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Biodiversity of Ground Beetles in Young and Old Poplar Stands

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Biodiversity of Ground Beetles in Young and Old Poplar Stands Lakehead University Knowledge Commons,http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca Electronic Theses and Dissertations Undergraduate theses 2019 Biodiversity of ground beetles in young and old poplar stands Kowalik, Kyle http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca/handle/2453/4462 Downloaded from Lakehead University, KnowledgeCommons Source: McGill University, 1997 BIODIVERSITY OF GROUND BEETLES IN YOUNG AND OLD AGE POPLAR STANDS By: Kyle Kowalik Faculty of Natural Resource Management Lakehead University Thunder Bay, Ontario BIODIVERSITY OF GROUND BEETLES IN YOUNG AND OLD POPLAR STANDS by Kyle F. Kowalik An Undergraduate Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Honours Bachelor of Environmental Management Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University April 2019 Second Rader i LIBRARY RIGHTS STATEMENT In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the HBEM degree at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, I agree that the University will make it freely available for inspection. This thesis is made available by my authority solely for the purpose of private study and research and may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part (except as permitted by the Copyright Laws) without my written authority. Signature: Date: ii A CAUTION TO THE READER This HBEM thesis has been through a semi-formal process of review and comment by at least two faculty members. It is made available for loan by the Faculty of Natural Resources Management for the purpose of advancing the practice of professional and scientific forestry and environmental management. The reader should be aware that opinions and conclusions expressed in this document are those of the student and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the thesis supervisor, the faculty or Lakehead University. iii ABSTRACT Kowalik, K.F. 2019. Biodiversity of ground beetles in young and old poplar stands. 33 Pages. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are a useful bioindicator group in forests in almost every part of the world. This thesis studied the biodiversity of carabid beetles in old and young age trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands to determine if there was a difference in species abundance and individual abundance. Six sites (three young age and three old age) in the Kenora/Rainy River district north of Nestor Falls, Ontario with a primarily poplar species composition were selected, and five pitfall traps were dug and placed in a seventy-five metre transect at each site. Samples were collected every two weeks from May 11th to August 17th, 2018 and identified to estimate species accumulation and individual abundance over a longer sampling period using EstimateS, a biodiversity estimation software. A difference in species accumulation and individual abundance over time was found between the two stand types. There was also a measured difference in the biodiversity of carabids between the two stand types. It was found that large scale disturbances such as forest harvesting had an effect on the species abundance of carabid beetles in young age poplar stands while the accumulation of biomass and familiar habitat found in old age poplar stands had an effect on the individual abundance of carabids. This data has not been documented in the mentioned district before and would provide information for future research or environment-based operations occurring in the area. This research can be used to map the distribution of carabid beetles in northwestern Ontario, specifically in the Kenora/Rainy River district. Keywords: boreal forest, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Northwestern Ontario, trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), biodiversity, abundance. iv CONTENTS LIBRARY RIGHTS STATEMENT i A CAUTION TO THE READER ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 MATERIALS AND METHODS 11 METHODOLOGY 11 LOCATIONS OF STUDY 11 STUDY SITE CHARACTERISTICS 12 PITFALL TRAPS 13 SAMPLING DURATION AND DESIGN 14 SAMPLE HANDLING 14 STATISTICAL ANALYSES 15 RESULTS 17 DISCUSSION 24 CONCLUSION 30 LITERATURE CITED 31 APPENDICES 34 APPENDIX I 35 APPENDIX II 38 APPENDIX III 42 APPENDIX IV 44 APPENDIX V 56 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Understory vegetation species found in 6 study sites. 13 Table 2. Amounts of individuals collected from each identified species 19 Table 3. Transformed species abundance data between young and old age P. tremuloides stands 22 Table 4. Results of paired two sample T-test of means at α-level 0.025. 22 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Pterostichus melanarius with tarsal formula (5-5-5) and elytra striations marked 2 Figure 2. Wire flag marking pitfall trap #1 at collection site 1. 13 Figure 3. Pitfall trap with cover placed overtop from collection site 6, trap #1. 14 Figure 4. Collected and sorted samples placed in ethanol cups to preserve structures for identification. 14 Figure 5. Individual member of family Carabidae mounted with insect pin on a pinning block. 15 Figure 6. Stacked bar chart showing individual abundance by collection site in young age P. tremuloides stands. 17 Figure 7. Stacked bar chart showing individual abundance by collection site in old age poplar stands. 18 Figure 8. Smooth curve graph showing estimated species accumulation between old and young age P. tremuloides stands 20 Figure 9. Smooth line graph showing estimated individual abundance accumulation over 200 samples between old and young age P. tremuloides stands. 21 Figure 10. Image of collection site #2 prior to pitfall trap placement. 26 1 INTRODUCTION Northwestern Ontario is home to numerous species of insects, from forest tree defoliators to ground dwelling beetles that feed on insects and fungi. The focus of this thesis is on the latter group, referring specifically to the insect order Coleoptera, family Carabidae, also known as ground beetles. In general, these insects are viewed as being environmentally beneficial, feeding on multiple invertebrate pest insect species, as well as being predators of the seeds of some invasive weeds. On the other hand, they have been considered pests themselves at times by infesting buildings and consuming the seeds of valuable crops, such as corn (Hadley 2018). Their habitat is typically located within the top mineral soil and organic layers of forested areas, favouring areas underneath rocks, logs and other debris (Hadley 2018). They have been frequently observed in agricultural farm soils, such as orchards and other private gardens. The family Carabidae is used in North America and other regions of the world as an indicator species in most ecosystems, and they were used in this study due to their simple capture rate using pitfall traps (Boetzl et al. 2018). They are also sensitive to environmental conditions and have a generalist diet, meaning their distribution is not indicative of the distribution of their food. Taxonomically, coleoptera are the most speciose order of insects on the planet, and their adult stage are characterized by the hardening of the forewings into elytra (Hadley 2018). In the family Carabidae, most individuals are distinguished by their diet, while others are separated morphologically. Subfamilies of the carabids are further divided into tribes, as Carl Lindroth proposed more than 50 years ago (Holliday et al. 2014). The key identifying features of all members of the family Carabidae are based 2 primarily on segmentation of their characteristic 11 segmented filiform antennae as well as their tarsal formula, which are all segmented into groups of 5 from each set of legs (Figure 1) which arise from the thorax (Holliday et al. 2014). The elytra of the family Carabidae are the hardened forewings that display striations from the attachment of the thorax throughout the elytron (Figure 1). Furthermore, the Striations flight wings (hindwings) of carabids are typically reduced, and most individuals are flightless, while some display polymorphism in wing length. The diet of ground beetles is mostly predaceous, feeding on ants, aphids, slugs, Figure 1. Pterostichus melanarius with tarsal formula (5-5-5) and elytra striations marked maggots, etc. (Hadley 2018). Some species focus on a particular food source, such as the caterpillar hunter (Calosoma sycophanta), while other species are generalist feeders (Riddick 2008). Some ground beetle species also exhibit phytophagous feeding tendencies, consuming seeds, shoots and pollen of plants rather than other insects. The life cycle of ground beetles follows complete metamorphosis (egg to larva to pupa to adult), with females producing one generation of offspring annually (Holliday et al. 2014), which can consist of 30 to 600 eggs that hatch into larvae. Three larval instars are completed before pupating in the soil and finally emerging as adults shortly after. Overall, an entire life cycle can be completed within a single season, and adults can live 3 from one to four years, and are the most active between April and October. The short life cycle of ground beetle species allows them to quickly accumulate large population numbers which lets them easily infest buildings and agricultural land (Thiele 1977), causing panic/alarm issues to humans when the beetles occur in large numbers inside buildings. While these insects do not pose a direct health threat to humans or damage property, they are a nuisance and some species will release repellent odorous secretions when disturbed, while other species can damage crop species, as mentioned above. However, carabids are widely considered to be valuable bioindicators of environmental quality and forest health. After a disturbance in the boreal forests of Northwestern Ontario, one of the most frequently occurring successional species is trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx). This deciduous canopy eventually leads to a thick accumulation of litter on the top layer of the forest soil, also keeping the pH of the soil less acidic than a needle covered soil layer in a coniferous forest. Furthermore, the high density of succeeding poplar stands provides a high amount of cover for understory vegetation species, as well as produce high amounts of litter from young stems (DeByle 1985).
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