Latent TGF-Β Structure and Activation
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Recombinant Human TGF-Beta 2 Protein
ACROBiosystems Recombinant Human TGF-Beta 2 Protein Cat. # TG2-H4213 For Research and Further Cell Culture Manufacturing Use Source: Bioactivity: Recombinant Human TGF Beta 2 Protein (rhTGFB2) The bio-activity was determined by its ability to Ala 303 - Ser 414 (Accession # NP_003229.1) was inhibit IL-4 induced HT-2 cell proliferation. ED50<0.1 produced in human HEK293 cells at ACRObiosystems. ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of >1X107 Unit/mg Molecular Characterization: Formulation: rhTGFB2 contains no “tags” and has a calculated MW of 12.7 kDa (monomer). DTT-reduced protein migrates Lyophilized from 0.22 μm filtered solution in TFA, as a 13 kDa polypeptide and the non-reduced cystine- acetonitrile. Normally Mannitol or Trehalose are linked homodimer migrates as a 25 kDa protein. added as protectants before lyophilization. Contact us for customized product format or Endotoxin: formulation. Less than 1.0 EU per μg of the rhTGFB2 by the LAL Reconstitution : method. See Certificate of Analysis for details of Purity: reconstitution instruction and specific concentration. >98% as determined by SDS-PAGE of reduced (+) and Storage: non-reduced (-) rhTGFB2. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. No activity loss was observed after storage at: SDS-PAGE: • 4-8℃ for 1 year in lyophilized state The purity of rhTGFB2 • 4-8℃ for 1 month under sterile conditions after was determined by SDS- reconstitution PAGE of reduced (+) and • -20 ℃ to -70 ℃ for 3 months under sterile non-reduced (-) rhTGFB2 conditions after reconstitution and staining overnight with Coomassie Blue. Background: Transforming growth factor beta 2 ( TGFB2) is also known as TGF-β2, TGF-beta2, Glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, G-TSF, BSC-1 cell growth inhibitor, Polyergin, Cetermin, and is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines. -
Amh) Relative to Sox9a, Sox9b, and Cyp19a1a, During Gonad Development
Gene Expression Patterns 5 (2005) 655–667 www.elsevier.com/locate/modgep Characterization and expression pattern of zebrafish anti-Mu¨llerian hormone (amh) relative to sox9a, sox9b, and cyp19a1a, during gonad development Adriana Rodrı´guez-Marı´, Yi-Lin Yan, Ruth A. BreMiller, Catherine Wilson, Cristian Can˜estro, John H. Postlethwait* Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1425 E. 13th Avenue, Eugene, OR 97403, USA Received 28 January 2005; received in revised form 28 February 2005; accepted 28 February 2005 Available online 19 April 2005 Abstract The role of Anti-Mu¨llerian hormone (Amh) during gonad development has been studied extensively in mammals, but is less well understood in other vertebrates. In male mammalian embryos, Sox9 activates expression of Amh, which initiates the regression of the Mu¨llerian ducts and inhibits the expression of aromatase (Cyp19a1), the enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens. To better understand shared features of vertebrate gonadogenesis, we cloned amh cDNA from zebrafish, characterized its genomic structure, mapped it, analyzed conserved syntenies, studied its expression pattern in embryos, larvae, juveniles, and adults, and compared it to the expression patterns of sox9a, sox9b and cyp19a1a. We found that the onset of amh expression occurred while gonads were still undifferentiated and sox9a and cyp19a1a were already expressed. In differentiated gonads of juveniles, amh showed a sexually dimorphic expression pattern. In 31 days post-fertilization juveniles, testes expressed amh and sox9a, but not cyp19a1a, while ovaries expressed cyp19a1a and sox9b, but not amh.In adult testes, amh and sox9a were expressed in presumptive Sertoli cells. In adult ovaries, amh and cyp19a1a were expressed in granulosa cells surrounding the oocytes, and sox9b was expressed in a complementary fashion in the ooplasm of oocytes. -
Identification of Two Novel Mutations in the NOG Gene Associated With
Journal of Human Genetics (2015) 60, 27–34 & 2015 The Japan Society of Human Genetics All rights reserved 1434-5161/15 www.nature.com/jhg ORIGINAL ARTICLE Identification of two novel mutations in the NOG gene associated with congenital stapes ankylosis and symphalangism Akira Ganaha1,3, Tadashi Kaname2,3, Yukinori Akazawa1,3, Teruyuki Higa1,3, Ayano Shinjou1,3, Kenji Naritomi2,3 and Mikio Suzuki1,3 In this study, we describe three unrelated Japanese patients with hearing loss and symphalangism who were diagnosed with proximal symphalangism (SYM1), atypical multiple synostosis syndrome (atypical SYNS1) and stapes ankylosis with broad thumb and toes (SABTT), respectively, based on the clinical features. Surgical findings in the middle ear were similar among the patients. By next-generation and Sanger sequencing analyses, we identified two novel mutations, c.559C4G (p.P178A) and c.682T4A (p.C228S), in the SYM1 and atypical SYNS1 families, respectively. No pathogenic changes were found in the protein-coding regions, exon–intron boundaries or promoter regions of the NOG, GDF5 or FGF9 genes in the SABTT family. Such negative molecular data suggest there may be further genetic heterogeneity underlying SYNS1, with the involvement of at least one additional gene. Stapedotomy resulted in good hearing in all patients over the long term, indicating no correlation between genotype and surgical outcome. Given the overlap of the clinical features of these syndromes in our patients and the molecular findings, the diagnostic term ‘NOG-related-symphalangism spectrum disorder (NOG-SSD)’ is advocated and an unidentified gene may be responsible for this disorder. Journal of Human Genetics (2015) 60, 27–34; doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.97; published online 13 November 2014 INTRODUCTION However, as the GDF5 protein interacts with the NOG protein,14,15 Proximal symphalangism (SYM1) with conductive hearing loss was the diagnostic category of NOG-SSD does appear to be promising. -
Role of TGF-Β3 in the Regulation of Immune Responses T
Role of TGF-β3 in the regulation of immune responses T. Okamura1,2, K. Morita1, Y. Iwasaki1, M. Inoue1, T. Komai1, K. Fujio1, K. Yamamoto1 1Department of Allergy and ABSTRACT ences, indicating their non-redundancy Rheumatology, Graduate School of Transforming growth factor-betas (12-16). The TGF-βs have opposite ef- Medicine, The University of Tokyo, (TGF-βs) are multifunctional cytokines fects on tissue fibrosis. Wound-healing Tokyo, Japan; that have been implicated in the regu- experiments revealed that TGF-β1 2Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, lation of a broad range of biological and TGF-β2 cause fibrotic scarring The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. processes, including cell proliferation, responses and that TGF-β3 induces a Tomohisa Okamura, MD, PhD cell survival, and cell differentiation. scar-free response (17). Both TGF-β1 Kaoru Morita, MD The three isoforms identified in mam- and -β2 activate the collagen α2 (I) Yukiko Iwasaki, MD, PhD mals, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3, gene promoter, resulting in increased Mariko Inoue, MD have high sequence homology, bind to collagen synthesis (18). It was also re- Toshihiko Komai, MD the same receptors, and show similar ported that TGF-β1, but not TGF-β3, is Keishi Fujio, MD, PhD biological functions in many in vitro a crucial factor in the development of Kazuhiko Yamamoto, MD, PhD studies. However, analysis of the in vivo pulmonary fibrosis (19). Most of the in- Please address correspondence to: functions of the three isoforms and mice formation on the immunological activ- Keishi Fujio, MD, PhD, deficient for each cytokine reveals strik- Department of Allergy and ity of TGF-βs derives from studies of Rheumatology, ing differences, illustrating their unique TGF-β1 and, in part, TGF-β2, whereas Graduate School of Medicine, biological importance and functional recent investigations have begun to il- The University of Tokyo, non-redundancy. -
Mouse GDF-5/BMP-14 Biotinylated Antibody Antigen Affinity-Purified Polyclonal Goat Igg Catalog Number: BAF853
Mouse GDF-5/BMP-14 Biotinylated Antibody Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Goat IgG Catalog Number: BAF853 DESCRIPTION Species Reactivity Mouse Specificity Detects mouse GDF5/BMP14 in Western blots. In Western blot, approximately 20% crossreactivity with recombinant mouse (rm) GDF6 is observed and less than 1% crossreactivity with rmGDF1, rmGDF8, and rmGDF9 is observed. Source Polyclonal Goat IgG Purification Antigen Affinitypurified Immunogen E. coliderived recombinant mouse GDF5/BMP14 Ala376Arg495 Accession # P43027 Formulation Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with BSA as a carrier protein. See Certificate of Analysis for details. APPLICATIONS Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application. General Protocols are available in the Technical Information section on our website. Recommended Sample Concentration Western Blot 0.1 µg/mL Recombinant Mouse GDF5 (Catalog # 853G5) Immunohistochemistry 515 µg/mL Immersion fixed frozen sections of mouse embryo (E13.515.5) PREPARATION AND STORAGE Reconstitution Reconstitute at 0.2 mg/mL in sterile PBS. Shipping The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. Stability & Storage Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freezethaw cycles. l 12 months from date of receipt, 20 to 70 °C as supplied. l 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution. l 6 months, 20 to 70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution. BACKGROUND Growth Differentiation Factor 5 (GDF5), also known as cartilagederived morphogenetic protein 1 (CDMP1), is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family which belongs to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. -
Regulation of Cell Polarity and Invasion by TGF-Β and BMP Signaling
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 1403 Regulation of cell polarity and invasion by TGF-β and BMP signaling MAHSA SHAHIDI DADRAS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6206 ISBN 978-91-513-0171-6 UPPSALA urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-334409 2017 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in B42, BMC, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, Friday, 19 January 2018 at 13:00 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Faculty of Medicine). The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor Petra Knaus (Free University of Berlin). Abstract Shahidi Dadras, M. 2017. Regulation of cell polarity and invasion by TGF-β and BMP signaling. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 1403. 53 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0171-6. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways are involved in many physiological processes during embryonic and adult life. TGF- β promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). We identified a gene target of TGF- β signaling, encoding the salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1). A potential substrate of this kinase, the polarity protein Par3, is an established regulator of tight junction assembly. SIK1 associates with Par3, can potentially phosphorylate Par3 and leads to its degradation, contributing to tight junction disassembly. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a common malignancy in the central nervous system, characterized by high heterogeneity, invasiveness, and resistance to therapy. One of the causes of heterogeneity and therapy-resistance is the existence of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). TGF- β signaling promotes self-renewal while BMP signaling induces differentiation of GSCs. -
Transforming Growth Factor-Β Soluble Receptor III (TGF-Β Sriii)
Transforming Growth Factor-b Soluble Receptor III (TGF-b sRIII) Human, Recombinant Expressed in mouse NSO cells Product Number T4567 Product Description Reagent Transforming Growth Factor-b soluble Receptor III Recombinant human TGF-b sRIII is supplied as (TGF-b sRIII) is produced from a DNA sequence approximately 100 mg of protein lyophilized from a encoding the amino terminal (781 amino acid residue) 0.2 mm filtered solution in phosphate buffered saline extracellular domain of human TGF-b receptor type III (PBS) containing 5 mg of bovine serum albumin. protein.1 Mature human TGF-b sRIII, a 760 amino acid residue protein generated after cleavage of a 21 amino Preparation Instructions acid residue signal peptide, has a predicted molecular Reconstitute the contents of the vial using sterile mass of approximately 84 kDa. As a result of glycosy- phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing at least lation, recombinant TGF-b sRIII migrates as a 100 kDa 0.1% human serum albumin or bovine serum albumin. protein in SDS-PAGE. Prepare a stock solution of no less than 20 mg/ml. The transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) family of Storage/Stability cytokines are multifunctional peptides; capable of Store at -20 °C. Upon reconstitution, store at 2 °C to influencing cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, and 8 °C for one month. For extended storage, freeze in other functions in a wide range of cell types. Most working aliquots. Repeated freezing and thawing is not mammalian cells express three abundant high affinity recommended. Do not store in a frost-free freezer. TGF receptors, which can bind and be cross-linked to 2 TGF-b. -
Augmented and Accelerated Nephrogenesis in TGF-2 Heterozygous Mutant Mice
0031-3998/08/6306-0607 Vol. 63, No. 6, 2008 PEDIATRIC RESEARCH Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2008 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. Augmented and Accelerated Nephrogenesis in TGF-2 Heterozygous Mutant Mice SUNDER SIMS-LUCAS, GEORGINA CARUANA, JOHN DOWLING, MICHELLE M. KETT, AND JOHN F. BERTRAM Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology [S.S.-L., G.C., J.F.B.], Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology [J.D.], Alfred Hospital, Prahran 3181, Australia; Department of Physiology [M.M.K.], Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia ABSTRACT: Several members of the transforming growth factor- development than TGF-1 and TGF-3 (21). TGF-2 gene (TGF-) superfamily play key roles in kidney development, either expression has been detected in the kidney at embryonic day directly or indirectly regulating nephron number. Although low (E) 11.5 (22) and the protein localized in and around the nephron number is a risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease, ureteric epithelium and nephron structures from E12.5 the implications of increased nephron number has not been examined (21,23). TGF-2 homozygous null mutant mice (TGF-2Ϫ/Ϫ) due to the absence of appropriate animal models. Here, using unbi- die within 24 h of birth due to defective lung development ased stereology we demonstrated that kidneys from TGF-2 het- erozygous (TGF-2ϩ/Ϫ) mice have approximately 60% more (24). The kidneys of these mice display progressive deterio- nephrons than wild-type mice at postnatal day 30. To determine ration of the ureteric tubules and an enlarged renal pelvis after whether augmented nephron number involved accelerated ureteric E15. -
BMPR1A Is Necessary for Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis
© 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Cell Science (2020) 133, jcs246934. doi:10.1242/jcs.246934 RESEARCH ARTICLE BMPR1A is necessary for chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, whereas BMPR1B prevents hypertrophic differentiation Tanja Mang1,2, Kerstin Kleinschmidt-Doerr1, Frank Ploeger3, Andreas Schoenemann4, Sven Lindemann1 and Anne Gigout1,* ABSTRACT essential for osteogenesis and bone formation during this process BMP2 stimulates bone formation and signals preferably through BMP (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2006; McBride et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2013). – receptor (BMPR) 1A, whereas GDF5 is a cartilage inducer and signals Similarly, during bone fracture healing where a similar mechanism – preferably through BMPR1B. Consequently, BMPR1A and BMPR1B are takes place conditional deletion of Bmp2 in mesenchymal believed to be involved in bone and cartilage formation, respectively. progenitors or osteoprogenitors prevents fracture healing (Mi et al., However, their function is not yet fully clarified. In this study, GDF5 2013; Tsuji et al., 2006). In vitro, BMP2 provokes an induction of mutants with a decreased affinity for BMPR1A were generated. These alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin expression and matrix mutants, and wild-type GDF5 and BMP2, were tested for their ability to mineralization in pluripotent mesenchymal progenitor cells (Cheng induce dimerization of BMPR1A or BMPR1B with BMPR2, and for their et al., 2003), and also stimulates chondrogenesis or adipogenesis (Date chondrogenic, hypertrophic and osteogenic properties in chondrocytes, et al., 2004). Finally, BMP2 has been shown to promote bone repair in in the multipotent mesenchymal precursor cell line C3H10T1/2 and the animal models (Kleinschmidt et al., 2013; Wulsten et al., 2011) and in human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2. -
Growth Factors and Signaling Proteins in Craniofacial Development Robert Spears and Kathy K.H
Growth Factors and Signaling Proteins in Craniofacial Development Robert Spears and Kathy K.H. Svoboda Regulation of growth and development is controlled by the interactions of cells with each other and the extracellular environment through signal transduction pathways that control the differentiation process by stimulating proliferation or causing cell death. This review will define the common signaling molecules and provide an overview of the general principles of signal transduction events. We also review the signal transduction pathways controlling one specific mechanism found in craniofacial development termed epithelial- mesenchymal transformation (EMT) employed during gastrulation, cranial neural crest migration, and secondary palate formation. Semin Orthod 11:184–198 © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Growth Factors and receptors (GPCR, Fig 1A), ion-channel receptors, tyrosine Signal Transduction kinase-linked receptors, and receptors with intrinsic enzy- matic activity.2 The GPCRs are characterized by multiple ntracellular signaling is usually triggered by a cell surface transmembrane domains (usually seven) that wind the pro- Ievent such as a specific protein (ligand) binding to a cell tein in and out of the membrane in a serpentine conformation surface receptor to form a receptor-ligand interaction. Cells (Fig 1A, GPCR). The ion-channel receptors are closely re- contacting neighboring cells or their surrounding noncellular lated and actually open a membrane channel when the tissue are termed cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) ligand binds. Many cytokine receptors are in the tyrosine contacts (Fig 1A).1 Interactions of cells with other cells or the kinase-linked class as they lack intrinsic activity; but when ECM can stimulate many reactions, including: increased cell the ligand binds, intracellular tyrosine kinases become division, cell movement, differentiation, and even pro- activated to generate cellular changes. -
Transforming Growth Factor-Β Gene Silencing Using Adenovirus Expressing TGF-Β1 Or TGF-Β2 Shrna
Cancer Gene Therapy (2013) 20, 94–100 & 2013 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved 0929-1903/13 www.nature.com/cgt ORIGINAL ARTICLE Transforming growth factor-b gene silencing using adenovirus expressing TGF-b1 or TGF-b2 shRNA SOh1,2, E Kim1,2, D Kang1,3, M Kim1, J-H Kim4 and JJ Song1 Tumor cells secrete a variety of cytokines to outgrow and evade host immune surveillance. In this context, transforming growth factor-b1 (TGF-b1) is an extremely interesting cytokine because it has biphasic effects in cancer cells and normal cells. TGF-b1 acts as a growth inhibitor in normal cells, whereas it promotes tumor growth and progression in tumor cells. Overexpression of TGF-b1 in tumor cells also provides additional oncogenic activities by circumventing the host immune surveillance. Therefore, this study ultimately aimed to test the hypothesis that suppression of TGF-b1 in tumor cells by RNA interference can have antitumorigenic effects. However, we demonstrated here that the interrelation between TGF-b isotypes should be carefully considered for the antitumor effect in addition to the selection of target sequences with highest efficacy. The target sequences were proven to be highly specific and effective for suppressing both TGF-b1 mRNA and protein expression in cells after infection with an adenovirus expressing TGF-b1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). A single base pair change in the shRNA sequence completely abrogated the suppressive effect on TGF-b1. Surprisingly, the suppression of TGF-b1 induced TGF-b3 upregulation, and the suppression of TGF-b2 induced another unexpected downregulation of both TGF-b1 and TGF-b3. -
The Nuclear Receptor REVERB Represses the Transcription of Growthdifferentiation Factor 10 and 15 Genes in Rat Endometrium Strom
Physiological Reports ISSN 2051-817X ORIGINAL RESEARCH The nuclear receptor REV-ERBa represses the transcription of growth/differentiation factor 10 and 15 genes in rat endometrium stromal cells Lijia Zhao1, Keishiro Isayama1, Huatao Chen1,*, Nobuhiko Yamauchi1, Yasufumi Shigeyoshi2, Seiichi Hashimoto3 & Masa-aki Hattori1 1 Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 2 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan 3 Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Keywords Abstract Circadian clock, decidualization, growth/ differentiation factors, REV-ERBa. Cellular oscillators in the uterus play critical roles in the gestation processes of mammals through entraining of the clock proteins to numerous downstream Correspondence genes, including growth/differentiation factor (Gdf)10 and Gdf15. The expres- Masa-aki Hattori, Department of Animal and sion of Gdf10 and Gdf15 is significantly increased in the uterus during decidu- Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate alization, but the mechanism underlying the regulation of Gdf gene expression School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, in the uterus is poorly understood. Here, we focused on the function of the Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, cellular oscillators in the expression of Gdf family by using uterine endome- Japan. Tel: +81-92-642-2938 trial stromal cells (UESCs) isolated from pregnant Per2-dLuc transgenic rats. Fax: +81-92-642-2938 A significant decline of Per2-dLuc bioluminescence activity was induced in E-mail: [email protected] in vitro decidualized UESCs, and concomitantly the expression of canonical clock genes was downregulated. Conversely, the expression of Gdf10 and ⁄ Present address Gdf15 of the Gdf was upregulated.