Manolis Glezos (Mars, 1963)

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Manolis Glezos (Mars, 1963) "A l'ombre de l'Acropole, là où la Démocratie est née, la démocratie est aujourd'hui foulée aux pieds"... Manolis Glezos (mars, 1963) marxisme militant GRECE 1963 Manolis Glezos Message André Gisselbrecht Grèce 1963 Quelques mythes modernes - Les hommes victi­ mes des ruines - Ne suivez pas le guide - Qu’est- ce qui est grec ? - Digression musicale - Le physique ou le moral ? - La fameuse question d’Orient - Le rêve de la grande Grèce - De très vieux réfugiés - Un peuple trahi - La drôle de guerre contre le fascisme - Une Résistance excep­ tionnelle - Les éphémérides de la Résistance grecque - Le sommet de la démocratie grecque - La Résistance intellectuelle - Le premier acte de la guerre froide - Où sont passés les dollars ? Un système quasi-colonial - Un gâteau pour les parasites - Oranges et cigarettes - Un parent pauvre de l’Europe des Six - Ces paysans à l’hos­ pitalité homérique - Des syndicats sans syndica­ listes - Des indigents aux aveugles - La saignée de l’émigration - Un régime hypocrite - L’alibi de la culture - Les philhellènes à l’Index - Un étrange illogisme - Ces innombrables journaux grecs - Le sort original d’un journal démocrati­ que - Une « orgie » électorale - La « mère des démocrates » en action - Ces prisonniers qu’on ne veut pas avouer - Le pope n’est pas l’enne­ mi - Sa Majesté le Roi des Hellènes - Monarchie parlementaire ou République ? - Bonnes œuvres et fastes royaux - Les cousins de Basse-Saxe - Pays « atlantique » ou balkanique ? - Un réduit assiégé du « monde libre » - La revanche des collabos - Une démocratie policière - Le danger du fascisme - Un vaste centre d’indécision - Le parti des « lenvendis » (généreux et nobles) - Des ouvriers du tabac aux avocats - Où sont les Socrates d’aujourd’hui? - Conclusion ............... POEMES ET CHANTS Chants kleftiques ............................................................ 116 Livaditis Ne vise pas mon cœur ..................................................... 117 Elytis Eloges - Prophétie ............................................................ 119 Vrettakos L’homme et le cheval - Deux mères qui se croient seules 120 Yannis Ritsos Epitaphios - Les racines du monde - Soir...................... 122 Manolis Fourtounis Le retour ......................................................................... 126 Titos Patrikios Phase d ’une bataille - Numéro matricule .......................... 126 Tassos Spyropoulos Attends ........... 128 Victoria Theodorou La mer ................................................................................ 129 Kostas Koüloufakos Testament ......................................................................... 130 Angelos Phocas Histoire pour que l’histoire soit écrite ........................... 131 DEUX NOUVELLES Elli Alexiou Le retour au pays natal et les grands nombres 133 Dido Sotiriou Le gosse 137 Les augmentations successives des prix et charges nous con­ traignent à un prochain rajustement de nos tarifs. Ce rajuste­ ment prendra effet avec notre numéro 149 (Septembre-Octobre 1963). Les nouveaux tarifs seront les suivants : Prix de vente du numéro : 4,50 F. — Abonnement 1 an ; 40 F. — 6 mois ; 21 F. — Abonnement d’essai (3 numéros) : 13 F. Conformément à la tra­ dition, nos lecteurs gardent la possibilité, jusqu’au 15 septembre, de s’abonner, et nos abonnés de se réabonner (même par antici­ pation) aux tarifs anciens (voir la dernière page de la revue). M Chers lecteurs, Avec le courage que je puise dans cette tragédie, que vous lirez dans les colonnes hospitalières de La Nouvelle Critique, je vous invite, j’invite chaque conscience humaine à se révolter, à réclamer la liberté pour les plus de mille détenus politiques grecs, combattants de la Résistance Nationale. Ces hommes qui, pendant les terribles années de l’occupation, se sont battus pour la liberté de leur pays, pourrissent à présent en prison. Combat­ tants inflexibles de la démocratie, de l'indépendance nationale et de la paix, ils demeurent indomptés, tels de nouveaux Promé- thées, dont le seul crime fut d ’avoir trop aimé l’homme et leur patrie. Tous ceux qui aiment la Grèce comme un symbole de liberté, de démocratie, d ’humanisme et de civilisation doivent aider à la victoire de ces idéaux, en effaçant de ma patrie cette tache qu ’est la détention politique. Pour les Grecs, l’idée de liberté est étroitement liée à la France, qui a toujours été associée à nos luttes poui cette liberté. Ses intellectuels, si sensibles à la misère et à l’opnression, suivent aujourd'hui l’exemple de Hugo, qui s'était insurgé contre l'humi ­ liation imposée alors à la Grèce par l’occupation étrangè'e. Son poème, « L’enfant grec », a trouvé une suite dans les démarches, les pétitions et autres expressions de la solidarité des Français. Tous ceux qui visitent aujourd ’hui la Grèce, au-delà des vestiges d'une antique civilisation et d ’une façade menteuse, peu ­ vent discerner le drame de notre pays, la misère, la faim, la douleur infinie. Ils voient des mères, assises au seuil de leur mai­ son et qui attendent depuis dix-neuf ans le retour de leurs enfants. Sous l’ombre de l'Acropole, là où la démocratie est née, la démocratie est maintenant quotidiennement foulée aux pieds. M A N O O André Gisselbrecht Grèce 1963 Divers événements récents le prouvent : après l’Espagne, la Grèce préoccupe le monde. Les pages qui suivent ne prétendent pas, tant s’en faut, donner une connaissance complète de la Grèce actuelle. Les spécialistes, les Grecs eux-mêmes y trouve­ ront nombre de lacunes, voire d’inexactitudes, que l’auteur aime­ rait, s’il y a lieu, corriger avec eux. La durée du séjour, l’igno­ rance du grec ancien (malgré tout utile !), un commerce récent — autre que touristique — avec ce pays ne permettaient pas ce qu’on nomme une connaissance « intime » du sujet; ils n’autori­ seraient qu’à un reportage. Ce qu’on va lire n’est pour une bonne part que cela. L’auteur a cru néanmoins devoir déborder les limites de la chose vue et entendue; des faits d’actualité — tels la venue à Paris du héros de l’Acropole, Manolis Glezosi, la Conférence pour l’amnistie tenue en mars au Palais d’Orsay, et aussi le voyage de de Gaulle à Athènes et Salonique — l’ont incité à compléter les données déjà abondantes recueillies sur place par des documents écrits et un rappel (nécessairement succinct et incomplet) du passé historique — à l’exclusion de l’Antiquité classique, dans laquelle on se réfugie trop facilement, tourisme et culture « humaniste » aidant. D’autre part, la rareté des ouvrages consacrés — y compris par des Grecs — à la Grèce contemporaine était une raison sup­ plémentaire de s’aventurer, avec les risques et périls qui s’atta­ chent à l’entreprise; un coup d’œil aux rayons des Presses Uni­ versitaires est édifiant : d’innombrables livres sur la Grèce anti­ que — dont la réédition très heureuse, en Livre de Poche, de De l’Iliade au Parthénon du grand helléniste progressiste André Bonnard —, à peu près aucun sur la Grèce moderne; il n’existe pas d’ouvrage d’ensemble sur la période d’après-guerre jusqu’à nos jours; ni d’histoire complète et sérieuse de la Résistance anti- nazie2; encore moins, vu les controverses toujours vives, de la guerre civile de 194649. C’est pourquoi, malgré l’insuffisance de son information, l’auteur présente ces pages comme une modeste 1. Où il fut reçu, entre autres personnalités, par MM. Dardel, président du Conseil général, et Taittinger, président du Conseil municipal. 2. Le livre du publiciste belge Dzélépy, Le dra­ me de la Résistance grecque, est sujet à caution. ^ pierre d’attente avant l’ouvrage général qu’attendent les hommes 2 de progrès, qui se sont passionnés et se passionnent pour la Grèce, tant ce pays a donné pour sa liberté et celle du monde. 'g Je tiens à remercier ici pour leur aide fraternelle les mili- tants et députés de l’E.D.A. (Union Démocratique de gauche), qui m’ont fait part de leur expérience et de leurs souffrances, et ménagé les contacts indispensables. Qu’on me dispense de citer leurs noms — hommes et femmes —, qui sont trop nombreux : ils se reconnaîtront aisément. Je remercie également les person­ nalités dont les noms suivent, qui ont bien voulu me recevoir : M. Mavros, député de l’Union du Centre, ex-ministre (de la Défense, des Finances, de la Justice); M. Stefanopoulos, député du Centre (leader-adjoint du groupe parlementaire), plusieims fois ministre des Affaires étrangères, ex-vice-président du gouver­ nement du Maréchal Papagos; M. Tsirimokos, leader du Centre, ex-dirigeant du Parti socialiste, vice-Président de la Ligue hellé­ nique des droits de l’homme et de la Fédération internationale des droits de l’homme; M. Argyropoulos, ancien ambassadeur, grand connaisseur de notre pays (et de son Président de la Répu­ blique), ex-ministre des Affaires étrangères du « grand » Veni- zelos3; M. Merkourisi, député indépendant, ancien ministre de la Santé publique, ex-organisateur du référendum pour le retour du roi Georges, représentant grec au Parlement européen, prési­ dent du Comité pour la coopération des pays balkaniques; M. P5 rromaglou, du Parti agraire, ex-dirigeant de l’organisation de Résistance (anticommuniste) E.D.E.S. (du Général Zervas), ex­ professeur de français. Leur savoir de spécialistes (M. Mavros par­ ticulièrement est un économiste réputé, M. Pyromaglou est histo­ rien — à la fois acteur et chroniqueur — de la Résistance), ainsi que leurs déclarations d’hommes politiques responsables, donc « autorisées », m’ont été très précieuses pour définir l’éventail d’opinions de la Grèce actuelle. On me pardonnera d’omettre le parti gouvernemental — l’E.R.E.5 de M. Caramcmlis — (au pouvoir depuis 56), dont les positions officielles sont suffisamment con­ nues — alors que ses pratiques les sont beaucoup moins. Quelques mythes modernes Que sait-on de la Grèce ? Il faut distinguer, bien sûr, entre le public politisé et celui qui ne l’est pas — disons, en gros, les vacanciers — bien que les deux catégories puissent se recouper. Le premier a entendu parler de l’acte héroïque de Manolis Glezos et 3. Dont le fils, Sophocle Venizelos, est l’un des principaux leaders de ce même parti du Centre.
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