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THE CLOISTERS ARCHIVES
Collection No. 30
The Cloisters Cross Research Papers

Processed March 2014 and May 2019

The Cloisters Library
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Ft. Tryon Park
99 Margaret Corbin Dr. New York, NY 10040
(212) 396-5365 [email protected]

Collection Summary

Title: The Cloisters Cross Research Papers Creators: Longland, Sabrina, Katherine Serrell Rorimer

Dates: 1960-69; 1980-2000 Extent: 5 linear feet (11 boxes) Abstract:

This collection relates to research conducted on “The Cloisters Cross” (Met Collection

63.12).
Sabrina Longland was a Research Assistant with the Medieval Department of the
Metropolitan Museum in the 1960s. Her papers (Series I) deal primarily with iconographic and historical research she conducted on behalf of Cloisters’ curator and later Met Director Thomas P. Hoving on The Cloisters Cross and related medieval pieces. Her papers involve Ms. Longland's research notes, photographs, reprints, published material, and correspondence.
Series II, the papers of Katherine S. Rorimer relate to her investigations and writings to

correct and refute inaccuracies found in Hoving’s 1981 book King of the Confessors, which

recounts the acquisition of The Cloisters Cross by the Met (when Katherine Rorimer’s husband James was the museum Director). This series includes extensive research correspondence with Met and other museum professionals, and documents her attempts to publish numerous manuscripts on the topic, drafts of which are included in the collection.

Administrative Information

Provenance:

The Longland papers would have been originally filed in the Medieval Department offices at the main building of the Metropolitan Museum. The date and circumstances of their transferal to The Cloisters archives is unknown.

The Katherine Rorimer papers were retained by the Rorimer family in their New York apartment until 2018, when they were donated to the Met by Anne and Louis Rorimer for deposit in the Cloisters Library, through the efforts of Charles T. Little.

Access: Open for research by appointment from The Cloisters Library and Archives staff. Location: The Cloisters Archives Room Form of Citation: Identification of item, date (if known), The Cloisters Cross Research Papers; box number; folder number; The Cloisters Library and Archives, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Watsonline Record: http://library.metmuseum.org/record=b1771445~S1

Biographical Notes

Sabrina Longland received a BA Honours Degree at the Courtauld in June 1962, where she studied under Professor George Zarnecki and Christopher Hohler. She worked as a research Assistant for Professor Sir Nikolaus Pevsner on his Buildings of England series and wrote the list of Medieval terms for the Penguin Dictionary of Architecture by Pevsner, Hugh Honour, and John Fleming. In 1963 she moved to New York and in May of the next year she was appointed as Special Research Assistant at the Cloisters, primarily to study the ivory Cloisters Cross.
Katherine (Kay) Serrell Rorimer (1908-2000) attended Wellesley College, held a Masters

Degree from the Institute of Fine Arts, NYU, and worked in the Library at The Metropolitan Museum for nine years. She was married to Cloisters and Met Director James Rorimer from 1942 until his death in 1966. She also worked as a researcher at the Index of Christian Art in Princeton and, at age 90, published her first novel, Leave It to Me.

Bibliography:

Hoving, Thomas. “The Bury St. Edmund’s Cross.” Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 22, no. 10

(June, 1964), pp. 317-340. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3258225

Longland, Sabrina. “ ‘Pilate Answered: What I Have Written I Have Written.’ ” Metropolitan

Museum of Art Bulletin 26, no. 10 (June, 1968), pp. 410-429.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/3258813

Longland, Sabrina. “A literary aspect of the Bury St. Edmunds cross.” Metropolitan Museum

Journal 2 (1969) pp. 45-74. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.metmuseum.org/stable/1512586

Longland, Sabrina. 'The “Bury St. Edmunds Cross": Its Exceptional Place in English Twelfth-

Century Art.' The Connoisseur 172 (1969) pp. 163-73.

Hoving, Thomas. King of the Confessors. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981. Parker, Elizabeth C. & Charles T. Little The Cloisters Cross: its Art and Meaning. New York: The
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_Cloisters_Cross_Its_Art_and_Meaning

Rorimer, Katherine S. “Tresor de l’art roman anglais.” L’Estampille No. 211 (February 1988).

Scope and Content

Series I, papers of Sabrina Longland, predominantly center around scholarship she carried out on The Cloisters Cross in preparation for published works. Contents include notes, correspondence, study photos, and manuscripts.

Series II, papers of Katherine Rorimer, consist primarily of research correspondence and multiple drafts of her manuscript addressing Thomas P. Hoving’s King of the Confessors. Shorter, published essays and talks on the object are also included. Of particular interest is the correspondence Kay Rorimer conducted for several years to refute many of the claims made by Hoving about the Cross, as well as stories about himself, James Rorimer, and other colleagues at the Met. Notable figures from outside the Met community are also addressed, such as art dealer Ante Topic Mimara and Cleveland Museum directors William Milliken and Sherman Lee.

Arrangement

Note: KSR=Katherine Serrell Rorimer Series I: Sabrina Longland Papers
Subseries IA : Cloisters Cross: General Research Subseries IB: Cloisters Cross: Iconography Subseries IC: Cloisters Cross: Typological Cycles Subseries ID: Cloisters Cross: Cross Titulus Subseries IE: Cloisters Cross: Theology Subseries IF: Cloisters Cross: Synagogue Subseries IG: Related Objects Subseries I.H: Bibliographies and Illustrations Subseries I.i: Cloisters Cross Manuscripts Subseries I.J: Professional Papers and miscellanea

Series II: Katherine Serrell Rorimer Papers
Subseries IIA: Previously published Cloisters Cross material (non-KSR) Subseries IIB: KSR research notes and correspondence Subseries IIIC: KSR manuscript drafts

Container List

SERIES I: SABRINA LONGLAND PAPERS

Subseries I.A : Cloisters Cross: General Research

Box Folder Title

  • 1
  • 1

2345
Small Ivory Reliquary Cross Sale, 1966 Ivories Correspondence Cloisters Cross correspondence Laud Bible Correspondence Christ before Pilate correspondence

67
Sampson King John, correspondence Bury Exhibition
89
Cross monograph: Chapter Outline; Miscellaneous Quotations Cloisters Cross Inscriptions: letters and notes Things to do: Research Loose Papers: Correspondence, Research Notes, Etc. I Loose Papers: Correspondence, Research Notes, Etc. II Ivory Reliquary Crosses
10 11 12 13 14 15 1
Notes for Urbana Altar Cross Notes Bury St Edmunds, General & Bibliography Bury Manuscript. M. Cotton Vitellius A XII (Fol 65 R) (Xeroxes from Photo)

2

23456789
Bury Manuscript. Harley 1585 Bury Manuscript. Harley 2278

Bury Manuscript. Harley Roll Y6 “Guthlac Roll”

Bury Manuscript. Landsdowne 381 (Psalter of Henry the Lion) Bury Manuscript Landsdowne 383 (Shaftsbury Psalter) Bury Manuscripts in files: cross references Paleography
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
K.L. Bibliography: Liturgy Dugdale Kaliscz Jocelyn Saxl Cross Inscriptions Crusades, especially the Third St. Augustine Sermons on the Liturgical Seasons Mosan Art, notes

Grodecki in “L’Art Mosan”: “Vitraux de Chalons-sur-Marne”

Inventories [Miscellaneous Notes]

Subseries I.B: Cloisters Cross: Iconography

Box Folder Title

  • 1
  • Iconography

3

23
Cross symbolism Poenitentia

  • 4
  • Centaurs

5678
Alexander the Great Ascent Palm Sunday Feasts of the Cross Palm Sunday Ephraem the Syrian Jews

  • 9
  • Jews Migne Index

Disputes Disputes in Art Ezechiel: rotam in media rotae Wolves Tegernsee Antichrist Walters Cross Chalons-sur-Marne Window Tree of Life – Palm Tree Terra Tremit
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

  • 19
  • Adam and Eve

Subseries I.C: Cloisters Cross: Typological Cycles

Box Folder Title

  • 20
  • Cham [infelix] in literature

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Cham in Art Cham: Pictor in Carmine Cham: Speculum Humanae Salvationis Peter Riga – Aurora Versified Bible Verse: Versified Genesis by Jean Evrart (Old French) late 12th C. Peterborough Cathedral Worcester, Eton College, 177. Bury St. Edmund retable (?) Biblia Pauperum Hildesheim Missal Typological Cycles: Munich, Cim. 14159 Typological Cycles other than England post 12th C Rusticus, Benedict, Biscop, Jarrow, Ingleheim & Maur Paulinus of Nola Typological in Liturgy

  • 4
  • Subseries I.D: Cloisters Cross: Cross Titulus

1234

Folder 9: Cross Titulus: “Pilate Replied…”

John19, 19-22 Munich MS, Clm. 13067 (Staatsbibl.) Rex Confessorum

  • 5
  • Pembroke Ms 72

Subseries I.E: Cloisters Cross: Theology

Box Folder Title

67
Theology, General They Shall Look on Him Whom They Have Pierced, Zachariah 12:10, John 19:37.

  • 8
  • Plangent

910
Ponam Te Sicut Signaculum Haggai 2:24

Jeremiah 11:19 “Conteramus Eradamus Eum de Terra Viventium…”

  • 11
  • Jeremiah 11:19 Ego Quasi Agnus – The Lamb

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Joel 3:16 De Jerusalem Dabit Vocem… Ezekial 3:25 “Fili Hominus Ecce…” Sophonaiah 3:19 “Ego Interficiam Omnes…” Vae Qui Potum Dat…Habbacus 2:15

Et Erit Vita Tua - Tertullian Quare Rubru Quare Rubru: Iconography of Christ in Wine-press Quare Futuru Exterminavenint Manus Meas et Pedes Ascendam – Solomon

Viri Foederis Tui….Obbadiam

Oblatus Est Ipse Coluit – Isaiah 53 Numquid Dabo Primo Genitum – Micah Omnes Prophetae Testimonium Permibent Sicut Moyses Exaltavit Serpente in Deserto

Foderunt Manus Meas….David

Ero Mors Tua O More – Roses

Subseries I.F: Cloisters Cross: Synagogue

Box Folder Title

29 30 31 33 34 35 36
Synagogue, Miscellaneous Notes Synagogue, in the liturgy-sequence Synagogue, Bibliography Synagogue Contra Judaeos, Paganos et Arianos – Lectio, Ordo Prophetarum Synagogue: Mors Vita Maledictus - Inscription Piercing Lamb

37 1
Henry the Lion Missal from Saint Just – Lyon Eucharist

5

2

  • 3
  • Pontifical of Paris (Metz Bibl.)

  • 4
  • Noyon Missal

5678
Missal of Saint Vanne – Verdun Pontifucal of Reims (Rouen Bibl. Mun. 370) Missal from Paris , (Bibl. Nat. lat 1112)

Missal from Paris , (Bibl.de L’Univ de Paris MS 177)

  • Other Missals
  • 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Missal of St. Stephen’s, Dijon

Missal of Henry of Chichester , John Rylands, MS 24 Moralised Bible from Toledo Spentrup Gerona Apocalypse Verdun, MS 121 Copy 2 De Altercations Ecclesiae et Synagogae dialogue. P.L.42, col. 1131 Lower Saxon Material Laon Missal – Synagogue/Preface of Mass Crusades, especially The Third Mantua Missal Vatican Ms, Barberini XII Synagogue Alfred Weis Das Munster, 1947-1948 London V & A Kennet Cibonium Photos London V & A Warwick Cibonium Photos Schluss Stammheim Missal Photos Treves Ms 900, datwed 1108 Vatican Coc Ressanensis 181 Verdun Ms 121 12th C Homiliary Missal of St Vanne, Verdun Winchester Bible Photos Noyon Missal Ghent Bibliotheque Liber Floridas

Lewis Edwards, “Some English Examples of the Medieval Representation of Church and Synagogue”

34 35

M. Schlauch, “Allegory of Church and Synagogue”

de Altercatione Ecclesiae et Synagogue Dialogus: later imitations and influence

Subseries I.G: Related Objects

Box Folder Title
Other Ivories

12345678
Anvers; Musee Vandenbergh Bamberg Cathedral Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore Berlin, Kaiser Friedrich Museum Bordeaux Cathedral Stoclet Collection, Brussels Canosa Cathedral, Puglia Emil Hannover Collection, Copenhagen

6

  • 9
  • Gunhild Cross, Copenhagen Museum

Copenhagen: Gunhild Cross Florence Bargello Herlufsholm Church, Denmark John Hunt Ivories Leon, San Marcos, Museo Crucifix from Carrizo Liege or Brussels?, M. Vermeylan Collection London: Guildhall London: Victoria and Albert, Ascension Relief London: Victoria and Albert, Deposition Relief London: Victoria and Albert, Madonna London: Victoria and Albert, St Nicholas Crosier London: Victoria and Albert, Soltikoff Crucifix Madrid: Museo Arqueologico, Fernando/Sancha Cross Maihingen: Sammlung Ottingen Wallerstein Metropolitan Museum of Art
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Paris: Louvre, Crucufix Folder : Salzburg: Stift Nonnburg

Illuminated Manuscripts

Manuscripts, General B.M. Add. 11283 Bestiary
27 28

  • 29
  • B.M.Add 28108-07 Stavelot Bible

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
B.M. Arundel 157 B.M. Caligula A VIII B.M. Book for Jessie McNab Cotton Caligula A VII Cotton Nero C IV Henry of Blois Psalter Cotton Nero C IV Photos Glasgow: Hunterian Museum The York Psalter Photos The Lambeth Bible Oxford: Bodleian Auct. D.2.6 Oxford: Bodleian Auct. D.3.14 Oxford: Bodleian Bodley 271 Oxford: Bodleian Ms Gough Lit 2 Laud Bible Description Oxford: Corpus Christie Ms 2 Paris: St Germaine Maueris Bible Photos Rouen Ms 370 John Rylands Ms 24 Pierpont Morgan Library Ms 736 Camarillo, California Doheny Library Zacarias Chrysopolitanus Cambridge C.C.C. Ms 2 Bible XII C Bury Bible Cambridge Pembroke College Ms 16 Cambridge Pembroke College Ms 54 Cambridge Pembroke College Ms 64 Cambridge Pembroke College Ms 72 Cambridge Trinity Ms 200
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
Cambridge Trinity B 1.16 Cambridge Trinity Ms B 5.4 (Psalter of Hubert of Bosham) Cambridge University Library Ee IV 33 Chester Beatty Ms 22 (Walsingham Bible) Copenhagen Psalter Dover Bible Dublin Trinity College Ms A 1.1.53 Winchcombe Psalter Durham Cath Lib Ms A II 1 Bishop Pudsey’s Bible Ex-Dyson Perrins Ms 1 English 12th & 15th C. Connected with, or from, Bury St Edmunds: little Robert Min
64

65
Ex-Dyson Perrins Ms 117 Peter the Lombard. Comentarii in Paalmos, written 1166 from Bremen Lists: Latin Incipits

Metalwork

123456

Bury St E: Moyse’s Hall Sampson Crosier Ring

Folder : Copenhagen National Museum, Two Crosses Engelberg Cross Freiburg Crucifix Kremsmunster Arbey Flabellum London V & A, Warwick and Kent Cibona notes

7

78
Luneburg, St Michaeliskloster, Reliquary Cross Paris, Musee de Cluny Bronze Gilt Cross

  • 9
  • Saalburn, Copper Gilt Cross

  • 10
  • Vatican, St Peters, True Cross Reliquary

Sculpture

11 12 13 14 15 16
Sculpture, Lead; Lead Font, Walton-on-the-Mill, Photos Sculpture, Stone; Durham Cathedral, Photos Sculpture, Stone; English, Misc. Photos Sculpture, Wood; Soest, Photos and Notes Sculpture; Random Notes

H Kraus “A Reinterpretation of the ‘Risen Dead’ in Beaulieu Tympanum”

with correspondence to and from T. Hoving

  • [Photos of 3 Unidentified Stone Figures]
  • 17

Subseries I.H: Bibliographies and Illustrations

Box Folder Title

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Bibliography: General Bibliography Cards, Cloisters Cross History Bibliography

“Treasury of Art in Great Britain,” Vol II

Bibliography: Art, General Bibliography: Hymns, Verse Bibliography: Iconography Bibliography: Theology

7

Bibliography: Typology
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Bibliography: Style and Shape Medieval Pattern Books Miscellaneous Christ before High Priest Photographs Cross: Spare Photographs K-L Lists, Misc Monument List Detail Comps Style Notes Bibliography Cards, Various Medieval topics

Subseries I.i: Longland Cloisters Cross Manuscripts

Box Folder Title

123

“A Literary Aspect of the Bury St Edmunds Cross” manuscript and notes

Unspecified MSS and notes on the Cloisters Cross I Unspecified MSS and notes on the Cloisters Cross II

8

Subseries I.J: Longland Professional Papers and Miscellanea

Box Folder Title

45
Curriculum Vitae; Correspondence and Travel Info., 1968 Medieval Club of N.Y.

8

67
T. Hoving Cleveland Lecture Slide List Trinity College Slide List
89
Photo of Armour for Walter Urgerer Byzantine Weights, Letters

  • 10
  • NY Times article on T. Hoving, 1/1/67

SERIES II: KATHERINE SERRELL RORIMER PAPERS

Subseries IIA: Previously Published Cloisters Cross Material (non-KSR)

Box Folder Title

123
The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, June 1964. Cloisters Cross issue with KSR annotations. Black and white photo prints of James Rorimer, Thomas Hoving, and an unidentified man. Metropolitan Museum press releases re. Cloisters Cross (August 1976) and King of the Confessors (Oct. 26, 1981).

9

45
Reviews of King of the Confessors or profiles of Thomas Hoving, 1981-99.

Longland, Sabrina. “The ‘Bury St. Edmonds Cross’ It’s Exceptional
Place in English Twelfth Century Art.” Connoisseur 172, no. 693 (Nov.,

1969)

Parker, Elizabeth. “The Missing Base Plaque of the Bury St. Edmonds

Cross.” Gesta 14, no.1 (1975)

Parker, Elizabeth. “Master Hugo as Sculptor: A Source for the Style of

the Bury Bible.” Gesta 20, no.1 (1981)
6

Abulafia, Sapir. “An Attempt by Gilbert Crispin, Abbot of Westminster, at

Rational Argument in the Jewish-Christian Debate” Studia Monastica v.26, f.1 (1984).
7

89

Diebold, William. “Some Problems in the Bury St. Edmunds Cross” January

1987

Jones, Bernice. “A Reconsideration of the Cloisters Ivory Cross with the Caiaphas Plaque Restored at its Base.” Gesta 30:1 (1991), some annotations. Sister M. Kilian. “Metaphysical Concepts Underlying a Twelfth-Century

Cistercian Milieu Compared with Other Environmental Concepts from Other

Times and Places” (lecture and notes by Sister M. Kilian from the 1993

Conference on Cistercian Studies).
10

“Name of Israel’s Last King Surfaces in a Private Collection,” Biblical

Archaeology Review, Nov./Dec., 1995.
11 12
“Cross inscriptions translated by Mersmann[?]” – Envelope dated April 1996

Davis, Truman, MD, MS. “The Crucifixion of Jesus: The Passion of Christ from a Medical Point of View.”

13

Decker, Andrew. “Real and Fake in the ‘Zagreb Louvre’.” ARTnews

Summer, 1987.

Subseries IIB: KSR research Notes and Correspondence

Box Folder Title

14 15 16
Photographs of the Cloister Cross (some with annotation on back) Cross, Latin text translations Correspondence between KSR and Joseph Noble, Director of the Museum of the City of New York, refuting Hoving claims re. Mona Lisa, May, 1983. Correspondence, primarily regarding research and publication of refutations

of “King of Confessors”:

9

17 18 19 20 21 12345



1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

10

1990-2000

  • 6
  • KSR misc. research notes on the Cross

7

8

“Useful odds and ends to save re Armageddon and King of Confessors” 1984 “K of C notes, quotes, facts, ideas”

9

KSR comments on the Cloisters, including a copy of John D. Rockefeller’s

statements at the May 10, 1938 opening

  • KSR biographical notes
  • 10

Subseries IIC: KSR Manuscript Drafts

Box Folder Title

  • 11
  • Drafts of introductions and prefaces

Full text responses to Hoving’s King of the Confessors:
12 1234



“The Serpent and the Voice” Full text draft dated 1986, annotated. Full text draft dated April 25, 1990. Full text draft dated November 25, 1990, annotated. Full text draft dated August, 1993, annotated. Full text draft dated February 17, 1995.

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  • 32| 46| 38| Indian Law

    32| 46| 38| Indian Law

    Editor in Chief Book Review Editor René Harrod (954) 627-9916 Henry Cohen (202) 707-7892 T [email protected] Judicial Profile Editor Managing Editor Michael Newman (513) 977-8646 Stacy King (571) 481-9100 Sarah Perlman, Production Coordinator Editorial Board: Kelle Acock, Nathan Brooks, Julie China, Henry Cohen, R. Johan Conrod Jr., Thomas Donovan, Raymond Dowd, Kim Koratsky, David Lender, Jeffrey McDermott, March/April 2009 Volume 56 Number Three Michael Newman, Jonathan Redgrave, Hector Ramos, Becky Thorson, Michael Tonsing, Daniel Winslow, Vernon Winters Columns Indian Law COVER PHOTO: ABO RUINS, SALINAS NATIONAL MONUMENT, NEW MEXICO. BY LAWRENCE BACA. 3 President’s Message 4 At Sidebar 34th Annual Indian Law Conference: 10 Washington Watch 32| 12 The Federal Lawyer In Cyberia Coming Home to Indian Country For the first time in its history, the annual Federal Bar Association Indian Law 16 IP Insight Conference will take place in a tribal community just outside of Santa Fe, New 18 Labor and Employment Corner Mexico, at the Hilton Santa Fe at Buffalo Thunder, located on the Pueblo of 20 Focus On Pojoaque. We celebrate this historic move as an opportunity for reflection on the Chapter 7 Trustee Removal relationship between federal Indian law and Indian communities, particularly in an 24 Judicial Profile era of political change and promise. Hon. Sim Lake 26 Judicial Remembrance The Green Road Ahead: Renewable Energy Takes Hon. Willis W. Ritter 38| a Stumble But is on the Right Path, Possibly Right Departments Through Indian Country BY TRACEY A. LEBEAU 6 Chapter Exchange Indian Country represents a unique point of nexus between federal interests, 8 Sections and Divisions the marketplace, and a new frontier poised to host the growth of infrastructure 9 Candidates for National Office FY2010 needed for sustainable energy while also supporting growing tribal populations, 61 Language for Lawyers regional economies, and the national interest.
  • The Western Perception of Ancient Egypt: the Discovery, Spectacle and Exposition of King Tutankhamun

    The Western Perception of Ancient Egypt: the Discovery, Spectacle and Exposition of King Tutankhamun

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  • Nature Versus Culture: Lower Manhattan Land Art by Charles Simonds, Walter De Maria, and Alan Sonfist Farrar Fitzgerald CUNY City College

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    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Master's Theses City College of New York 2017 Nature Versus Culture: Lower Manhattan Land Art by Charles Simonds, Walter De Maria, and Alan Sonfist Farrar Fitzgerald CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! Follow this and additional works at: http://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses Part of the Museum Studies Commons Recommended Citation Fitzgerald, Farrar, "Nature Versus Culture: Lower Manhattan Land Art by Charles Simonds, Walter De Maria, and Alan Sonfist" (2017). CUNY Academic Works. http://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/689 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the City College of New York at CUNY Academic Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of CUNY Academic Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nature Versus Culture: Lower Manhattan Land Art by Charles Simonds, Walter De Maria, and Alan Sonfist Farrar Fitzgerald Adviser: Professor Ellen Handy May 2017 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts of the City College of the City University of New York Table of Contents 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….…1 2. Ruinous Architecture, Charles Simonds’ Dwellings………..…….………………….….14 3. Displacing Culture, Walter De Maria’s New York Earth Room…………………………28 4. Too Natural, Alan Sonfist’s Time Landscape………………….………………………...41 5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….56 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..59 Figures……………………………………………………………………………………65 i Introduction In the twilight of the postwar years’ economic boom and rapid urban transformation, three site-specific land art works were installed within blocks of each other in lower Manhattan (fig.
  • Thomas J. Watson Library Digital Collections | the Metropolitan

    Thomas J. Watson Library Digital Collections | the Metropolitan

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