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The Kyrgyz Republic Is a Low-Income Food Deficit Country Socio-Economic Contextandrole Ofagriculture Two-Thirds Liveinruralareas

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The Kyrgyz Republic Is a Low-Income Food Deficit Country Socio-Economic Contextandrole Ofagriculture Two-Thirds Liveinruralareas FEBRUARY 2018 COUNTRY FACT SHEET ON FOOD AND AGRICULTURE POLICY TRENDS Socio-economic context and role of agriculture The Kyrgyz Republic is a low-income food deficit country 10 percent of GDP, and on worker remittances, equivalent (LIFDC)1 with a population of nearly 6 million, of which to about 30 percent of GDP in 2011–15.3 two-thirds live in rural areas.2 The country has experienced The country reached both the Millennium Development Republic The Kyrgyz political and social instability since gaining independence Goal 1c target and the World Food Summit goal of halving in 1991 which, combined with economic shocks and the number of hungry people by 2015.4 The official absolute natural disasters, jeopardizes development gains. The poverty rate in the country declined from 37 percent in 2013 Kyrgyz economy is vulnerable to external shocks owing to to 25.4 percent in 2016 with 66 percent of the poor residing its reliance on one gold mine, which accounts for about in rural areas.5 Selected indicators 2007 2011 2016 GDP (current billion USD) * 3 802.57 6 197.77 6 551.29 GDP per capita (current USD) * 721.77 1 123.88 1 077.04 Agricultural value added (% of GDP) * 31.08 18.62 14.86 Agricultural value added (annual % growth) * 1.61 1.84 6.16 Total population (million) 5.1 5.5 5.9 Rural population (% of total) 64 63.4 62.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC Share of Agriculture in total employment (%) ** NA NA 26.8 Human Development Index*** (2016) 0.664 (ranking 120 out of 188) Gender Inequality Index (GII)*** (2015) 0.394 (ranking 90 out of 188) Per capita cultivated land (ha) 0.2 0.2 (2012) NA Area equipped for irrigation (ha) 1 023 300 (2014) Value of total agriculture (current million USD) 14 217 18 083 20 363(2014) Yield for cereals (hg/ha) 25 129 26 031 22 763 (2014) FAPDA (2006–2008) 24.8 Cereal import dependency ratio (%) (2011–2013) 28.3 y Production quantity (2013) Wheat and products; rice; barley and products Production value (2013) Milk; meat indigenous, cattle; meat indigenous Top 3 commodities sheep Import value (2013) Wheat; chocolate products; meat NALYSIS NALYSIS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION & TRADE PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL Export value (2013) Beans, dry; cotton lint; tobacco, unmanufactured A Per capita food supply (kcal/capita/day) 2 682 2 771 2 817 (2013) (2008–2010) 0.5 People undernourished (million) (2014–2016) 0.4 ECISION (2008–2010) 9 D Prevalence of undernourishment (%) (2014–2016) 6.4 Male (2014) 11.4 Obesity (body mass index ≥ 30), age-standardized (%) ^^ Female (2014) 16.7 Global Hunger Index ^ (2016) 9.1 (Low) FOOD SECURITY & NUTRITION FOOD Access to improved water sources (% of population)* 83.8 86.9 90 (2015) Source: FAOSTAT; * WB; ** ILO; *** UNDP; ^ IFPRI; ^^ WHO (accessed on 18 September 2017) GRICULTURE POLICY GRICULTURE 1 FAO. Low-Income Food Deficit Countries (LIFDC) – List for 2016 [online]. Rome. [Cited 31 December 2017]. www.fao.org/countryprofiles/lifdc/en A 2 FAO. 2016. FAOSTAT Annual Population Indicator [online]. Rome. [Cited 31 December 2017]. www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/OA 3 World Bank. 2017. Country Context [online]. Washington, DC. [Cited 31 December 2017]. www.worldbank.org/en/country/kyrgyzrepublic/overview 4 FAO, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) & World Food Programme (WFP). 2015. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015. Meeting the 2015 international hunger targets: taking stock of uneven progress. Rome, FAO (available at www.fao.org/3/a-i4646e.pdf). 5 National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2016. Poverty rate indicator [online]. Bishkek City. [Cited 31 December 2017]. www.stat.kg/media/ publicationarchive/01b28ef9-9e8c-4d84-9fae-4b1b58b1aa5a.pdf FOOD AND 2 The country also made progress in reducing both the prevalence agricultural sector in total GDP has decreased substantially since of undernourishment in the total population from 9.7 percent 2000 (down from 34 percent).11 High economic disparities between to 6.4 percent between 2004–2006 and 2014–2016 and that of the rural areas of the North and South regions of the country also child stunting from 18.1 percent to 12.9 percent between 2005 persist: the North produces about 60 percent of GDP, whereas and 2016.6 However, micronutrient deficiencies, overweight and the South produces less than 30 percent of the country’s GDP.12 obesity increased significantly over the last few years, coexisting After independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the simultaneously. The Kyrgyz Republic experiences severe levels of government implemented several market-oriented reforms and anaemia in the population (42.6 percent in children under five, and land-reform policies, which converted the agricultural sector into 37.8 percent in pregnant women), and the prevalence of vitamin an engine for growth during the late 1990s, resulting in robust A deficiency in adults is high (32.9 percent).7 Non-communicable economic expansion. However, growth in agriculture, as well as in diseases (NCDs) are increasing with 80 percent of all deaths caused the economy overall, has stagnated in more recent years owing to by cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and political volatility, economic shocks and frequent natural disasters. diabetes.8 According to the MDG progress report, although the Over the last 25 years a number of structural issues have Kyrgyz Republic has made progress in terms of indicators related undermined the development of the agricultural sector, for to extreme poverty reduction, it falls behind as regards maternal example the prevalence of small-scale semi-subsistence farms, and child mortality, gender equality, fighting HIV/AIDS, and access disinvestment in the sector, the inadequate technological level to clean water and sanitation.9 of production, land degradation (especially pasture), and an The Kyrgyz Republic relies primarily on agriculture, which accounts insufficient level of human and social capital in the sector.13 for 15 percent of GDP in 2016.10 However, the share of the 1. Government objectives in agriculture and food and nutrition security The Kyrgyz Republic’s economic development has been driven mechanisms to minimize food insecurity by stimulating domestic by medium-term programmes since 2007. The Government’s production. The legislative basis for food security is Law 183 of vision for development is expressed in the National Sustainable the Kyrgyz Republic On Food Security of the Kyrgyz Republic Development Strategy for the Kyrgyz Republic for the period (2008).16 This is supplemented by Law 166 On agricultural of 2013–2017, which focuses on: ensuring sustainable economic development (2009), which defines the long-term vision for development and macro-economic stability; improving the agro- agriculture and focuses on ensuring food security, developing industrial sector; increasing agriculture production levels and the agro-industrial sector and creating favourable conditions for product quality and expanding infrastructure.14 The development rural livelihoods. of the National Sustainable Development Strategy mid-term In 2015, the government adopted the National Food Security (2018–2023) and long-term (to 2040) programmes aligned and Nutrition Programme (2015–2017) which aims to serve as with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is under way. a road map to fulfilling people’s rights to food, healthy nutrition To implement the National Sustainable Development Strategy and development and to ensure the availability of food through 2013–2017, the country adopted the Programme of Transition intensive development of the agriculture sector and regulation to Sustainable Development of the Kyrgyz Republic for the of food imports and exports. In addition, the programme aims period of 2013–2017, which is a five-year plan whose main to ensure people’s physical and economic access to food, priorities are economic and environmental sustainability and particularly for vulnerable rural populations. Another priority of human development.15 the programme is to increase dietary quality, diversity and caloric The long-term vision for food security is defined by the Concept intake, as well as control and supervise food safety. The planning of Food Security (2009–2019), which sets out ways and process for the 2018–2022 Food Security and Nutrition 6 FAO, IFAD, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), WFP & World Health Organization (WHO). 2017. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017. Building Resilience for Peace and Food Security. Rome (available at www.fao.org/3/a-I7695e.pdf). 7 FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia. 2015. Addressing the social and economic burden of malnutrition through nutrition-sensitive agricultural and food policies in the region of Europe and Central Asia [online]. Budapest. [Cited 31 December 2017]. www.fao.org/3/a-mo398e.pdf 8 WHO. 2014. Non-communicable diseases (NCD) Country Profiles [online]. Geneva. [Cited 31 December 2017]. www.who.int/nmh/countries/kgz_en.pdf?ua=1 9 Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation. 2016. Monitoring Profile – The Kyrgyz Republic [online]. New York, USA. [Cited 31 December 2017]. http://effectivecooperation.org/ wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kyrgyzstan_20.10.pdf 10 World Bank. 2017. World Bank Open Data [online]. Washington, DC. [Cited 31 December 2017]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZW&name_desc=true 11 FAO. 2011. The Kyrgyz Republic: Opportunities and challenges to agricultural growth. Rome (available at www.fao.org/3/a-i2711e.pdf). 12 European Union (EU). 2016. Action Document for the Integrated Rural Development Program (IRD) in the Kyrgyz Republic [online]. Brussels. [Cited 31 December 2017]. https://ec.europa.eu/ europeaid/sites/devco/files/aap-financing-The Kyrgyz Republic-annex2-c_2016_8290_en.pdf 13 Mogilevskii, R., Abdrazakova, N., Bolotbekova, A., Chalbasova, S., Dzhumaeva, A. & Tilekeyev, K. 2017. The outcomes of 25 years of agricultural reforms in The Kyrgyz Republic. Discussion paper. Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies, No.
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