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CAMP FLOYD in RETROSPECT by Don Richard Mathis a Thesis

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CAMP FLOYD in RETROSPECT by Don Richard Mathis a Thesis CAMP FLOYD IN RETROSPECT by Don Richard Mathis A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of History University of Utah June 1959 This Thesis for the Master's Degree by Don Richard Mathis has been approved by Ch&frman, Supervisory Committee Reader, Supervisory Committee Head} Major Department Dean, Gradua/te Sc#6ol ~J~ PREFACE During the period of United States History typified by the westward movement, military posts were established along the main routes of travel for the principal purpose of providing protection to those hardy souls who looked to the setting sun for a better way of life. There was at least one exception to this practice, however, and it is the topic of this thesis. \he author has an abiding interest in military move­ ments in the West and a desire to learn more of the contribu­ tion made to America by dusty cavalrymen and footsore infantry men. This study of Camp Floyd, Utah Territory, grew out of this interest, which bordered at times on obsession. Though Camp Floyd was typical of western outposts in many respects, it was still unique in the purpose of its establishment— to quell the reported rebellion of subjects of the United States. An attempt has been made in this work to capture the excitement and romance experienced by the frontier soldiers stationed at Camp Floyd, as well as to discuss their several contributions to the development of the West. Appreciation is expressed to the many people and insti tutions who aided the author in preparing this work; to Dr. Leland H. Creer, Head of the Department of History at the University of Utah, for his guidance and encouragement in su­ pervising this thesis, to Dr. David E. Miller, Professor of History at the University, for his detailed reading of this work and for his helpful suggestions on style and phraseology, to the University of Utah Library, Utah State Historical Society, the Bancroft Library, and the L.D.S. Church Historian*s Office for making available the primary material used in this thesis, and to the author's grandfather, Henry George Mathis, a pioneer of Utah, who was directly influenced by the topic of this paper. Especial appreciation is due the author*s wife, Sara-Beth, for her untiring efforts in typing this thesis and for the patience, understanding, and encouragement she has expressed to him in the preparation of this work. Don Richard Mathis iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page PREFACE...................................... H i TABLE OF CONTENTS............................ V LIST OF MAPS.................................. vi I BUCHANAN'S BLUNDER............................ 1 II JUST WHERE WE WANT TO GO...................... 26 III POSSE COMITATUS . ............................ 61+ IV MILITARY PATHFINDERS.......................... 8l V EMIGRANTS AND INDIANS........................ lOij. VI CIVILIANS AND SOLDIERS.......... „ ............lij.3 VII RETURN TO D U S T . .............................. 162 APPENDIXES.................................... 169 BIBLIOGRAPHY. , .............................l8£ ▼ LIST OP MAPS Figure Page 1 ARMY ROUTE FROM FORT BRIDGER TO CAMP FLOYD, 1858 ........................ 31 2 MILITARY RESERVE AT CAMP FLOYD, U.T., 1859 . 35 3 CAMP FLOYD, U.T., 1859 ...................... Ul l\. TERRITORY AND MILITARY DEPARTMENT OF UTAH, i860............................ 98 i vi CHAPTER I BUCHANAN*S BLUNDER With the creation of the Territory of Utah, the Mormon people were subjected to "Carpet Bag" government— placed again under the domination of officials who had very little in common with the saintso In essence, it was a result of this territori­ al government and the political manipulations of President Buchanan that the "Utah War" occurred. The evolution of con­ flict between government and citizen, or church if you will, and the subsequent formation and march of United States Army units to the Great Basin is a lengthy and involved study. Only the highlights of the smoldering coals of distrust, fear, and hatred will be examined here. The citizens of "Mormondom" made petition to the govern­ ment in Washington, D.C., for admission to the Union as a state, with the name of "Deseret," soon after realizing that the ter­ ritory they occupied had come under the control of the United States. A constitutional convention met in Salt Lake City early in March, I8I4.9 , to form a provisional government pending Con­ gressional action to establish a civil organization for the territory annexed by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. A con­ stitution was adopted and the officers provided under it were 1 2 •lected on March 12, I8I49• With this, the provisional govern­ ment of the State of Deseret began to function. In effect, the organization of this government gave legal recognition to the "Theo-democracy” and tended to place "gentiles” under* the authority of the L.D.S. Church. , On July 6, I8I4.9 , the last day of the week appointed for the first session of the Legislature of the State of Des­ eret, a memorial to Congress was drafted whieh asked that Deseret, with the political organization then in operation, be admitted to the Union. Congressional action of l8£0 denied the memorial for statehood and ereated instead the Territory of Utah, on Sep­ tember 7o This received presidential approval by Millard Filmore on September 9. As a consequence of this action the Legislature for the State of Deseret voted its own disolution, to take effect on April 5» 1851* By the end of the summer newly appointed officers, half of whom were Mormons, had assumed their duties in the territory. As the years passed, changes in the appointed officers took place* Some of the gentile appointees had difficulty recognizing where the true authority for government was, i.e., in the church. Severe collisions occurred between themselves and their constituents as a result of their desire to exercise the office to whieh they had been appointed. This gave President James Buchanan an excuse to use the Mormon issue in an attempt to popularize his party and lay the groundwork for his re-election. 3 One of the early areas of conflict was embraced in the unique relationship that the Mormons claimed with their red brethren— the Indians. Missionaries were sent among them to provide instruction on the history of their forebears as told in the Book of Mormon,, The saints had long recognized that a brotherly attitude toward the red men— expressed in terms of food, clothing, recognition, and kindness— bore sweeter fruit than a hostile one0 In consequence of these friendly expres­ sions toward them, the Indians distinguished between Mormons and other white men. To people out of the church, this appeared to be a conspiracy between two evil factions, and one which would eventually result in trouble for the American who held the conventional opinion about Indians. Gentile Indian agents in Utah repeatedly warned the government in Washington of the dangers of Mormon meddling in their affairso Agent J.H. Holeman reported as early as Novem­ ber l85l, that "it seems to me that no Mormon should, officially, have anything to do with the I n d i a n s . G a r l a n d Hurt wrote in May 1855, that he feared Mormon missionaries would ’’teach those wretched savages that they are the rightful owners of the Ameri­ can soil, and that it has been wrongfully taken from them by tha whites, and that the Great Spirit had sent the Mormons among them to help them recover their rights.M He further suggested ^House Executive Document, Number 71» 35th Congress, 1st Session, Serial N o . 956 > 129. 2Ibid., 176. k that active measures be taken to regulate intercourse between the saints and the Indians* Fuel was added t© the growing fire of suspician against the Mormon relations with the Indians by Thomas S. Twiss, agent of the Upper Platte. He reported in April l857» that the saints were inciting the Indians of his district to violence by estab­ lishing settlements on their land under the pretence of facili­ tating the execution of a contract to carry mail from Independence, Missouri, to Salt Lake City.'*' The Indian agents, under the territorial government, were joined in expressions of lawlessness and treason on the part of the Utahans. David E. Burr, surveyor general of Utah corresponded with the General Land Office in 1856, indicating that he and his deputy surveyors were subject to assault, insult, and the possibility of losing their lives through action by the Mormons. On March 28, l857» he wrote that "the fact is, these people £kormons| repudiate the authority of the United States in this country, and are in open rebellion against the general p government.” Gentile officials in the territory were supported by gentile civilians in their charges. W.M.F. Magraw Mfelt that it was incumbent on him as a ’personal and political friend,* to advise the President relative to the ’present political and 1Ibid«, 192o ^Ibid., 119. Italics in the original. social conditions * of the Territory of Utah. In a letter of October 3» 1856, he wrote: . There is no disguising the fact, that there is left no ▼estige of law and order, no protection for life or pro­ perty; the civil laws of the Territory are overshaddowed and neutralized by a so-styled ecclesiastical organization, as despotic, dangerous and damnable, as has ever been known to exist in any country, and which is ruining not only those who do not subscribe to their religious code, but is driving the moderate and more orderly of the Mormon community to desperation.2 The judicial branch of territorial government also added its weight to the complaints. The two justices prominent in the immediate conflict were George P« Stiles and ¥.¥. Drummond, The territorial legislature had made a peculiar distribution of ju­ dicial power which Justices Drummond and Stiles refused to ac­ knowledge o Shortly after assuming their offices in 18SU- and 1855> they began to set aside the territorial laws respecting this unusual distribution of power.
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