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Detecting Discrimination How Group-Based Biases Shape Economic and Political Interactions: Five Empirical Contributions

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Detecting Discrimination How Group-Based Biases Shape Economic and Political Interactions: Five Empirical Contributions Detecting Discrimination How Group-based Biases Shape Economic and Political Interactions: Five Empirical Contributions Malte Dahl [email protected] +45 6014 3755 Department of Political Science University of Copenhagen Denmark September 2019 This dissertation is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Detecting Discrimination How Group-based Biases Shape Economic and Political Interactions: Five Empirical Contributions Malte Dahl [email protected] +45 6014 3755 Department of Political Science University of Copenhagen Denmark September 2019 This dissertation is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy PhD Dissertation 2019 © Malte Dahl ISBN 978-87-7209-322-2 Printed by SL grafik, Frederiksberg, Denmark (slgrafik.dk) Detecting Discrimination How Group-based Biases Shape Economic and Political Interactions: Five Empirical Contributions Malte Dahl [email protected] +45 6014 3755 Department of Political Science University of Copenhagen Denmark September 2019 This dissertation is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Preface Acknowledgements This is an article-based dissertation. It consists of a frame (chapters 1-4) and five This dissertation would not have been possible without the help and support of research articles. The research articles are self-contained. They answer individual colleagues, friends and family. A long list of people have contributed and improved research questions and each of the five articles can be read on their own. this dissertation immensely; any shortcomings that surely remain are my own. First of all, I am extremely grateful to Peter Thisted Dinesen, who supervised A Dahl, Malte & Krog, Niels (2018). ’Experimental evidence of discrimination in this project. Peter is not only a brilliant researcher, he is also the most generous and the labour market: Intersections between ethnicity, gender, and socio-economic supportive advisor that anyone could ask for. I greatly admire how he approaches status’ (Subsequently referred to as ’Intersections’) research with enormous intellectual curiosity, analytical talent and hard work. If God B Dahl, Malte (2019). ’Alike but different: How cultural distinctiveness shapes is in the details, Peter’s meticulous approach to all aspects of the research process immigrant-origin minorities’ access to the labour market’ (Subsequently re- serves as inspirational proof of this old idiom. Over the years, Peter has read and ferred to as ’Alike but different’) commented on countless drafts of the papers contained within this dissertation and his insightful ideas and feedback have improved the quality of my work substantially. C Dahl, Malte & Dinesen, Peter Thisted & Schioler, Mikkel (2019). ’Who is re- I am also thankful to my colleagues at the Department of Political Science, both sponsive? How electoral incentives and candidate selection shape ethnocentric former and present, for their inspiration, questions and criticisms. When I began my responsiveness’ (Subsequently referred to as ’Who is responsive?’) dissertation in 2016, I was fortunate to enter a stimulating and thriving community D Dahl, Malte & Nyrup, Jacob (2019). ’Candidate choice in a high-information of aspiring scholars working on various aspects of political behaviour. Martin Vinæs setting: Do ascriptive characteristics shape candidates’ electoral prospects?’ Larsen and Jens Olav Dahlgaard deserve special mention. As teachers, and later as (Subsequently referred to as ’Candidate choice’) colleagues, both sparked my interest in experiments, helped inspire the dissertation E Dahl, Malte (2019). ’Social desirability bias in conjoint experiments: What is and provided me aid and encouragement along the way. Other colleagues to whom the optimal design when studying sensitive topics?’ (Subsequently referred to I owe thanks include Jonas Hansen, Rasmus Tue Pedersen, Kasper Møller Hansen, as ’Social desirability’) Karina Kosiara-Pedersen, Frederik Hjorth, Mogens Jin Pedersen, Lene Holm Peder- sen and Asmus Leth Olsen. Too many others to name made an impact on my time at the department and I acknowledge them all. Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the help and support of colleagues, friends and family. A long list of people have contributed and improved this dissertation immensely; any shortcomings that surely remain are my own. First of all, I am extremely grateful to Peter Thisted Dinesen, who supervised this project. Peter is not only a brilliant researcher, he is also the most generous and supportive advisor that anyone could ask for. I greatly admire how he approaches research with enormous intellectual curiosity, analytical talent and hard work. If God is in the details, Peter’s meticulous approach to all aspects of the research process serves as inspirational proof of this old idiom. Over the years, Peter has read and commented on countless drafts of the papers contained within this dissertation and his insightful ideas and feedback have improved the quality of my work substantially. I am also thankful to my colleagues at the Department of Political Science, both former and present, for their inspiration, questions and criticisms. When I began my dissertation in 2016, I was fortunate to enter a stimulating and thriving community of aspiring scholars working on various aspects of political behaviour. Martin Vinæs Larsen and Jens Olav Dahlgaard deserve special mention. As teachers, and later as colleagues, both sparked my interest in experiments, helped inspire the dissertation and provided me aid and encouragement along the way. Other colleagues to whom I owe thanks include Jonas Hansen, Rasmus Tue Pedersen, Kasper Møller Hansen, Karina Kosiara-Pedersen, Frederik Hjorth, Mogens Jin Pedersen, Lene Holm Peder- sen and Asmus Leth Olsen. Too many others to name made an impact on my time at the department and I acknowledge them all. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my extremely talented former and current generous financial support – and a special thank you to Line Vikkelsø Slot and PhD colleagues for helpful comments, support and good times. Wiebke Marie Junk, Nanna Margrethe Krusaa. I am also grateful to Augustinus Fonden, Oticon and to Clara Vandeweerdt, Anders Woller Nielsen, Livia Rohrbach, Lasse Aaskoven, Jonas Reinholdt W. Jorck og Hustrus Fond for the financial support that made my stay at Lind, Jens van der Ploeg, Anne Bach Nielsen, Yevgeniy Golovchenko, Christoffer UC Berkeley possible. Pfeiffer Cappelen and Ma Yi deserve special acknowledgment. A special thank you I have spent most days using various packages in the open source program R to Benjamin Egerod, my office mate over the course of the last year and a half. and I would like to thank all the people who volunteer their spare time to develop Benjamin is the model of what a scholar and good colleague is supposed to be. I will these packages. There are too many to thank here, but I am grateful in particular miss our daily talks about B-movies, the best records of the 70s and causal inference. to Thomas Leeper, Alexander Coppock and Hadley Wickham. Further, I feel deeply indebted to my co-authors outside the department. I am I also would like to thank my former students. It has been fun and challenging to grateful to Niels Krog, my old friend and the co-author of the first article included engage with our very talented students at the department. Kasper Arabi and Lotte in this dissertation. His hard work, creativity and optimism played a big role in Andersen also deserve special mention for their invaluable research assistance. shaping the initial ideas for this project. Also, a big thanks to our man in Oxford, Finally, and most importantly, I would like to thank my family – my parents and Jacob Nyrup. It has been truly inspiring to see someone complete as much high my brother – for a lifetime of unwavering support. I owe my deepest gratitude to quality work within such different subfields as fast as Jacob. I also would like to my beautiful wife, Rebecca. Writing a dissertation can be strenuous, but Rebecca thank Mikkel Schiøler for his excellent and hard work that made the third article has been a source of endless support and encouragement – and a constant reminder possible. that work is not life. When days at the office were frustrating and long, it was all Throughout my PhD program, I have received great comments on my work from left behind once I headed home to spend time with Rebecca. A heartfelt thank you a number of brilliant international scholars to whom I am grateful. Numerous aca- for your unconditional love and support. demics helped frame my thinking as I pursued this research and I would like to thank in particular Alexander Coppock, Eline de Rooij, Florian Foss, Ryan Enos, David Broockman, Christian Grose, Michael Gaddis, Arnfinn Midtbøen and Alex Hughes. Also, a debt of gratitude to Jack Citrin for hosting my stay at UC Berkeley. I also owe special thanks to The Danish Institute for Human Rights for their generous financial support – and a special thank you to Line Vikkelsø Slot and Nanna Margrethe Krusaa. I am also grateful to Augustinus Fonden, Oticon and to Reinholdt W. Jorck og Hustrus Fond for the financial support that made my stay at UC Berkeley possible. I have spent most days using various packages in the open source program R and I would like to thank all the people who volunteer their spare time to develop these packages. There are too many to thank here, but I am grateful in particular to Thomas Leeper, Alexander Coppock and Hadley Wickham. I also would like to thank my former students. It has been fun and challenging to engage with our very talented students at the department. Kasper Arabi and Lotte Andersen also deserve special mention for their invaluable research assistance. Finally, and most importantly, I would like to thank my family – my parents and my brother – for a lifetime of unwavering support. I owe my deepest gratitude to my beautiful wife, Rebecca. Writing a dissertation can be strenuous, but Rebecca has been a source of endless support and encouragement – and a constant reminder that work is not life.
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