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Physical Stratigraphy and Facies Analysis of the Castissent Tecto-Sedimentary Unit (South-Central Pyrenees, Spain)

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Physical Stratigraphy and Facies Analysis of the Castissent Tecto-Sedimentary Unit (South-Central Pyrenees, Spain) Miquel Poyatos-Moré PhD Dissertation Physical Stratigraphy and Facies Analysis of the Castissent Tecto-Sedimentary Unit (South-Central Pyrenees, Spain) Depositional processes and controlling factors of sediment dispersal from river-mouth to base-of-slope settings Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona February, 2014 Als meus pares, per empènye’m a no témer a res […] How many years can a mountain exist before it's washed to the sea? [...] (Dylan B., 1963, “Blowin' in the wind”) TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 7 SUMMARY . 9 1. INTRODUCTION . 13 1.1. Overview 1.2. The shelf-to-slope transition: a key interphase 1.3. Fluvio-deltaic systems in active margins 1.4. Hyperpycnal-flow sedimentation 1.5. Channel-overbank complexes and slope turbidites 1.6. Sequence boundary recognition 1.7. Clinoforms and clinothems 1.8. Process regime vs Clinoform trajectory in passive margins 2. OBJECTIVES . 33 3. GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND PREVIOUS WORKS . 36 3.1. Structural framework of the study area 3.2. The lower Eocene depositional sequences 3.3. The Castissent Sequences 3.4. The Intra-Castissent sequence boundary 3.5. Chronostratigraphy of the Castissent Sequences 4. METHODOLOGY . 63 4.1. Geological Mapping 4.2. Logging of stratigraphic sections 4.3. Correlation panel 4.4. Facies description and analysis 4.5. Chronostratigraphy (magnetostratigraphy) 5. FACIES ANALYSIS OF THE CASTISSENT SEQUENCES . 78 5.1. Overview 5.2. Facies types 5.2.1. Gravel facies (G) 5.2.1.1. Clast supported conglomerates (Gcs) 5.2.1.2. Clast suported conglomerates grading into sandstones (CgS) 5.2.1.3. Sandy gravels (Gs) 5.2.1.4. Muddy gravels (Gm) 5.2.2. Sandstone facies (S) 5.2.2.1. Massive sandstones (Ss) 5.2.2.2. Cross-bedded sandstones (Sx) 5.2.2.3. Normally-graded sandstones (Sng) 5.2.2.4. Inversely-graded sandstones Sig) 5.2.3. Mudstone facies (M) 5.2.3.1. Silt and clay streaked mudstones (Msm) 5.2.3.2. Massive mudstones (Mm) 5.2.4. Carbonate facies (C) 5.2.4.1. Bioclastic sandy carbonates (Cbs) 5.2.4.2. Carbonate-rich nummulitic layers (Cn) 5.3. Deformation 5.3.1. Origin and types of loading structures 5.3.2. Remobilization and mass-transport deposits (MTD’s) 5.3.3. Triggering mechanisms 5.4. Facies Associations 5.4.1. River-mouth facies associations 5.4.2. Delta front facies associations 5.4.3. Upper slope facies associations 5.5. The concept of "facies tract" and depositional model of the study area 6. STRATIGRAPHY OF THE CASTISSENT SEQUENCES . 135 6.1. The lower Castissent-1 succession (Units C1 to C3) 6.1.1. Unit C1 (Fosado Unit) 6.1.2. Units C2 and C3 (Atiart and Samper Units) 6.2. The upper Castissent-1 succession (Units C4 to C5) 6.2.1. Unit C4 (Fuendecampo Unit) 6.2.1.1. Unit C4a (Mouth-bar to neashore unit) 6.2.1.2. Unit C4b (Shoreface-Offshore transition unit) 6.2.1.3. Unit C4c (Offshore-Prodelta unit) 6.2.1.4. Unit C4d (Upper slope unit) 6.2.2. Unit C5 (Pocino Unit) 6.2.2.1. Unit C5a (Fluvial unit) 6.2.2.2. Unit C5b (Mouth-bar unit) 6.2.2.3. Unit C5c (Delta front unit) 6.2.2.4. Unit C5d (Offshore-Prodelta unit) 6.2.2.5. Unit C5e (Upper slope unit) 6.3. The Castissent-2 succession (Units C6 to C9) 6.3.1. Unit C6 (Mediara Unit) 6.3.2. Units C7 and C8 (Lascorz and Serreta Units) 6.3.3. Unit C9 (Fuensalada Unit) 6.4. Sequence stratigraphy of the Castissent Sequences 6.5. Magnetostratigraphy 6.5.1. Results 6.5.2. Interpretation and Implications 7. DISCUSSION . 193 8. OTHER DELTAIC STUDIES IN DIFFERENT SETTINGS . 209 8.1. The New Jersey margin 8.2. The IODP Expedition 313 8.3. Seismic architecture and clinoform trajectory analysis 8.4. Sedimentology and depositional environments 8.4.1. Landward of the clinoform rollover (topset deposits)fx 8.4.2. Clinoform rollover deposits 8.4.3. Coarse-grained clastic deposits at clinoform slope and toe-of-slope positions 8.5. Stratigraphic distribution of poorly-sorted rollover deposits and coarse- grained bottomsets 8.5.1. Clinothem m5.7 8.5.2. Clinothem m5.6 8.5.3. Clinothem m5.3 8.5.4. Clinothem m5 8.6. Testing the model: process regime vs clinoform trajectory 8.7. Wave vs River-dominated clinothems 8.8. The effects of lateral shelf margin variability: the Permian Waterford Fm 8.8.1. Dip (2D) variability 8.8.2. Clinoform trajectory variability 8.8.3. Strike (3D) variability 8.9. Discussion 9. CONCLUSIONS . 253 10. FUTURE WORK . 256 REFERENCES . 259 ADDENDUM . 282 PREFACE AND AKNOWLEDGEMENTS "un petit tribut a aquelles persones que n'han format part" "un pequeño tributo a todas aquellas personas que han formado parte de esto" "a small tribute to all those who have been part of this" "Una tesi és això, res més que una tesi. La redacció de la memòria que plasma la feina feta durant 4 anys és difícil, tot doctor que hi hagi passat ho sap, i més difícil encara és aconseguir que aquesta memòria reflecteixi les idees del que la escriu, tot allò que se suposa que s'ha d’haver après, i totes aquelles coses que el científic en potència que és el redactor llega a la ciència tot presentant les dades que ha obtingut. No és fàcil. Ningú ha dit que ho sigui. La sedimentologia és una branca de la geologia complexa. Amb això no vull dir que les altres branques no ho siguin, simplement no les he tractat amb suficient profunditat com per exercir un judici de valor. No cal. Tinc la sensació que estic al començament, i així ha de ser, d’una carrera que em portarà a descobrir dia a dia la complexitat de la nostra disciplina i lo insignificants que som en el registre geològic del qual també en formem part, en certa manera, si és que no en soc conscient ara. Aquests anys de plena dedicació a la recerca en el camp en el que s’emmarca aquesta tesi m’han ensenyat a respectar la feina dels altres, respectar l’entorn on treballem, a les persones que en formen part sense saber-ho, i que en moltes ocasions han estat partícips de la meva eufòria i de la meva desesperació, que no ha estat poca. A tots ells, gràcies. He conegut persones fantàstiques, m’he desenganyat, he descobert els pros i els contres de la feina que fem, i amb tot i amb això, vull continuar endavant. Venen temps difícils, però compto amb el suport de tots aquells que ja han estat al meu costat i dels que estan per venir. M’endinso en la cursa del coneixement, a la recerca de la meva vida, tot fent allò que més m’agrada fer: geologia de camp. El camp et manté en contacte amb el medi natural, tant l’actual com el fòssil, i en la feina que nosaltres desenvolupem el treball de camp és tan vital com ho som nosaltres mateixos. El camp et castiga, et maltracta, però et premia l’esforç, i sempre t’espera, pacient, a que hi tornis; a que tornis a passar per aquell marge del camí, per aquell barranc oblidat, per aquelles pedres que tant estranyes et van resultar el primer dia, i que no obstant, ara ja són roques d’allò més familiars. El camp es casa nostra, en ell tornem dia rere dia, perquè la ciència avança, i nosaltres som científics." Miquel Poyatos-Moré 7 "Una tesis es eso, nada más que una tesis. La redacción de la memoria que plasma el trabajo realizado durante 4 años es difícil, todo doctor que haya pasado por ello lo sabe, y más difícil aún es conseguir que esta memoria refleje las ideas del que la escribe, todo lo que se supone que se debe haber aprendido, y todas aquellas cosas que el científico en potencia que es el redactor lega a la ciencia presentando los datos que ha obtenido. No es fácil. Nadie ha dicho que lo sea. La sedimentología es una rama de la geología compleja. Con esto no quiero decir que las otras ramas no lo sean, simplemente que no las he tratado con suficiente profundidad como para ejercer un juicio de valor. No es necesario. Tengo la sensación de que estoy al comienzo, y así debe ser, de una carrera que me llevará a descubrir día a día la complejidad de nuestra disciplina y lo insignificantes que somos en el registro geológico del que también formamos parte, en cierto modo, si es que aún no soy consciente ahora. Estos años de plena dedicación a la investigación en el campo en el que se enmarca esta tesis me han enseñado a respetar el trabajo de otros, respetar el entorno donde trabajamos, a las personas que forman parte de él aún sin saberlo, y que en muchas ocasiones han sido partícipes de mi euforia y de mi desesperación, que no ha sido poca. A todos ellos, gracias. He conocido personas fantásticas, me he desengañado, he descubierto los pros y los contras del trabajo que hacemos, y a pesar de todo ello, quiero seguir adelante. Vienen tiempos difíciles, pero cuento con la ayuda de todos aquellos que ya han estado a mi lado y los que están aún por venir. Me adentro en la carrera del conocimiento, en busca de mi vida, haciendo lo que más me gusta hacer: geología de campo. El campo te mantiene en contacto con el medio natural, tanto el actual como el fósil, y en el trabajo que nosotros desarrollamos el campo es tan vital como lo somos nosotros mismos.
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