Lessons for Brazil's Sil Vicultural Plans at Carajas Philip M

INI'ERCIEN::IA 13 (.1) : 12-24 (.1988) •

JARI AT AGE 19: LESSONS FOR BRAZIL'S SIL VICULTURAL PLANS AT CARAJAS PHILIP M. FEARNSIDE

Introduction: Jari and Carajas

ari, a 1.6 million ha es Brazilian firms now numbering 22. The vicultural operations on the scale con tate on the Jari River new Jari (made up of three firms: templated under the Grande Carajiis Jon the northern side of Companhia Florestal Monte Dourado, Program. They also indicate changes, Brazil's Amazon River (Figure 1), takes Companhia Agro-Pecmiria Sao Rai both good and bad, in the outlook for on new significance with the announce mundo, and Caulim da Ama:zOnia) is sustainability of the plantations at Jari ment of plans for mammoth silvicultural headed by the Brazilian mining magnate itself. Jari's vast size makes the security plantations in the Grande Carajiis pro Augusto Trajano de Azevedo Antunes. of its future an important question for gram area in Eastern Amazl\nia. Initia The new J ari has made great strides to the region. tion of mining at Carajiis, site of the reduce financial losses and was able to world's largest high-grade iron ore de claim an operating profit for the first posit, provides the impetus for the Gran time in 1985/86. Reports describing Jari Changes Since "Jari Revisited" de Carajas Program to finance develop "out of the red" are widely known in (Fearnside and Rankin, 1985) ment in a 900,000 km2 area in the states Brazil having appeared in Veja (8 Janu of Para, Maranhao and Goiiis (Fearn ary 1986), the country's largest weekly A) Commercial Plantation Species side, 1986a). How J ari is faring 19 years newsmagazine. Newsweek ( 11 August after silvicultural planting began in 1968 1986) has also reported "the unmaking Since 1983, the share is important because far larger silvicultur of a fiasco" at Jari. Unfortunately, the of the estate's plantation area occupied al schemes would be needed to meet impression that large-scale silviculture by Gmelina has declined in favor of charcoal demand of pig-iron smelters is now a viable activity in Ama:zOnia is Eucalyptus and Pinus (Figure 2), and planned for Carajiis. J ari is famous as misleading. Reasons include the "operat the number of Eucalyptus species has Ama:zOnia's largest silvicultural planta ing profit" not reflecting the cost of ser increased. In addition to E. deglupta and tion. vicing Jari's debt, the operation having E. urophylla, the estate's commercial stands now include E. grandis, E. uro Interpreting its signifi been sold to its current owners at a frac cance requires an understanding of the tion of its original cost, and the unusual grandis, and some E. pellita. array of other economic undertakings at circumstance of a highly profitable Jari: an irrigated rice plantation, a kaolin mine compensating for losses in Gmelina arborea kaolin (china-clay) mine, a water buf the silviculture sector. falo herd in flooded grassland (varzea) The present paper is Jari's managers have areas, a modest cattle ranching opera based largely on information obtained been forced to further reduce the rota tion in the unflooded uplands, and a during a recent return to Jari ( 10-12 tion time for the estate's premier species, sawmill. April 1986). Jari has changed in a va Gmelina arborea. Gmelina was originally In January 1982 Jari's riety of ways since previous visits to be harvested on a 6 year cycle, but by original owner, D. K. Ludwig of Universe (Fearnside and Rankin, 1980, 1982, 1983 the cycle had to be shortened to 5 Tankships Corp., sold a controlling in 1985). Developments there give an idea years to avoid losses to the fungus Cera terest in the estate to a consortium of of the complexity and uncertainty of sil- tocystis fimbriata (Fearnside and Ran-

Dr. Philip M. Fearnside, an ecologist, received his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. in 1978. He is specially interested in the estimation of carrying capacity for human agricultural populations, and his work bas been directed at his problem in the Brazilian Amazon since 1973. He is presently a Research Professor at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amaz6nia (INPA, and a Research As sociate of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. His address: INPA, Caixa Postal 478, 69,011 Manaus-Amaz6nias, Brazil.

12 0378-1844/88/01-012-13 $ 3.00/0 JAN- FEB 1988, VOL. 13 N9 1 IRlfR[IfR[IA kin, 1985: 121). Jari now harvests its so far. Jari's managers do not plan to Attack of the fungus Gmelina at the young age of 3-4 years destump the steeply-sloping areas, where Cylindrocladius deslupario in Pinus first to avoid the fungus, which has become the erosion hazard is greatest. How became a worry in 1984 when Eucalyp more severe. In the case of Gmelina ever, the staff fear that increasing cost tus urograndis (a susceptible species) grown from stump sprouts, or coppices, of manual labor will eventually make was introduced on a commercial scale at early cutting is also wise due to weak unmechanized use of the steeply-sloping Jari. The fungus is increasing steadily in growth after the fourth year. Shortened areas uneconomic. the E. urograndis stands but is remain rotations imply substantial increases in J ari's silviculture staff ing at a stable level in Pinus. When thi~ production costs: planting, weeding and acknowledge that they will not be able fungus attacks a tree the needles dry up harvesting operations have to be done to plant more than a very few cycles of but the tree is not killed. regardless of rotation length. Gmelina on the steeply-sloping sites due Fires have caused no The Ceratocystis fungus to erosion. If management of the re serious damage since 1983, despite dry attacks coppiced Gmelina more severely sprouts (coppices) proves impractical weather. Fire is an inherent hazard in than Gmelina planted as seeds or seed due to the Ceratocystis fungus, then these plantations of Pinus and has caused sig lings. Since coppiced Gmelina grows sites will either have to be abandoned nificant damage at Jari in the past faster than trees planted from seed (in or converted to a perennial crop (oil (Fearnside and Rankin, 1980, 1985). As the first 4 years), J ari's managers hope palm, etc.) or to a long-cycle rotation a precaution, J ari is now leaving wider that sufficiently resistant stock can be of hardwood species. Tests with peren firebreaks of native forest between plan tation blocks. developed to allow use of the coppices. nial crops (cacao) and planted hard Coppiced Gmelina would also be advan woods (teak) were discontinued under The staff say that the tageous on the more steeply-sloping sites the previous administration when they problem of fires spreading into the to minimize erosion between crops. plantations from slash-and-burn fields proved uneconomic (Fearnside and Ran Breeding continues in a in squatter claims has diminished. The kin, 1980). yet unsuccessful effort to develop lines company has established a "Rural Set Jari already has aban of Gmelina resistant to Ceratocystis. Ja tlement Nucleus" (NAR) to resettle squat doned Gmelina stands totaling 793 ha ri's past successes in improving Gmelina ters and has assigned three social as (226 ha planted from seed and 567 ha growth form are being transferred to the sistants to the resettlement sites. The resprouted as coppices) . Abandonment plantations in the Gmelina that is not plantation staff state that the squatters allowed to grow back as coppices. The is the likely fate of an area of approxi have been accepting relocation and that limited size of the present seed orchard mately 1500 ha in the Pacanarf sector burning in the community fields in the has created a shortage of improved seed located on "patio" soil, a very poor resettlement area is done after informing stock. A 70 ha area in a commercial plinthosol (apparently Block 69-76). J ari staff so that precautions can be stand is now being thinned for conver The staff believe that some of the aban taken. I did not visit any of the resettle sion to an additional source of seed. doned Gmelina stands that were cut and ment sites. It is unclear how many of Gmelina is being in then left unmanaged may yet produce at the 1500-2500 squatter families present noculated with Cerawcyszis fungus in least a little useful wood, since the mill in 1983 have accepted resettlement. some parts of the commercial planta can accept very thin logs. "Foxtailing" (the tenden tions in an effort to select resistant cy to long branchless apical shoots) is stock. Experiments are also underway still a problem in Jari's Pinus caribaea. in which infected trees are cut and left Pinus caribaea Genetic material was selected in ca. 1978 in the plantations (rather than being re from 50 of the best trees, but the progeny moved) in order to see if this cheaper Carribean pine (Pinus of these trees (being raised in Moro do measure would be sufficient to control caribaea) is viewed with increasing Sol in the state of Minas Gerais) have the fungus. enthusiasm by Jari's managers for an not yet had sufficient time to produce A new fungus has ap expanded role in the future. Growth of seed for commercial plantations. peared at J ari, attacking 100 ha of Pinus caribaea, now being planted on The need to keep the Gmelina in October and November 1985. slightly better soils than before, has been pulp mill supplied with chips has obliged The as yet unidentified fungus caused good, in some cases with yields as high J ari to harvest Pinus at the age of 9 leaves to fall off the trees, but the trees as those of Eucalyptus. Jari's managers years. The quality of pine pulp is highest survived and the leaves have since grown report that good growth has been a at an age of 11 years, as the fiber length back. chieved on some (unvisited) sites with increases at a rate of about 5% per year Applying fertilizers to poor soil quality. One of these sites is in the 9-11 year age interval. Long fibers commercial Gmelina plantations, begun on a sandy soil in its second rotation. give resistance to tearing. The decision in 1982 (Fearnside and Rankin, 1985: Pinus caribaea normal to harvest Jari's pine at 9 years rather 123), has been discontinued. The cost of ly has slow growth in the first 3 years, than waiting longer therefore carries the balancing nutrient removals will eventual after which the rate increases. Pinus has opportunity cost of foregoing two or more ly have to be paid if production is to produced up to 14.5 m tons/ha/year in years of growth with minimal expenses be sustained. young plantations on the best plateau for weeding and other maintenance work Bulldozing to remove soils, but only around 8 m tons/ha/year and results in some sacrifice of product stumps, known as "intensive site prepara in the areas to be harvested. Low yields quality. tions," is being done at a rate of 3000- are blamed on lack of adequate weeding J ari's planning depart 4000 ha/ year, which is as fast as Jari's during the transition phase. The best ment classified 728 ha of Pinus stands current capabilities allow. At this rate it 1973 area (Block 43-73/86) produced as "abandoned" as of February 1986. In would take 25-33 years to destump the ap 23 m tons/ha/year when harvested at addition, an area of approximately 3000 proximately 100,000 ha area deforested the age of 13 yea~. ha where Pinus has grown poorly is being

11\JfR(Ifi\WI JAN -FEB 1988, VOL. 13 N'? 1 13 TABLE I

PLANTATION AREAS AT 1ARI lal

Gmelina Gmelina Euca- Eucalyptus Cammer- Year of from from Pinus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus lyptus carnal- Native Experi- cia! planting seed coppices caribaea deglupta urophylla urograndis pellita dulensis species mentul total

1S70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 1971 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1972 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 1973 0 0 148 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 148 1974 0 0 270 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 1975 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 10 1976 34 0 238 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 272 1977 0 0 727 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 727 1978 0 0 4,595 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 4,595 1979 0 0 4,824 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 4,824 1980 12 0 732 263 0 0 0 0 0 63 1,007 1981 0 786 593 1,940 0 0 0 0 0 55 3,485 1982 0 365 1,234 7,461 ' 166 0 0 2 0 27 11,819 1983 1,002 5,996 3,448 4,807 2,757 0 64 0 27 14 22,878 1984 1,005 2,100 6,792 0 7,392 142 0 0 130 101 14,003 1985 2,536 3,391 4,512 0 3,127 849 0 0 0 92 10,439 1986 0 I b) 0 0 lc) 0 0 (d) 0 (e) 0 0 0 0 0

Total 4,589 12,638 28,123 14,471 13,442 991 64 2 157 566 74.477

(a) Areas in hectares as of February 24, 1986. (b) 4500 ha scheduled for planting in 1986. (c) 7300 ha scheduled for planting in 1986. (d) 460 ha scheduled for planting in 1986. (e) 18~0 ha scheduled for planting in 1986

converted to pasture following harvest age of 3-4 years so that the flow of chips Ia, which has no phenols, comes on line of the pine in 1986 (Block 85-78). Silvi to the mill can be maintained. 1ari man in 1988. cultural staff do not know why this first agers also point to the advantage of 1ari maintains a stock cycle stand grew slowly but suggest as replacing E. deglupta stands with im of E. deglupta germplasm selected for possible causes soil factors and competi proved varieties of better Eucalyptus low polyphenol content. This leaves open tion from pasture grass initially inter species. 1ari's October-December dry pe the option of returning to E. deglupta planted with the pine. Pinus caribaea riod has a greater impact on the drought should fungal or other problems become areas interplanted with cattle pasture sensitive E. deglupta than on other Euca severe in alternative species. when the pine trees were in their third lyptus species. E. deglupta also has the Pulp quality is lower through fifth year of growth have an advantage of being resistant to the Cylin from Eucalyptus grown on poor soils. additional weed problem from the re drocladius deslupario fungus, but other This, combined with advantage of in mains of' the pasture when the areas are factors make phasing out E. deglupta a creased growth rate, may explain why all used for a second cycle of pine. 1ari's logical decision since the disease does Eucalyptus species are fertilized at 1ari. managers state that the conversion to not presently inflict severe damage. No other species is fertilized in com pasture will be made because of the exist Eucalyptus deglupta at mercial plantations at the estate. ing infrastructure (corrals and fences) 1ari is plagued by the presence of poly Eucalyptus enters into at that site, not due to poor growth of phenols in the wood. These non-sapon conflict with Gmelina for the optimal the pine trees. The Pinus in the area ifiable residuals cause the core of the time of year for harvesting. Gmelina is scheduled for conversion to pasture grew lower part of the trunk to become dark, best harvested in the dry season because at only about half the rate of trees on readily apparent in the piled wood await the steeply sloping clay soils often planted better sites. 1ari's managers state clearly ing chipping. Some trunks, even though to this species have a higher potential for that planting pasture in former planta light in color when cut into cross sec erosion and because machinery is dif tion areas is not contemplated as a sink tions for sampling, turn dark after a few ficult to use in these hilly areas during for exhausted soils. hours indicating the presence of poly the rainy period. E. deglupta is also best phenols. Were they not removed poly harvested in the dry season due to the Eucalyptus deglupta phenols would stain the pulp, lowering lower content of "extractibles" (impuri its market price. The US$6/ m ton extra ties) that have to be removed from the 1 ari has not planted cost of removing polyphenols from E. pulp if harvested at this time. Gmelina Eucalyptus deglupta since 1983 and is deglupta will maintain the firm's reputa also has more impurities in the rainy now harvesting this species at the early tion for top quality pulp until E. urophyl- season, although the beige-colored im-

14 JAN- FEB 1988, VOL. 13 N'-' 1 IR1fR[IfRWI TABLE II Eucalyptus urophylla ROTATIONS AND YIELDS OF SILVICULTURAL SPECIES AT JARI The Cylindrocladius fun gus attacks E. urophylla, but trees are not killed and growth reduction is ap Weight parently not great. E. urophylla suffers harvested Bark Wood yield less attack than does E. urograndis. Cur Rotation with bark (% dry (m tons/ Species (years) (m tons/ha) weight) hajyear) rently there is more Cylindrocladius on the Amapii side of the Jari River than on the Para side; some of the staff ascribe Gmelina arborea 4 45-50 20 9.0-10.0 the difference to heavier clay soil on the Eucalyptus deglupta 4 60-70 10 13.5-15.75 Amapii side. Eucalyptus urophy/la 4 66-80.5 20 13.2-16.1 A bacterial disease caused Pinus caribaea 9 120-130 24-25 5.0-5.5 by Pseudomonus solonacearum has ap peared in E. urophylla, mostly in young trees. The bacteria attack the roots of the trees; the leaves turn yellow and the tree dies. The technical staff first TABLE Ill observed symptoms in 1984. Since that time the disease has spread but has not WOOD GROWTH BALANCE AT JARI reached alarming levels. A lepodopteran larva attacked E. urophylla in 1985, but dam Total wood age was reportedly not serious. A micro Wood yield Native wood (plantation & Area (m tonslhal supplement native) hymenopteran attacked part of one block Species (ha) year) (a) (% of mix) (m tons/year) (Block 35) in 1985, but has not in creased since. Neither of the insects has Gmelina arborea 17,227 9.5 5 172,270 yet been identified. Pinus caribaea 28,123 5.25 0 147,646 Eucalyptus deglupta 14,471 14.625 40 352,730 E. Urograndis E. urophylla, E. urograndis E. urograndis is a hybrid & E. pel/ita 14.499 14.65 20 (b) 265,513 of E. urophylla males and E. grandis Other commercial & females produced by interbreeding in experimental plantations 725 14.65 (c) 20 (b) 13,276 open plantations. Since the crossfertiliza tion is not done under strictly controlled TOTAL 75,200 9.92 951,435 conditions, the "E. urograndis" stands (a) Midpoints of ranges in Table II. contain a scattering of individuals of the I b) Guess (50% of E. deglupta value). parent species in addition to the hybrids. (c) Assumed equal to E. urophy/la value. E. urograndis is the most susceptible to the Cylindrocladius CALCULATION OF SHORTFALL deslupario fungus of the major com Mill requirement = 3000-3500 m tons/day of chips mercial Eucalyptus species at Jari. The (midpoint = 3250 m tonslday) effects are worse in the young trees. The Annual requirement (allowing for 2 week shutdown for repairs) attack is worse in the rainy season. The 351 days x 3250 = 1,140,750 m tons of chips (dry weight) fungus slows the growth rate of the trees without killing them. Annual shortfall = 1,140,750 - 951,435 = 189,315 m tons of chips Eucalyptus cancre (the Shortfall from plantation sources = 189,315 x (1 - 0.156) = 159,782 m tons fungus Diaportha cubensis) is the Achil Additional plantation area needed (at present configuration and yields) les's heel of E. grandis. Cancre attack is 159,782 1 9.92 m tonslhalyr average yield = 16,107 ha not evident in the hybrid at Jari.

Expansion needed as percentage of present plantation area = 16,107 ha 1 75,200 ha = 21.4% increase E. pellita Jari has E. pellita on a small scale: 64 ha were planted in 1983 purities in Gmelina cause less problems The supplement of wood from native (in parcels spread throughout the estate) , than do the black ones in E. deglupta. forests also significantly reduces the cost but Jari's managers are now postponing The density of E. de of supplying the mill's requirements for full commercial-scale planting until they glupta at Jari is lower than that of Euca chips. see the effects of the Cylindrocladius lyptus in Brazil's Central-South Region. Jari had 1847 ha of fungus. In one 12 ha plot of E. pellita To avoid the lower quality pulp that abandoned E. deglupta as of February 16% of the trees were attacked in the would result from using its E. deglupta 1986. These stands had apparently been first year, and some trees died. Never in pure form, J ari has developed a mix planted on inappropriate sites; no plans theless, in 1986 the experimental parcels of native species that includes 40% "ca have been made for conversion of the in the estate were augmented by an ad pitarf (Tabebuia insignis, BIGNONIACEAE). areas to other uses. ditional 200 ha.

ll\7fR[/ffi[lfl JAN- FEB 1988, VOL. 13 N9 1 15 B) Experimental Plantation Species TABLE IV SUPPLEMENTARY WOOD SOURCES AT JARI (1985/86) Jari's ability to weather future biological problems will be largely determined by the availability of alter Aproximate native silvicultural species. Adequate weight (103 testing of potential species, carried out Source Note m tons/year) at the site, is the best means of minimiz ing the risk of an inappropriate choice. Deforestation for plantations (a) 26.25 The following species are under testing: EMBRAPA experiments (b) 0.54 E. grandis: Jari installed Capitari (Tabebuia insignis) (c) 84 a 14 ha experimental planting of E., grandis from a location in Australia Purchase of Pinus caribaea chips (d) 78 believed to be similar to J ari. Trees from this procedence are thought to offer a good chance of resisting the cancre that TOTAL (103 m tons) 188.79 often attacks plantations of this species. PERCENT OF TOTAL PULPWOOD (e) 17% Finding alternative Eucalyptus species is a sufficiently high priority at J ari that 14 ha of one-year-old commercial pine (a) Approximately 3000 ha felled for plantations in 1985. Average wet weight biomass of logs = 350m tons;ha (Feamside and Rankin, 1985: 125), or approximately 175 m tons/ha plantation were sacrificed to install the dry weight. The dry weight pulped per hectare felled is approximately 8.75 m tons, since experiment in 1985. 5% of the species arc used for pulp; these species are assumed to represent the same E. camaldulensis: Al percentage of harvested biomass. This is consistent with the 10% of biomass used for pulping in 1983 (Fearnside and Rankin, 1985: 125) when twice the present number of species though this species is sometimes used for were used for pulpin~:. NAS pulp (United States, 1980: 126) the (b) total amount harvested = 18 x 103 m3; average density = 0.6; assume 5% used as in only potential use for it at Jari would be note (a). for firewood. Despite enthusiasm among (c) 4 month Eucalyptus run ( = 120 days) x 700 ~ tons capitari/day. the research staff under Ludwig and good (d) 390 x 103 m tons chip demand (From Table V) x 20% supplied from purchases (1985;86 growth in experimental plantations value). (Fearnside and Rankin, 1982), the (e) 1,140,750 m tons for operation at full capacity (see Table III). species is no longer under consideration for commercial plantation due to poor pulping characteristics. the advantage of very little foxtailing as "Taxi Preto" (Triplaris E. tornelliana: This spe compared to P. caribaea. The species is filipensis): A 1 ha plot of this native cies grows well at Jari, quickly shading considered a potential option for com species was planted in 1985. The young out the undergrowth. However, it is not mercial planting should a change be de trees suffered some damage by grass a good pulping species and only can be sirable, but J ari has no immediate plans hoppers and ants. used for firewood. for such a change. To summarize the status E. brassiana: Growth Anthocephalus chinen of the search for new species, both exotic since testing began in 1984 has not been sis: This species, which had been grow and native, Jari has a number of species good. ing well in an experimental stand on fairly under testing, a few of which have given E. pillularis: A test plot good soils (Fearnside and Rankin, 1980), reasonably positive results at the site. No of this species planted in 1985 is too died mysteriously in 1984 at an age of species is currently attractive enough to young to be evaluated. approximately six years. No disease suggest any likely changes in the choices Pinus oocarpa: This symptoms, insect attack, or other prob for commercial plantations over the next species has poorer growth than P. ca lems were evident. few years, but some are sufficiently well ribaea in the first two years but then Casuarina: Testing of adapted that they could be called upon catches up and grows faster. P. oocarpa this Asian legume was enthusiastically should biological problems arise that are must be maintained with more thorough initiated under the previous management highly damaging to Pinus caribaea or the weeding than P. caribaea until it reaches in about 1979. The species is only usabfe current Eucalyptus species. No such safe a height of two meters (in approximate for firewood. Experiments are not con- guard exists in the case of J ari's hall ly two years). P. caribaea can survive tinuing. mark species: Gmelina arborea. No na even if left in a heavily weed-infested "Para-Para" (Jacaranda tive species are under serious considera stand with only the tips of the trees copaia): This native species has good tion for commercial planting. showing. P. oocarpa often starts its growth but requires relatively fertile growth lying down or in other ways that soil. Many but not all trees are attacked produce poor form. It also has more by Hysipyla shootborers (pit moth C) Silvicultural Management branches and side sprouts near the larvae) (Fearnside and Rankin, 1980). ground. The staff consider P. oocarpa to Small-scale experiments continue. One casualty of the cost be more susceptible to the Cylindrocla "Mungubeira" ( Bombax cutting measures during Jari's financial dius fungus than is P. caribaea. It also munguba): Experiments that were initi squeeze has been the recycling of some of has high variability in the growth among ated shortly before the end of Ludwig's the pulp mill's residuals to the planta individual trees - not a good character tenure have not been pursued. Mungu tions. In the long term the outflow of istic for plantations, but one that allows beira is a native of the Amaz:Onian nutrients through biomass harvesting, rapid genetic selection. P. oocarpa bas vtirzea and grows well there. soil erosion and other pathways must be

16 JAN- FEB 1988, VOL. 13 NQ 1 ll\7fR(Ifl\(ltl balanced by inputs. The practice initiated TABLE V in 1983 of returning some of the nu CALCULATION OF CONTRIBUTION FROM NATIVE WOOD AT JARI trients removed, although small in scale, was an important sign of recognition of this limitation. Pulp Supplement as Leaf cutter ant (Atta) production percent of Supplementary control is now more effective than it in 1984/85 (a) Chips required plantation con- wood (103 m tons) (103 m tons) (b) (c) was under the previous management. Species tribution (103 m tons) Mirex baits are still the most important component: J ari now uses 50-60 m tons Gmelina arborea 82 355.3 5.263 18.7 per year of Mirex (as compared to 100- Pinus caribaea 90 390.0 0 0 120 m tons/year before 1983): The Eucalyptus deg[upta 42 182.0 25 45.5 Mirex is applied to a larger area than previously, but the area has a lower in TOTAL 214 927.3 64.2 festation of the ants. Mirex is applied to all plantations, whether they are to be (a) From Table VII harvested that year or not. Baits are also (b) Calculated from ratio of chip demand to pulp production placed in a 100 m swath in the forest 3250 m tons chips : 750 m tons pulp ( = 4.33 : 1) around all of the plantations. Mirex is (c) Derived from percentage of mix given in Table III: put out in the dry season, and is most x p/(1 - p) where: x = supplement as proportion of plantation contribution effective just after burning when there p = supplement as proportion of mix (total wood) is nothing else for the ants to carry away to feed the fungal gardens in their nests. (d) Contribution from capitari (Tabebuia insignis) only; some upland forest trees are also used. Leaf cutter ant control in the rainy season relied on the liquid insecticide Arbinex. From 1983 to 1986 of planting large areas of Gmelina on company's costs. Such changes in man J ari used 10 thousand liters per year of sandy soils (Fearnside and Rankin, ual labor costs have forced abandonment the poison; new Brazilian environmental 1980) to the subsequent adjustments re of silvicultural plantations in some other regulations now prohibit its use. Methyl flected in the areas abandoned or con countries (see Fearnside and Rankin, bromide gas, which was pumped into the verted to other uses. A top priority of 1980). The company rather have a small leaf cutter ant nests as a part of the J ari's current research effort is a detailed er number of better-qualified and better Atta control program during Ludwig's soil survey of the estate. Once this in paid machine operators settled with their tenure, has since been discontinued as formation is in hand, it is hoped that families than a large number of migrant overly expensive. the growth records of plantations on the laborers for manual weed control. Mi Burning, a necessary sites will yield a series of regressions for grant laborers come with diseases such as part of the site preparation process for more accurate prediction of plantation malaria, filling up the hospitals and plantation establishment, failed over a to yields on different sites. This is clearly creating social problems. Nor will their tal of 3000 ha 1985. Due to the onset essential for reliable long-range plan children ever provide a settled pool of of the rains, burns failed in a 1500 ha ning. qualified labor. Antunes backs the effort area that had been felled in Felipe J ari's increased number to create a pool of skilled labor rooted (Amapa). Native forest wood was re of planted pulp species represents an im at Jari and has agreed to pay for a sec moved from 1200 ha before the rains portant safeguard against biological prob ondary school in Monte Dourado to give precluded further work; secondary forest lems in any given species, as well as a agronomic and silvicultural training to growing up on the site will be cut and means of making better use of the va local youth. burned for plantation establishment in riety of soil qualities present in the estate. Rooting staff at J ari is 1987. Two areas in Para did not burn Planting a still broader range of species important at all levels in the company either. Heavy rains preventing burning would be highly advisable. hierarchy. Turnover in the technical staff in some years severely affects cattle Breeding of improved has been extremely high. Of the 22 per ranchers and small farmers throughout silvicultural varieties continues. The po sons in a 1982 photograph of the tech Amaz.Onia (Fearnside, 1986b, and) Jari's tential gains from investment in genetic nical staff at the pulp mill, only two were failure to burn a substantial portion of improvement are very great: because the still at Jari by 1986. Technical staff its clearing in 1985 will save money in cost of production is so high relative to turnover has been due largely to low the short term since the expense of plant the price received for the estate's pulp, salaries, now-one third to one-half the ing these areas was deferred but will even small increments in the yield per level of Jari's 1980 salaries in real terms. prolong the period of insufficient planta hectare represent large percentage gains Other firms have been able to tempt J ari tion area to meet the mill's wood de in profits (or cuts in losses). employees away, sometimes taking entire mands. Silvicultural treatments departments at once. Although salaries Improved knowledge of are being readied in preparation for pos in many Brazilian government institu the estate's soil and weather, and of the sible long-range changes in Brazil's labor tions have fallen even further than J ari's requirements of the species planted, is economy. Motorized mowers are now salaries during the same period, the continuing to reduce the risk of major weeding some stands of Pinus and Euca private sector competes successfully by management blunders. The importance lyptus (but not Gmelina). The staff are offering slightly higher pay. In addition, of the high variability of Amaz.Onian concerned that the presently very low J ari would have to offer higher salaries soils has been amply demonstrated at wages in Brazil for manual labor could to hold employees who would rather live J ari, from the initial catastrophic mistake rise sharply, significantly increasing the near a large urban center. ll\1fR(Ifl\(lll JAN -FEB 1988, VOL. 13 N9 1 17 Although the plantations were begun in 1968, it is misleading to assume that the firm bas the benefit of 19 years of silvicultural experience at the site. The high turnover in personnel bas resulted in virtually no living memory of the earlier years among those in positions of technical responsibility. I was frequent ly surprised to find myself called upon as a source of information about what had been done under the previous man agement. , High turnover can be P A R A particularly detrimental to long-term re search projects, since silviculture experi ments by nature take years to produce results. Adequate record-keeping is es sential to insure against the loss of in formation from past experience in the face of staff turnover. The formal exper iments set up by the research depart ment are usually well recorded, but a substantial body of research information is generated informally from spur-of-the moment initiatives in the forest manage ment department. These research initia tives are a healthy way of quickly ob taining rough information on the response to variations in fertilizer application, weeding, and other management tech niques. When informal trials of this type give promising results, the research de partment follows them up by formal con trolled experiments. Examples include fertilizer use in compacted soil in former log storage decks and the use of more economically handled tubes for planting seedlings in the nursery. Much of the in formation gained from informal trials is lost when the staff leave Jari. The new J ari has had the benefit of a stable management at the top, in sharp contrast to the estate's past history. While Ludwig hired and fired over 30 directors over the course of his 14-year tenure, a single director led the enterprise from the time control passed Fig. 1 . Location and features of Jari. to the present consortium in 1982 until he stepped down in July 1986. The former director will continue to partici A significant addition to of 25,000 logs for the 3-day trip to the pate in J ari's management in an advisory the Eucalyptus deglupta pulp has been pulp mill. The cut areas are not replant capacity. wood from "capitari" (Tabebuia insignis), ed, nor are they converted to water buf a tree obtained from natural forest in falo or rice. Capitarf makes up 40% of the floodplain along the lgarape !pitinga, the mixture in Jari's Eucalyptus deglupta D) Use of Native Forest a tributary to the J ari River near its pulp. Capitarf has thicker fibers and confluence with the Amazon. Harvest is thinner walls than does Eucalyptus, re Fewer species of trees from December through July, during sulting in better quality pulp than would from the native forest are used for pulp which time the mill consumes daily 700 be obtained from pure Eucalyptus. The at J ari than previously. Only 5% of the m tons wet weight of the species. An estate's "Jarilyptus" pulp is therefore not native species are for pulping: the list 8000 ha tract of capitari is being cut considered to be Eucalyptus in interna bas been reduced from 80 species used over the 1985-1987 period, 5000 ba of tional markets, but is classified as a dif in 1983 to 40 species in 1986. Only those which bad been cut by April 1986. A ferent product with different uses. species with long fibers, which resist network of canals has been constructed Some native "mungubei tearing, are now used. The heavier na to float the logs to a central collection ra" (Bombax munguba), another varzea tive woods break the lighter Eucalyptus. point where they are grouped into rafts tree, is also used. Its long fiber is used

18 JAN- FEB 1988, VOL. 13 Nl' 1 ln7fR[IfnWI to improve the mix so that stronger cel lulose is produced. JARI 1S PLANTATIONS An additional supple ment to wood supply comes from upland forest management experiments being 50 conducted at Jari by the Brazilian En 80 terprise for Agriculture and Cattle 0 40 70 +- 0 Ranching Research (EMBRAPA). A selec 0 60 J: +- ..., tive felling experiment has established 48 '+- 30 0 50 ~ plots of 0.25 ha each at J ari (12 ha to 0 40 tal). However, much larger areas are ~ 20 0 30 ....Cll managed for other purposes under the 0 .. ·-c: "'.... .,o"' >· 0 wood. The harvesting scheme results in a - 0 :I 0 ·- 0 Cll ."2 u a. +- Q) "'.a c: .... Oa, Cll maximum amount of wood being cut: E .._ ·- 0 :I a. "' ~ 0 ll.u lu

ln7fR[IfnWI JAN- FEB 1988, VOL. 13 N

Eucalyptus Year Gmelina camaldu- ready to (from seed & Pinus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus lensis & Native Experi- Item harvest coppices) caribaea deglupta urophylla urograndis pellita species mental Total

Area 1986 1,197 1,393 9,664 166 0 2 0 146 12,568 (ha) 1987 6,998 4,595 4,807 2,757 0 64 27 49 19,297 1988 3,105 4,824 0 7,392 142 0 130 19 15,612 1989 5,927 732 0 3,127 849 0 0 63 10,698

Wood from 1986 55,119 74,534 601,409 9,728 0 117 0 27,115 767,927 plantations 1987 265,924 96,495 281,210 161,560 0 3,750 1,582 6,461 937,601 (m tons) 1988 117,990 227,934 0 433,171 8,321 0 7,618 2,505 797,540 1989 225,226 34,587 0 183,242 49,751 0 0 8,306 501,113

Wood from 1986 2,901 0 400,940 2,431 0 29 0 6,754 413,075 native 1987 13,996 0 187,479 40,390 0 938 396 1,615 244,816 forest 1988 6,210 0 0 108,292 2,080 0 1,904 626 119,114 (m tons) 1989 11,854 0 0 45,810 12,438 0 0 2,076 72,179

Total 1986 58,020 74,534 1,002,349 12,159 0 146 0 33,768 1,180,997 pulpwood 1987 279,920 96,495 468,689 201,950 0 4,688 1,978 8,076 1,182,417 (m tons) 1988 124,200 227,934 0 541,464 10,401 0 9,522 3,131 916,653 1989 237,080 34,587 0 229,053 69,189 0 0 10,383 572,292

shortfall production or quantity as percent surplus (m tons) of need (a)

Wood 1986 surplus: 40,247 104% availabiliy 1987 surplus: 41,667 104% 1988 shortfall: 224,097 80% 1989 shortfall: 567,458 50%

(a) Mill need = 1,140,750 metric tons dry weight of pulpwood chips per year,

bring water to the paddies from the marketplace, giving J ari an advantage on cleared for plantations. The sawmill re Amazon River. Previous experiments had the portion of the pulp production sold mains a relatively minor part of the en shown the advantages of using this nu within Brazil. terprise. trient-rich water source instead of the The research activities Water Buffalo: The herd present water from the Ariaolos River. at the rice plantation are now carried out of 6800 water buffalo at Jari in 1983 Rice production cost per under a cooperative agreement with increased to 9300 by 1986, spread over ton is US$205 (direct costs only), plus EMBRAPA. This is an essential element in 50,000 of the 70,000 ha of natural flood US$133 per ton in indirect costs (ad assuring the ability of the operation to ed grasslands at Jari. Jari plans to ministration, etc.), giving a total produc counter new biological problems in the triple the buffalo herd to 30,000 head, tion cost of US$338/m ton. The price future. Research at the rice project had which would occupy all of Jari's flooded received in Belem is US$350/ m ton, but been discontinued completely in the final grassland area with the exception of the the additional expenses of freight to two years of Ludwig's tenure. part planned for expansion of the rice Belem, taxes and comissions reduce the Kaolin mmmg: Jari's project. Water buffalo will occupy the net amount received by J ari to US$ kaolin (china-clay) mine has increased entire length of the Amazon River 305/m ton. The loss of US$33/m ton its output by expanding the number of frontage of J ari, from the mouth of the implies a financial drain of US$990,000 settling ponds for separating the kaolin Paru River to the mouth of the Cajari for the 30,000 m tons of rice produced from the slurry that is piped from the River, in addition to the estate's islands in 1985. minesite at Felipe (Amapa) to the pro in the Amazon River (see Figure 1). All of the rice is sold cessing plant at Munguba (Para). The The water buffalo rais within Brazil, at prices frozen under the mining company (CADAM) has increased ing scheme includes a milk and cheese country's "Plano Cruzado" economic the pace of digging into Jari's open-pit production program established in late package. Since international rice prices mine and modified the procedures used at 1984, which is currently producing 1000 are higher than domestic prices, the the processing plant in order to recover liters of milk per day (including butter company has lost money due to the re a higher percentage of the material. and cheese). The cheese-making facili quirement to sell the rice production Sawmill: J ari's sawmill ties have been moved to the Camandui domestically. Pulp prices, by contrast, continues to saw lumber from the valu island in the Amazon river. The new are relatively low on the international able tree species encountered as land is system has a decentralized network of

20 JAN- FEB 1988, VOL. 13 Nil 1 IR7fR[IfRWI corrals atop earth-fill hills. During the TABLE VII high-water period, these artificial hills FINANCIAL BALANCE IN JARI'S SILVICULTURE SECTOR (1984/85) become small islands, each with an area 2 of 1200 m • The earth-fill hills replace Receipts: the traditional "marombas" - raised wooden platforms where the cattle are penned during the flood season. The re Price Quantity (US$/ Value maining marombas at Jari will eventual Pulp species Market (103 m tons) m tons FOB) (103 US$) ly be replaced by the earth-fill islands. The cowboy in charge of each island is Gmelina arborea Export 66 267 17,622 provided with a house built over the Domestic 16 331 5,296 corral. The houses have better sanitation and other facilities than most traditional Pinus caribaea Export 48 249 11,952 floodplain residents enjoy. The cowboy's Domestic 42 256 10,752 wife is responsible for making butter Eucalyptus deglupta Export 31 267 8,277 from some of the milk. Jari had six of Domestic 11 331 3,641 the raised corrals as of April 1986 and planned to have two more by the end 214 57,540 of 1986. The earth-fill islands Production costs include a fish culture scheme still in an (exclusive of debt service) 104,790 experimental phase. A hole is left in the center of each island, creating a pond. LOSS IN SILVICULTURE SECfOR 47,250 Excrement from the water buffalo in the corral fertilizes the pond, where aquatic plants (known locally as "murure") serve as food for two species of forage fish been removed from all of the previously the yield range for each species (Table (known locally as "tamuata" and "jiju established interplanted stands due to II) one can calculate the approximate na"). These fish are eaten by the com the pine's advancing age. amount of wood growth in the estate's mercial species (pirarucu" (Arapaima gi J ari's upland cattle pas plantations (Table III). In order to bring gas). Research on the fish culture scheme tures are of the species Brachiaria hu plantation growth and wood demands has been underway since 1983 in a co midicola, which was promoted through into balance the plantation area would operative arrangement with EMBRAPA. out the Brazilian Amazon by EMBRAPA have to be expanded by 21.4%, assum There is also a small in the late 1970's. An increasing attack of ing the same present percentage of each experimental herd of 50 water buffalo the homopteran bug Deois incompleta silvicultural species and the present sup in the terra firme (uplands) area near (known locally as "cigarrinha") has plement of native wood. Sao Miguel. This operates under a co since led EMBRAPA to recommend An-. The wood balance over operative agreement with the Faculty of dropogon guianensis instead. The bugs the next few years will be critical be Agrarian Sciences of Para (FCAP). are a serious pest on the Beh!m-Brasilia cause Ludwig planted little in the last Upland caule: Jari cur Highway in Para and on the CuiaM years of his tenure. The first trees rently has 2000 head of bovine cattle in Santarem Highway in northern Mato planted under the new administration terra /irme, mostly near Sao Miguel. The Grosso, but have not yet become a prob will come on line in 1987. In 1985 the area of pasture will expand by 3000 ha lem at Jari. Jari's ranching department company was racing to obtain enough to take advantage of installations, al says that its Brachigria humidicola pas wood to keep the mill from stopping. lowing the total herd to be augmented tures have to be manually cleaned of Measures included gleaning previously to 7000 head. Jari has a demand for 500- woody second growth every year and re felled areas for logs that could be used 600 head/ month for meat supply. A herd planted every 4 years. for firewood in the power plant and the of 35,000 bead would be needed to early harvest of stands. The mill wood supply this, including females kept for demand was lower than usual: for milk and cheese. Jari's Wood Shortage reasons unrelated to the shortage the pulp The upland cattle herd mill operated at below capacity for sev is no longer being managed for on-site J ari's mill uses 3000- eral months, and then stopped operat reproduction. Heifers are bought and 3500 m tons/ day of chips for pulping ing altogether for one month during fattened. The remaining cows of good when operating at its 750 m tons/ day which repairs were effected. 11> quality continue to be bred, and their nominal capacity. Chips required for The availability of pulp offspring will be bred, but the firm's firewood have so far been supplied en wood over the 1986-1989 period can be waning interest in the breeding phase tirely from native forest. The balance be roughly projected (Table VI) based on means that this will fade out over a few tween wood demands and the growth of the plantation areas and age classes years. Breeding would require more land the plantations is essential in evaluating (Table I) and the rotations and yield and effort. the project's future. midpoints for the major species (Table Establishment of new A rough calculation of II). Several optimistic assumptions are interplanted stands of pasture with Pinus the growth of the plantations can be made in the projection as estimates of caribaea was discontinued in ca. 1982 gained from the midpoint areas of the the contributions of the species and age for a variety of reasons (Fearnside and present complex of each species and age classes not included in Table II. 12> The Rankin, 1985). The cattle have since class (Table I). Using the midpoint of projection indicates that Jari will have

11\JEROERWI JAN- FEB 1988, VOL. 13 N9 1 21 enough wood to supply its pulp mill in TABLE Vlll 1986 and 1987, but that in 1988 and CHARCOAL DEMAND FOR GRANDE CARAJAS COMPARED 1989 there will be a severe shortfall. In TO YIELDS AT JARI 1989 the estate would only produce half of its pulpwood needs. The shortage in 1989 is approximately twice as severe as it would have been if bad weather had not prevented the estate from burn Information on Grande Carajas charcoal scheme: ing 3000 ha in 1985. Number of pig-iron plants approved: (a) 7 Annual charcoal demand for the pig-iron plants already approved: 705,000 metric tons Jari's Financial Situation Mean charcoal demand per plant: 100,710 metric tons Total number of pig-iron plants planned: 20 Jari has achieved a sig nificant improvement by eliminating its Conversion efficiency of wood to charcoal 0.23 metric tons of charcoal/ (mean of 4 conventional methods):

22 JAN- FEB 1988, VOL. 13 N9 1 ll\7fR(IEnWI The rice project partially completion of the hydroelectric dam assets. J ari cannot count on the perma offset losses from the silviculture sector. planned for the Cachoeira de Santo An nence of this source of emergency funds In 1985 Jari produced 30,000 tons of tonio on the Jari River. The planned and high-level interest, since Antunes is rice at a cost of US$1 ,592 million dam would have 3 turbines, each with a now in his 80s. As was also the case (US$53.07/m ton) and sold this produc- generating capacity of 33 megawatts. during the tenure of the octogenarian ' tion for US$2,812 million (US$93.74/m Power generation would operate at full D. K. Ludwig as Jari's first owner, the ton), yielding a gross profit of US$ capacity (99 megawatts) only during en co do Brasil and Banco Nacional de De diseases. Despite these problems, J ari senvolvimento Economico e Social (aN continues to pursue silviculture in the ex DEs) - have contributed a large frac pectation that future increases in world Jari's Future Prospects tion of the enterprise's total capital (see pulp prices, combined with continued re Pinto, 1986: 206). duction of costs and risks in the produc The economic future of Antunes's personal de tion process, will make the operation J ari would be significantly brighter with termination is one of J ari's most valuable profitable. However, neither Jari's con-

IR1ER(Iffi(lll JAN- FEB 1988, VOL. 13 N Fearnside, P. M. (1980): The effects of cattle have been compensated by the profitable pastures on soil fertility in the Brazilian kaolin mine. The operating profit also Amazon: Consequences for beef produc tion su;tainability. Tropical Ecology does not include debt service. Even were 21(1): 125-137. these factors included, the low purchase NOTES price paid by the current owners relative Fearnside, P. M. ( 1986a): Agricultural plans 1. Wood shortage was not the reason for for Brazil's Grande Carajas Program: Lost to the investments needed to implant J ari either the slowdown or the stoppage, ac opportunity for sustainable development? means that profitabilitY from the vantage cording to the mill staff. Mill output had World Development 14(3): 385-409. been falling because of the limited power of the present J ari consortium would be output (down to 40 megawatts since No· Fearnside, P. M. (1986b): Human Carrying insufficient to make the estate a model vember 1985, as compared to full capacity Capacity of the Brazilian Rainforest. Co for other silvicultural undertakings. of 55 megawatts). The power plant re lumbia University Press, New York. The Grande Carajas turned to full capacity in late March 1986 293 pp. after repairs to its supporting framework. Fearnside, P. M. (1987): Jari aos dezoito program's pig-iron scheme would require The power plant was operating below ca anos: Lio;oes para os pianos silviculturais vast silvicultural plantations to supply pacity to avoid harmonic vibration from em Carajas, pp. 292-311. In: G. Kohlhepp charcoal. Sustainability of these planta the turbine caused by the broken frame and A. Schrader (eds.) Homem e Na tions, as at Jari, will require a minimiza work and because the absence of bedrock tureza na Amazonia. Tiibinger Geogra at the site had obliged the plant's builders tion of biological risks and a balance of phische Studien 95 (Tiibinger Betiriige zur to mount the plant on wooden posts that Geographischen Lateinamerika-Forschung inflows and outflows of ecosystem nu are subject to settling. A new framework 3). Geographisches Institut, Universitiit trients. The charcoal demands of 11 en for the plant was made in Japan and Tiibingen, Federal Republic of Germany terprises for which financial incentives shipped to Jari. 507 pp. had been approved by May 1986, includ 2. Table VI assumes that all plantations Fearnside, P. M. and Burn Quality Prediction ing 7 pig-iron plants, have been estimated older than the harvest age given in Table for Simulation of the Agricultural System at 1.1 million metric tons annually II have continued to grow at the same of Brazil's Transamazon Highway Colonists yearly rate, and that the contribution from for Estimating Human Carrying Capac:ty. (Brazil, Presidencia da Republica, Pro native forest for species other than E. In: K. C. Misra, H. N. Pandey and S. R. grama Grande Carajas, cooEBAR and Mi deglupta are half the percentage of the Govil (eds). Ecology and Resource Man nisterio do Interior, suoAM, 1986: 2). pulp mix as Jari uses for E. deglupta. It agement in the Tropics. Vol. 2. Bhargava is assumed that E. urograndis, E. camal Book Depot, Varanasi, India. (In press). Information on charcoal demands and dulensis, E. pe/lita, and native and exper pig-iron mill construction plans described mental plots all grow at the same rate as Fearnside, P. M. and Rankin, J. M. (1980): by Francisco Sales Batista Ferreira, head E. urophylla. Rotations equal to that of Jari and development in the Brazilian of the Grande Carajas Interministerial E. urophyla are assumed for these species, Amazon. Interciencia 5 (3): 146-156. with the exception of the experimental Program, allow calculation of silvicultural plots, for which a rotation equal to that Fearnside, P. M. and Rankin, J. M. (1982): plantation requirements based on the of P. caribaea is used. The New Jari: Risks and Prospects of a Major Amazonian Development. Intercien yields at Jari (Table VIII). These ealetda 3. In a speech to Jari's technical staff on 8 cia 7 (6): 329-339. tions reveal that over 700,000 ha of April 1986, Antunes said that the govern Eucalyptus plantations would be needed, ment has yet to regularize the estate's land Fearnside, P. M. and Rankin, J. M. (1985): J ari revisited: Changes and the outlook for or an area almost 10 times that of the titles, approve construction of the pro posed hydroelectric dam on the Jari River, sustainability in Amazonia's largest silvi managed plantations at J ari. take over the schools at Monte Dourado, cultural estate. Interciencia 10(3): 121-129. pave the airport runway, or maintain the Because of their vast Isto E (Sao Paulo). (21 May 1986): "Pesa city streets, airport and other municipal area, the silviculture plantations neces delo sem fim: Paraense revela os basti infrastructure. The government health de dores do Jari". p. 50. sary to supply the pig-iron plants of Ca partment (SESP) has taken over the hospi raJaS would face problems and un tal, although Jari is obliged to contribute Newsweek (New York). (ll August 1986): certainties even greater than those at J ari. a supplement to the doctor's salaries in The unmaking of a fiasco: Daniel Lud The magnitude of the investment re order to keep the facility operating. wigs former Amazonian empire is show quired by such a scheme also indicates 4. I thank the J ari staff for their patience ing new signs of life", pp. 34-35. the likelihood that the 20 pig-iron plants with my questions. Travel funds to Jari Pinto, L. F. (1986): Jari: Toda a verdade so for Carajas will use large amounts of were provided by the Instituto Nacional bre o projeto de Ludwig, Editora Marco de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA). An Zero, Sao Paulo. 219 pp. wood from felling native forests for as earlier version of this paper was presented long as these forests continue to exist in at the Symposium on "Homem e Nature United States, National Academy of Sciences the area. Native forest felling does avoid, za na Amazonia", 25-28 May 1986, (NAS). (1980): Firewood Crops: Shrub at least temporarily, the costs of planting Blaubeuren, Federal Republic of Germany. and Tree Species for Energy Production. I thank the Geographische lnstitut, Uni NAS, Washington, D.C. 237 pp. and maintenance associated with silvi versitiit Tiibingen, for permission to pub culture. The pig-iron plants of Carajas lish the present paper; an abbreviated ver Veja (Sao Paulo) (8 January 1986): "Saude are therefore likely to become major sion appeared in Portuguese in the sym resgatada: quatro anos depois de passar posium proceeding (Fearn side, 1987). I ao controle de brasileiros, o polemico Pro forces speeding the deforestation of thank J. G. Gunn and J. M. Rankin for jeto J ari deixa o vermelho e ja ensaia Eastern Amazonia. valuable comments on the manuscript. novos investimentos", pp. 60-62.

24 JAN- FEB 1988, VOL. 13 N