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WOW South Asia 5/3/04 8:24 AM Page 154 77197_Text 5/3/04 7:56 AM Page 153 LAWS AND POLICIES AFFECTING THEIR REPRODUCTIVE LIVES PAGE 153 4. Pakistan Statistics GENERAL Population ■ To tal population: 153,600,000.1 ■ Population by sex: 72,358,880 (female) and 76,362, 250 (male).2 ■ Percentage of population aged 0–14: 41.2.3 ■ Percentage of population aged 15–24: 19.4.4 ■ Percentage of population in rural areas: 67.5 Economy ■ Annual percentage growth of gross domestic product (GDP): 3.7.6 ■ Gross national income (GNI) per capita: USD 410.7 ■ Government expenditure on health: 0.9% of GDP.8 ■ Government expenditure on education: 2.3% of GDP.9 ■ Population below the poverty line: 32.6% (below national poverty line); 13.4% (below USD 1 a day poverty line); 65.6% (below USD 2 a day poverty line).10 WOMEN’S STATUS ■ Life expectancy: 60.9 (female) and 61.2 (male).11 ■ Average age at marriage: 21.7 (female) and 26.5 (male).12 ■ Labor force participation: 15.4% (female) and 84.6% (male).13 ■ Percentage of employed women in agricultural labor force: 66.3.14 ■ Percentage of women among administrative and managerial workers: 4.15 ■ Literacy rate among population aged 15 and older: 28.8% (female) and 57.4% (male).16 ■ Percentage of female-headed households: 7.17 ■ Percentage of seats held by women in national government: 2.18 CONTRACEPTION ■ To tal fertility rate: 5.08 lifetime births per woman.19 ■ Contraceptive prevalence rate among married women aged 15–49: 28% (any method) and 20% (modern methods).20 ■ Prevalence of sterilization among couples: 5.0% (total); 5.0% (female); <0.1% (male).21 ■ Sterilization as a percentage of overall contraceptive prevalence: 28.1.22 WOW South Asia 5/3/04 8:24 AM Page 154 PAGE 154 WOMEN OF THE WORLD: MATERNAL HEALTH I Lifetime risk of maternal death: 1 in 80 women.23 I Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births: 476.24 I Percentage of pregnant women with anemia: 37.25 I Percentage of births monitored by trained attendants: 20.26 ABORTION I Information unavailable. SEXUALLY TRANSMISSIBLE INFECTIONS (STIs) AND HIV/AIDS I Number of people living with sexually transmissible infections: Information unavailable. I Number of people living with HIV/AIDS: 78,000.27 I Percentage of people aged 15–24 living with HIV/AIDS: 0.05 (female) and 0.06 (male).28 I Estimated number of deaths due to AIDS:4,500.29 CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS I Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births: 87.30 I Under five mortality rate per 1,000 live births by sex: 135 (female) and 121 (male).31 I Gross primary school enrollment ratio: 54 (female) and 93 (male).32 I Primary school completion rate: Information unavailable.33 I Number of births per 1,000 women aged 15–19: 50.34 I Contraceptive prevalence rates among married female adolescents: 2.4% (modern methods); 3.9% (traditional methods); 6.2% (any method).35 I Percentage of abortions that are obtained by women younger than age 20: Information unavailable.36 I Number of children under the age of 15 living with HIV/AIDS: 2,200.37 WOW South Asia 5/3/04 8:24 AM Page 155 PAKISTAN PAGE 155 ENDNOTES 1. See United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA),The State of World Population 2003, at 75 (2003) [hereinafter The State of World Population 2003]. Estimates for 2003. 2. See United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA),UNFPA Country Profiles, available at http://www.unfpa.org/profile/default.cfm (last visited Aug.12, 2003) [hereinafter UNFPA Country Profiles]. Estimates for 2001. 3.See THE WORLD BANK,WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS 2003, at 39 (2003) [here- inafter World Development Indicators 2003]. Estimates for 2001. 4. See UNFPA Country Profiles, supra note 2. 5. See The State of World Population 2003, supra note 1, at 75. 6. See World Development Indicators 2003, supra note 3, at 187. 7. See The World Bank,World Development Indicators 2003, Data Query, available at http://devdata.worldbank.org/data-query/ (last visited Feb. 24, 2004). The statistical figure was obtained through the Atlas method. Estimates for 2002. 8. See The State of World Population 2003, supra note 1, at 75. 9. See United Nations, Infonation, Government Education Expenditure, available at http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/infonation/e_infonation.htm (last visited Dec. 18, 2003). Estimates for 1990-99. 10. See World Development Indicators 2003, supra note 3, at 59. The statistical figures were based on 1998-99. 11. See The State of World Population 2003, supra note 1, at 71. 12. See UNFPA Country Profiles, supra note 2. 13. See id. 14. Information on file with the Center for Reproductive Rights. 15. See United Nations,The World’s Women 2000, at 147 (2000) [hereinafter The World’s Women 2000]. 16. See UNFPA Country Profiles, supra note 2. 17. See The World’s Women 2000, supra note 15, at 49. Estimates for 1985-1990. 18. See Save the Children, State of World’s Mothers 2003, at 40 (2003) [hereinafter State of World’s Mothers 2003]. This indicator represents the percentage of seats in national legislatures or parliaments occupied by women. 19. SeeThe State of World Population 2003, supra note 1, at 75. 20. See id. 21. See EngenderHealth, Contraceptive Sterilization: Global Issues and Trends, tbl. 2.2, at 47 (2002). Estimates for 1994-1995. 22. See id., tbl. 2.5, at 56. Estimates for 1994-1995. 23. See WHO et al., Maternal Mortality in 1995: Estimates Developed by WHO, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), UNFPA 45 (2001). Estimates for 1995. 24. See The State of World Population 2003, supra note 1, at 71. 25. See State of World’s Mothers 2003, supra note 18, at 40. 26. See The State of World Population 2003, supra note 1, at 75. 27. See UNAIDS & World Health Organization (WHO), Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections Updated 18 August 2003: Pakistan 2 (2003) [hereinafter UNAIDS], available at http://www.who.int/Glob- alAtlas/home.asp (last visited Aug.18, 2003). Estimates for 2001. 28. See The State of World Population 2003, supra note 1, at 75. 29. See UNAIDS, supra note 27, at 2. 30. SeeThe State of World Population 2003, supra note 1, at 71. 31. See UNFPA Country Profiles, supra note 2. 32. See The State of World Population 2003, supra note 1, at 71. The ratios indicate the number of students enrolled per 100 individuals in the appropriate age group. The ratio may be more than 100 because the figures remain uncorrected for individuals who are older than the level-appropriate age due to late starts, interrupted schooling or grade repetition. 33.While The State of World Population 2003 provides statistics for other countries, the information for Pakistan is unavailable in the report. 34. SeeThe State of World Population 2003, supra note 1, at 71. 35. See Saroj & K.G. Santhya, Reproductive Choices for Asian Adolescents:A Focus on Contra- ceptive Behavior, 28 Int’l Fam. Planning Persp. 186-195 (2002), available at http://www.agi-usa.org/pubs/journals/2818602t.html (last visited Aug.21, 2003). Esti- mates for 1996-1997. 36.While the article Characteristics of women who obtain induced abortion:A worldwide review, in the International Family Planning Perspectives, provides statistics for other countries, the information for Pakistan is unavailable in the report. 37. See UNAIDS, supra note 27, at 2. WOW South Asia 5/3/04 8:24 AM Page 156 PAGE 156 WOMEN OF THE WORLD: akistan’s history dates back to the former Indus Valley civ- religion and is practiced by 97% of the population, 77% of ilization, one of the world’s earliest civilizations.1 A suc- whom are Sunni Muslims and 20% of whom are Shia Mus- P cession of Hindu and Muslim rulers controlled the region lims.19 The remaining 3% of the population is comprised comprising present-day Pakistan for many centuries until the largely of Hindus, Christians, Buddhists and Parsis.20 rise of the British Empire in the eighteenth century, which As a border nation to Afghanistan,Pakistan historically has ruled the Indian subcontinent for more than two hundred been a recipient of refugees fleeing military conflict. The Pak- years.2 The British partition of the Indian subcontinent along istani government estimates that there are some 3.3 million religious lines at the time of independence in 1947 resulted in Afghan refugees living in Pakistan.21 International agencies the creation of predominantly Muslim Pakistan, with estimate that about half of that population receives govern- Mohammed Ali Jinnah as governor-general,and largely Hin- ment assistance and that there may be some two million oth- du India.3 Pakistan was initially comprised of two regions er undocumented Afghans in Pakistan.22 separated by more than 1,000 miles of Indian territory known Pakistan has been a state party to the United Nations (UN) as East and West Pakistan.4 Relations between the two since 1947.23 It is also a member of the South Asian Associa- regions, which were unique socially and culturally outside of tion for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Organization religion,were strained from the beginning.5 Civil war erupt- of Islamic Conference and the Commonwealth of Nations, ed in 1971 and after months of widespread fighting,East Pak- an organization of countries formerly part of the British istan defeated West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) to become Empire.24 the independent state of Bangladesh.6 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over as president of Pakistan and, in 1973,established a constitution that remains in force today.7 I.
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