RESEARCH ARTICLE Characterizing Floral Symmetry in the Core Goodeniaceae with Geometric Morphometrics Andrew G. Gardner1¤*, Jonathan N. Fitz Gerald1, John Menz1, Kelly A. Shepherd2, Dianella G. Howarth3, Rachel S. Jabaily1 1 Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 N. Parkway, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America, 2 Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia, 3 Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, New York, United States of America ¤ Current address: Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Stanislaus, Turlock, California, United States of America *
[email protected] a11111 Abstract Core Goodeniaceae is a clade of ~330 species primarily distributed in Australia. Considerable variation in flower morphology exists within this group and we aim to use geometric morpho- metrics to characterize this variation across the two major subclades: Scaevola sensu lato (s. OPEN ACCESS l.) and Goodenia s.l., the latter of which was hypothesized to exhibit greater variability in floral Citation: Gardner AG, Fitz Gerald JN, Menz J, symmetry form. We test the hypothesis that floral morphological variation can be adequately Shepherd KA, Howarth DG, Jabaily RS (2016) characterized by our morphometric approach, and that discrete groups of floral symmetry Characterizing Floral Symmetry in the Core morphologies exist, which broadly correlate with subjectively determined groups. From 335 Goodeniaceae with Geometric Morphometrics. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0154736. doi:10.1371/journal. images of 44 species in the Core Goodeniaceae, two principal components were computed pone.0154736 that describe >98% of variation in all datasets. Increasing values of PC1 ventralize the dorsal Editor: Lorenzo Peruzzi, Università di Pisa, ITALY petals (increasing the angle between them), whereas increasing values of PC2 primarily ven- tralize the lateral petals (decreasing the angle between them).