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Home , Goverdhan Mehta, Infosys Prize, Manjul Bhargava, Ravindran Kannan

Dr. Ashish Lele Engineering and

Prof. Sanjay Subrahmanyam Prof. Amit Chaudhuri Humanities – History Humanities – Literary Studies

Prof. Life Sciences

Prof. Dr. A. Ajayaghosh Mathematical Sciences Physical Sciences

Prof. Social Sciences – Economics

INFOSYS SCIENCE FOUNDATION SCIENCE FOUNDATION Infosys Campus, Electronics City, Hosur Road, 560 100 Tel: 91 80 2852 0261 Fax: 91 80 2852 0362 Email: [email protected] www.infosys-science-foundation.com 2012 “There are two kinds of truth: The truth that lights the way and the truth that warms the heart. The first of these is science, and the second is art. Neither is independent of the other or more important than the other. Without art science would be as useless as a pair of high forceps in the hands of a plumber. Without science art would become a crude mess of folklore and emotional quackery. The truth of art keeps science from becoming inhuman, and the truth of science keeps art from becoming ridiculous.”

Raymond Chandler 1888 – 1959 Author Engineering and Computer Science

The Infosys Prize for Engineering and Computer Science is awarded to Doctor Ashish Lele for his incisive contributions in molecular tailoring of stimuli responsive smart polymeric gels; exploring the anomalous behavior Dr. Ashish Lele of rheologically complex fluids and for building the Scientist, National Chemical Laboratories (NCL), bridge between macromolecular dynamics and polymer Pune, processing.

Ashish Lele is a Scientist at the Scope and impact of work processes, which often limits industrial National Chemical Laboratories production. (NCL), Pune, India. He The thrust of Dr. Ashish Lele’s research His pioneering research on completed his B.E. in Chemical has been the deep probing of polymeric polymer-nanoclay composites showed Engineering from the Institute material microstructures at the that the melt viscosity of these materials of Chemical Technology (ICT), molecular and mesoscopic length drops precipitously due to Mumbai (1988) and a Ph.D. in scales, and then relating these to their flow-induced orientation and breakage Chemical Engineering from the macroscopic dynamical and equilibrium of the nanoclay network. He showed how University of Delaware (1993). properties. micro composite models could be used Lele has received several His work on smart hydrogels – water to predict the macroscopic mechanical awards including the CSIR swollen, cross-linked networks of properties of the polymer-nanoclay Young Scientist Award polymers that respond to stimuli such composites. (1996), the Indian National as temperature and electrical field, and undergo volume phase transitions Science Academy Young Citation by the jury Scientist Award (1998), and – demonstrated for the first time, the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar macroscopic self-organization of these Dr. Ashish Lele has made many novel Prize in Engineering Science polymers. It revealed the process of how and impactful contributions to polymer (2006). He is a Fellow of the the hydrogel cylinder spontaneously science and engineering. These include Indian National Academy of self-organized into a coconut-like molecular tailoring of stimuli responsive Engineering and of the Indian structure, which could be reversed. smart hydrogels, new insights into Academy of Science. He showed that the metal ion the anomalous rheological behavior complexion with specific functional of complex fluids and the coupling of He was a Visiting Professor groups attached to polymer chains could macromolecular dynamics and polymer at the I.S.I.T.V., Toulon, lead to the design of gels that mimic the processing. France (1996) and worked behavior of the spontaneous healing of He has many firsts to his credit. as a Research Associate at wounds in animals. the The experimental discovery of novel (2001). He is the President of He provided the basis of molecular macroscopic self-organization in stimuli the Indian Society of Rheology tailoring of such hydrogels, responsive gels and the discovery and a member of the editorial demonstrating how subtle changes in of self-healing gels were important board of its prestigious journal, weak intermolecular forces can induce breakthroughs. His theoretical firsts Rheologica Acta. substantial changes in the volume phase include, laying the foundations of a mean transitions. His work has a profound field theoretical framework of specific significance on the use of hydrogels as weak molecular interactions in gels; sensors, soft actuators, etc. elucidation of the unusual amoeba-like dynamics of ring polymers; new insights His coarse-grained rigorous molecular into the role of convective constrained model described the coupling between release of polymer chains in causing the dynamics of the chains that are the industrially important stick-slip tethered to the surface wall with the instability in flows of polymer melts, entangled bulk chains that flow past and the exploration of the critical role of the wall. It unearthed the crucial role flow-induced orientation of nanoclays. of a dynamic process, the ‘convective constrained release,’ in causing the stick-slip instability in extrusion

Infosys Prize 2012 Humanities – History

The Infosys Prize for Humanities – History, is awarded to Professor Sanjay Subrahmanyam, an outstanding Prof. Sanjay Subrahmanyam scholar of early-modern (1500-1800) South Asian history. Distinguished Professor of History, He has developed a new genre of ‘connected history,’ Navin and Pratima Doshi Endowed Chair involving persons, products, and social and political in Pre-Modern Indian History, University of California, Los Angeles, processes stretching, on two sides of India, from Melaka USA in the East to Portugal in the West.

Sanjay Subrahmanyam is Scope and impact of work how foreigners, despite their possible Distinguished Professor of prejudices and misgivings, could move History, and Navin and Pratima Prof. Sanjay Subrahmanyam has had a through unfamiliar cultures with skill Doshi Endowed Chair in transformative influence in the field of and success. Pre-Modern Indian History at early modern history for South Asia, and for much of the rest of the world. the University of California, Citation by the jury Los Angeles, USA (since 2004). His geographical reach extends from He got his M.A. in Economics South Asia to Southeast Asia, Prof. Sanjay Subrahmanyam is an (1982) from the University of West Asia, Europe and Latin America. outstanding scholar of early-modern Delhi and his Ph.D. (1987) from He has contributed to a wide array of (1500-1800) South Asian history. the Delhi School of Economics historical sub-disciplines (economic, His ground-breaking work recaptures the (DSE). social, intellectual and literary history). real dynamism that marked an epoch, He has published or co-published 25 which had often been wrongly viewed by His past appointments include books and about 200 articles, which earlier historians as ‘stagnant.’ Chair in Indian History and have been influential. He writes in He brings to his research work Culture at the University of three languages, lectures in five, and his unparalleled command of archives Oxford (2002-04), Directeur research material comes from nearly a in Europe, the Middle East, and India, d’études at the Ecole des dozen languages. Hautes Etudes en Sciences along with vast readings of primary Sociales (1995-2002) and An important contribution of and secondary texts in nearly a dozen Professor of Economic History Subrahmanyam was to demonstrate the languages. need to transcend the walls that have (1993-95) at DSE. He was the Subrahmanyam’s numerous books separately incarcerated histories of Asian founding Director of UCLA’s and articles have been translated into nations for the past century. In his two- Center for India and South Asia Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, volume book, Explorations in Connected (2005-2011). Chinese and Japanese. The impact of his History, Subrahmanyan demonstrates, far-reaching work has been felt across He was elected to the American through an array of striking examples, disciplines. Academy of Arts and Sciences how thinking beyond boundaries in 2009. Bryn Mawr College in can uncover the linkages that have Pennsylvania selected him as historically joined the countries of the 2009 Mary Flexner Lecturer. Eurasia together. He is the Joint Managing Editor of the Indian Economic and Social In Penumbral Visions, he explores the History Review and is on the world of power of early modern South editorial board of the Cambridge Asia, showing how political structures History of the World. and cultures were transformed. He has also used the individual life as a window onto major movements of history.

His Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama deploys powerful archival research to separate myth from legend and offer a new, global view of European expansion. Subrahmanyam’s recent publication, Three Ways of Being Alien, demonstrates

Infosys Prize 2012 Humanities – Literary Studies

The Infosys Prize for Humanities – Literary Studies is awarded to Professor Amit Chaudhuri for his imaginative and illuminating writings in literary criticism that reflect a complex literary sensibility, and great theoretical Prof. Amit Chaudhuri mastery, along with a probing sense of detail. This Prize Author and Professor of Contemporary Literature, University of East Anglia, recognizes and celebrates the intellectual reach and a Norwich, UK deep humanity in his extraordinary writings.

Amit Chaudhuri is an author Scope and impact of work Citation by the jury and Professor of Contemporary Literature at University of Apart from being a well-known Prof. Amit Chaudhuri’s writings in East Anglia, Norwich, UK. He novelist and a fine musician, Prof. Amit literary criticism reflect a complex completed his B.A. from the Chaudhuri is one of India’s best literary literary sensibility, and great theoretical University College, London and cultural critics. mastery, along with a probing sense of detail. These virtues are powerfully (1986) and Ph.D. from Balliol His literary research ranges from an early manifest in his highly original reading College, Oxford (1993). book on D.H. Lawrence to a recent book of D.H. Lawrence. He transcended the on Rabindranath Tagore, and a large Some of his past appointments routine interpretations of Lawrence number of critical essays on Indian and include, the Samuel Fischer to a sober yet startlingly illuminating English literature. Guest Professor of Literature post-modern and even post-colonial at the Freie University, Berlin D.H. Lawrence and Difference has been understanding of his poems. (2005-2006), Visiting Professor described by one of Britain’s most His personal and intellectual at the School of the Arts, illustrious literary critics as engagement with Tagore’s works has Columbia University (2002) and ‘ground-breaking’. The book is a reading recast a widely familiar corpus of writing, Leverhulme Special Research of Lawrence’s poetry through the lens of and has placed it in a dialectical relation Fellow at the Faculty of English, certain critical categories in with a long tradition of Western thought Cambridge University post-structuralist and post-colonial and literature. (1997-99). literary theory, bringing fresh and Chaudhuri has received illuminating insights to it. These accomplishments have been steadily supplemented with a series of many awards including the Chaudhuri’s recently published, thoroughly engaging reviews of Indian Rabindra Puraskar (2012), On Tagore: Reading the Poet Today, steers and English literature, all done with an the Sahitya Akademi Award past a number of clichés about Tagore eye alert to subtle connections between (2002), the Los Angeles Times and relates his thought and poetry to critical theory, literary text, and cultural Book Prize for Fiction (2000), notions of ‘tradition’ and ‘modernity.’ context. the Commonwealth Writers’ It also explores Tagore’s ideas of history Prize (1991) and the Society and of nature, while situating him in the of Authors’ Betty Trask Award context of global literature. His collection (1991). He has authored several of essays, Clearing A Space: Reflections widely praised novels: on India, Literature, and Culture, contains The Immortals, Afternoon Raag, engaging and penetrating reviews and A New World, Freedom Song, and discussions of a vast span of writers A Strange and Sublime Address. including Salman Rushdie, V.S. Naipaul He was made Fellow of the and Arun Kolatkar. These essays portray Royal Society of Literature a complex literary sensibility, and a in 2009. He is an acclaimed remarkably accomplished critical and Hindustani classical vocalist, acute mind. with many splendid albums to his credit.

Infosys Prize 2012 Life Sciences

The Infosys Prize for Life Sciences is awarded to Professor Satyajit Mayor whose work provides new insights into regulated cell surface organization and Prof. Satyajit Mayor membrane dynamics, necessary for understanding Senior Professor, self-organization and trafficking of membrane molecules Cellular Organization and Signalling Group, National Centre for Biological in living cells, and in signaling between cells. Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India

Satyajit Mayor is Senior Scope and impact of work While inert molecules do not sense Professor of Cellular dynamic actin filaments, passive Organization and Signalling Cells sense their extracellular molecules are organized at the nanoscale Group at the National Centre environment via a wide range of into clusters and into cluster-rich for Biological Sciences (NCBS), membrane receptors, and continuously regions dictated by the density of aster- Bangalore, India. He did his communicate this vital information like patterns in a given region of the M.Sc. in Chemistry from the internally. Many of these membrane membrane. In contrast, active molecules Indian Institute of Technology receptors are located in the outer not only interact with actin, but also (IIT), Mumbai and his Ph.D. membrane of the living cell, and require modify the organization and dynamics of in Life Sciences from the special localized lipid and protein actin to help dictate the local membrane Rockefeller University, environment to function. composition in the vicinity of the receptor. . Current models of the cell membrane suggest that it is organized as a ‘fluid’ He has worked in the Citation by the jury Department of Pathology at bilayer, made up of hundreds of lipid and Columbia University and has protein species. It is hard to understand Prof. Satyajit Mayor’s earliest taught at the Woods Hole how such a fluid environment is able independent contributions were to Microscopy course and is a to provide a means to control the local define the nanoscale organization of faculty of the Woods Hole composition of lipids and proteins. GPI-linked proteins using fluorescence anisotropy, showing that these proteins Physiology course (2011-12). Prof. Satyajit Mayor has proposed a exist in small clusters, fundamentally He was a Post-Doctoral Fellow mechanism that could both generate clarifying the way in which membrane at Columbia University specialized domains and at once provide ‘rafts’ are now understood. He showed (1991-95). He is on the editorial local control on membrane protein boards of several international that these microdomains are organized and lipid composition. He envisages journals such as Cell, by actin and are endocytosed by a novel short filaments of actin coupling to The Biochemical Journal, Journal pathway that is clathrin and dynamin molecules at the cytoplasmic aspect of Cell Science, and Biochimica et independent and regulated by cdc42. This of the cell surface. In this mechanism, Biophysica Acta. pathway is responsible for a significant short actin filaments undergo energy fraction of the micropinocytosis by He has received several awards (ATP)-dependent movement mediated cells. He did a broad-scale analysis of and accolades including by their intrinsic treadmilling capacity the mechanisms of several different the TWAS (The World and ability to associate with motors. pathways of endocytosis of different Academy of Sciences) Prize This energy-fueled movement causes classes of membrane proteins. This in Biology (2010), the J.C. Bose actin filaments to naturally assemble work has implications for endocytosis of Fellowship (2006-2011) and (and break up) into aster-like patterns. If immune regulators and modulation of the Swarnajayanti Fellowship membrane molecules couple to this type immune responses. (2003-08) by the Department of dynamic actin, they would be driven of Science and Technology and into nanoscale clusters, which in turn, He developed and applied fluorescence the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar reflect the formation and break-up of microscopic methods to an important Prize (2003). He is the Wellcome these aster-like patterns. problem, the analysis of gradients Trust International Senior of morphogens important in pattern Mayor and his colleagues have classified Research Fellow (1999-2004), a regulation in development and in cancer, membrane components into three such as Hedgehog and Wnt signaling. Fellow of the Indian Academy general classes: inert, passive and active, This provided fundamental insights into of Sciences (2001), and of the based on the ability of these molecules to the detailed mechanisms involved, and Indian National Academy of interact (passive) or not (inert) with the opened up possible routes to intervention Sciences (2004). active actin filaments. in such diseases.

Infosys Prize 2012 Mathematical Sciences

The Infosys Prize for Mathematical Sciences is awarded to Professor Manjul Bhargava for his extraordinarily original work in algebraic . His work has revolutionized the way in which various fundamental Prof. Manjul Bhargava arithmetic objects, such as number fields and elliptic R. Brandon Fradd Professor of Mathematics, , curves, are understood. New Jersey, USA

Manjul Bhargava is the Scope and impact of work definite was known until recently. R. Brandon Fradd Professor Stunningly, Bhargava and his student of Mathematics at Princeton Prof. Manjul Bhargava is an eminent Arul Shankar showed that for a positive University, New Jersey, USA. algebraic number theorist. He has proportion of elliptic curves the rank is 0. He earned his A.B. in developed novel techniques to count They also showed that the average rank Mathematics from Harvard objects that were previously considered of all elliptic curves is bounded and in University (1996) and Ph.D. completely inaccessible. His research fact is less than 1. from Princeton University focused on the counting of number fields Bhargava and Prof. Benedict Gross (2001). He joined Princeton of fixed degree by discriminant. showed that a positive proportion of University as a Professor of An important theme in number theory hyper-elliptic curves of genus greater Mathematics in 2003. He was has been how various objects of interest than 1 with a rational Weierstrass point the first five-year Research are distributed. An archetypal example have at most 3 rational points. Fellow of the Clay Mathematics is the theorem, which Institute (2000-05). His primary tells us how the prime numbers are research interests lie in number distributed among all integers. Citation by the jury theory, , The theorem states that the number Prof. Manjul Bhargava has made several and algebraic geometry. of prime numbers less than x is highly original contributions to algebraic He has received numerous asymptotically x/log x. Results for cubic number theory. He has introduced awards, including the fields had been obtained about 40 years brilliant new ideas which have turned a Prix Fermat (2011), the ago in the classical work of Davenport subject that had been largely stuck for 40 AMS for number and Heilbronn, but no progress was years, into one of the most active areas in theory (2008), the SASTRA made on higher degree number fields number theory today. He has also proved Ramanujan Prize (2005), which until Bhargava’s work opened up the a series of beautiful theorems that he shared with Prof. Kannan subject. For example, using elementary greatly enhance our understanding of Soundararajan, the Blumenthal but ingenious generalizations of Gauss’ number fields and algebraic curves, two Award (2005), the Packard composition law for binary quadratic of the most studied topics in Foundation Fellowship in forms, which had been missed for 200 number theory. In particular, he showed Science and Engineering (2004), years, he was able to count the number how to count quartic and quintic number the MAA Merten M. Hasse of quartic and quintic number fields with fields, and proved that the average Prize for Exposition (2003), the absolute discriminant less than x, as x rank of elliptic curves over the rational Hoopes Prize for Excellence in tends to infinity. He showed that about numbers is less than 1. Scholarly Work and Research 83% of quartic fields and 100% of quintic from (1996) fields had the full symmetric group as and three Derek Bok Awards for the Galois group. Excellence in Teaching Recently, he provided information about (1993-95). He was the 2011 the average number of rational points Simons Lecturer at the on certain curves. Elliptic curves (cubic Massachusetts Institute of equations in two variables) have been Technology. a major subject of study by number An accomplished tabla player, theorists for over 300 years. The basic he studied with Pandit Prem measure of the number of rational Prakash Sharma and Ustad points is called the rank. Empirically, it . is conjectured that ‘most’ elliptic curves have a rank of either 0 or 1, but nothing

Infosys Prize 2012 Physical Sciences

The Infosys Prize for Physical Sciences is awarded to Doctor Ayappanpillai Ajayaghosh for his pioneering development of methods for the construction of Dr. A. Ajayaghosh supramolecular functional materials, which can be Senior Scientist, National Institute employed as components in organic electronic devices for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), CSIR, and in powerful substance selective optical sensing and Thiruvananthapuram, India imaging.

A. Ajayaghosh is a Scope and impact of work sensors to detect tiny amounts of TNT CSIR-Outstanding Scientist and many other molecules of relevance. at the National Institute for One of the grand challenges in chemistry, He is a leader in this exciting new area of Interdisciplinary Science and in the 21st century, is to understand materials chemistry. Technology (CSIR-NIIST), the role of relatively weak noncovalent bonds in the construction of functional Thiruvananthapuram, India. Citation by the jury In addition, he is the Dean of supramolecular architechtures. Chemical Sciences, Academy Dr. A. Ajayaghosh has done brilliant work Dr. A. Ajayaghosh has done landmark of Scientific and Innovative in advancing the field of supramolecular work that has advanced supramolecular Research (AcSIR), CSIR, chemistry, especially in the design and chemistry, especially in investigations New Delhi. synthesis of molecular assemblies called that have led to the design and pi-gels, a new class of materials formed synthesis of molecular assemblies He did his M.Sc. (1984) from out of organic pi-systems with great called organogels (pi-gels), a new class Kerala University and Ph.D. potential for photonic and electronic of materials with great potential for (1988) from the Calicut applications. photonic and electronic applications. University. He joined the He has demonstrated that these To control the size and shape of these Regional Research Laboratory, self-assembled nanomaterials can be soft nanomaterials, he designed CSIR, as a Scientist in 1988. used to control the electronic energy hydrogen bond functionalities into He was the Alexander von transfer processes, paving the way fluorophores called phenylenevinylenes, Humboldt Fellow at the Max for the development of superior light to optimize weak noncovalent attractive Plank Institute for Strahlen harvesting devices. He has synthesized interactions between the aromatic cores Chemie, Germany (1994-96). and characterized nanomaterials that of the monomer units. These cleverly can be employed in organic electronic He has received several designed molecules self-assemble to devices and in optical sensors to detect awards including the Thomson nanoscale supramolecular architectures tiny amounts of TNT and many other Reuters Research Excellence through hydrogen bond / aromatic- biologically relevant substances. Award (2009), the Outstanding aromatic attractive interactions. Researcher Award of the Department of Atomic Energy He was the first investigator to make (2009) and the Shanti Swarup functional phenylenevinylene organogels Bhatnagar Prize for Chemical from designed building blocks. Sciences (2007). He has shown that these self-assembled nanomaterials can be used as a soft He has published several scaffold to control electronic energy articles, book chapters and transfer processes, paving the way filed patents. He is a Fellow of for the development of superior light the three Science Academies harvesting devices. His 2001 paper in of India, and is on the the American Chemical Society (J. Am. international advisory board of Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5148-5149) cleared the publication, Chemistry – An the way for the systematic exploration Asian Journal. and exploitation of the properties of these designer organogels. He built on this early work in the construction of aesthetically appealing, functionally useful nanomaterials that can be used for energy conversion and in optical

Infosys Prize 2012 Social Sciences – Economics

The Infosys Prize for Social Sciences – Economics is awarded to Professor Arunava Sen for his game-theoretic analyses of mechanism design for implementing social Prof. Arunava Sen choice rules, when individuals have diverse information Professor, and incentives. Economics and Planning Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi Centre, New Delhi, India

Arunava Sen is the Professor, Scope and impact of work Sen has been a major source of Economics and Planning inspiration for students in India and has Unit at the Indian Statistical Prof. Arunava Sen’s research played a significant role in nurturing Institute, Delhi Centre, New encompasses mechanism design, social interest in economic theory among Delhi, India. He received choice, auction design and game theory. young economists. his Ph.D. from Princeton He is a globally-recognized authority on mechanism design. University (1987) and M.Phil. Citation by the jury from Oxford University (1982). Mechanism design, Sen’s primary Prof. Arunava Sen’s research recognizes He is a globally-recognized research field has large implications that information pertinent to economic economic theorist and has on designing real-world policy, and policy design is held by individuals published several papers in its importance has been recognized who may benefit by misrepresenting leading international journals through the Nobel Prize for Economic it, and that policy implementation including Econometrica, Journal Sciences that was awarded to Leo is constrained by the freedom of of Economic Theory, Social Choice Hurwicz, and Roger Myerson individuals to act. Therefore, it has and Welfare, Games and Economic in 2007. His work builds on the earlier large implications on real-world Behavior, Review of Economic research on Social Choice Theory, which policy-making. His main contribution Studies, Journal of Mathematical effectively took off with Kenneth Arrow’s (in joint work with Prof. Dilip Abreu) Economics, and the Journal of seminal research and the fundamental shows that any social choice rule Mathematical Psychology. contributions of Prof. . can be approximated by one that is a He is a Fellow of the The theory of mechanism design can be Nash equilibrium of such individual Econometric Society (2003). applied to sort practical problems such interaction. He has several awards to his as structuring auctions for resources credit such as the Mahalanobis (from oil to the telecommunications Memorial Medal of the Indian spectrum), setting rules for voting in Econometric Society (2000) and elections, and making decisions on the the Koc University Prize (1995) level of public goods that governments for the best paper in Economic should provide. While Sen’s major Design. contributions have been at the level of fundamental theory, he has discussed the potential application of mechanism design theory to an important policy question in the Indian context, namely, the issue of land acquisition for Special Economic Zones (SEZs) or for other industrial developments. He outlines how the requirement of voluntary participation, efficiency and incentive compatibility may be difficult or impossible to achieve simultaneously. His theory raises the possibilities for ‘second-best’ alternatives and the role of the government in setting rules to implement these possibilities.

Infosys Prize 2012 Engineering and Humanities Life Sciences Mathematical Sciences Physical Sciences Social Sciences Computer Science

Jury Chair Jury Chair Jury Chair Jury Chair Jury Chair Jury Chair

Prof. Pradeep K. Khosla Prof. Amartya Sen Prof. Inder Verma Prof. Srinivasa S.R. Varadhan Prof. Shrinivas Kulkarni Prof. Pradeep K. Khosla is the Chancellor, Amartya Sen is the Thomas W. Lamont Inder Verma is Professor, Laboratory Srinivasa S.R. Varadhan is Professor Shrinivas Kulkarni is the John D. and Kaushik Basu is the Chief Economist University of California (UC), University Professor and Professor of of Genetics, American Cancer Society of Mathematics and Frank J. Gould Catherine T. MacArthur Professor of and Senior Vice President, San Diego, USA. He also serves as Economics and Philosophy, Harvard Professor of Molecular Biology, and Irwin Professor of Science at the Courant Astronomy and Planetary Science at World Bank, Washington DC, USA. the Chief Executive Officer for UC, University, Cambridge, USA. He is a and Joan Jacobs Chair in Exemplary Institute of Mathematical Sciences, the California Institute of Technology He is on leave from the post of the San Diego. He has received several Senior Fellow at the Harvard Society Life Science at the Salk Institute for (NYU), New York, (Caltech), Pasadena, USA. His primary Professor of Economics and the awards including the Light of India of Fellows. His research ranges over Biological Studies, San Diego, USA. He is USA. He was awarded the National interests are the study of compact C. Marks Professor of International Award (2012), the ASME Computers social choice theory, economic theory, a leading authority on the development Medal of Science (2011) by the objects (neutron stars and gamma- Studies, , Ithaca, in Engineering Lifetime Achievement ethics and political philosophy, welfare of viruses for gene therapy vectors. government of USA and the Padma ray bursts) and the search for extra- USA. The former Chief Economic Award (2009), and the inaugural Pan economics, theory of measurement, He is a member of the National Bhushan (2008) by the Government solar planets through interferometric Advisor to the Government of India, IIT American Leadership Award for decision theory, development Academy of Sciences (USA), Institute of of India. He is a winner of the Abel and adaptive techniques. He is the he was awarded the Academic Excellence (2009). He was economics, public health, and gender Medicine, American Academy for Arts Prize (2007), the Leroy Steele Prize Interdisciplinary Scientist for the in 2008. He is the President of the awarded the Philip and Marsha Dowd studies. He won the Nobel Prize in and Sciences, American Philosophical (1996), the Margaret and Herman Space Interferometry Mission and Human Development and Capabilities Professorship in 1998 at the Carnegie Economics in 1998. His other awards Society and the Third World Academy of Sokol Award of the Faculty of Arts and co-principal investigator of the Planet Association. He has held advisory Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA. He include the George C. Marshall Award Sciences. A Foreign Fellow of the Indian Sciences, NYU (1995) and the Birkhoff Search Key Project. He was awarded posts with the International Labour has been elected as Member, National (2005), the Brazilian Ordem do Merito National Academy of Sciences, he was Prize (1994). He holds honorary the Jansky Prize of Associated Organization, World Bank, and the Academy of Engineering; Fellow of the Cientifico, Grã-Cruz (2000); the appointed Editor-in-Chief of Proceedings degrees from the Université Pierre Universities, Inc. (2002), the Alan Reserve Bank of India. Among the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Presidency of the Italian Republic Medal of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) et Marie Curie in Paris (2003), the T. Waterman Prize (1992), the Helen books he has authored are Beyond the Engineers (IEEE) and Fellow of the (2000); the Eisenhower Medal (2000); in 2011. He is the recipient of the 2010 Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata, B. Warner Award (1991), a fellowship Invisible Hand: Groundwork for a New American Association of Artificial Honorary Companion of Honour, UK Spector Prize by Columbia University (2004) and the Chennai Mathematics from the David and Lucile Packard Economics (2011, Princeton University Intelligence (AAAI). (2000); the Bharat Ratna (1999), the and the 22nd Annual Cancer Research Institute (2008). Foundation (1990-1995) and the Press and Penguin) and the Prelude to Edinburgh Medal (1997); and the Senator Award (2010) of the Pasarow Foundation. Presidential Young Investigator Award Political Economy: A Study of the Social Jurors Giovanni Agnelli International Prize in Jurors (1988-1993). He was elected Fellow, and Political Foundations of Economics Dr. R.A. Mashelkar Ethics (1990). Jurors Prof. of the National Academy of Sciences (2000, Oxford University Press). CSIR Bhatnagar Fellow at the National Chemical Prof. Cornelia I. Bargmann Professor of Mathematics, (2003), the Royal Society of London Laboratory in Pune, and President of Global Jurors Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. (2001) and the American Academy of Jurors Research Alliance. Prof. Akeel Bilgrami and Torsten N. Wiesel Professor in the Lulu and Arts and Sciences (1994). Prof. Avinash K. Dixit Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Johnsonian Professor of Philosophy, Prof. Ingrid Daubechies Prof. Venkatesh Narayanamurti Behavior at Rockefeller University, New York. John J. F. Sherrerd ’52 University Professor of Columbia University, and Faculty Member of the James B. Duke Professor of Mathematics, Jurors Benjamin Peirce Professor of Technology and Public Economics, Emeritus at Princeton University, Committee on Global Thought, New York. Duke University, Durham. Princeton; Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Policy, and Professor of Physics, Harvard University, Prof. Joanne Chory Prof. T.V. Ramakrishnan Cambridge. Economics at Lingnan University, Lingnan and Prof. Homi K. Bhabha Professor and Director, Plant Molecular and Cellular Prof. Persi Diaconis Distinguished Associate, Centre for Condensed Senior Research Fellow at Nuffield College, Biology Laboratory, Howard H. and Maryam R. Mary V. Sunseri Professor of Statistics and Matter Theory, Indian Institute of Science, Oxford. Prof. Arun Majumdar Anne F. Rothenberg Professor of the Humanities Newman Chair in Plant Biology, Salk Institute for in the Department of English; Director of the Mathematics, , Stanford. Bangalore; Hindustan Lever Research Professor, Former Founding Director, Advanced Research Biological Studies and Adjunct Professor of Biology Mahindra Humanities Center and Senior Advisor Emeritus Professor of Physics, Banaras Hindu Projects Agency – Energy, and Former Acting at the University of California, San Diego. Prof. Abhirup Sarkar on the Humanities to the President and Provost at University, Varanasi. Undersecretary of Energy, Department of Energy, Prof. Ravindran Kannan Professor of Economics at the Indian Statistical Harvard University, Cambridge. Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research Institute and Chairman, Washington DC. Prof. Richard O. Hynes Prof. Ramesh Narayan Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and and Adjunct Professor at the Department of West Bengal Infrastructure Development Leila Seth Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of the Natural Prof. Randal E. Bryant Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research, Computer Science and Automation, Finance Corporation, Kolkata. Retired Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh. Sciences at Harvard University, Cambridge. Dean and Professor, School of Computer Science, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh. Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Prof. Nirvikar Singh Prof. Harry B. Gray Prof. Sheldon Pollock Cambridge. Prof. Richard Taylor Professor, Co-director, Sury Initiative for Global Arvind Raghunathan Professor of South Asian Professor, School of Mathematics, Arnold O. Beckman Professor of Chemistry and Finance and International Risk Management Studies, Columbia University, New York. Prof. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. Founding Director of the Beckman Institute, (SIGFIRM); Sarbjit Singh Aurora Chair in Sikh Head, Division of Structural Studies, Medical California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. and Punjabi Studies, University of California, Prof. Upendra Baxi Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Santa Cruz. Cambridge University, Cambridge. Professor of Law, University of Warwick, Coventry. Prof. National Research Professor and Jubilant- Bhartia Chair Professor, School of Chemistry, , Hyderabad.

Infosys Prize 2012 Infosys Prize 2012 Trustees

S. Gopalakrishnan N. R. Narayana Murthy President of the Board of Trustees, Founder and Chairman Emeritus, Executive Co-Chairman, Infosys Limited Infosys Limited A co-founder of Infosys, Gopalakrishnan Murthy founded Infosys along with six served as CEO and Managing Director other software professionals in 1981. from 2007 – 2011 and was appointed as He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan the Executive Co-Chairman in August by the Government of India, the Légion 2011. He is recognized as a global d’honneur by the Government of France, thought leader and has received several and the CBE by the British government. awards including the Padma Bhushan from the Government of India. The Infosys Science Foundation V. Balakrishnan Dr. Omkar Goswami Head, Infosys BPO, Finacle and Founder and Chairman, CERG Advisory Pvt. Securing India's scientific future India Business Unit, Infosys Limited Ltd. and Independent Director, Infosys Limited The Infosys Science Foundation, a not-for-profit trust, was set up Prior to his current role, Balakrishnan Dr. Goswami is the Founder and served as the Chief Financial Officer Chairman of Corporate and Economic in February 2009 by Infosys and some members of its Board. 2006-2012. He joined Infosys in 1991 and Research Group (CERG) Advisory Private The Foundation instituted the Infosys Prize, an annual award, has served as Company Secretary and Limited. He has been a consultant to the to honor outstanding achievements of researchers and scientists Senior Vice President – Finance. World Bank, the International Monetary across six categories: Engineering and Computer Science, Fund (IMF), the Asian Development Bank and the Organisation for Economic Humanities, Life Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, Physical Cooperation and Development (OECD). Sciences and Social Sciences, each carrying a prize of R50 lakh.

The award intends to celebrate success and stand as a marker Deepak M. Satwalekar S. D. Shibulal of excellence in scientific research. A jury comprising eminent Independent Director, Infosys Limited Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, Infosys Limited leaders in each of these fields comes together to evaluate Satwalekar is the former Managing the achievements of the nominees against the standards of Director and CEO of HDFC Standard A co-founder of Infosys, Shibulal took Life Insurance Co. Ltd. He has been a over as CEO in 2011. He is responsible international research, placing the winners on par with the finest consultant to the World Bank, the Asian for evolving the company’s business researchers in the world. Development Bank, the model towards achieving Infosys’ Agency for International Development aspirations of becoming the next In keeping with its mission of spreading the culture of science, generation global consulting and IT (USAID) and the United Nations Human the Foundation has instituted the Infosys Science Foundation Settlements Programme (HABITAT). services corporation. Lectures – a series of public talks by jurors and laureates of the Infosys Prize on their work that will help inspire young researchers K. Dinesh Srinath Batni and students. Former Member of the Board, Infosys Limited Head of Delivery Excellence, Infosys Limited A co-founder of Infosys, Dinesh was the Batni was inducted to the Infosys Board Head of Quality, Information Systems in May 2000. He is also the Director, and the Communication Design Group Infosys China and Infosys Australia. till June 2011. He is currently the Head of Delivery Excellence. From 1996-2000, he served as the Senior Vice President and Head, Retail and Telecommunications.

T. V. Mohandas Pai Bhavna Mehra Chairman, Manipal Global Education Services General Manager, Infosys Science Foundation and former Member of the Board, Mehra manages the ISF, focusing Infosys Limited on expanding the inspirational and Pai served as the Chief Financial Officer aspirational value of the Infosys Prize, of Infosys from 1994-2006. He led efforts and organizing the Infosys Science in the areas of Human Resources and Foundation Lectures. She formerly Education and Research from 2006 managed strategic initiatives for Infosys, to June 2011 and is passionate about including its relationship with the World education reform. Economic Forum.

Infosys Prize 2012 Infosys Prize 2012

Dr. Ashish Lele Engineering and Computer Science

Prof. Sanjay Subrahmanyam Prof. Amit Chaudhuri Humanities – History Humanities – Literary Studies

Prof. Satyajit Mayor Life Sciences

Prof. Manjul Bhargava Dr. A. Ajayaghosh Mathematical Sciences Physical Sciences

Prof. Arunava Sen Social Sciences – Economics

INFOSYS SCIENCE FOUNDATION INFOSYS SCIENCE FOUNDATION Infosys Campus, Electronics City, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 100 Tel: 91 80 2852 0261 Fax: 91 80 2852 0362 Email: [email protected] www.infosys-science-foundation.com INFOSYS PRIZE 2012