DOCSLIB.ORG

The Evidence Base for the Classification of Drugs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Evidence Base for the Classification of Drugs THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public CHILD POLICY service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION Jump down to document ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT 6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and effective PUBLIC SAFETY solutions that address the challenges facing the public SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and private sectors around the world. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Europe View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. This product is part of the RAND Corporation technical report series. Reports may include research findings on a specific topic that is limited in scope; present discus- sions of the methodology employed in research; provide literature reviews, survey instruments, modeling exercises, guidelines for practitioners and research profes- sionals, and supporting documentation; or deliver preliminary findings. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for re- search quality and objectivity. The Evidence Base for the Classification of Drugs Ruth Levitt, Edward Nason, Michael Hallsworth Prepared for the UK House of Commons Committee on Science and Technology The research described in this report was prepared for the UK House of Commons Select Committee on Science and Technology. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Parliamentary Copyright House of Commons 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the copyright holder. Applications for reproduction should be made to the Licensing Department, HMSO, St. Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ. Published 2006 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 201 North Craig Street, Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1516 Newtonweg 1, 2333 CP Leiden, The Netherlands Westbrook Centre, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 1YG, United Kingdom Uhlandstraße 14, 10623 Berlin, Germany RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ RAND Europe URL: http://www.rand.org/randeurope To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface This report, prepared for the House of Commons Select Committee on Science and Technology, presents the results of four case studies examining the evidence base for the classification of illegal drugs in the context of the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act. The objective is to identify the main evidence base on the selected drugs and to examine the use of that evidence in classifying each drug. The report also briefly examines the classification systems in three other countries, to provide a context through other drug classification systems. The report is divided into three sections: i. an introduction describing the history of drug classification in the UK and general issues surrounding the types of evidence used in classifying drugs; ii. four individual drug case studies (amphetamines and ecstasy, cocaine, magic mushrooms and cannabis) examining the evidence of physical, social, psychological and economic harm associated with each drug and the use of evidence in government policy; iii. an international learning section examining the classification systems in three other countries (the USA, the Netherlands and Sweden) and the penalties and treatment regimes associated with them. This report does not aim to provide a comprehensive review of all the evidence available for the drugs or countries studies; rather it provides an overview of the evidence on drugs and classification systems. This will assist the Members of the Committee to direct questions to witnesses in areas of specific interest to them for more in depth view information. This report may also be of wider interest to parliament and others. RAND Europe is an independent not-for-profit policy research organisation that serves the public interest by improving policymaking and informing public debate. Its clients are European governments, institutions, and firms with a need for rigorous, impartial multidisciplinary analysis. This report has been peer-reviewed in accordance with RAND’s quality assurance standards (for more information, see http://www.rand.org/about/standards/) and therefore may be represented as a RAND Europe product. iii The evidence base for the classification of drugs RAND Europe For more information about RAND Europe or this document, please contact: Dr. Jonathan Grant Dr. Ruth Levitt Director Research Leader RAND Europe Cambridge RAND Europe Cambridge Westbrook Centre Westbrook Centre Milton Road Milton Road Cambridge. CB4 1YG. UK Cambridge. CB4 1YG. UK Tel: +44 (0)1223 353 329 Tel: +44 (0)1223 353 329 Fax: +44 (0)1223 358 845 Fax: +44 (0)1223 358 845 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] iv Contents Preface........................................................................................................................ iii Table of Figures...........................................................................................................ix Table of Tables............................................................................................................xi Executive Summary .................................................................................................. xiii Drug case studies .......................................................................................................xiv Amphetamines and ecstasy ..............................................................................xiv Cocaine and crack ............................................................................................xv Cannabis ..........................................................................................................xv Magic mushrooms............................................................................................xv CHAPTER 1 Introduction to drug classification...................................................1 1.1 Drugs legislation................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Why examine drug classification? ...................................................................... 3 1.3 History of legislation ......................................................................................... 5 1.4 Drug harm ........................................................................................................ 7 1.5 Prevalence of drug use in the UK....................................................................... 8 1.6 Drugs and crime................................................................................................ 9 1.6.1 Punishment versus treatment................................................................ 9 1.7 Drugs education.............................................................................................. 10 1.8 Economic issues .............................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER 2 Amphetamines and ecstasy.............................................................13 2.1 Classification, penalties and street names......................................................... 13 2.1.1 Amphetamines.................................................................................... 13 2.1.2 Ecstasy................................................................................................ 14 2.2 Taking amphetamines and ecstasy ................................................................... 14 2.3 Scientific issues................................................................................................ 16 2.4 Other health issues .......................................................................................... 18 2.5 Social issues..................................................................................................... 19 2.6 Economic issues .............................................................................................. 19 2.7 Government response to evidence and recommendations ................................ 20 CHAPTER 3 Cocaine..........................................................................................23 3.1 Classification, penalties and street names......................................................... 23 3.1.1 Cocaine .............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,357,723 B2 Satyam (45) Date of Patent: Jan
    US008357723B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,357,723 B2 Satyam (45) Date of Patent: Jan. 22, 2013 (54) PRODRUGS CONTAINING NOVEL "Nitric Oxide Donors and Cardiovascular Agents Modulating the BO-CLEAVABLE LINKERS Bioactivity of Nitric Oxide: An Overview” by Louis J. Ignarro, et al., Circulation Research, vol. 90, No. 1, pp. 21-22 (Jan. 11, 002). (75) Inventor: Apparao Satyam, Mumbai (IN) “Bis3-(4-substituted phenyl)prop-2-enedisulfides as a new class of (73) Assignee: Piramal Enterprises Limited and antihyperlipidemic compounds' by Meenakshi Sharma, et al., Apparao Satyam, Mumbai (IN) Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Leters, vol. 14, No. 21, pp. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 5347-5350 (Nov. 1, 2004). patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Abstract Only "Spectrophotometric determination of binary mix U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. tures of pseudoephedrine with some histamine H1-receptor antago nists using derivative radio spectrum method' by H. Mahgouh, et al., (21) Appl. No.: 12/977,929 J. Pham Biomed Anal, vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 801-809 Mar. 26, 2003. (22) Filed: Dec. 23, 2010 Peter D. Senter et al., Development of Drug-Release Strategy Based (65) Prior Publication Data on the Reductive Fragmentation pf Benzyl Carbamate Disulfides. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1990, 55, 2975-2978. Published by US 2011 FO269709 A1 Nov. 3, 2011 American Chemical Society (USA). Related U.S. Application Data Vivekananda M. Virudhula et al., Reductively Activated Disulfide Prodrugs of Paclitaxel. Biorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, (62) Division of application No. 1 1/213,396, filed on Aug.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Pharmacology
    Name ___________________________________________ Date _________ Score _________ CHAPTER 35 Basic Pharmacology CHAPTER PRE-TEST Perform this test without looking at your book. 1. The Physician’s Desk Reference contains which of the following information? a. Brand and generic names of medications b. Classification or category c. Product information d. All of the above 2. An agent that produces numbness is called an: a. Analgesic b. Anesthetic c. Anticoagulant d. Antidote 3. Ibuprofen is considered which classification of medications? a. Sedative b. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory c. Vasopressor d. Decongestant 4. A liquid preparation of a drug is one that has been: a. Dissolved b. Suspended c. Crushed d. a and b 5. Misuse or overuse of medications is termed: a. Medication error b. Diversion c. Abuse d. All of the above 369 03047_sg_ch35_ptg01_hr_369_380.indd 369 DESIGN SERVICES OF 30/05/13 3:03 PM # 110592 Cust: Cengage Au: Lindh Pg. No. 369 K S4-CARLISLE Title: Study Guide to accompany Delmar’s Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 370 Chapter 35 • Chapter Assignment Sheets 6. Hydromorphone, oxycodone, and morphine are Schedule drugs. a. I b. II c. III d. IV 7. A drug’s official name assigned by the U.S. Adopted Names Council is: a. The generic name b. The brand name c. The chemical name d. All of the above 8. Which of the following are the responsibilities of the medical assistant as they relate to controlled substances? a. Provide security for prescription pads b. Properly dispose of and document the disposal of expired drugs c. Maintain legal inventories of medications d.
    [Show full text]
  • CNS Spectrums
    CNS Spectrums http://journals.cambridge.org/CNS Additional services for CNS Spectrums: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here The following abstracts were presented as posters at the 2015 NEI Psychopharmacology Congress CNS Spectrums / Volume 21 / Issue 01 / February 2016, pp 77 - 121 DOI: 10.1017/S1092852915000905, Published online: 22 February 2016 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1092852915000905 How to cite this article: (2016). The following abstracts were presented as posters at the 2015 NEI Psychopharmacology Congress. CNS Spectrums, 21, pp 77-121 doi:10.1017/S1092852915000905 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CNS, IP address: 12.12.207.2 on 15 Mar 2016 CNS Spectrums (2016), 21,77–121. © Cambridge University Press 2016 doi:10.1017/S1092852915000905 ABSTRACTS The following abstracts were presented as posters at the 2015 NEI Psychopharmacology Congress Congratulations to the scientific poster winners of the 2015 NEI Psychopharmacology Congress! st 1 PLACE: Tardive Dyskinesia in the Era of Second Generation Antipsychotics: A Case Report and Literature Review (page 22) nd 2 PLACE: Comparing Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and ECT for Treatment Resistant Depression in Elderly Population (page 37) rd 3 PLACE: The Complex Multimodal Management of First-Psychotic Episode in Patients with Morphometric Alteration in Hippocampal Formation (page 30) Violent Video Games – Physiological and variability, emotion, sleep quality, violent video game, Psychological Impact on Children and desensitization, aggressiveness”. Adolescents: Literature Review RESULTS: Literature so far shows an association between Sree Latha Krishna Jadapalle, MD1 and Monifa daily exposure to violent video games and number of Seawell, MD1 depressive and anxiety symptoms among pre-adolescent youth.
    [Show full text]
  • Systems Level Characterizations of Single and Combination Drug Mechanisms of Action in Vitro and in Vivo
    Systems Level Characterizations of Single and Combination Drug Mechanisms of Action in vitro and in vivo By Justin Pritchard B.S. Biology University of California Los Angeles, 2006 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF: DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIOLOGY AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2012 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved Signature of Author…………………………………………………….Justin Pritchard Thesis Advisor………………………………………………………….Michael T. Hemann Thesis Advisor………………………………………………………….Douglas A. Lauffenburger Graduate Chair………………………………………………………….Stephen Bell 1 Systems Level Characterizations of Single and Combination Drug Mechanisms of Action in vitro and in vivo Justin Pritchard Submitted to the Department of Biology on April 30, 2012 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Abstract Small molecule characterization is a critical limiting step in cancer drug development. At the present time, high throughput screens of natural products and combinatorial synthesis libraries generate more pharmaceutical leads than can be characterized in detail. Lead optimization further generates many derivatives of these cytotoxic hits in an attempt to generate optimized compounds with better physical or chemical properties. This leaves many promising agents stranded in drug development and poorly characterized. In addition, most small molecules interact biochemically with a diverse set of proteins. While characterizing the diversity of biochemical interactions that can occur is important to understanding function, only a subset are likely to be necessary or sufficient for therapeutic efficacy. In light of this diversity, the functional characterization of the mechanisms of cell death by cytotoxic agents should improve drug discovery by allowing for the early prioritization of cytotoxic leads, derivatized compounds, and targeted inhibitors on the basis of the mechanisms by which they cause death in intact cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychoactive Medications Grouped by Drug Class and Foods Studied Tor Psychoactive Effects
    Psychoactive Medications Grouped by Drug Class and Foods Studied tor Psychoactive Effects Drug and class Trade name(s) CNS stimulants amphetamine Benzedrine® deanol Deaner® dextroamphetamine (D-amphetamine) Dexedrine® dextroamphetamine/amphetamine" Adderall® levoamphetamine (L-amphetamine) Cydril® methamphetamine Desoxyn® methylphenidate Ritalin® pemoline Cylert® Neuroleptics (antipsychotics, "major tranquilizers") Phenothiazines chlorpromazine Largactil®, Thorazine® ftuphenazine (decanoate) Prolixin®, Modecate® mesoridazine Serentil® peracetazine Quide® pericyazine Neulactil® perphenazine Trilafon® pipothiazine palrnitate Piportil® prochlorperazine Compazine®, Stemetil® promazine Sparine® thioridazine Mellaril® triftuoperazine Stelazine® Thioxanthenes chlorprothixene Taractan®, Tarasan® ftupenthixol (decanoate) Depixol® thiothixene Navane® Benzisothiazolyl piperazines ziprasidone Zeldox® Practitioner's Guide to Psychoactive Drugs for Children and Adolescents (Second Edition), Werry and Aman, eds. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 1999. 471 472 Psychoactive Medications Grouped by Drug Class Drug and class Trade name(s) Neuroleptics (antipsychotics, "major tranquilizers") (cont.) Benzisoxazoles risperidone Risperdal® Butyrophenones droperidol Droleptan® haloperidol Haldol®, Serenace® pipamperon Dipiperon® Dibenzothiazepines quetiapine Seroquel® Dibenzoxazepines loxapine Loxitane® Dihydroindolones molindone Moban® Diphenylbutylpiperidines pimozide Orap® Dibenzodiazepines clozapine Clozaril®, Leponex® Thienobenzodiazepines olanzapine
    [Show full text]
  • Drugs – Facing Facts the Report of the RSA Commission on Illegal Drugs, Communities and Public Policy RSA Drug Report Prelims Prf4:Layout 1 1/3/07 15:43 Page 1
    Drugs – facing facts The report of the RSA Commission on Illegal Drugs, Communities and Public Policy RSA_Drug_Report_Prelims_prf4:Layout 1 1/3/07 15:43 Page 1 Drugs – facing facts The report of the RSA Commission on Illegal Drugs, Communities and Public Policy March 2007 RSA_Drug_Report_Prelims_prf4:Layout 1 1/3/07 15:43 Page 2 Encouraging enterprise Moving towards a zero-waste society Developing a capable population Fostering resilient communities Advancing global citizenship The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce 8 John Adam Street London WC2N 6EZ T +44 (0) 20 7930 5115 www.theRSA.org Registered as a charity in England and Wales no. 212424 Designed by Webb & Webb Design Limited Typeset by Jocelyn Clarke Illustrations by Chris Brown Printed by CGI Europe This report is printed on recycled paper. ISBN 978 0 901469 60 1 Copyright © RSA 2007 Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings, interpretations and conclusions set out in this report are those of the RSA Commission on Illegal Drugs, Communities and Public Policy. The report represents the views of the Commission as a whole and inevitably does not reflect at every point the individual opinion of each and every Commission member. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the RSA or its Trustees. The RSA encourages the development of a principled, prosperous society. Through a far-reaching programme of projects and events promoting creativity, innovation and good practice, and with the support of its diverse network of influential Fellows, the RSA challenges convention, provokes debate and instigates lasting change. The RSA is grateful to the Wates Foundation for their support of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Medication Overload: America's Other Drug Problem | Lown Institute PART 2 Drivers of Medication Overload
    Medication Overload: America’s Other Drug Problem How the drive to prescribe is harming older adults April 2019 Medication Overload: America’s Other Drug Problem How the drive to prescribe is harming older adults April 2019 About the Lown Institute The Lown Institute is a nonpartisan think tank dedicated to transforming America’s high-cost, low-value health system. We conduct research, generate bold ideas, and create a vision for a just and caring system of health that works for all. Table of Contents PART 1 02 Medication Overload: Understanding the Scope and Impact PART 2 16 Drivers of Medication Overload PART 3 26 Interventions to Address Medication Overload 39 Appendices and References 01 Medication Overload: America’s Other Drug Problem | Lown Institute PART 1 Medication Overload: Understanding the Scope and Impact Medication Overload: Understanding the Scope and Impact Introduction: An Epidemic of Too Much Medication Every day, 750 older people living in the United States (age 65 and older) are hospitalized due to serious side effects from one or more medications.1 Over the last decade, older people sought medical treatment or visited the emergency room more than 35 million times for adverse drug events, and there were more than 2 million hospital admissions for serious adverse drug events (see Appendix A, p. 40).2 Older adults are hospitalized for adverse drug events at a greater rate than the general population is hospitalized for opioids.3 In the past decade, prescribing multiple medications to individual patients (called “polypharmacy” in the scientific literature) has reached epidemic proportions.More than four in ten older adults take five or more prescription medications a day, an increase of 300 percent over the past two decades.4 Nearly 20 percent take ten drugs or more.
    [Show full text]
  • Electronic Prescribing in Hospitals
    Electronic prescribing in hospitals Electronic Prescribing Electronic Challenges and lessons learned DH Information Reader Box Policy Estates HR/Workforce Commissioning Management IM&T Planning Finance Clinical Social Care / Partnership Working Document Purpose For Information Gateway Reference 11896 Title Electronic prescribing in hospitals – challenges and lessons learned Author Report commissioned by NHS Connecting for Health (NHS CFH) Publication Date 01 June 2009 Target Audience NHS Trust CEs, SHA CEs, Foundation Trust CEs, Medical Directors, Directors of Nursing, Directors of Finance, Allied Health Professionals, Chief Pharmacists, Heads of IM&T, hospital clinicians (including hospital doctors, nurses and pharmacists). Circulation List Description Information resource commissioned by NHS CFH to support the implementation of ePrescribing within acute and foundation trusts. Aimed at senior decision makers within trusts, but also colleagues – including practising clinicians – who may be implementing, supporting and/or using ePrescribing systems. Cross Ref. N/A Superseded Docs N/A Action Required N/A Timing N/A Contact Details Ann Slee, ePrescribing Clinical Lead NHS Connecting for Health, Vantage House (3rd floor) 40 Aire Street Leeds LS1 4HT 0113 397 3116 www.connectingforhealth.nhs.uk/eprescribing For Recipient’s Use This report is one of the outputs of a study commissioned by NHS CFH. The study involved gathering data from people in a number of hospitals in England who had been part of the implementation of ePrescribing systems. The ideas presented here are based on the actual experiences of NHS staff who have worked on ePrescribing implementations. Any comments or queries about the report should be directed to the ePrescribing programme at NHS CFH at [email protected] Table of contents Project Team 04 6.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Essential Drugs
    This report contains the collecffve views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organizaffon WHO Technical Report Series 867 THE USE OF ESSENTIAL DRUGS Seventh report of the WHO Expert Committee (including the revised Model List of Essential Drugs) World Health Organization Geneva 1997 WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data WHO Expert Committee on the Use of Essential Drugs (1995 : Geneva, Switzerland) The use of essential drugs: seventh report of the WHO expert committee (WHO technical report seri~s ; 867) 1.Essential drugs 2'orug utilization 3.Guidelines I.Title II.Series ISBN 92 4 120867 8 (NLM Classification: OV 55) ISSN 0512-3054 The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Swit­ zerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. © World Health Organization 1997 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accor­ dance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Drugs with Different Risk Profiles
    Dan Med J 62/8 August 2015 DANISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1 Classification of drugs with different risk profiles Eva Aggerholm Saedder1, Birgitte Brock2, Lars Peter Nielsen1, Dorthe Krogsgaard Bonnerup3 & Marianne Lisby4 ABSTRACT The lack of effect of medication reviews may be due ORIGINAL INTRODUCTION: A risk stratification approach is needed to to the fact that all patients are receiving the same inter- ARTICLE identify patients at high risk of medication errors and a re- vention despite varying ME risks. We hypothesise that 1) Department of sulting high need of medication review. The aim of this important, variable factors are the number of drugs and Clinical Pharmacology, study was to perform risk stratification (distinguishing be- the risk associated with drugs that cause serious MEs. In Aarhus University tween low-risk, medium-risk and high-risk drugs) for drugs order to stratify patients according to their ME risk, we Hospital found to cause serious adverse reactions due to medication therefore performed a literature search of drugs causing 2) Department of Biochemistry and errors. The study employed a modified Delphi technique. serious MEs [5]. However, as underreporting of ARs is Department of METHODS: Drugs from a systematic literature search were considerable and fatal MEs are more likely to be re- Biomedicine, included into two rounds of a Delphi process. A panel of ex- ported than non-fatal MEs, risk stratification of harmful Aarhus University perts was asked to evaluate each identified drug’s potential drugs based on a literature search alone may not yield a Hospital for harm and for clinically relevant drug-drug interactions reliable portrait of high-risk drugs [6].
    [Show full text]
  • Trend Analysis of Combined Drugs Creation (For Example Acetylsalicylic Acid)
    Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 3 (2015) 451-462 doi: 10.17265/2328-2150/2015.10.002 D DAVID PUBLISHING Trend Analysis of Combined Drugs Creation (for Example Acetylsalicylic Acid) Trygubchak Oksana Volodymyrivna and Voytkova Lena Sergii'vna Department of Management and Organization in Pharmacy with Pharmaceutiсal Technology, Ternopil State Medical University by I.Ya. Horbachevsky, Ternopil 46001, Ukraine Abstract: The pharmaceutical market of Ukraine in January 2015 was registered 71 drug based acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), for which 52% combined. The most common combinations of ASA with acetaminophen and caffeine (45.9%), magnesium hydroxide (18.9%), bisoprolol (10.8%), ascorbic acid (8.1%), clopidogrel (5.4%). Comparing markets combined drugs ASA of Ukraine, the Russian Federation, 28 EU countries, Norway, Switzerland, India, Syria, Australia and the USA identified the active pharmaceutical ingredients, combined with ASA in a single dosage form. The analysis of questionnaires 40 pharmacists pharmacies Ternopil, Khmelnytsky and Kyiv regions of Ukraine noted that the biggest demand is mono-drugs ASA, Citramon, Askofen and Cardiomagnyl. Methods of pharmacoeconomic studies proved efficient use Upsaryn UPSA with vitamin C tabl. spike. tuba in box number 20 BMS (France), Citramon tablets number 6 PJSC “Monfarm” (Ukraine) and Cardiomagnyl tabl. film-coated shell 75 mg in bottle number 100 Nycomed Austria (Austria). On the basis of six State Forms of drugs in Ukraine (2009-2014) was found that the combination of drugs based on ASA is recommended to use of ascorbic acid (Aspiryn® C, Asprovit C, Upsarin UPSA with vitamin C), dipyridamole (Agrenox®), magnesium hydroxide (Cardiomagnyl, Cardiomagnyl Forte). Some of the standard combination of ASA (combination of paracetamol and caffeine) are not in form.
    [Show full text]
  • Ep 2266623 A2
    (19) & (11) EP 2 266 623 A2 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 29.12.2010 Bulletin 2010/52 A61K 47/48 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 10184577.4 (22) Date of filing: 26.08.2005 (84) Designated Contracting States: • Satyam, Apparao AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR 400-013 Mumbai (IN) HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR (72) Inventor: Apparo, Satyam 400-013, Mumbai (IN) (30) Priority: 26.08.2004 US 604632 P 01.07.2005 IN MU07792005 (74) Representative: Harrison Goddard Foote 106 Micklegate (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in York accordance with Art. 76 EPC: North Yorkshire YO1 6JX (GB) 09157001.0 / 2 075 011 05781464.2 / 1 789 091 Remarks: This application was filed on 30-09-2010 as a (71) Applicants: divisional application to the application mentioned • Piramal Life Sciences Limited under INID code 62. Mumbai 400 013, Maharashtra (IN) (54) Prodrugs containing novel bio-cleavable linkers (57) The invention provides the compounds of for- further provides methods of preparation and methods of mula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. use of prodrugs including NO- releasing prodrugs, double The invention also provides pharmaceutical composi- prodrugs and mutual prodrugs comprising the com- tions comprising one or more compounds of formula I or pounds of formula 1. intermediates thereof and one more of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, vehicles or diluents. The invention EP 2 266 623 A2 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) EP 2 266 623 A2 Description [0001] This application takes priority from US Provisional Application USSN: 60/604,632 filed 26 August 2004 and Indian Provisional Application 779/MUM/2005 filed 01 July 2005 and are herein incorporated in their entirety.
    [Show full text]