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2018 Nr. 2 (26) 2018 Nr ISSN 1822-5152 (spausdintas) ISSN 2351-6461 (internetinis) https://doi.org/10.7220/2351-6561.26 VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS LIETUVIŲ IŠEIVIJOS INSTITUTAS LIETUVIŲ MIGRACIJOS IR DIASPOROS STUDIJOS t 2018 Nr. 2 (26) 2018 Nr. 2 (26) REDAKCIJOS KOLEGIJA Egidijus ALEKSANDRAVIČIUS vyriausiasis redaktorius (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas) Dalia KUIZINIENĖ redaktoriaus pavaduotoja (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas) Kristīne BEĶERE (Latvijos mokslų akademija) Ingrida CELEŠIŪTĖ (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas) Daiva DAPKUTĖ (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas) Beata KALĘBA (Krokuvos Jogailaičių universitetas, Lenkija) Violeta KELERTIENĖ (Vašingtono universitetas, Sietlas, JAV) Vėjas Gabriel LIULEVIČIUS (Tenesio universitetas, JAV) Violetta PARUTIS (Esekso universitetas, Didžioji Britanija) Juozas SKIRIUS (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas) Giedrius SUBAČIUS (Ilinojaus universitetas, Čikaga, JAV) Lietuvių išeivijos institutas S. Daukanto g. 25, LT–44249 Kaunas, Lietuva © Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2018 © Lietuvių išeivijos institutas, 2018 TURINYS CONTENTS ŠIUOLAIKINIAI MIGRACIJOS PROCESAI TRENDS OF CONTEMPORARY MIGRATION Solange MASLOWSKI The Fears that Undermine EU Internal Migration .. 7 Baimės, pakertančios migraciją Europos Sąjungos viduje ......................................18 Rūta SUTKUTĖ Pabėgėlių diskurso formavimasis socialinėse medijose: Lietuvos atvejis .....................19 Shaping the Public Discourse on Refugees in Social Media: The Case of Lithuania .................35 Giedrė Kai neformalusis ugdymas teikia naudos ir ugdytojui: edukacinis projektas Pokalbiai apie MILERYTĖ-JAPERTIENĖ emigraciją ir jo rezultatai . 37 The Educational Project Conversations about Emigration and its Results ....................47 DIASPOROS ISTORIJA IR KULTŪRA HISTORY AND CULTURE OF DIASPORA Vaida K A MU NTAVIČIENĖ Lietuvos kotrynietės emigracijoje: penkių seserų likimai. 49 The Lithuanian Sisters of St. Catherine in Emigration: The Fate of Five Sisters ............62 Gediminas K ASPAR AVIČIUS Verslininkai iš Lietuvos Tobolsko gubernijoje XIX a. antroje pusėje – XX a. pradžioje. 63 Businessmen from Lithuania Active in the Tobolsk Governorate ................................75 Juozas SKIRIUS Lietuvių išeivijos mokslinės įstaigos įkūrimas Čikagoje XX a. pabaigoje (Lituanistikos tyrimų ir studijų centro veiklos pradžia) ................77 How the Lithuanian Research and Studies Center Got Started .................................88 5 Maija KRŪMIŅA Escape Narratives of World War Two Refugees from Latvia .................................89 Antrojo pasaulinio karo pabėgėliai iš Latvijos: jų pabėgimo naratyvai .........................97 Marius PEČIULIS Tautinių lietuvių karinių dalinių kūrimo klausimas JAV Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais ............99 The Issue of Lithuanian Military Units in the U. S. during World War Two. .114 Kristīne BEĶERE World Latvian Youth Congresses (1968–1989) and the Development of Exile National-Political Ideas ... 115 Pasaulio latvių jaunimo kongresai (1968–1989) ir nacionalinių politinių idėjų plėtra egzilyje .....127 Asta GUSTAITIENĖ Emigranto pastangos susigrąžinti vardą (-us): Akselio Sandemose’ės Kas pranykę – sapnas . 129 An Emigrant’s Attempt to Recover Lost Names: Aksel Sandemose’s What’s Gone Is A Dream . 141 Kristina ZAKSAITĖ Svetimos erdvės vaizdinys naujausiuose svetur rašytuose migrančių romanuose (Gabija Grušaitė, Vaiva Rykštaitė, Jurga Žąsinaitė, Lina Ever) ....143 The Image of Foreign Space in the Most Recent Novels Written Abroad by Migrants (Gabija Grušaitė, Vaiva Rykštaitė, Jurga Žąsinaitė, Lina Ever) ......158 IŠ ARCHYVŲ FROM THE ARCHIVES Dalia KUIZINIENĖ Pasitraukimo iš Lietuvos tema Stasio Barzduko dienoraščiuose .............................159 The Topic of Leaving Lithuania in the Diaries of Stasys Barzdukas. 159 RECENZIJA BOOK REVIEW Ilona STRUMICKIENĖ Imigrantai iš Baltijos šalių pokario Didžiojoje Britanijoje: integruoti, bet neasimiliuoti .......169 Immigrants from the Baltics in Postwar Great Britain: Integrated but not Assimilated ........169 K RONIKA ...........................................173 EVENTS APIE AUTORIUS ...........................................193 ABOUT THE AUTHORS REIKALAVIMAI STRAIPSNIAMS ...........................................195 SUBMISSION GUIDELINES ...........................................199 6 LIETUVIŲ MIGRACIJOS IR DIASPOROS STUDIJOS OIKOS: lietuvių migracijos ir diasporos studijos 2018, nr. 2 (26) ISSN 1822-5152 (spausdintas), ISSN 2351-6461 (internetinis) https://doi.org/10.7220/2351-6561.26.1 Šiuolaikiniai migracijos procesai tSolange MASLOWSKI Charles University (Czech Republic) Warsaw University The Fears that Undermine EU Internal Migration Summary. Freedom of movement of persons in the EU has been built progressively since the foundation of the European Economic Community. Its success and fruits are incontestable, and it is considered as an exemplary model of European integration. Nevertheless, the favourite right of EU citizens has been questioned since a decade and its future development is undermined by different fears. Two main cate- gories of fears can be identified: the economic fear and the threat to national public policy. The first- ca tegory includes mainly the fear of abuse of social assistance by EU inactive migrants or solely their ab- sence of sufficient financial resources. Hosting Member States are consequently fearing unreasonable burdens for their national budget. The second category deals with a more general threat with different faces. Indeed, national public policy can be threatened by serious grounds such as violence or aggravated theft but also by contestable grounds such as uncleanliness, homelessness or the belonging to a poor minority. The paper is first presenting the evolution of freedom of movement of persons in the EU from its start until nowadays, focusing on the last decade reversing progression. Then, it is exploring the main categories of fears, that undermine current freedom of movement of persons and generate national li- mits to freedom of movement. Keywords: EU citizen, fear, abuse, threat, member states, freedom of movement, sanctions. Freedom of movement of persons in the EU has been built progressively since the founda- tion of the EEC in the 1950s, starting with the freedom of movement reserved only to workers to be expanded later to all EU citizens. Today, around 4% of European Union (EU) citizens of working age (20–64) are residing in a member state other than that of their citizenship (Eurostat, 2018). Its success and fruits are incontestable, and it is consid- ered as an exemplary model of European integration. Nevertheless, the favorite right of EU citizens has been questioned for a decade and its future development is undermined by 7 different fears. Two main categories of fears can be identified: the economic fear and the threat to national public policy. The first category includes mainly the fear of abuse of so- cial assistance by migrants or their lack of sufficient financial resources. The second cate- gory deals with a more general threat with different national faces. Indeed, national public policy can be threatened by serious grounds such as violence or aggravated theft but also by contestable grounds such as uncleanliness or homelessness. The paper will first present the evolution of freedom of movement of persons in the EU from its start until now, focusing on the last decade of reversing progression. Then, it will explore the main categories of fears that undermine the current freedom of movement of persons and justify national limits to freedom of movement. 1. Freedom of movement of persons in the EU: from a success story to a reverse progression 1 1. The best EU success story in an era of confidence: from the 1950s to 2004 Freedom of movement of persons in the EU is a real success story regarding the impressive enlargement of its personal and territorial scope but also for its significance for EU citi- zens. Freedom of movement of persons started at the beginning of the European project, with the possibility for nationals of the six initial member states to go to and work in an- other member state of the EEC. Only reserved to workers, this freedom was closely linked with the economic dimension of the EEC. In time, it evolved towards a more personal di- mension with consideration given to the personal life of the migrant. Indeed, freedom of movement was enlarged in 1968 to family members of the migrant worker, allowing the migrant to have a family life abroad.1 It also started to consider unexpected changes of life: the migrant worker who had lost his/her job abroad could stay for a while in the host coun- try.2 It was the first opening to economically inactive migrants. Later, other categories of economically inactive EU citizens could move and reside like students, retired persons, and so on.3 This opening to non-workers migrants was reinforced by the emergence of a common citizenship for all nationals of the EU member states, the EU Citizenship in 1992. EU citizenship inscribed into Article 20 TFEU,4 is indeed conferring a number of rights to nationals of EU member states, the right to move to and reside in the territory of another member state being the first right to be quoted. Freedom of movement also benefited 1 Council Directive 68/360/EEC of 15 October 1968 on the abolition of restrictions on movement and residence within the Community for workers of member states and their families. 2 Council Directive 90/365/EEC on the right of residence for employees and self-employed persons
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