Diskrimineringens Retorik En Studie Av Svenska Valrörelser 1988–2002

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Diskrimineringens Retorik En Studie Av Svenska Valrörelser 1988–2002 Diskrimineringens retorik En studie av svenska valrörelser 1988–2002 Kristina Boréus Rapport av Utredningen om makt, integration och strukturell diskriminering Stockholm 2006 SOU 2006:52 SOU och Ds kan köpas från Fritzes kundtjänst. För remissutsändningar av SOU och Ds svarar Fritzes Offentliga Publikationer på uppdrag av Regeringskansliets förvaltningsavdelning. Beställningsadress: Fritzes kundtjänst 106 47 Stockholm Orderfax: 08-690 91 91 Ordertel: 08-690 91 90 E-post: [email protected] Internet: www.fritzes.se Svara på remiss. Hur och varför. Statsrådsberedningen, 2003. – En liten broschyr som underlättar arbetet för den som skall svara på remiss. Broschyren är gratis och kan laddas ner eller beställas på http://www.regeringen.se/remiss Tryckt av Edita Sverige AB Stockholm 2006 ISBN 91-38-22579-4 ISSN 0375-250X Förord Utredningen om Makt, integration och strukturell diskriminering tillsattes efter ett regeringsbeslut den 22 april 2004 och har i upp- drag att identifiera och kartlägga mekanismer bakom strukturell/ institutionell diskriminering på grund av etnisk och religiös tillhö- righet. Resultaten ska redovisas successivt i syfte att ge underlag för en fördjupad diskussion om och åtgärder mot strukturella hin- der för att alla medborgare ska kunna delta i samhällslivet på lika villkor och med samma möjligheter. Föreliggande rapport är utredningens åttonde rapport och den andra inom området politik. I denna studie undersöks strukturell diskriminering inom den svenska valrörelsen. Syftet är att kartlägga förekomsten av sådan diskriminering riktad mot människor som uppfattas som ”icke-svenska” i de senaste fem valrörelserna. Internationella studier visar att valrörelser är en viktig institution som reproducerar och i vissa fall förstärker diskursiv diskrimine- ring av personer med invandrarbakgrund. Det inte är bara rasistiska partier som rider på den existerande strukturella och institutionella diskrimineringen och dess diskursiva sammanhang. Också väletablerade partier ser här en möjlighet att mobilisera röster och förstärka sin position i det politiska fältet. Att framställa ”invandrare” som problem och deras föreställda ”kulturella tillhörighet” som en avvikelse från ”oss” görs till ett valstrategiskt redskap. Ett sådant partipolitiskt ställningstagande och sådana diskursiva handlingar är i sig antidemokratiska eftersom det stig- matiserar vissa samhällsgrupper som problem och exkluderar dem från politiskt deltagande på likvärdiga villkor. Diskurserna som dominerar det offentliga rummet utgör ett avgörande inslag för formandet av den allmänna opinionen. Hur vi talar och skriver följer, liksom andra former av social handling, vissa mönster. Dessa mönster utgör tankestrukturer som spelar en central roll för tolkningen och uppfattningen av grupper i samhället. Vissa etablerade rasistiska och diskriminerande diskurser Förord SOU 2006:52 använder exempelvis ”kulturell tillhörighet” som en indelnings- grund för människor för att hierarkisera och legitimera att männi- skor utsätts för olika behandling. Ett genomgående drag i alla valrörelserna är den återkommande uppdelningen i ”svenskar” och ”invandrare”. Den senare gruppen framställs oftast som mindre värdig och underlägsen gruppen ”svenskar”. Detta är ett känt fenomen i många andra länder. Från Danmark till Österrike har man i valrörelserna framställt gruppen ”invandrare” som både ett hot och ett ekonomiskt, socialt och kulturellt problem för gruppen ”vi”. Dessa diskurser sprids av både politiker i nyckelpositioner och andra debattörer som genom sin frekventa tillgång till medier gör sina ideologiska budskap kända. Denna ojämlika tillgång till medialt utrymme leder också till, som författaren till denna rapport påpekar, ”exkludering” av röster från personer med invandrarbakgrund. De lyser med sin frånvaro i viktiga positioner som toppolitiker och inflytelserika journalister. Om personer med invandrarbakgrund syns i valrörelserna framställs de oftast som ”intervjuobjekt”. Men även, som författaren till denna rapport påpekar, när enstaka invandrade personer framträder i centrala roller betyder det inte nödvändigtvis något för innehållet i det budskap de kommer att framföra. En viktig fråga för den kommande valrörelsen är dock den sociala och substantiella representativiteten av andrafierade grupper, det vill säga, representativiteten av röster mot rasism, diskriminering och exkludering i valrörelsen. Kristina Boréus rapport är ett viktigt bidrag till debatten om den diskursiva rasism och diskriminering som dominerar många euro- peiska länders valrörelse. Hon menar att ett medvetet ickediskri- minerande ställningstagande i den politiska debatten handlar om politiskt mod i en tid då rasism och diskriminering är utbredda i Europa och partier kan lockas av möjligheten att vinna vissa väljare genom en retorik som pekar ut ”invandrare” som en problematisk grupp på vilken hårdare krav bör ställas. Masoud Kamali Adrián Groglopo Särskild utredare Utredningssekreterare Marcus Lundgren Simon Andersson Utredningssekreterare Utredningssekreterare Innehåll 1 Diskursiv diskriminering i svenska valrörelser .................. 9 Diskriminering .................................................................................. 11 Forskningsfrågor och material ......................................................... 14 Analysram.......................................................................................... 18 2 Val 1988: ”Generös flyktingpolitik” men flyktingfientlighet i periferin ........................................ 41 Skuggan från Sjöbo ........................................................................... 41 Frågor i valrörelsen 1988 .................................................................. 42 Kategorisering ................................................................................... 44 Distansering....................................................................................... 45 Perspektiv på flyktingpolitiken ........................................................ 46 Perspektiv på diskriminering och rasism ......................................... 48 ”Vi” och ”dom” ................................................................................. 49 Diskursiv diskriminering i valrörelsen 1988? .................................. 51 Sammanfattning 1988........................................................................ 56 3 Val 1991: ”Generös flyktingpolitik” mot beskrivningen av flyktingar som hot .................................................. 59 Rasism och flyktingmotstånd i flera tappningar ............................. 59 Greven och betjänten........................................................................ 60 Frågor i valrörelsen 1991 .................................................................. 64 5 Innehåll SOU 2006:52 Kategorisering....................................................................................65 Distansering .......................................................................................66 Perspektiv på flyktingpolitiken ........................................................67 Perspektiv på diskriminering och rasism .........................................71 ”Vi” och ”dom”..................................................................................72 Diskriminering i valrörelsen 1991?...................................................75 Reaktioner på Ny Demokratis flykting- och invandrarretorik ......80 Sammanfattning 1991........................................................................84 4 Val 1994: ”Stramhet gentemot de många”....................89 Hets mot flyktingar och invandrare, hårdnande politik .................89 Greven och betjänten snubblar för sista gången..............................92 Frågor i valrörelsen 1994...................................................................93 Kategorisering....................................................................................95 Distansering .......................................................................................97 Perspektiv på flyktingpolitiken ........................................................98 Perspektiv på diskriminering och rasism .......................................103 ”Vi” och ”dom”................................................................................104 Diskriminering i valrörelsen 1994?.................................................106 Inflytandet av Ny Demokratis flykting- och invandrarretorik ....112 Sammanfattning 1994......................................................................116 5 Val 1998: Problemet med de arbetslösa ”invandrarna”.119 Tystnad om flyktingpolitiken.........................................................119 Frågor i valrörelsen 1998.................................................................121 Kategorisering..................................................................................122 Distansering .....................................................................................123 6 SOU 2006:52 Innehåll Perspektiv på flyktingpolitiken ...................................................... 125 Perspektiv på diskriminering och rasism ....................................... 127 ”Vi” och ”dom” ............................................................................... 128 Diskriminering i valrörelsen 1998? ................................................ 128 Inflytandet av Ny Demokratis flykting- och invandrarretorik.... 131 Sammanfattning 1998.....................................................................
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