DOCSLIB.ORG

In a Divided Korea by Hall Healy, Chair of the ICF Board of Directors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In a Divided Korea by Hall Healy, Chair of the ICF Board of Directors International Crane Foundation E11376 Shady Lane Rd. P.O. Box 447 Baraboo, WI 53913-0447 www.savingcranes.org Address Service Requested Volume 37, Number 1 February 2011 A VISION FOR CRANES in a Divided Korea By Hall Healy, Chair of the ICF Board of Directors The Bugle is printed The International on recycled paper with Crane Foundation is a C non-VOC soy inks. Travel Green destination. www.travelgreenwisconsin.com Newsletter is also available in digital format. WHOOPING CRANE AND FRIENDS T-SHIRT When ICF works to protect the Whooping Crane, a flagship species, many other species – from alligators to vultures – also benefit. They all rely on clean water and a place to call home. On this ICF exclusive t-shirt the world’s rarest crane shares the spotlight with other creatures in its habitat. Available in adult sizes S-XXL in prairie dust or chestnut, $24.99. The Han River originates from tributaries in the mountains of both North and South PEACE CRANE T-SHIRT Korea, flows through the heart of Seoul, and then into the armed solitude of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) where it defines the border between the two Koreas. The extraordinary mudflats and meadows of the Han River Estuary are Cranes have long been a universal symbol of peace. This home to the Endangered Black-faced Spoonbill and Vulnerable Swan Goose, and the major wintering population of International Crane Foundation exclusive design features a Black Vultures. It is also one of the most important wintering areas for cranes in East Asia. For nearly four decades, Sandhill Crane foot surrounded by crane feathers to create a ICF has committed to the conservation of this vital region and its wildlife. Continued on page 2 uniquely stylized adaptation of this symbol. Available in adult sizes S-XXL in stone blue and youth sizes S-XL in Carolina blue. Short sleeved shirt is $24.99 for adults and kids. A flock of White-naped Cranes lifts off from the Han River Estuary. In Wisconsin Movie the 1970s, marshes and rice paddies Premieres: bordered much of the estuary. Today March 2011 a landscape of skyscrapers borders See page 7 for details. Shop online at www.craneshop.org or email [email protected] or call 608-356-9462 ext. 121. the water. Photo by Yoon Soonyeong 0 25 Kilometers plans to develop the Han River Estuary into a Anbyon major seaport and the Cheorwon Basin into Basin P'yongyang 0 25 Miles “Reunification City.” There have been widespread changes in North Korea as well. Depletion of nutrients in the E a s t S e a soil, coupled with floods and drought, have led to widespread food shortages for humans and DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S migratory birds. Concurrently, the numbers of Z) Red-crowned Cranes wintering in and near the REPUBLIC OF ED ZONE (DM IZ R A DMZ suddenly increased from several hundred T KOREA I Cheorwon L to about 1,000 (more than a third of the global I M Basin E population), as cranes apparently moved south D from former wintering areas in the North. Red-crowned And the number of White-naped Cranes also Han increased to more than 1,000 wintering on the River Estuary Cheorwon Basin. One of the most important areas historically Tidal H Ye l l o w a for Red-crowned Cranes in North Korea was Seoul n Mudats the Anbyon Plain, 90 miles northeast of the S e a R . Cheorwon Plain. Since 2008 ICF and colleagues White-naped from Japan and South Korea have been supporting ornithologists in North Korea to implement a recovery program for cranes on Han River Basin Sunset on the Imjin River. Thousands of land mines and imposing chain link fences topped by the Anbyon Plain while also helping the farmers Rivers razor wires line this estuary with the world’s second highest tides. As the DMZ meets the Yellow with much-needed equipment and training REPUBLIC OF National Capitols Sea, an accidental sanctuary of brackish water and vast mudflats and sedge beds creates habitat in organic farming practices. This work is a from autumn until spring for cranes, waterfowl, and shorebirds. Photo by Kim Kyungwon cooperative effort of North Korea’s Crane Project Areas KOREA State Academy of Sciences and the farmers of the Pisan Cooperative Farm. A pair of captive Red-crowned Cranes was provided by China to Continued from page 1 Roughly the size of Wisconsin and Illinois, the two Koreas have been act as decoys for the migrating wild divided since 1953 by the Demilitarized Zone extending 155 miles long In 1973, the year of ICF’s founding, through a grant from the cranes. In November 2009, for the by 2.5 mile across. This no man’s land is predominantly mountainous New York Zoological Society, ICF supported Professor Kim Hon first time in a decade, 41 wild cranes except for the estuary of the Han River in the west and the Cheorwon landed and remained for several Kyu to look for cranes in and near the DMZ. He reported hundreds Basin in the central highlands. These lowlands provide critical habitat of White-naped Cranes in autumn and spring and fewer numbers days. The Anbyon Project is one of during migration and winter for one third of the world’s Red-crowned a very few international cooperative through the winter on mudflats of the Han River Estuary just south Cranes and half the White-naped Cranes. Map by Green Space GIS of the DMZ, near Seoul. The following year, ICF’s co-founder, programs for wildlife conservation George Archibald, lived with South Korean soldiers at their camp in North Korea. on a peninsula that extended into the estuary. Dr. Kim brought an 150 Red-crowned Cranes and perhaps 30 White-naped Cranes North Korean colleagues hope official from the Ministry of Culture to the site. Scientists explained spent the winter. Inside the 6-mile-wide Civilian Controlled Zone that the Anbyon Project will be a how the world’s second highest tides maintain vast mudflats with contiguous to the DMZ’s southern border, farming is still allowed model for other areas in the country. sedges and grasses that produced tubers and seeds – abundant food but settlements are banned. Huge expanses of frozen rice fields with Its success could help expand for cranes and geese. Within a few weeks, the east side of the estuary an abundance of gleanings and little disturbance from humans collaboration between the two Koreas was proclaimed a Natural Monument by the Korean Government. provided ideal habitat for cranes and geese. The Korean Government to conserve additional critical areas Before leaving South Korea that year, George met John and Judy attempted to proclaim the rice fields of the Cheorwon Basin a for cranes in and near the DMZ. It Day. An enthusiastic naturalist, John was vice president of the Natural Monument for cranes, but land owners objected. Should also could help provide a basis for Korean branch of the First National Bank of Chicago. The Days reunification occur, they want to be highly compensated for the more peaceful relations between the established an ad hoc organization, the Korean Council for Crane commercial development potential of their land. two countries. The Red-crowned Preservation (KCCP) and worked with Dr. Kim and others on Although there have been many changes in the two Koreas since Crane symbolizes good luck and continued surveys. Through KCCP, the west side of the estuary the end of the Korean War in 1953, the DMZ has remained intact as happiness throughout the Korean was likewise protected and about 20 Red-crowned Cranes were a no man’s land. But change is in the wind. peninsula. Through the charisma of discovered on mudflats south of the Han River’s mouth. South Korea has become the world’s 15th largest economy, and cranes, we dream of the day when The 8-10 mile wide Civilian Controlled Zone (CCZ) that borders the southern side of the DMZ is the two Koreas work together to George went back to Korea for two more winters during the Seoul is home to 23 million people. Confident that reunification predominantly mountainous. However, in the Cheorwon Basin the CCZ includes thousands of acres of fields 1970s, working with Korean colleagues from the Institute for would happen sooner than later, and despite the protests of transform these former battlefields where rice is grown in summer. Farmers must leave the area in winter from the first of November through into a Peace Park inspiring future Ornithology at Kyung Hee University. They found three additional conservationists, a six-lane highway built along the east side the end of February – the main period when cranes visit the Korean peninsula. Often in mixed flocks, White- crane areas in and near the DMZ - the most important of which of the Han River Estuary destroyed about half of the mudflats generations to cherish nature in the naped Cranes and Red-crowned Cranes feed on abundant rice gleanings. It’s a stroke of good fortune for the Land of the Morning Calm. was the Cheorwon Basin of the central highlands where more than used by White-naped Cranes. The current administration has special birds that are symbols of good luck throughout Asia. Photo by George Archibald 2. The ICF Bugle - Vol. 37, No. 1 - February 2011 The ICF Bugle - Vol. 37, No. 1 - February 2011 3. Directors Rich Beilfuss, Madison, WI A Tribute to the (President & CEO) Notes from Hall Healy, Glencoe, IL (Chair) Remarkable and Much-loved Leslie Coolidge, Barrington Hills, IL the President (Vice Chair) Robert Dohmen, Mequon, WI By Rich Beilfuss Ellie Schiller (Secretary) loved wildlife and enjoyed sunshine but avoided V Ellie Schiller (1944-2009) is on George Archibald, Baraboo, WI ne measure of a great organization the limelight.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Landscape Analysis of Geographical Names in Hubei Province, China
    Entropy 2014, 16, 6313-6337; doi:10.3390/e16126313 OPEN ACCESS entropy ISSN 1099-4300 www.mdpi.com/journal/entropy Article Landscape Analysis of Geographical Names in Hubei Province, China Xixi Chen 1, Tao Hu 1, Fu Ren 1,2,*, Deng Chen 1, Lan Li 1 and Nan Gao 1 1 School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 129, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails: [email protected] (X.C.); [email protected] (T.H.); [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (N.G.) 2 Key Laboratory of Geographical Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 129, Wuhan 430079, China * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel: +86-27-87664557; Fax: +86-27-68778893. External Editor: Hwa-Lung Yu Received: 20 July 2014; in revised form: 31 October 2014 / Accepted: 26 November 2014 / Published: 1 December 2014 Abstract: Hubei Province is the hub of communications in central China, which directly determines its strategic position in the country’s development. Additionally, Hubei Province is well-known for its diverse landforms, including mountains, hills, mounds and plains. This area is called “The Province of Thousand Lakes” due to the abundance of water resources. Geographical names are exclusive names given to physical or anthropogenic geographic entities at specific spatial locations and are important signs by which humans understand natural and human activities. In this study, geographic information systems (GIS) technology is adopted to establish a geodatabase of geographical names with particular characteristics in Hubei Province and extract certain geomorphologic and environmental factors.
    [Show full text]
  • In Koguryo Dynasty the State-Formation History Starts from B
    International Journal of Korean History(Vol.6, Dec.2004) 1 History of Koguryŏ and China’s Northeast Asian Project 1Park Kyeong-chul * Introduction The Koguryŏ Dynasty, established during the 3rd century B.C. around the Maek tribe is believed to have begun its function as a centralized entity in the Northeast Asia region. During the period between 1st century B.C. and 1st century A.D. aggressive regional expansion policy from the Koguryŏ made it possible to overcome its territorial limitations and weak economic basis. By the end of the 4th century A.D., Koguryŏ emerged as an empire that had acquired its own independent lebensraum in Northeast Asia. This research paper will delve into identifying actual founders of the Koguryŏ Dynasty and shed light on their lives prior to the actual establishment of the Dynasty. Then on, I will analyze the establishment process of Koguryŏ Dynasty. Thereafter, I will analyze the history of Koguryŏ Dynasty at three different stages: the despotic military state period, the period in which Koguryŏ emerged as an independent empire in Northeast Asia, and the era of war against the Sui and Tang dynasty. Upon completion of the above task, I will illustrate the importance of Koguryŏ history for Koreans. Finally, I attempt to unearth the real objectives why the Chinese academics are actively promoting the Northeast Asian Project. * Professor, Dept. of Liberal Arts, Kangnam University 2 History of Koguryŏ and China’s Northeast Asian Project The Yemaek tribe and their culture1 The main centers of East Asian culture in approximately 2000 B.C. were China - by this point it had already become an agrarian society - and the Mongol-Siberian region where nomadic cultures reign.
    [Show full text]
  • Shanghai, China Overview Introduction
    Shanghai, China Overview Introduction The name Shanghai still conjures images of romance, mystery and adventure, but for decades it was an austere backwater. After the success of Mao Zedong's communist revolution in 1949, the authorities clamped down hard on Shanghai, castigating China's second city for its prewar status as a playground of gangsters and colonial adventurers. And so it was. In its heyday, the 1920s and '30s, cosmopolitan Shanghai was a dynamic melting pot for people, ideas and money from all over the planet. Business boomed, fortunes were made, and everything seemed possible. It was a time of breakneck industrial progress, swaggering confidence and smoky jazz venues. Thanks to economic reforms implemented in the 1980s by Deng Xiaoping, Shanghai's commercial potential has reemerged and is flourishing again. Stand today on the historic Bund and look across the Huangpu River. The soaring 1,614-ft/492-m Shanghai World Financial Center tower looms over the ambitious skyline of the Pudong financial district. Alongside it are other key landmarks: the glittering, 88- story Jinmao Building; the rocket-shaped Oriental Pearl TV Tower; and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The 128-story Shanghai Tower is the tallest building in China (and, after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the second-tallest in the world). Glass-and-steel skyscrapers reach for the clouds, Mercedes sedans cruise the neon-lit streets, luxury- brand boutiques stock all the stylish trappings available in New York, and the restaurant, bar and clubbing scene pulsates with an energy all its own. Perhaps more than any other city in Asia, Shanghai has the confidence and sheer determination to forge a glittering future as one of the world's most important commercial centers.
    [Show full text]
  • Korean War Timeline America's Forgotten War by Kallie Szczepanski, About.Com Guide
    Korean War Timeline America's Forgotten War By Kallie Szczepanski, About.com Guide At the close of World War II, the victorious Allied Powers did not know what to do with the Korean Peninsula. Korea had been a Japanese colony since the late nineteenth century, so westerners thought the country incapable of self-rule. The Korean people, however, were eager to re-establish an independent nation of Korea. Background to the Korean War: July 1945 - June 1950 Library of Congress Potsdam Conference, Russians invade Manchuria and Korea, US accepts Japanese surrender, North Korean People's Army activated, U.S. withdraws from Korea, Republic of Korea founded, North Korea claims entire peninsula, Secretary of State Acheson puts Korea outside U.S. security cordon, North Korea fires on South, North Korea declares war July 24, 1945- President Truman asks for Russian aid against Japan, Potsdam Aug. 8, 1945- 120,000 Russian troops invade Manchuria and Korea Sept. 9, 1945- U.S. accept surrender of Japanese south of 38th Parallel Feb. 8, 1948- North Korean People's Army (NKA) activated April 8, 1948- U.S. troops withdraw from Korea Aug. 15, 1948- Republic of Korea founded. Syngman Rhee elected president. Sept. 9, 1948- Democratic People's Republic (N. Korea) claims entire peninsula Jan. 12, 1950- Sec. of State Acheson says Korea is outside US security cordon June 25, 1950- 4 am, North Korea opens fire on South Korea over 38th Parallel June 25, 1950- 11 am, North Korea declares war on South Korea North Korea's Ground Assault Begins: June - July 1950 Department of Defense / National Archives UN Security Council calls for ceasefire, South Korean President flees Seoul, UN Security Council pledges military help for South Korea, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Fostering Cooperation Over the Han River Between North and South Korea – Is the UN Watercourses Convention the Appropriate Instrument?
    Fostering cooperation over the Han river between North and South Korea – Is the UN Watercourses Convention the appropriate instrument? Laure-Elise Mayard The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) is a legal framework created by the UN General Assembly to develop cooperation over transboundary water resources.1 Since its adoption in 19972 to its entry into force in 20143, the UNWC has been recognised as the result of years of refining the principles of international water law, and as a reflection of compromise between the interests of the various actors involved in transboundary resources regulation and cooperation. It is now legally binding on its 36 parties. It has also a great influence on regional agreements and cases4, as well as the customary international law status of its main provisions. 5 In spite of those elements, the UNWC faces some criticism and ratification has progressed slowly.6 One of the issues regarding this framework convention is its potential for adaptation to local specificities, particularly in situations where ‘high politics’ are at play.7 8 As highlighted by the international community, the need for cooperation over transboundary water resources is pressing, thus far only 40% of shared watercourses possess a formal agreement of cooperation or related institution.9 Although the framework of the UNWC is generic, cooperation has to be tailored to each situation. It is both legitimate and necessary to consider if the UNWC is the appropriate instrument to achieve 1Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (adopted 21 May 1997, entered into force 17 August 2014) 36 ILM 700 (1997); G.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Paul Manning T ITLES in the SERIES
    R IVER A DVENTURES Travel the Yangtze River from its source on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to its mouth in the East China Sea. On the way, meet the Naxi people Y of Lijiang, watch cormorant fi shermen and take a ANGTZE boat trip through the spectacular Three Gorges. RIVER ADVENTURES takes you on a fascinating journey along the world’s great rivers. Fully illustrated with maps and photographs, each book explores how the river shapes the landscape and lives of the people along its banks. Paul Manning Paul T ITLES IN THE SERIES 978 1 4451 1037 0 978 1 4451 1039 4 978 1 4451 1040 0 978 1 4451 1035 6 978 1 4451 1036 3 978 1 4451 1038 7 ISBN 978-1-4451-1038-7 £13.99 9 781445 110387 Covers final.indd 6 4/1/12 16:41:45 First published 2012 by Franklin Watts Printed in China Hachette Children’s Books 338 Euston Road Franklin Watts is a division of London NW1 3BH Hachette Children’s Books, an Hachette UK company Franklin Watts Australia www.hachette.co.uk Level 17/207 Kent Street Sydney, NSW 2000 Key to images Top cover image: Pudong district, Shanghai © Franklin Watts 2012 Main cover image: Cormorant fishing on the Yangtze Previous page: Cormorant with alligator gar fish All rights reserved This page: The Three Gorges Dam, Hubei province, China. Designed, edited and produced by Paul Manning Maps by Stefan Chabluk Note to Teachers and Parents Proofread and indexed by Alice Harman Every effort has been made to ensure that the websites Produced for Franklin Watts by listed on page 32 are suitable for children, that they are White-Thomson Publishing Ltd of the highest educational value and that they contain no inappropriate or offensive material.
    [Show full text]
  • Basin-Wide Strategy for Sustainable Hydropower Development
    2017/18 Knowledge Sharing Program with the Mekong River Commission: Basin-wide Strategy for Sustainable Hydropower Development 2017/18 Knowledge Sharing Program with the Mekong River Commission 2017/18 Knowledge Sharing Program with the Mekong River Commission Project Title Basin-wide Strategy for Sustainable Hydropower Development Prepared by Korea Development Institute (KDI) Supported by Ministry of Economy and Finance (MOEF), Republic of Korea Prepared for Mekong River Commission (MRC) In Cooperation with Mekong River Commission (MRC) Mekong River Commission Secretariat (MRCS) Thailand National Mekong Committee (TNMC) Lao National Mekong Committee (LNMC) Cambodia National Mekong Committee (CNMC) Vietnam National Mekong Committee (VNMC) Program Directors Youngsun Koh, Executive Director, Center for International Development (CID), KDI Kwangeon Sul, Visiting Professor, KDI School of Public Policy and Management, Former Executive Director, CID, KDI Project Manager Kyoung Doug Kwon, Director, Division of Policy Consultation, CID, KDI 3URMHFW2I¿FHUV Yerim Kim, Senior Research Associate, Division of Policy Consultation, CID, KDI Seungju Lee, Research Associate, Division of Policy Consultation, CID, KDI Senior Advisor Kyungsik Kim, Former Vice Minister for Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Republic of Korea Principal Investigator Seungho Lee, Professor, Korea University Authors Chapter 1. Seungho Lee, Professor, Korea University Chapter 2. Ilpyo Hong, Senior Fellow, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology
    [Show full text]
  • Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths
    Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths August 2019 The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH a non-profit, federally owned enterprise, implementing international cooperation projects and measures in the field of sustainable development on behalf of the German Government, as well as other national and international clients. The German Energy Transition Expertise for China Project, which is funded and commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), supports the sustainable development of the Chinese energy sector by transferring knowledge and experiences of German energy transition (Energiewende) experts to its partner organisation in China: the China National Renewable Energy Centre (CNREC), a Chinese think tank for advising the National Energy Administration (NEA) on renewable energy policies and the general process of energy transition. CNREC is a part of Energy Research Institute (ERI) of National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). Contact: Anders Hove Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH China Tayuan Diplomatic Office Building 1-15-1 No. 14, Liangmahe Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing 100600 PRC [email protected] www.giz.de/china Table of Contents Executive summary 1 1. The Three Norths region features high water-stress, high coal use, and abundant grasslands 3 1.1 The Three Norths is China’s main base for coal production, coal power and coal chemicals 3 1.2 The Three Norths faces high water stress 6 1.3 Water consumption of the coal industry and irrigation of grassland relatively low 7 1.4 Grassland area and productivity showed several trends during 1980-2015 9 2.
    [Show full text]
  • White-Naped Crane (Grus Vipio)
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Cranes of the World, by Paul Johnsgard Papers in the Biological Sciences January 1983 Cranes of the World: White-naped Crane (Grus vipio) Paul A. Johnsgard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscicranes Part of the Ornithology Commons Johnsgard, Paul A., "Cranes of the World: White-naped Crane (Grus vipio)" (1983). Cranes of the World, by Paul Johnsgard. 30. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscicranes/30 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cranes of the World, by Paul Johnsgard by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. White-naped Crane Grus uzpio Pallas 18 11 Other Vernacular Names. Japanese white-necked crane; Description Ts-ang-kua (Chinese);Grue B cour blanc (French); Weissnacken-Kranich (German);Mana-zuru (Japan- Adults of both sexes are alike, with the face and ese); Dachkai zhuravl (Russian); Grulla de cuelle forehead mostly bare of feathers to about 25-30 mm behind the eye, and reddish, with dark bristly hairlike blanco (Spanish). feathers scattered on the cheeks and forehead, and with Range. Breeds on the Transbaikalian steppes probably a small oval-shaped area of light gray feathers around from the Onon and Argun rivers eastward through the eal. opening. The rear portion of the head, the entire northwestern and central Manchuria to the southern hindneck, and the throat are white.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korean Infiltration Tunnels and Clandestine Tunnel #4
    North Korean Infiltration Tunnels and Clandestine Tunnel #4 Mark Lavin and J. David Rogers OUTLINE • The Korean War: 1950- 1953 • Terrain and Geology • Tunnel Characteristics • Discovery • Military Significance • Conclusion Kim-Il-Sung: Premier of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea recognized by China and the Soviet Union in 1948 as the legitimate leader of North Korea. Map of Korean Peninsula June 25, 1950: NKPA Attacks 7 IN DIV, 1AR BDE 50% Attack along Uijongbu Corridor (Targets: Kaesong, Munan, Seoul) June 28, 1950: Seoul Captured July 20, 1950: Taejon Captured Aug 25, 1950: MGEN W.F. Dean, CO of 24th IN DIV captured after evading NKPA forces for 36 days August 1, 1950: Pusan Perimeter established Consolidate defenses while NKPA logistical tether grows strained United Nations Security Council debates involvement Soviets walk out of Security Council; UN votes to intercede in Korea September, 1950: UN forces attack; led by 1st Marine Division landing at Inchon; major breakout ensues Counteroffensive operations SEE-SAW CONFLICT October, 1950: UN line established along the Han River November 25th, Communist Chinese Attack across the Yalu River with approximately 9 Divisions (740,000 soldiers) Six Chinese Offensives ensue, with UN forces and American counterattacks. Seoul is captured twice, between December, 1950 and June, 1951. May, 1951 Final Chinese Offensive; UN forces hold the line. 1951-1953 United Nations and North Korea engage in ceasefire negotiations while front becomes quasi-static Bloodiest battles fought near the Iron Triangle over Key Terrain: Heartbreak Ridge; Punchbowl is 10km East On July 25, 1953 the Korean War ceasefire is signed, establishing DMZ TERRAIN Three basic Movement Corridors through the Peninsula: Eastern; Central; and Western East: Rugged-Light Infantry Central: Less Rugged-Light Armored West: More Open, Heavy Armored Movement Terrain typifying the western lowlands Terrain typical of the central mountains Terrain typical of the eastern mountains, which are very rugged Geology: Created at converging plate boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence of an Ancient Connectivity and Biogeodispersal of a Bitterling
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evidence of an ancient connectivity and biogeodispersal of a bitterling species, Rhodeus notatus, across the Korean Peninsula Hari Won1, Hyung-Bae Jeon 1,2 & Ho Young Suk1* The modern-day distribution of freshwater fshes throughout multiple rivers is likely the result of past migration during times when currently separate drainages were once connected. Here, we used mitochondrial and microsatellite analyses for 248 individuals of Rhodeus notatus collected from seven diferent rivers to obtain better understand historical gene fow of freshwater fsh on the Korean Peninsula. Based on our phylogenetic analyses, this Korean species originated through the paleo-Yellow River from China and frst colonized near the west coast. These genetic data also provided evidence of estuary coalescences among the rivers fowing to the west and southwest coast on well-developed continental shelf. In addition, the pattern of population structure revealed the biogeodispersal route from the west coast to the south coast. It could be inferred that massive migration was not involved in the formation of southern populations, since the signature of historical genetic drift was clearly observed. Our study is the frst genetic attempt to confrm hypotheses describing the migration of freshwater species towards the end of East Asia, which have previously been developed using only geological reasoning. Primary freshwater fsh species living in separate river systems are not able to come into contact naturally. Even within a single river system, populations can be isolated by landscape structures1–3. Te high degree of interpop- ulation genetic diferentiation normally found in freshwater fsh species has ofen been attributed to the frag- mented nature of freshwater environments4–7.
    [Show full text]
  • Moving the River? China's South–North Water Transfer Project
    Chapter 85 Moving the River? China’s South–North Water Transfer Project Darrin Magee 85.1 Introduction China is not a water-poor country. As of 1999, China’s per capita freshwater avail- ability was around 2,128 m3 (554,761 gallons) per year, more than double the internationally recognized threshold at which a country would be considered water- scarce (Gleick, 2006). The problem, however, is that there is no such thing as an average Chinese citizen in terms of access to water. More specifically, the geo- graphic and temporal disparity of China’s distribution of freshwater resources means that some parts of the country relish in (and at times, suffer from) an over-abundance of freshwater, whereas other parts of the country are haunted by the specters of draught and desertification, to say nothing of declining water quality. The example of China’s Yellow River (Huang He) has become common knowledge. The Yellow takes its name from the color of the glacial till (loess) soil through which it flows for much of its 5,464 km (3,395 mi) journey (National Bureau of Statistics, 2007). After first failing to reach the sea for a period during 1972, it then suffered similar dry-out periods for a portion of the year in 22 of the subsequent 28 years (Ju, 2000). The river so important for nurturing the earliest kingdoms that came to comprise China, once known as “China’s sorrow” because of its devastating floods, now has become a victim of over-abstraction, pollution, and desert encroachment, and a symbol of the fragility of the human-environment relationship on which our societies depend.
    [Show full text]