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Venezuela's Crisis Is Now a Regional Humanitarian Disaster

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Venezuela's Crisis Is Now a Regional Humanitarian Disaster Venezuela’s Crisis Is BRIEFS CSIS Now a Regional Humanitarian Disaster A Comprehensive Framework for the United States, Regional Countries, and the International Community to Address Venezuela’s Growing Humanitarian Crisis By Moises Rendon and Mark L. Schneider MARCH 2018 THE ISSUE Venezuela has been subjected to an unprecedented man-made humanitarian crisis, including extreme food and medicine shortages, thousands of children dying of malnutrition, and malnourished people contracting formerly eradicated diseases. While Venezuela’s dictatorial regime has repeatedly rejected humanitarian aid from the outside, the country’s humanitarian, economic, social, and institutional collapse, along with fierce political repression, have caused1.2 million Venezuelans to flee the country over the past two years, with hundreds of thousands more and possibly millions expected to flee in the future. OUR RECOMMENDATIONS Encourage the United States and other like-minded countries to provide leadership on the diplomatic and assistance fronts to help respond to this crisis. Work to build consensus within the international community on the urgency of the Venezuelan humanitarian crisis and to agree on steps to address the crisis, including convening a high-level task force. Develop a comprehensive policy response that includes immediate relief efforts on Venezuela’s border with Colombia and within Venezuela using innovative mechanisms due to the current limited humanitarian access. Provide immediate technical assistance to help estimate the level of need and identify available resources. Support and engage civil society and local actors, including nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), the private sector, and entrepreneurs, as well as the Venezuelan diaspora community, to help limit the suffering of the Venezuelan people. Encourage host countries to grant temporary protected status to Venezuelans and create a broader burden-sharing arrangement in the region for processing those seeking refuge, following the recent guidelines by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Support the use of innovative technology tools, such as blockchain and digital currencies, to facilitate distribution of aid within and beyond Venezuela. CENTER FOR STRATEGIC & middle east CSIS BRIEFS | WWW.CSIS.ORG | 1 INTERNATIONAL STUDIES program Three CSIS researchers traveled to the Venezuelan- Colombian border in February 2018 to assess the impact of the unprecedented Venezuelan humanitarian, economic, and security crisis. BACKGROUND Resembling a country at war, Venezuela is enduring an unprecedented man-made humanitarian crisis, causing a mass exodus of its people. Extreme food and medicine shortages, hyperinflation, rampant crime in every city, thousands of children dying of malnutrition, constant electric blackouts, looting, and repression have caused 1.2 million Venezuelans to flee the country over the past two years. Almost 90 percent of Venezuela’s population has dropped below the poverty line, and the middle class has virtually disappeared. Unable to eat The all but total collapse of the economy in Venezuela more than one meal a day, the average Venezuelan has lost comes after a decade of historically high oil prices that 24 pounds in the past year. Seeing people of all ages picking served to mask deeply flawed macroeconomic policies. food out of trash has become a common sight on the streets The International Monetary Fund is estimating13,000 of Venezuelan cities and towns. percent hyperinflation in 2018, and the gross domestic The public health crisis is shocking. Secretary General Luis product has contracted by nearly 50 percent over the past Almagro of the Organization of American States (OAS) said four years. The oil industry, which represents 95 percent in a public address at CSIS in February 2018 that newborns of Venezuela’s exports, is in full crisis mode—currently in Syria have a better chance of survival than those born in producing only 1.5 million barrels per day (a 30-year Venezuela today. As malnourished people contract formerly low). Meanwhile, Nicolás Maduro’s administration is eradicated diseases, they cannot turn to previously high- running out of money as large debt payments loom: quality medical facilities. Pharmacies have a shortage of Venezuela owes over $7 billion for the rest of this approximately 85 percent of drugs, and hospitals receive less than a tenth of the basic supplies and medicines they need to operate. The departure of vast numbers of skilled Newborns in Syria have a better doctors and nurses has created a significant brain drain chance of survival than those born in Venezuela’s health sector. The medical professionals remaining in the country are working under extreme in Venezuela today. —Secretary conditions, while their salaries are not enough to buy food for their own families. For a rising number of ill General Luis Almagro, Organization Venezuelans, the only hope of finding medical treatment is of American States simply packing up and leaving the country. Fast Facts 300,000 Venezuelan children are at risk of dying from 1.2 million Venezuelans have fled the country over the malnutrition, alerts the Venezuela office of Caritas, a past two years. Catholic humanitarian organization. 50,000 people are crossing daily on average to Colombia The average Venezuelan has lost24 pounds in the past to meet their basic needs, and an estimated 3,000 are year due to lack of food. staying in Colombia. 2 | WWW.CSIS.ORG | CSIS BRIEFS year to international bond holders. Despite desperate attempts to receive unauthorized and unconstitutional external assistance (e.g., loans from China and Russia without approval by the elected national assembly), and the creation of a digital token “Petro” to avoid international sanctions, default is all but inevitable. In addition, enforcement actions against Venezuela, including seizures of oil-related assets abroad, are just a matter of time. VENEZUELA’S HUMANITARIAN CRISIS HAS BECOME A REGIONAL CRISIS The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has recently stated that nations receiving and/or already hosting Venezuelans should allow them access to their territory and adopt all protections they would provide 91,000 people crossed the Colombia-Venezuela border in only one day early in February to refugees. Neighboring Colombia 2018. Most of the people crossing are looking to acquire food, medicine, and money to has borne the brunt of the exodus send home, and many return home the same day. The photo shows the Simon Bolivar with the daily influx hitting a high of International Bridge on February 14, 2018, taken by CSIS staff who traveled to the border. 91,000 people early in February. Many Photo: Moises Rendon/CSIS. of these individuals cross the border informal, and family ties, the sudden appearance of large in a desperate search for food and medicine and then numbers of impoverished and desperate Venezuelans return to Venezuela. Many have no resources to purchase in local parks and streets has begun to generate anything but are looking for humanitarian handouts. On some backlash. Invasion of public places by homeless the Simon Bolivar International Bridge in Cúcuta, which Venezuelans not immunized against formerly eradicated divides Colombia from Venezuela, people from all walks diseases like measles and diphtheria has increased public of life come together seeking to cross: desperately thin health alarms. However, preventing people from crossing mothers carrying their malnourished children, seniors in the border is not an option for Colombia, even if the wheelchairs hoping to see a doctor, and children crossing authorities tighten the seven official border stations. alone to gather basic goods for their families. Roughly 40 percent of those crossing are under 18 years of age. Voluntary responses over recent months in Cúcuta, such The UN High Commissioner for as those by Catholic Bishop Victor Ochoa, the Scalabrini International Migration Network, the Colombian Red Refugees has recently stated that Cross, the International Organization for Migration, nations receiving and/or already and the Colombian government, are extraordinary and desperately needed but still insufficient. hosting Venezuelans should allow Venezuela’s collapse is putting rising pressure on the Colombian national, regional, and municipal them access to their territory and governments, particularly along the country’s 1,300-mile adopt all protections they would border with Venezuela. Although the two nations have a history of friendly and mutually supportive formal, provide to refugees. CSIS BRIEFS | WWW.CSIS.ORG | 3 Most people already sneak across the more than 280 The United States, along with the Lima Group, and informal trails crisscrossing the border. other like-minded countries should convene a high- Of the 50,000 citizens who are crossing daily on average to level meeting to define a concrete plan of action in Colombia to meet their basic needs, many also are fleeing the next several weeks on first steps to address the with a clear fear of persecution. A Venezuelan woman humanitarian crisis in Venezuela. The outcome of this responsible for cooking at one of the Cúcuta bishop’s eight meeting should include the creation of a task force, emergency feeding centers said that her 22-year-old son with active engagement of the private sector and had been shot by the Venezuelan national guard when he multilateral institutions. wouldn’t give them his delivery motorcycle. Protesting his A comprehensive policy framework to address death
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