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Coffee Filter Paper COFFEE FILTER PAPER Inna Molnar (thesis author 1) Bachelor’s thesis October 2016 Degree Programme in Paper, Textile and Chemical Engineering ABSTRACT Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu Tampere University of Applied Sciences Degree Programme in Paper, Textile and Chemical Engineering Inna Molnar Coffee Filter Paper Bachelor's thesis 71 pages, appendices 11 pages October 2016 Coffee filter paper belongs to the specialty paper grade. It is mainly used for producing different kind of disposable filters for brewing coffee. The main task of this filter is to detain coffee granules. It also purifies coffee from the diterpenes, which cause the cholesterol - raising effect. This ability distinguishes paper filters from other facilities for retaining granules. The purpose of this study was to gather information on coffee filter papers and to test different papers, which are used for cone coffee makers. The stated aim was to analyse obtained results and draw a conclusion, which properties could affect process of brewing and quality of the coffee. It was quite important to reveal the most reliable and the most appropriate one in value for money and quality. The results were obtained for the main paper properties, such as basic, strength and surface properties of the coffee filter papers. Coffee tasting tests were carried out in the coffee room with participation of seven people. The last part includes sensory analysis. All chosen coffee filter papers were examined for the presence of odor and off-flavor by nine assessors. Judging by the results of paper mechanical tests, all chosen coffee filter papers differ relatively not much from each other and all the papers comply with the requirements. Based on sensory analysis, it can be assumed that unbleached and bamboo papers have more noticeable odor than the bleached papers. During the experiment, a clear leader among the chosen papers was not been identified. Key words: filter paper, wet strength, porosity, coffee 2 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 7 2 FILTER PAPERS GENERALLY ..................................................................... 8 2.1 Description ................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Application ................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 Papers for engine protection............................................................ 8 2.2.2 Laboratory use ................................................................................. 8 2.2.3 Food industry .................................................................................. 9 2.2.4 Vacuum cleaner dust bag ................................................................ 9 3 FILTRATION MECHANISM ........................................................................ 11 3.1 Surface straining ...................................................................................... 11 3.2 Depth straining ......................................................................................... 11 3.3 In-depth or volume filtration .................................................................... 11 3.4 Surface or cake filtration .......................................................................... 12 4 COFFEE FILTER PAPERS ............................................................................ 13 4.1 History ..................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Description ............................................................................................... 13 4.3 Raw materials .......................................................................................... 14 4.4 Fiber properties. ....................................................................................... 15 4.4.1 Fiber diameter ............................................................................... 15 4.4.2 Fiber length ................................................................................... 16 4.4.3 Fiber density .................................................................................. 16 4.4.4 Moisture content............................................................................ 16 4.4.5 Strength properties ........................................................................ 16 4.5 Coffee paper filter types .......................................................................... 17 4.5.1 Pulp ............................................................................................... 17 4.5.2 Capacity......................................................................................... 17 4.5.3 Seal type ........................................................................................ 18 4.5.4 Paper surface ................................................................................. 18 4.6 Manufacturing .......................................................................................... 19 4.6.1 Stock preparation .......................................................................... 20 4.6.2 Wire section. ................................................................................. 20 4.6.3 Press section .................................................................................. 22 4.6.4 Drying section ............................................................................... 23 4.6.5 Finishing and converting processes. ............................................. 24 5 TESTS WITH DRY PAPER ........................................................................... 26 5.1 Basic properties ........................................................................................ 26 3 5.1.1 Basis weight. ................................................................................. 27 5.1.2 Thickness ...................................................................................... 28 5.1.3 Moisture content............................................................................ 29 5.1.4 Fiber orientation ............................................................................ 29 5.2 Strength properties ................................................................................... 30 5.2.1 Tear strength.................................................................................. 30 5.2.2 Tensile breaking strength .............................................................. 31 5.2.3 Bursting strength ........................................................................... 32 5.3 Surface properties .................................................................................... 33 5.3.1 Porosity and air permeability ........................................................ 34 5.3.2 Roughness ..................................................................................... 35 5.4 Seal strength ............................................................................................. 36 5.5 Water flow speed test ............................................................................... 36 6 TESTS WITH WET PAPER ........................................................................... 37 6.1 Tensile strength after immersion in water ............................................... 37 6.2 Bursting strength after immersion in water ............................................. 38 7 COFFEE TESTS ............................................................................................. 39 7.1 Tasting tests ............................................................................................. 39 7.2 Turbidity .................................................................................................. 40 8 SENSORY ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 41 8.1.1 Odor .............................................................................................. 41 8.1.2 Off – flavor (Taint)........................................................................ 41 9 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................................. 42 9.1 Tests with paper ....................................................................................... 42 9.1.1 Basic properties ............................................................................. 42 9.1.2 Strength properties ........................................................................ 43 9.1.3 Surface properties.......................................................................... 49 9.1.4 Seal strength. ................................................................................. 52 9.2 Coffee tests .............................................................................................. 53 9.2.1 Tasting test .................................................................................... 53 9.2.2 Turbidity test ................................................................................. 54 9.3 Sensory analysis ....................................................................................... 54 9.3.1 Odour ............................................................................................ 54 9.3.2 Off-flavour .................................................................................... 55 9.4 Overall conclusion and recommendation ................................................ 56 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................
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