Gardner-Webb University Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University

A Photographic Guide to the Gelasian (Early Pleistocene) Mollusca of Southeastern North Carolina

2021

Waccamaw Mollusca Review Copy Pt. IV: Volutoidea, Cancellariidae, Costellariidae, & Olivoidea

Timothy Campbell

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/early-pleistocene- mollusca-photographic-guide

Part of the Marine Biology Commons i Introduction Location The Lower Waccamaw Formation contains a rich basal Pleistocene (early Gelasian, 2.4-2.0 million years old) fauna with an extreme abundance and diversity of mollusks (>90% of the fossils and 900+ species) in addition to various echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, corals, bryozoans, and vertebrates. Based upon the ranges of the extant species, the climate seems to have been warmer than today. This diverse subtropical fauna can be found in patches in southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina. It is roughly equivalent to the modern fauna of central South Carolina to North Florida, however, there was dramatic faunal turnover about 1.7 MYA and the modern Carolinian fauna is much more similar to the modern Caribbean fauna than the Waccamaw Formation fossils are to equivalent age Caribbean faunas. Fossils have been known from the Lower Waccamaw Formation since prehistory. Although the first scientific study was Tuomey and Holmes, 1856, no single monograph exists. Roughly 40% of the species are extant. The species derive from multiple habitats, including 30-50 m sandy-bottom shelf, cementing bivalve reef, 10-20 m sandy- bottom shelf, surf to subtidal, saltmarsh, muddy-bottom sound, and freshwater to brackish.

Potential Waccamaw Formation Areas

Background map from Google Maps 46 Cystiscidae & Granulinidae

Gibberula lavalleeana Granulina n. sp. (d'Orbigny, 1842) 2.3 mm 2.2 mm Smooth Highly distinctive shape

Granulina amaintula Granulina dacria (Dall, 1890) (Dall, 1892) 1.8 mm 4.3 mm; 4.7 mm Axial sculpture Highly distinctive shape 47 “Dentimargo” & Volvarina ?

“Dentimargo” aureocincta “Dentimargo” eburneola (Stearns, 1872) (Conrad, 1834) 5 mm 3.1 mm; 6 mm Narrower Broader

Volvarina ? n. sp. Volvarina ? sp. Volvarina ? cf. avena 2.8 mm 5.5 mm; 8 mm (Kiener, 1834) Highly distinctive; Very small Broader; more columellar folds 7 mm LM Highly distinctive shape 48 Prunum I

Prunum n. sp. 1 Prunum sp. 6 15 mm LM 14 mm; 16 mm Distinctive shape Large; Rounded

Prunum sp. 7 Prunum precursor 10 mm; 11.5 mm (Dall, 1890) Angle in columella 18 mm Large; 5 columellar folds 49 Prunum II

Prunum sp. 5 Prunum limatulum 8 mm; 12 mm (Conrad, 1834) Very broad; Indented Callus 2 has color pattern 9.5 mm; 11.5 mm Most common larger Prunum

Prunum cf. apicinum Prunum cf. roscidum (Menke, 1828) (Redfield, 1860) 10.5 mm 13 mm Broad; Columnar Angled tall spire 50 Prunum III

Prunum n. sp. 2 Prunum sp. 13 8 mm; 8.5 mm 11 mm Indented callus Rounded spire

Prunum sp. 15 Prunum cf. pardalis 10.5 mm (Dall, 1890) Broad; High-spired 10.5 mm Indented callus 51 Prunum IV

Prunum sp. 8 Prunum sp. 10 10.2 mm 8 mm Broad; Asymmetrical Weak lowest columellar fold

Prunum sp. 14 Prunum sp. 16 12 mm 9.5 mm Massive columellar folds Indented callus 52 Prunum V

Prunum sp. 1 Prunum sp. 4 Prunum belloides 5.5 mm 6 mm (Olsson & Harbisson, 1953) Smaller Very narrow spire 7 mm Common high-spired Prunum

Prunum cf. hosfordensis Prunum sp. 12 Prunum bellum (Mansfield, 1930) 7.2 mm (Conrad, 1868) 7 mm Small; Narrow Has color pattern Broader 9 mm Higher-spired 53 Prunum VI

Prunum sp. 2 Prunum sp. 3 9.5 mm 7 mm; 8 mm Narrower Very flat spire; Very strong columellar folds

Prunum contractum Prunum sp. 9 Prunum sp. 11 Conrad, 1870 8.8 mm 9.5 mm 7.5 mm Broader; Shorter-spired Taller spire; More Columnar Very strong callus 54 Volutidae

Aurinia obtusa (Emmons, 1858) Juvenile; Subadult 43 mm; 109 mm Common volute

Scaphella brenmortoni Scaphella precursor Olsson & Petit, 1964 Gardner, 1948 Subadult Juvenile; Subadult 71 mm LM 14 mm; 73 mm Less pointed protoconch Highly distinctive 55 Cancellariidae

Cancellaria conradiana (Dall, 1890) Massyla venusta Juvenile; Broken (Tuomey & Holmes, 1856) 5.3 mm; 62 mm LM 21 mm Highly distinctive shape Highly distinctive shape

Trigonostoma betseiae Trigonostoma tenera Tritonoharpa lanceolata Olsson & Petit, 1964 (Philippi, 1848) (Menke, 1828) 24 mm; max ~35 mm Broken Juvenile, Broken Fainter sculpture 10 mm 5.7 mm Flatter spire Highly distinctive sculpture 77 Costellariidae I

Vexillum n. sp. Vexillum sp. 1 4.2 mm; 6 mm 4 mm Cancellate sculpture Broad; Convex spire

Vexillum sp. 2 Vexillum sp. 3 5.7 mm 4.8 mm; 5.7 mm Taller Convex spire; Cancellate 78 Costellariidae II

Vexillum cf. holmesii (Dall, 1890) 5.3 mm 14 strong axial ribs

Vexillum wandoense Vexillum cf. willcoxii (Holmes, 1858) (Dall, 1890) 4.5 mm; 6 mm 6.2 mm Straighter sided 12 strong axial ribs 79 Oliva & Olivella I

Oliva carolinensis Olivella sp. 1 Olivella prefloralia (Conrad, 1863) 2 mm Olsson & Harbison, 1953 8.8 mm; 87 mm 2OD Narrow; Large protoconch 9.8 mm Very large Large; Narrow

Olivella carolinae Olivella fargoi Gardner, 1948 Olsson & Harbison, 1953 2.6 mm; 18 mm Sinistral; Normal Large; Broad 9.8 mm; 17 mm; max ~21 mm Large; Moderate width 80 Olivella II

Olivella sp. 2 Olivella cf. dodona 9 mm Olsson & Harbison, 1953 Very tall body whorl 4.3 mm; 7.5 mm Very rounded spire

Olivella lactea Olivella mutica Olivella cf. pusilla (Marrat, 1871) (Say, 1822) (Marrat, 1871) 10.2 mm 7.5 mm 6.6 mm Larger; Strong callus Large protoconch Small protoconch 81 Olivella III & Bellolividae

Olivella pugilis Olsson & Harbison, 1953 6.4 mm; 12 mm; 16 mm Very broad

Jaspidella sp. Juvenile; Adult 2.8 mm; 8 mm Very large protoconch