across 18 disciplines. the publication of scientific and technical reports. It is an autonomous, non-governmental The Academy promotes science, and maths organisation, devoted to the advancement education via programs focusing on enquiry- of knowledge and research in the based learning, teaching quality and career various social sciences. promotion. ATSE fosters national and international collaboration and encourages technology transfer www.assa.edu.au for economic, social and environmental benefit. www.atse.org.au By providing a forum that brings together great minds, broad perspectives and knowledge, ACOLA is the nexus for true interdisciplinary cooperation to develop integrated problem solving and cutting edge thinking on key issues for the benefit of Australia. ACOLA receives Australian Government funding from the Australian Research Council and the Department of Education and Training. www.acola.org.au e Contents List of figures i List of tables ii List of boxes ii Acronyms iii Glossary vi Project aims 1 Executive summary 3 Key findings 7 Chapter 1 The diaspora advantage and the new economy 21 1.1 Introduction 23 1.2 Australia’s Asian business diasporas 25 1.3 The diaspora advantage 28 1.4 The business diasporas in transitioning economies 29 1.5 Working towards the diaspora advantage 34 f Chapter 2 Chapter 4 Mapping the Chinese and Indian Opportunities and challenges 81 diasporas in Australia 39 4.1 Introduction 82 2.1 Introduction 40 4.2 Structure of opportunities 83 2.2 Chinese and Indian 4.3 Challenges to better outcomes 85 diasporas in Australia 41 4.4 Overcoming the challenges 94 2.3 Characteristics of the Chinese and Indian diasporas 46 Chapter 5 2.4 Diaspora experiences in Australia 49 Realising the diaspora advantage 101 2.5 Operating in the transnational economic space 55 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Chinese and Indian governments’ Chapter 3 approaches 104 Enterprise and innovation 57 5.3 Business diasporas in advanced economies 109 3.1 Introduction 58 5.4 Developing a culture of 3.2 Patterns of employment support in Australia 113 and business ownership 59 5.5 Australian policies and programs 117 3.3 Transnational business activities 66 5.6 Towards a coherent policy 121 3.4 Enterprise in key Australian industries 68 References 123 3.5 Innovation and the business diasporas 75 Expert Working Group 131 3.6 Contribution to the Evidence gathering 133 Australian economy 78 Peer Review Panel 137 Acknowledgements 139 g List of figures Figure 1.1: Australia’s top trading Figure 3.2: Number of permanent partners as a percentage of two-way Australian residents (aged 15 years trade activity from 2008 to 2015 30 or over) born in China and India who are employed compared with those Figure 1.2: Annual average growth from China and India owning or operating of Australian industries (by real gross a business, between 2001 and 2011 62 value added) from 1991–92 to 2014–15 31 Figure 3.3: Occupations of China-born Figure 1.3: Percentage of investment permanent employees in Australia (aged from Asian nations investing in 15 years or over) between 2001 and 2011 63 Australia since 2008 32 Figure 3.4: Occupations of India-born Figure 2.1: Year of arrival of those permanent employees in Australia (aged born in China and India to Australia 15 years or over) between 2001 and 2011 63 from 1941 to 2011, compared with major source countries of New Zealand Figure 3.5: Major occupation of permanent and the United Kingdom 43 employed China-born Australians (aged 15 years or over) by industry in 2011 64 Figure 2.2: National geographic distribution of Chinese and Indian diaspora categories Figure 3.6: Major occupation of permanent by Australian state and territory in 2011 44 employed India-born Australians
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