DOCSLIB.ORG

Impact, Bending, Flexural and Compressive Strength Tests on A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Impact, Bending, Flexural and Compressive Strength Tests on A Journal of Al-Nahrain University Vol.14 (3), September, 2011, pp.58-65 Science A Study of some Mechanical Behavior on a Thermoplastic Material Awham M. H. and Zaid Ghanem M. Salih Department of Applied Science, University of Technology, Baghdad-Iraq. Abstract The aim of the current study is the investigation of mechanical behavior of thermoplastic material type (U-PVC) which may be subjected to effect of some mechanical stresses, because these materials are manufactured to use as drinking water, rainwater and heavy water pipelines. Some tests were carried out on it, included: The (impact, modulus of elasticity (bending), flexural and compression) tests. These tests were performed to determine the ability of the material under study for these stresses. The results which obtained from these tests at natural environments were analyzed and compared with other materials which were used in present studies. These results showed that (Unplasticised PVC, (U-PVC)) material has high impact strength at these ambient, but obviously that there is great effect of notches on this property, as well as that the flexural strength and its ability for sustaining the compression failure is considered suitable if its compared with other materials. Keywords: Thermplastic, Mechanical Properties, Impact, Compression, Bending, Flexural, Shear stress. Introduction The vinyl chloride monomer consists of a Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the carbon-carbon double bond and a pendent most important vinyl polymers that produced chloride atom and three hydrogen atoms. from petroleum (derivatives). H H It's production coming as 2-nd class after polyethylene (PE) in the world. C C n There are two important kinds of PVC: H Cl 1. Rigid PVC which is used in fabrication of pipes and plastic plates (sheets). Where n is the degree of polymerization, i.e., 2. Flexible PVC, which is composed from the number of repeat units in the molecular polymer with addition of plasticizers. This chain. This monomer polymerizes by the type of PVC used in fabrication of films, addition (free radical) polymerization method coating purposes and production of [4]. industrial leathers.[1] When compared with PE and PP, So, PVC is one of the most important unmodified PVC is more rigid, stronger, and commercial plastics owing to its wide more solvent sensitive. applications and low cost. PVC is largely amorphous and the size of Despite its enormously technical and chlorine atoms causes significant economic importance, PVC still possesses intermolecular interface and the polarity of Cl many problems such as low thermal stability atom results in intermolecular attractions, thus and brittleness [2]. increasing the tensile strength and modulus PVC without any additives, at room compared to PE and PP. The intermolecular temperature, is a rather rigid material. It is attractions and general stiffness also increase often used instead of glass in many fields. But the glass transition (Tg) and melting point if it is heated to a temperature of about 87 °C, (Tm) of PVC. chemical change has been occur, PVC Tg of PVC is generally about (60-80) ºC. becomes flexible and rubbery [3]. The sales of rigid PVC and vinyl are approximately equal [4]. 85 Awham M. H. PVC enters as an important material in Nesar Merah [8] studied the effect of construction industries, fabrication of rain weathering on some mechanical properties of coats, insulating material for an electrical CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride). wires, fabrication of furniture, and fabrication Tensile and single-edge-notch bending of cars [1]. (SENB) specimens prepared from locally It is largely used in fabrication of rigid manufactured CPVC commercial pipes have pipes and frames of windows and doors. PVC been naturally weathered for different periods competes rubber in many applications because (1-9 months) in harsh Saudi weathering of its excellent properties like [1]: conditions. Standard tensile and SEN (single- 1. High electrical insulation. edge-notch) fracture toughness tests were 2. High resistance for abrasion. performed after natural exposure periods (1, 2, 3. Low diffusion for humidity. 3, … and 9 months). The tensile tests results 4. Good flexibility within range of showed that exposure of periods up to 9 temperatures. months had limited effects on the tensile 5. Resistance to water, bases, acids, alcohols, strength and modulus of elasticity of the oils, and aliphatic hydrocarbon components material. While the value of fracture toughness (compounds). showed a sudden drop in the 1st month of S. El-Raghi, R. R. Zahran, and B. E. Gebril exposure. Longer exposure periods resulted in [5] discussed the effect of weathering on a slow general decrease of material toughness. mechanical and thermal properties of blends In this work, several mechanical tests were consisting of UPVC and Indulin Lignin (IL), carried out which are (Bending test, Flexural that prepared by compression molding. Results strength test, Impact strength test, and showed that Lignin addition to PVC leads to compressive strength test (the maximum stress an increase in tensile strength and a slight that a material is capable of sustaining under decrease in elongation at yield and at break for compression)) for studying the behavior of U- all specimens. Weathering did not affect the PVC and recognize its properties when use in rate of change of the mechanical properties natural conditions. with Lignin addition. Liling Zhou et al. [6] studied the influence Experimental Part of Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) and Samples were cut from a U-PVC pipe that Acrylonitrile - Butadiene - Styrene Co- made in K.S.A by (National factory for plastic polymer (ABS) copolymer on the mechanical industries-Jeddah city). Cutting of samples properties of PVC, i.e., PVC/CPE and were done in agreement with global standards PVC/ABS hybrids were examined. The (ASTM, ISO, …) as shown in experimental results showed that the toughness Table (1). Several mechanical tests were of the hybrids could be modified greatly by the carried out in this work. introduction of the CPE or ABS. The Impact The instruments for measuring mechanical strength of PVC/CPE and PVC/ABS hybrids properties that used in this work can be increased with the content of the 2nd phase. clarified as follows: Impact test instrument, CPE exhibited a better toughening effect than Bending test instrument, Flexural and ABS. compression test instrument. Q. Yu and A. P. S. Selvaduri [7] studied Impact test the mechanical behavior of PVC subjected to Most (PVC) products as indeed other ethanol exposure. Ethanol used in this work in plastics are at risk of possible damage by different concentrations. The results showed impact at some points during their lifetime, that the exposure to pure ethanol resulted in a either through accidental hits or drops. reduction in flexibility, or embrittlement, and (e.g. PVC pipes during transport and the transformation of the PVC membrane from installation; PVC containers in transport and a flexible material capable of undergoing large storage). For these reasons the degree of strain hyperelastic behavior to a stiffer resistance to breaking on impact, and its material with pronounced yield behavior. measurement, are of practical importance in the selection and comparison of plastics 85 Journal of Al-Nahrain University Vol.14 (3), September, 2011, pp.58-65 Science materials for particular applications, product The strength of material depends on its design and quality assessments and control, ability to sustain a load without undue [9]. deformation or failure. This property is The Charpy test was used. The type of inherent in the material itself and must be scientific instrument which was used (TMI) determined by experiment. One of the most which means (Testing Machine Incorporation). important tests to perform in this regard is the It was made in New York, U.S.A. compression test, it is used primarily to This test was carried out after cutting the determine the relationship between the average samples with different depths of notches (0.25, normal stress and average normal strain in 0.5, 0.75, 1, …, 2.5) mm. many engineering materials [11, 12, 13]. This The test piece is supported at both of its test was carried out to study the compression ends in a way that the hammer of instrument (stress-strain) behavior of PVC samples under strikes it at the middle. investigation. The Impact strength (I.S) is calculated by Both of these two tests are carried out with applying the following equation, [10]: the same scientific instrument. It is the I.S Uc/A .................................................... (1) hydraulic piston, its type is Leybold Harris Where: Uc is the fracture energy (Joule) which no.36110. For the first one (Flexural strength), is determined from Charpy impact test 3-points test is performed. Flexural strength instrument. (F.S) and Shear stress (Ť) of the sample are (A) is the cross sectional area of the determined from the following equations, [11]: specimen(mm)2. F.S 3ps/2bt2 ............................................... (4) Fig.(1) shows photographic image of some Ť 3p/4bt ..................................................... (5) samples after the impact test. Where: s is the span which means the distance Bending test between the two supported points of the This test is named as (3-points test) which sample (mm). was used to measure the Young's modulus of (b, t) are the width and thickness of specimen PVC samples. The instrument which was used respectively(mm). P is the applied load (N). in this work is made by Phywe company- The second test (compression), was carried Germany. The values of Young's modulus (E) out by using the digital micrometer which was are calculated from the equation, [11]: used for (strain, ∆L) measurement where (L) is E MgL3/48IS ............................................. (2) the length of sample (mm). Where: M/S is the slope of the curve that The value of the maximum load before the obtained from the relationship between the true fracture of the sample under test mass (M) and the deflection (S) of each represents the ultimate compressive strength sample, L is the distance between the two (σcomp.) of this sample.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Effects of Sulfide Stress Cracking on the Mechanical Properties And
    3HW6FL '2,V 7KHHIIHFWVRIVXO¿GHVWUHVVFUDFNLQJRQWKH mechanical properties and intergranular cracking of P110 casing steel in sour environments Hou Duo, Zeng Dezhi , Shi Taihe, Zhang Zhi and Deng Wenliang 6WDWH.H\/DERUDWRU\RI2LODQG*DV5HVHUYRLU*HRORJ\DQG([SORLWDWLRQ6RXWKZHVW3HWUROHXP8QLYHUVLW\&KHQJGX Sichuan 610500, China © China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract: 9DULDWLRQDQGGHJUDGDWLRQRI3FDVLQJVWHHOPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVGXHWRVXO¿GHVWUHVV cracking (SSC) in sour environments, was investigated using tensile and impact tests. These tests ZHUHFDUULHGRXWRQVSHFLPHQVZKLFKZHUHSUHWUHDWHGXQGHUWKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQVIRUKRXUV WHPSHUDWXUH&SUHVVXUH03D+26SDUWLDOSUHVVXUH03DDQG&22SDUWLDOSUHVVXUH03D SUHORDGVWUHVVRIWKH\LHOGVWUHQJWK ıs PHGLXPVLPXODWHGIRUPDWLRQZDWHU7KHUHGXFWLRQLQ WHQVLOHDQGLPSDFWVWUHQJWKVIRU3FDVLQJVSHFLPHQVLQFRUURVLYHHQYLURQPHQWVZHUHDQG 54%, respectively. The surface morphology analysis indicated that surface damage and uniform plastic GHIRUPDWLRQRFFXUUHGDVDUHVXOWRIVWUDLQDJLQJ,PSDFWWRXJKQHVVRIWKHFDVLQJGHFUHDVHGVLJQL¿FDQWO\ DQGLQWHUJUDQXODUFUDFNLQJRFFXUUHGZKHQVSHFLPHQVZHUHPDLQWDLQHGDWDKLJKVWUHVVOHYHORIıs. Key words: Acidic solutions, high-temperature corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, intergranular FRUURVLRQVXO¿GHVWUHVVFUDFNLQJ 1 Introduction corrosion cracking (SCC) which is an anodic cracking mechanism. 6WHHOVUHDFWZLWKK\GURJHQVXO¿GHIRUPLQJPHWDOVXO¿GHV Specifically, testing methods using the bend specimen and atomic hydrogen as corrosion byproducts. The atomic JHRPHWU\GHVFULEHGLQWKH$670VWDQGDUGV
    [Show full text]
  • Guide for Certification of Offshore Containers 2020
    GUIDE FOR CERTIFICATION OF OFFSHORE CONTAINERS FEBRUARY 2020 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 © 2020 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved. 1701 City Plaza Drive Spring, TX 77389 USA Foreword (1 February 2020) IMO has issued MSC/Circ.860 Guidelines for the approval of offshore containers handled in open seas. This circular is intended to assist the competent authorities in developing the requirements for approving the offshore containers. IMO requires that all intermodal containers conform to the requirements of the International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC). The requirements of the CSC convention may not be applicable to offshore containers primarily due to non-standard designs, exposure to the marine environment for extended periods as well as the lifting of offshore containers by padeyes. EN 12079 has been published based on the MSC/Circ.860 and is currently used as an International industry standard to approve offshore containers. Containers built to the ABS Guide for Certification of Offshore Containers will meet all the requirements of MSC/Circ.860, EN 12079:2006 and ISO 10855:2018. This Guide provides guidance for manufacturing facilities to build offshore containers. It also serves to assist the ABS Engineers and Surveyors in certifying offshore containers around the globe. This Guide becomes effective on the first day of the month of publication. Users are advised to check periodically on the ABS website www.eagle.org to verify that this version of this Guide is the most current. We welcome your feedback. Comments or suggestions can be sent electronically by email to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Very-High-Cycle Fatigue and Charpy Impact Characteristics of Manganese Steel for Railway Axle at Low Temperatures
    applied sciences Article Very-High-Cycle Fatigue and Charpy Impact Characteristics of Manganese Steel for Railway Axle at Low Temperatures Byeong-Choon Goo 1,* , Hyung-Suk Mun 2 and In-Sik Cho 3 1 Advanced Railroad Vehicle Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang 16105, Korea 2 New Transportation Innovative Research Center, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang 16105, Korea; [email protected] 3 Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-460-5243 Received: 29 June 2020; Accepted: 21 July 2020; Published: 22 July 2020 Featured Application: This work can be applied to the development of new axle materials and to the high-cycle fatigue testing of materials at low temperatures. Abstract: Railway vehicles are being exposed with increasing frequency to conditions of severe heat and cold because of changes in the climate. Trains departing from Asia travel to Europe through the Eurasian continent and vice versa. Given these circumstances, the mechanical properties and performance of vehicle components must therefore be evaluated at lower and higher temperatures than those in current standards. In this study, specimens were produced from a commercial freight train axle made of manganese steel and subjected to high-cycle fatigue tests at 60, 30, and 20 C. − − ◦ The tests were conducted using an ultrasonic fatigue tester developed to study fatigue at low temperatures. Charpy impact testing was performed over the temperature range of 60 to 60 C − ◦ to measure the impact absorption energy of the axle material. The material showed a fatigue limit above 2 million cycles at each temperature; the lower the test temperature, the greater the fatigue limit cycles.
    [Show full text]
  • On Impact Testing of Subsize Charpy V-Notch Type Specimens*
    DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi• bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Refer• ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom• mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. ON IMPACT TESTING OF SUBSIZE CHARPY V-NOTCH TYPE SPECIMENS* Mikhail A. Sokolov and Randy K. Nanstad Metals and Ceramics Division OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6151 •Research sponsored by the Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, under Interagency Agreement DOE 1886-8109-8L with the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with Lockheed Martin Energy Systems. The submitted manuscript has been authored by a contractor of the U.S. Government under contract No. DE-AC05-84OR21400. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. Mikhail A.
    [Show full text]
  • Applicability of Composite Charpy Impact Method for Strain Hardening Textile Reinforced Cementitious Composites
    APPLICABILITY OF COMPOSITE CHARPY IMPACT METHOD FOR STRAIN HARDENING TEXTILE REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES J. Van Ackeren (1), J. Blom (1), D. Kakogiannis (1), J. Wastiels (1), D. Van Hemelrijck (1), S. Palanivelu (2), W. Van Paepegem (2), J. Vantomme (3) (1) Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Brussels, Belgium (2) Universiteit Gent, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Gent, Belgium (3) Royal Military Academy, Civil and Materials Engineering Department, Brussels, Belgium Abstract ID Number: 20 Author contacts Authors E-Mail Fax Postal address +3226292 Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 J. Van Ackeren [email protected] 928 Brussels Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 J. Blom [email protected] Brussels D. Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 [email protected] Kakogiannis Brussels Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 J. Wastiels [email protected] Brussels D. Van Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 [email protected] Hemelrijck Brussels Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 S. Palanivelu [email protected] 9000 Gent, Belgium W. Van Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 [email protected] Paepegem 9000 Gent, Belgium 30 av. de la Renaissance J. Vantomme [email protected] B-1000 Brussels, Belgium Contact person for the paper: J. Van Ackeren Presenter of the paper during the Conference: J. Van Ackeren 9 Total number of pages of the paper (this one excluded): 8 Page 0 APPLICABILITY OF COMPOSITE CHARPY IMPACT METHOD FOR STRAIN HARDENING TEXTILE REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES J. Van Ackeren (1), J. Blom (1), D. Kakogiannis (1), J. Wastiels (1), D. Van Hemelrijck (1), S. Palanivelu (2), W. Van Paepegem (2), J.
    [Show full text]
  • IMPACT STRENGTH of P/M Fe-Mo-P SINTERED STEELS
    POLITECHNIKA KRAKOWSKA Institute of Materials Science and Metal Technology FINAL THESIS IMPACT STRENGTH OF P/M Fe-Mo-P SINTERED STEELS Juan Manuel Cantón Soria July 2008 (Kraków) 1 CONTENTS Section 1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 1 Introduction 2 Powder metallurgy process 2.1 Powder fabrication 2.2 Powder charaterization (Sponge process) 2.3 Compaction 2.4 Sintering 3 Mechanical properties of sintered steels 4 Influence of alloying elements on sintering and properties of sintered steels Section 2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 5 Aim of work 6 Analysis of dimensional behaviour, density and microstructure 7 Impact properties 8 Characterization of fracture of sintered materials 9 Conclusions 2 Section 1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION Powder metallurgy is a metalworking process used to fabricate parts of simple or complex shape from a wide variety of metals and alloys in the form of powders. The process involves shaping of the powder and subsequent bonding of its individual particles by heating or mechanical working. In the traditional process, a metal, alloy or ceramic powder in the form of a mass of dry particles, normally less than 150 microns in diameter, is converted into an engineering component of pre-determined shape and possessing properties which allow it to be used in most cases without farther processing. The basic steps of the production of sintered engineering components are those of powder production; the mechanical compaction of the powder into a handleable preform; and the hitting of the preform to a temperature below the melting of the major constituent for a sufficient time to permit the development of the requires properties.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Impact Test 1
    IMPACT TEST 1 – Impact properties The impact properties of polymers are directly related to the overall toughness of the material. Toughness is defined as the ability of the polymer to absorb the applied energy. By analysing a stress-strain curve, it is possible to estimate the toughness of the material because it is directly proportional to the area under the curve. In this sense, impact energy is a measure of the toughness of the material. The higher the impact energy, the higher the toughness. Now, it is possible to define the impact resistance, the ability of the material to resist breaking under an impulsive load, or the ability to resist the fracture under stress applied at high velocity. The molecular flexibility plays an important role in determining the toughness and the brittleness of a material. For example, flexible polymers have an high-impact behaviour due to the fact that the large segments of molecules can disentangle very easily and can respond rapidly to mechanical stress while, on the contrary, in stiff polymers the molecular segments are unable to disentangle and respond so fast to mechanical stress, and the impact produces brittle failure. This part will be discussed into details in another chapter of this handbook. Impact properties of a polymer can be improved by adding a structure modifier, such as rubber or plasticizer, by changing the orientation of the molecules or by using fibrous fillers. Most polymers, when subjected to impact load, seem to fracture in a well defined way. Due to the impact load, impulse, the crack starts to propagate on the polymer surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Core Architecture on Charpy Impact and Compression Properties of Tufted Sandwich Structural Composites
    polymers Article Effect of Core Architecture on Charpy Impact and Compression Properties of Tufted Sandwich Structural Composites Chen Chen 1, Peng Wang 2,* and Xavier Legrand 1 1 University of Lille, Ensait, Gemtex, F-59000 Roubaix, France; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (X.L.) 2 University of Haute-Alsace, Ensisa, Lpmt, F-68000 Mulhouse, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-3-89-33-66-48; Fax: +33-3-89-33-63-39 Abstract: This study presents a novel sandwich structure that replaces the polypropylene (PP) foam core with a carbon fiber non-woven material in the tufting process and the liquid resin infusion (LRI) process. An experimental investigation was conducted into the flatwise compression properties and Charpy impact resistance of sandwich composites. The obtained results validate an enhancement to the mechanical properties due to the non-woven core and tufting yarns. Compared to samples with a pure foam core and samples without tufting threads, the compressive strength increased by 45% and 86%, respectively. The sample with a non-woven layer and tufting yarns had the highest Charpy absorbed energy (23.85 Kj/m2), which is approximately 66% higher than the samples without a non-woven layer and 90% higher than the samples without tufting yarns. Due to the buckling of the resin cylinders in the Z-direction that occurred in all of the different sandwich samples during the compression test, the classical buckling theory was adopted to analyze the differences between the results. The specific properties of the weight gains are discussed in this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Ductile Fracture Obtained by Charpy Impact Test of a Steel Structure Created by Robot-Assisted GMAW-Based Additive Manufacturing
    metals Article Analysis of Ductile Fracture Obtained by Charpy Impact Test of a Steel Structure Created by Robot-Assisted GMAW-Based Additive Manufacturing Ali Waqas , Xiansheng Qin, Jiangtao Xiong , Chen Zheng * and Hongbo Wang School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; [email protected] (A.W.); [email protected] (X.Q.); [email protected] (J.X.); [email protected] (H.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-151-0290-4023 Received: 23 October 2019; Accepted: 7 November 2019; Published: 10 November 2019 Abstract: In this study, gas metal arc welding (GMAW) was used to construct a thin wall structure in a layer-by-layer fashion using an AWS ER70S-6 electrode wire with the help of a robot. The Charpy impact test was performed after extracting samples in directions both parallel and perpendicular to the deposition direction. In this study, multiple factors related to the resulting absorbed energy have been discussed. Despite being a layered structure, homogeneous behavior with acceptable deviation was observed in the microstructure, hardness, and fracture toughness of the structure in both directions. The fracture is extremely ductile with a dimpled fibrous surface and secondary cracks. An estimate for fracture toughness based on Charpy impact absorbed energy is also given. Keywords: Charpy impact test; GMAW; additive manufacturing; secondary cracks 1. Introduction Additive manufacturing can be used to create a near-net shape for complex parts using the layer-by-layer deposition method. Powder or wire is melted using different energy sources, including electron beam, laser beam, or electric arc [1–3].
    [Show full text]
  • Prediction of the Brittle Fracture Toughness Value of a Rpv Steel from the Analysis of a Limited Set of Charpy Results
    FR0200380 PREDICTION OF THE BRITTLE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS VALUE OF A RPV STEEL FROM THE ANALYSIS OF A LIMITED SET OF CHARPY RESULTS. P. FORGET (1), B. MARINI (1), N. VERDIERE (2) (1) CEA/CEREM/SRMA, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France E-mail: [email protected] (2) EDF R&D Division, Materials & Studies Branch, F-77818 Moret sur Loing, France Key words : PWR, Materials, Probabilistic. Introduction. Charpy V-notch impact testing consists in measuring the energy consumed by a relatively small specimen by fracture during impact. It is widely used to characterise the resistance of the material to fracture, in particular in the brittle regime. So it is a relatively simple mean to determine the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of materials undergoing such a transition, e.g. ferritic steels. In the case of the PWR "surveillance program", this test is used to determine the evolution of the mechanical strength of the structural steels during the whole life of the nuclear plants, in particular since irradiation effects lead to embrittlement of the material. The surveillance program is based on a few number of samples that are irradiated in the reactors. However, to justify the integrity of structural components, the fracture toughness of the materials is needed; but the fracture toughness is not directly related to Charpy impact energy (except in the case of some particular empirical correlations). So a study has been engaged to establish a non empirical correlation between Charpy impact energy and fracture toughness on the lower shelf and the transition regime of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature curve.
    [Show full text]
  • Module 5 - Testing of Composites - II
    Module 5 - Testing of composites - II TESTING OF COMPOSITES - II STATIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Static mechanical properties, such as tensile, compressive, flexural, and shear properties, of a material are the basic design data in many, if not most, applications. Mechanical properties of a composite 1. Tensile properties 2. Compressive properties 3. Flexural properties 4. In-plane shear properties 5. Interlaminar shear strength 6. Impact properties TENSILE PROPERTIES Test Method and Analysis Tensile properties, such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of flat composite laminates, are determined by static tension tests in accordance with ASTM D3039. The tensile specimen is straight-sided and has a constant cross section with beveled tabs adhesively bonded at its ends (Figure 4.1). Tensile test specimen configuration A compliant and strain-compatible material is used for the end tabs to reduce stress concentrations in the gripped area and thereby promote tensile failure in the gage section. Any high-elongation (tough) adhesive system can be used for mounting the end tabs to the test specimen. Specimens with the dimension of 250 mm X 12.50 mm X 2.4 mm with end tabs (45 mm X 12.50 mm X 3 mm) were used for testing. The tensile specimen is held in a testing machine by wedge action grips and pulled at a recommended cross-head speed of 2 mm/min. Longitudinal and transverse strains are measured employing D Murali Manohar - Polymer Engineering PEB3213 - Polymer Composites Engineering 1 Module 5 - Testing of composites - II electrical resistance strain gages that are bonded in the gage section of the specimen.
    [Show full text]
  • Fracture Control of Small Diameter Gas Pipelines
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2015 Fracture control of small diameter gas pipelines Youyou Wu University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Wu, Youyou, Fracture control of small diameter gas pipelines, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic, University of Wollongong, 2015. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/ 4667 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong.
    [Show full text]